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@@ -0,0 +1,2045 @@ +.\" +.\" This code contains changes by +.\" Gunnar Ritter, Freiburg i. Br., Germany, 2002. All rights reserved. +.\" +.\" Conditions 1, 2, and 4 and the no-warranty notice below apply +.\" to these changes. +.\" +.\" +.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1993 +.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. +.\" +.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without +.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions +.\" are met: +.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright +.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. +.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright +.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the +.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. +.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software +.\" must display the following acknowledgement: +.\" This product includes software developed by the University of +.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. +.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors +.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software +.\" without specific prior written permission. +.\" +.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND +.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE +.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE +.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE +.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL +.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS +.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) +.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT +.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY +.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF +.\" SUCH DAMAGE. +.\" +.\" +.\" Copyright(C) Caldera International Inc. 2001-2002. All rights reserved. +.\" +.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without +.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions +.\" are met: +.\" Redistributions of source code and documentation must retain the +.\" above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following +.\" disclaimer. +.\" Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright +.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the +.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. +.\" All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software +.\" must display the following acknowledgement: +.\" This product includes software developed or owned by Caldera +.\" International, Inc. +.\" Neither the name of Caldera International, Inc. nor the names of +.\" other contributors may be used to endorse or promote products +.\" derived from this software without specific prior written permission. +.\" +.\" USE OF THE SOFTWARE PROVIDED FOR UNDER THIS LICENSE BY CALDERA +.\" INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR +.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED +.\" WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE +.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL CALDERA INTERNATIONAL, INC. BE +.\" LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR +.\" CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF +.\" SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR +.\" BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, +.\" WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE +.\" OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, +.\" EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. +.\" +.\" from ex.1 6.4.1 (2.11BSD) 1996/10/21 +.\" +.\" Sccsid @(#)ex.1 1.44 (gritter) 12/1/04 +.\" +.ie \n(.g==1 \{\ +.ds lq \(lq +.ds rq \(rq +.\} +.el \{\ +.ds lq `` +.ds rq '' +.\} +.TH EX 1 "12/1/04" "Ancient Unix Ports" "User Commands" +.SH NAME +ex, edit \- text editor +.SH SYNOPSIS +.HP +.ad l +\fBex\fR [\fB\-c\fI\ command\fR|\fB+\fIcommand\fR] +[\fB\-r\fR\ [\fIfilename\fR]] [\fB\-s\fR|\fB\-\fR] +[\fB\-t\fI\ tagstring\fR] [\fB\-w\fI\ size\fR] +[\fB\-lLRvV\fR] [\fIfile\fR ...] +.HP +.ad l +\fBedit\fR [\fB\-c\fI\ command\fR|\fB+\fIcommand\fR] +[\fB\-r\fR\ [\fIfilename\fR]] [\fB\-s\fR|\fB\-\fR] +[\fB\-t\fI\ tagstring\fR] [\fB\-w\fI\ size\fR] +[\fB\-lLRvV\fR] [\fIfile\fR ...] +.br +.ad b +.SH DESCRIPTION +.I Ex +is the root of a family of editors: +.I edit, +.I ex +and +.I vi. +.I Ex +is a superset of +.I ed, +with the most notable extension being a display editing facility. +Display based editing on +.SM CRT +terminals is the focus of +.IR vi . +.PP +For those who have not used +.I ed, +or for casual users, the editor +.I edit +may be convenient. +It avoids some of the complexities of +.I ex +used mostly by systems programmers and persons very familiar with +.I ed. +.PP +The following options are accepted: +.TP +\fB\-c\fP\fI\ command\fP or \fB+\fP\fIcommand\fP +Execute +.I command +when editing begins. +.TP +.B \-l +Start in a special mode useful for the +.I Lisp +programming language. +.TP +\fB\-r\fI\ [filename]\fR or \fB\-L\fR +When no argument is supplied with this option, +all files to be recovered are listed +and the editor exits immediately. +If a +.I filename +is specified, +the corresponding temporary file is opened in recovery mode. +.TP +.B \-R +Files are opened read-only when this option is given. +.TP +.BR \-s \ or\ \- +Script mode; +all feedback for interactive editing is disabled. +.SM EXINIT +and +.I .exrc +files are not processed. +.TP +.BI \-t \ tagstring +Read the +.I tags +file, +then choose the file and position specified by +.I tagstring +for editing. +.TP +.B \-v +Start in visual mode even if called as +.IR ex . +.TP +.B \-V +Echo command input to standard error, +unless it originates from a terminal. +.TP +.BI \-w \ size +Specify the size of the editing window for visual mode. +.\" from ex.rm 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/8/93 +.SS "File manipulation" +.I Ex +is normally editing the contents of a single file, +whose name is recorded in the +.I current +file name. +.I Ex +performs all editing actions in a buffer +(actually a temporary file) +into which the text of the file is initially read. +Changes made to the buffer have no effect on the file being +edited unless and until the buffer contents are written out to the +file with a +.I write +command. +After the buffer contents are written, +the previous contents of the written file are no longer accessible. +When a file is edited, +its name becomes the current file name, +and its contents are read into the buffer. +.PP +The current file is almost always considered to be +.I edited. +This means that the contents of the buffer are logically +connected with the current file name, +so that writing the current buffer contents onto that file, +even if it exists, +is a reasonable action. +If the current file is not +.I edited +then +.I ex +will not normally write on it if it already exists. +.PP +For saving blocks of text while editing, and especially when editing +more than one file, +.I ex +has a group of named buffers. +These are similar to the normal buffer, except that only a limited number +of operations are available on them. +The buffers have names +.I a +through +.I z. +.SS "Exceptional Conditions" +.PP +When errors occur +.I ex +(optionally) rings the terminal bell and, in any case, prints an error +diagnostic. If the primary input is from a file, editor processing +will terminate. If an interrupt signal is received, +.I ex +prints \*(lqInterrupt\*(rq and returns to its command level. If the primary +input is a file, then +.I ex +will exit when this occurs. +.PP +If a hangup signal is received and the buffer has been modified since +it was last written out, or if the system crashes, either the editor +(in the first case) or the system (after it reboots in the second) will +attempt to preserve the buffer. The next time the user logs in he should be +able to recover the work he was doing, losing at most a few lines of +changes from the last point before the hangup or editor crash. To +recover a file one can use the +.B \-r +option. If one was editing the file +.I resume, +then he should change +to the directory where he were when the crash occurred, giving the command +.RS +.sp +\fBex \-r\fP\fI resume\fP +.sp +.RE +After checking that the retrieved file is indeed ok, he can +.I write +it over the previous contents of that file. +.PP +The user will normally get mail from the system telling him when a file has +been saved after a crash. The command +.RS +.sp +\fBex\fP \-\fBr\fP +.sp +.RE +will print a list of the files which have been saved for the user. +.\"(In the case of a hangup, +.\"the file will not appear in the list, +.\"although it can be recovered.) +.SS "Editing modes" +.PP +.I Ex +has five distinct modes. The primary mode is +.I command +mode. Commands are entered in command mode when a `:' prompt is +present, and are executed each time a complete line is sent. In +.I "text input" +mode +.I ex +gathers input lines and places them in the file. The +.I append, +.I insert, +and +.I change +commands use text input mode. +No prompt is printed when in text input mode. +This mode is left by typing a `.' alone at the beginning of a line, and +.I command +mode resumes. +.PP +The last three modes are +.I open +and +.I visual +modes, entered by the commands of the same name, and, within open and +visual modes +.I "text insertion" +mode. +.I Open +and +.I visual +modes allow local editing operations to be performed on the text in the +file. The +.I open +command displays one line at a time on any terminal while +.I visual +works on +.SM CRT +terminals with random positioning cursors, using the +screen as a (single) window for file editing changes. +These modes are described (only) in +.I "An Introduction to Display Editing with Vi." +.SS "Command structure" +.PP +Most command names are English words, +and initial prefixes of the words are acceptable abbreviations. +The ambiguity of abbreviations is resolved in favor of the more commonly +used commands. +.PP +Most commands accept prefix addresses specifying the lines in the file +upon which they are to have effect. +The forms of these addresses will be discussed below. +A number of commands also may take a trailing +.I count +specifying the number of lines to be involved in the command. +Thus the command \*(lq10p\*(rq will print the tenth line in the buffer while +\*(lqdelete 5\*(rq will delete five lines from the buffer, +starting with the current line. +.PP +Some commands take other information or parameters, +this information always being given after the command name. +.PP +A number of commands have two distinct variants. +The variant form of the command is invoked by placing an +`!' immediately after the command name. +Some of the default variants may be controlled by options; +in this case, the `!' serves to toggle the default. +.PP +The characters `#', `p' and `l' may be placed after many commands +(A `p' or `l' must be preceded by a blank or tab +except in the single special case `dp'). +In this case, the command abbreviated by these characters +is executed after the command completes. +Since +.I ex +normally prints the new current line after each change, `p' is rarely necessary. +Any number of `+' or `\-' characters may also be given with these flags. +If they appear, the specified offset is applied to the current line +value before the printing command is executed. +.PP +It is possible to give editor commands which are ignored. +This is useful when making complex editor scripts +for which comments are desired. +The comment character is the double quote: ". +Any command line beginning with " is ignored. +Comments beginning with " may also be placed at the ends +of commands, except in cases where they could be confused as part +of text (shell escapes and the substitute and map commands). +.PP +More than one command may be placed on a line by separating each pair +of commands by a `|' character. +However the +.I global +commands, +comments, +and the shell escape `!' +must be the last command on a line, as they are not terminated by a `|'. +.SS "Command addressing" +.IP \fB.\fR 20 +The current line. +Most commands leave the current line as the last line which they affect. +The default address for most commands is the current line, +thus `\fB.\fR' is rarely used alone as an address. +.IP \fIn\fR 20 +The \fIn\fRth line in the editor's buffer, lines being numbered +sequentially from 1. +.IP \fB$\fR 20 +The last line in the buffer. +.IP \fB%\fR 20 +An abbreviation for \*(lq1,$\*(rq, the entire buffer. +.IP \fI+n\fR\ \fI\-n\fR 20 +An offset relative to the current buffer line. +The forms `.+3' `+3' and `+++' are all equivalent; +if the current line is line 100 they all address line 103. +.IP \fB/\fIpat\fR\fB/\fR\ \fB?\fIpat\fR\fB?\fR 20 +Scan forward and backward respectively for a line containing \fIpat\fR, a +regular expression (as defined below). The scans normally wrap around the end +of the buffer. +If all that is desired is to print the next line containing \fIpat\fR, then +the trailing \fB/\fR or \fB?\fR may be omitted. +If \fIpat\fP is omitted or explicitly empty, then the last +regular expression specified is located. +The forms \fB\e/\fP and \fB\e?\fP scan +using the last regular expression used in a scan; after a substitute +\fB//\fP and \fB??\fP would scan using the substitute's regular expression. +.IP \fB\(aa\(aa\fP\ \fB\(aa\fP\fIx\fP 20 +Before each non-relative motion of the current line `\fB.\fP', +the previous current line is marked with a tag, subsequently referred to as +`\(aa\(aa'. +This makes it easy to refer or return to this previous context. +Marks may also be established by the +.I mark +command, using single lower case letters +.I x +and the marked lines referred to as +`\(aa\fIx\fR'. +.PP +Addresses to commands consist of a series of addressing primitives, +separated by `,' or `;'. +Such address lists are evaluated left-to-right. +When addresses are separated by `;' the current line `\fB.\fR' +is set to the value of the previous addressing expression +before the next address is interpreted. +If more addresses are given than the command requires, +then all but the last one or two are ignored. +If the command takes two addresses, the first addressed line must +precede the second in the buffer. +.PP +Null address specifications are permitted in a list of addresses, +the default in this case is the current line `.'; +thus `,100' is equivalent to `\fB.\fR,100'. +It is an error to give a prefix address to a command which expects none. +.SS "Command descriptions" +.PP +The following form is a prototype for all +.I ex +commands: +.RS +.sp +\fIaddress\fR \fBcommand\fR \fI! parameters count flags\fR +.sp +.RE +All parts are optional; the degenerate case is the empty command which prints +the next line in the file. For sanity with use from within +.I visual +mode, +.I ex +ignores a \*(lq:\*(rq preceding any command. +.PP +In the following command descriptions, the +default addresses are shown in parentheses, +which are +.I not, +however, +part of the command. +.TP +\fBabbreviate\fR \fIword rhs\fP abbr: \fBab\fP +Add the named abbreviation to the current list. +When in input mode in visual, if +.I word +is typed as a complete word, it will be changed to +.I rhs . +.LP +( \fB.\fR ) \fBappend\fR abbr: \fBa\fR +.br +\fItext\fR +.br +\&\fB.\fR +.RS +Reads the input text and places it after the specified line. +After the command, `\fB.\fR' +addresses the last line input or the +specified line if no lines were input. +If address `0' is given, +text is placed at the beginning of the buffer. +.RE +.LP +\fBa!\fR +.br +\fItext\fR +.br +\&\fB.\fR +.RS +The variant flag to +.I append +toggles the setting for the +.I autoindent +option during the input of +.I text. +.RE +.TP +\fBargs\fR +The members of the argument list are printed, with the current argument +delimited by `[' and `]'. +.TP +\fBcd\fR \fIdirectory\fR +The +.I cd +command is a synonym for +.I chdir. +.LP +( \fB.\fP , \fB.\fP ) \fBchange\fP \fIcount\fP abbr: \fBc\fP +.br +\fItext\fP +.br +\&\fB.\fP +.RS +Replaces the specified lines with the input \fItext\fP. +The current line becomes the last line input; +if no lines were input it is left as for a +\fIdelete\fP. +.RE +.LP +\fBc!\fP +.br +\fItext\fP +.br +\&\fB.\fP +.RS +The variant toggles +.I autoindent +during the +.I change. +.RE +.TP +\fBchdir\fR \fIdirectory\fR +The specified \fIdirectory\fR becomes the current directory. +If no directory is specified, the current value of the +.I home +option is used as the target directory. +After a +.I chdir +the current file is not considered to have been +edited so that write restrictions on pre-existing files apply. +.TP +( \fB.\fP , \fB.\fP )\|\fBcopy\fP \fIaddr\fP \fIflags\fP abbr: \fBco\fP +A \fIcopy\fP +of the specified lines is placed after +.I addr, +which may be `0'. +The current line +`\fB.\fR' +addresses the last line of the copy. +The command +.I t +is a synonym for +.I copy. +.TP +( \fB.\fR , \fB.\fR )\|\fBdelete\fR \fIbuffer\fR \fIcount\fR \fIflags\fR abbr: \fBd\fR +Removes the specified lines from the buffer. +The line after the last line deleted becomes the current line; +if the lines deleted were originally at the end, +the new last line becomes the current line. +If a named +.I buffer +is specified by giving a letter, +then the specified lines are saved in that buffer, +or appended to it if an upper case letter is used. +.LP +\fBedit\fR \fIfile\fR abbr: \fBe\fR +.br +\fBex\fR \fIfile\fR +.RS +Used to begin an editing session on a new file. +The editor +first checks to see if the buffer has been modified since the last +.I write +command was issued. +If it has been, +a warning is issued and the +command is aborted. +The +command otherwise deletes the entire contents of the editor buffer, +makes the named file the current file and prints the new filename. +After insuring that this file is sensible +(i.e., that it is not a binary file such as a directory, +a block or character special file other than +.I /dev/tty, +a terminal, +or a binary or executable file), +the editor reads the file into its buffer. +.PP +If the read of the file completes without error, +the number of lines and characters read is typed. +Any null characters in the file are discarded. +If none of these errors occurred, the file is considered +.I edited. +If the last line of the input file is missing the trailing +newline character, it will be supplied and a complaint will be issued. +This command leaves the current line `\fB.\fR' at the last line read. +If executed from within +.I open +or +.I visual, +the current line is initially the first line of the file. +.RE +.TP +\fBe!\fR \fIfile\fR +The variant form suppresses the complaint about modifications having +been made and not written from the editor buffer, thus +discarding all changes which have been made before editing the new file. +.TP +\fBe\fR \fB+\fIn\fR \fIfile\fR +Causes the editor to begin at line +.I n +rather than at the last line; +\fIn\fR may also be an editor command containing no spaces, +e.g.: \*(lq+/pat\*(rq. +.TP +\fBfile\fR abbr: \fBf\fR +Prints the current file name, +whether it has been `[Modified]' since the last +.I write +command, +whether it is +.I "read only" , +the current line, +the number of lines in the buffer, +and the percentage of the way through the buffer of the current line. +In the rare case that the current file is `[Not edited]' this is +noted also; in this case one has to use the form \fBw!\fR to write to +the file, since the editor is not sure that a \fBwrite\fR will not +destroy a file unrelated to the current contents of the buffer. +.TP +\fBfile\fR \fIfile\fR +The current file name is changed to +.I file +which is considered +`[Not edited]'. +.TP +( 1 , $ ) \fBglobal\fR /\fIpat\|\fR/ \fIcmds\fR abbr: \fBg\fR +First marks each line among those specified which matches +the given regular expression. +Then the given command list is executed with `\fB.\fR' initially +set to each marked line. +.IP +The command list consists of the remaining commands on the current +input line and may continue to multiple lines by ending all but the +last such line with a `\e'. +If +.I cmds +(and possibly the trailing \fB/\fR delimiter) is omitted, each line matching +.I pat +is printed. +.I Append, +.I insert, +and +.I change +commands and associated input are permitted; +the `\fB.\fR' terminating input may be omitted if it would be on the +last line of the command list. +.I Open +and +.I visual +commands are permitted in the command list and take input from the terminal. +.IP +The +.I global +command itself may not appear in +.I cmds. +The +.I undo +command is also not permitted there, +as +.I undo +instead can be used to reverse the entire +.I global +command. +The options +.I autoprint +and +.I autoindent +are inhibited during a +.I global, +(and possibly the trailing \fB/\fR delimiter) and the value of the +.I report +option is temporarily infinite, +in deference to a \fIreport\fR for the entire global. +Finally, the context mark `\'\'' is set to the value of +`.' before the global command begins and is not changed during a global +command, +except perhaps by an +.I open +or +.I visual +within the +.I global. +.TP +\fBg!\fR \fB/\fIpat\fB/\fR \fIcmds\fR abbr: \fBv\fR +The variant form of \fIglobal\fR runs \fIcmds\fR at each line not matching +\fIpat\fR. +.LP +( \fB.\fR )\|\fBinsert\fR abbr: \fBi\fR +.br +\fItext\fR +.br +\&\fB.\fR +.RS +Places the given text before the specified line. +The current line is left at the last line input; +if there were none input it is left at the line before the addressed line. +This command differs from +.I append +only in the placement of text. +.RE +.LP +\fBi!\fR +.br +\fItext\fR +.br +\&\fB.\fR +.RS +The variant toggles +.I autoindent +during the +.I insert. +.RE +.TP +( \fB.\fR , \fB.\fR+1 ) \fBjoin\fR \fIcount\fR \fIflags\fR abbr: \fBj\fR +Places the text from a specified range of lines +together on one line. +White space is adjusted at each junction to provide at least +one blank character, two if there was a `\fB.\fR' at the end of the line, +or none if the first following character is a `)'. +If there is already white space at the end of the line, +then the white space at the start of the next line will be discarded. +.TP +\fBj!\fR +The variant causes a simpler +.I join +with no white space processing; the characters in the lines are simply +concatenated. +.TP +( \fB.\fR ) \fBk\fR \fIx\fR +The +.I k +command is a synonym for +.I mark. +It does not require a blank or tab before the following letter. +.TP +( \fB.\fR , \fB.\fR ) \fBlist\fR \fIcount\fR \fIflags\fR +Prints the specified lines in a more unambiguous way: +tabs are printed as `^I' +and the end of each line is marked with a trailing `$'. +The current line is left at the last line printed. +.TP +\fBmap\fR[\fB!\fR] \fIlhs\fR \fIrhs\fR +The +.I map +command is used to define macros for use in +.I visual +command mode. +.I Lhs +should be a single character, or the sequence \*(lq#n\*(rq, for n a digit, +referring to function key \fIn\fR. When this character or function key +is typed in +.I visual +mode, it will be as though the corresponding \fIrhs\fR had been typed. +On terminals without function keys, the user can type \*(lq#n\*(rq. +If the `\fB!\fP' character follows the command name, +the mapping is interpreted in input mode. +See section 6.9 of the \*(lqIntroduction to Display Editing with Vi\*(rq +for more details. +.TP +( \fB.\fR ) \fBmark\fR \fIx\fR +Gives the specified line mark +.I x, +a single lower case letter. +The +.I x +must be preceded by a blank or a tab. +The addressing form `\'x' then addresses this line. +The current line is not affected by this command. +.TP +( \fB.\fR , \fB.\fR ) \fBmove\fR \fIaddr\fR abbr: \fBm\fR +The +.I move +command repositions the specified lines to be after +.I addr . +The first of the moved lines becomes the current line. +.TP +\fBnext\fR abbr: \fBn\fR +The next file from the command line argument list is edited. +.TP +\fBn!\fR +The variant suppresses warnings about the modifications to the buffer not +having been written out, discarding (irretrievably) any changes which may +have been made. +.LP +\fBn\fR \fIfilelist\fR +.br +\fBn\fR \fB+\fIcommand\fR \fIfilelist\fR +.RS +The specified +.I filelist +is expanded and the resulting list replaces the +current argument list; +the first file in the new list is then edited. +If +.I command +is given (it must contain no spaces), then it is executed after editing the first such file. +.RE +.TP +( \fB.\fR , \fB.\fR ) \fBnumber\fR \fIcount\fR \fIflags\fR abbr: \fB#\fR or \fBnu\fR +Prints each specified line preceded by its buffer line +number. +The current line is left at the last line printed. +.LP +( \fB.\fR ) \fBopen\fR \fIflags\fR abbr: \fBo\fR +.br +( \fB.\fR ) \fBopen\fR /\fIpat\|\fR/ \fIflags\fR +.RS +Enters intraline editing \fIopen\fR mode at each addressed line. +If +.I pat +is given, +then the cursor will be placed initially at the beginning of the +string matched by the pattern. +To exit this mode use Q. +See +.I "An Introduction to Display Editing with Vi" +for more details. +.RE +.TP +\fBpreserve\fR +The current editor buffer is saved as though the system had just crashed. +This command is for use only in emergencies when a +.I write +command has resulted in an error. +.TP +( \fB.\fR , \fB.\fR )\|\fBprint\fR \fIcount\fR abbr: \fBp\fR or \fBP\fR +Prints the specified lines +with non-printing characters printed as control characters `^\fIx\fR\|'; +delete (octal 177) is represented as `^?'. +The current line is left at the last line printed. +.TP +( \fB.\fR )\|\fBput\fR \fIbuffer\fR abbr: \fBpu\fR +Puts back +previously +.I deleted +or +.I yanked +lines. +Normally used with +.I delete +to effect movement of lines, +or with +.I yank +to effect duplication of lines. +If no +.I buffer +is specified, then the last +.I deleted +or +.I yanked +text is restored. +But no modifying commands may intervene between the +.I delete +or +.I yank +and the +.I put, +nor may lines be moved between files without using a named buffer. +By using a named buffer, text may be restored that was saved there at any +previous time. +.TP +\fBquit\fR abbr: \fBq\fR +Causes +.I ex +to terminate. +No automatic write of the editor buffer to a file is performed. +However, +.I ex +issues a warning message if the file has changed +since the last +.I write +command was issued, and does not +.I quit. +\fIEx\fR +will also issue a diagnostic if there are more files in the argument +list. +.FE +Normally, the user will wish to save his changes, and he +should give a \fIwrite\fR command; +if he wishes to discard them, he should the \fBq!\fR command variant. +.TP +\fBq!\fR +Quits from the editor, discarding changes to the buffer without complaint. +.TP +( \fB.\fR ) \fBread\fR \fIfile\fR abbr: \fBr\fR +Places a copy of the text of the given file in the +editing buffer after the specified line. +If no +.I file +is given the current file name is used. +The current file name is not changed unless there is none in which +case +.I file +becomes the current name. +The sensibility restrictions for the +.I edit +command apply here also. +If the file buffer is empty and there is no current name then +.I ex +treats this as an +.I edit +command. +.IP +Address `0' is legal for this command and causes the file to be read at +the beginning of the buffer. +Statistics are given as for the +.I edit +command when the +.I read +successfully terminates. +After a +.I read +the current line is the last line read. +Within +.I open +and +.I visual +the current line is set to the first line read rather than the last. +.TP +( \fB.\fR ) \fBread\fR \fB!\fR\fIcommand\fR +Reads the output of the command +.I command +into the buffer after the specified line. +This is not a variant form of the command, rather a read +specifying a +.I command +rather than a +.I filename; +a blank or tab before the \fB!\fR is mandatory. +.TP +\fBrecover \fIfile\fR +Recovers +.I file +from the system save area. +Used after a accidental hangup of the phone +or a system crash or +.I preserve +command. +Except when +.I preserve +is used, the user will be notified by mail when a file is saved. +.TP +\fBrewind\fR abbr: \fBrew\fR +The argument list is rewound, and the first file in the list is edited. +.TP +\fBrew!\fR +Rewinds the argument list discarding any changes made to the current buffer. +.TP +\fBset\fR \fIparameter\fR +With no arguments, prints those options whose values have been +changed from their defaults; +with parameter +.I all +it prints all of the option values. +.IP +Giving an option name followed by a `?' +causes the current value of that option to be printed. +The `?' is unnecessary unless the option is Boolean valued. +Boolean options are given values either by the form +`set \fIoption\fR' to turn them on or +`set no\fIoption\fR' to turn them off; +string and numeric options are assigned via the form +`set \fIoption\fR=value'. +.IP +More than one parameter may be given to +.I set \|; +they are interpreted left-to-right. +.IP +A list of options can be found below. +.TP +\fBshell\fR abbr: \fBsh\fR +A new shell is created. +When it terminates, editing resumes. +.TP +\fBsource\fR \fIfile\fR abbr: \fBso\fR +Reads and executes commands from the specified file. +.I Source +commands may be nested. +.LP +.ad l +(\ \fB.\fR\ ,\ \fB.\fR\ )\ \fBsubstitute\fR\ /\fIpat\fR\|/\fIrepl\fR\|/\ \fIoptions\fR\ \fIcount\fR\ \fIflags\fR +.RS +abbr: \fBs\fR +.br +.ad b +On each specified line, the first instance of pattern +.I pat +is replaced by replacement pattern +.I repl. +If the +.I global +indicator option character `g' +appears, then all instances are substituted; +if the +.I confirm +indication character `c' appears, +then before each substitution the line to be substituted +is typed with the string to be substituted marked +with `^' characters. +By typing an `y' one can cause the substitution to be performed, +any other input causes no change to take place. +After a +.I substitute +the current line is the last line substituted. +.PP +Lines may be split by substituting +new-line characters into them. +The newline in +.I repl +must be escaped by preceding it with a `\e'. +Other metacharacters available in +.I pat +and +.I repl +are described below. +.RE +.TP +.B stop +Suspends the editor, returning control to the top level shell. +If +.I autowrite +is set and there are unsaved changes, +a write is done first unless the form +.B stop ! +is used. +This commands is only available where supported by the teletype driver, +shell and operating system. +.TP +( \fB.\fR , \fB.\fR ) \fBsubstitute\fR \fIoptions\fR \fIcount\fR \fIflags\fR abbr: \fBs\fR +If +.I pat +and +.I repl +are omitted, then the last substitution is repeated. +This is a synonym for the +.B & +command. +.TP +( \fB.\fR , \fB.\fR ) \fBt\fR \fIaddr\fR \fIflags\fR +The +.I t +command is a synonym for +.I copy . +.TP +\fBta\fR \fItag\fR +The focus of editing switches to the location of +.I tag, +switching to a different line in the current file where it is defined, +or if necessary to another file. +.IP +The tags file is normally created by a program such as +.I ctags, +and consists of a number of lines with three fields separated by blanks +or tabs. The first field gives the name of the tag, +the second the name of the file where the tag resides, and the third +gives an addressing form which can be used by the editor to find the tag; +this field is usually a contextual scan using `/\fIpat\fR/' to be immune +to minor changes in the file. Such scans are always performed as if +.I nomagic +was set. +.IP +The tag names in the tags file must be sorted alphabetically. +.TP +\fBunabbreviate\fR \fIword\fP abbr: \fBuna\fP +Delete +.I word +from the list of abbreviations. +.TP +\fBundo\fR abbr: \fBu\fR +Reverses the changes made in the buffer by the last +buffer editing command. +Note that +.I global +commands are considered a single command for the purpose of +.I undo +(as are +.I open +and +.I visual.) +Also, the commands +.I write +and +.I edit +which interact with the +file system cannot be undone. +.I Undo +is its own inverse. +.IP +.I Undo +always marks the previous value of the current line `\fB.\fR' +as `\'\''. +After an +.I undo +the current line is the first line restored +or the line before the first line deleted if no lines were restored. +For commands with more global effect +such as +.I global +and +.I visual +the current line regains it's pre-command value after an +.I undo. +.TP +\fBunmap\fR[\fB!\fR] \fIlhs\fR +The macro expansion associated by +.I map +for +.I lhs +is removed. +.TP +( 1 , $ ) \fBv\fR /\fIpat\fR\|/ \fIcmds\fR +A synonym for the +.I global +command variant \fBg!\fR, running the specified \fIcmds\fR on each +line which does not match \fIpat\fR. +.TP +\fBversion\fR abbr: \fBve\fR +Prints the current version number of the editor +as well as the date the editor was last changed. +.TP +( \fB.\fR ) \fBvisual\fR \fItype\fR \fIcount\fR \fIflags\fR abbr: \fBvi\fR +Enters visual mode at the specified line. +.I Type +is optional and may be `\-' , `^' or `\fB.\fR' +as in the +.I z +command to specify the placement of the specified line on the screen. +By default, if +.I type +is omitted, the specified line is placed as the first on the screen. +A +.I count +specifies an initial window size; the default is the value of the option +.I window. +See the document +.I "An Introduction to Display Editing with Vi" +for more details. +To exit this mode, type Q. +.LP +\fBvisual\fP file +.br +\fBvisual\fP +\fIn\fP file +.RS +From visual mode, +this command is the same as edit. +.RE +.TP +( 1 , $ ) \fBwrite\fR \fIfile\fR abbr: \fBw\fR +Writes changes made back to \fIfile\fR, printing the number of lines and +characters written. +Normally \fIfile\fR is omitted and the text goes back where it came from. +If a \fIfile\fR is specified, then text will be written to that file. +If the file does not exist it is created. +The current file name is changed only if there is no current file +name; the current line is never changed. +.IP +If an error occurs while writing the current and +.I edited +file, the editor +considers that there has been \*(lqNo write since last change\*(rq +even if the buffer had not previously been modified. +.TP +( 1 , $ ) \fBwrite>>\fR \fIfile\fR abbr: \fBw>>\fR +Writes the buffer contents at the end of +an existing file. +.IP +.TP +\fBw!\fR \fIname\fR +Overrides the checking of the normal \fIwrite\fR command, +and will write to any file which the system permits. +.TP +( 1 , $ ) \fBw\fR \fB!\fR\fIcommand\fR +Writes the specified lines into +.I command. +Note the difference between \fBw!\fR which overrides checks and +\fBw\ \ !\fR which writes to a command. +.TP +\fBwq\fR \fIname\fR +Like a \fIwrite\fR and then a \fIquit\fR command. +.TP +\fBwq!\fR \fIname\fR +The variant overrides checking on the sensibility of the +.I write +command, as \fBw!\fR does. +.TP +\fBxit\fP \fIname\fR +If any changes have been made +and not written to any file, +writes the buffer out. +Then, in any case, quits. +.TP +( \fB.\fR , \fB.\fR )\|\fByank\fR \fIbuffer\fR \fIcount\fR abbr: \fBya\fR +Places the specified lines in the named +.I buffer, +for later retrieval via +.I put. +If no buffer name is specified, the lines go to a more volatile place; +see the \fIput\fR command description. +.TP +( \fB.+1\fR ) \fBz\fR \fIcount\fR +Print the next \fIcount\fR lines, default \fIwindow\fR. +.TP +( \fB.\fR ) \fBz\fR \fItype\fR \fIcount\fR +Prints a window of text with the specified line at the top. +If \fItype\fR is `\-' the line is placed at the bottom; a `\fB.\fR' causes +the line to be placed in the center. +A count gives the number of lines to be displayed rather than +double the number specified by the \fIscroll\fR option. +On a \s-1CRT\s0 the screen is cleared before display begins unless a +count which is less than the screen size is given. +The current line is left at the last line printed. +Forms `z=' and `z^' also exist; `z=' places the current line in the +center, surrounds it with lines of `\-' characters and leaves the current +line at this line. The form `z^' prints the window before `z\-' +would. The characters `+', `^' and `\-' may be repeated for cumulative +effect. +.TP +\fB!\fR \fIcommand\fR\fR +The remainder of the line after the `!' character is sent to a shell +to be executed. +Within the text of +.I command +the characters +`%' and `#' are expanded as in filenames and the character +`!' is replaced with the text of the previous command. +Thus, in particular, +`!!' repeats the last such shell escape. +If any such expansion is performed, the expanded line will be echoed. +The current line is unchanged by this command. +.IP +If there has been \*(lq[No\ write]\*(rq of the buffer contents since the last +change to the editing buffer, then a diagnostic will be printed +before the command is executed as a warning. +A single `!' is printed when the command completes. +.TP +( \fIaddr\fR , \fIaddr\fR ) \fB!\fR \fIcommand\fR\fR +Takes the specified address range and supplies it as +standard input to +.I command; +the resulting output then replaces the input lines. +.TP +( $ ) \fB=\fR +Prints the line number of the +addressed line. +The current line is unchanged. +.LP +( \fB.\fR , \fB.\fR ) \fB>\fR \fIcount\fR \fIflags\fR +.br +( \fB.\fR , \fB.\fR ) \fB<\fR \fIcount\fR \fIflags\fR +.RS +Perform intelligent shifting on the specified lines; +\fB<\fR shifts left and \fB>\fR shift right. +The quantity of shift is determined by the +.I shiftwidth +option and the repetition of the specification character. +Only white space (blanks and tabs) is shifted; +no non-white characters are discarded in a left-shift. +The current line becomes the last line which changed due to the +shifting. +.RE +.TP +\fB^D\fR +An end-of-file from a terminal input scrolls through the file. +The +.I scroll +option specifies the size of the scroll, normally a half screen of text. +.LP +( \fB.\fR+1 , \fB.\fR+1 ) +.br +( \fB.\fR+1 , \fB.\fR+1 ) | +.RS +An address alone causes the addressed lines to be printed. +A blank line prints the next line in the file. +.RE +.TP +( \fB.\fR , \fB.\fR ) \fB&\fR \fIoptions\fR \fIcount\fR \fIflags\fR +Repeats the previous +.I substitute +command. +.TP +( \fB.\fR , \fB.\fR ) \fB\s+2~\s0\fR \fIoptions\fR \fIcount\fR \fIflags\fR +Replaces the previous regular expression with the previous +replacement pattern from a substitution. +.SS "Regular expressions" +.PP +A regular expression specifies a set of strings of characters. +A member of this set of strings is said to be +.I matched +by the regular expression. +.I Ex +remembers two previous regular expressions: +the previous regular expression used in a +.I substitute +command +and the previous regular expression used elsewhere +(referred to as the previous \fIscanning\fR regular expression.) +The previous regular expression +can always be referred to by a null \fIre\fR, e.g. `//' or `??'. +.PP +The following basic constructs are used to construct +.I magic +mode regular expressions. +.IP \fIchar\fR 15 +An ordinary character matches itself. +The characters `\fB^\fR' at the beginning of a line, +`\fB$\fR' at the end of line, +`\fB*\fR' as any character other than the first, +`\fB.\fR', `\fB\e\fR', `\fB[\fR', +and `\s+2\fB~\fR\s0' are not ordinary characters and +must be escaped (preceded) by `\fB\e\fR' to be treated as such. +.IP \fB^\fR +At the beginning of a pattern +forces the match to succeed only at the beginning of a line. +.IP \fB$\fR +At the end of a regular expression forces the match to +succeed only at the end of the line. +.IP \&\fB.\fR +Matches any single character except +the new-line character. +.IP \fB\e<\fR +Forces the match +to occur only at the beginning of a \*(lqvariable\*(rq or \*(lqword\*(rq; +that is, either at the beginning of a line, or just before +a letter, digit, or underline and after a character not one of +these. +.IP \fB\e>\fR +Similar to `\e<', but matching the end of a \*(lqvariable\*(rq +or \*(lqword\*(rq, i.e. either the end of the line or before character +which is neither a letter, nor a digit, nor the underline character. +.IP \fB[\fIstring\fR\fB]\fR +Matches any (single) character in the class defined by +.I string. +Most characters in +.I string +define themselves. +.br +\ \ A pair of characters separated by `\fB\-\fR' in +.I string +defines the set of characters collating between the specified lower and upper +bounds, thus `[a\-z]' as a regular expression matches +any (single) +.SM ASCII +lower-case letter. +.br +\ \ If the sequence `\fB[:\fIclass\fB:]\fR' appears in +.IR string , +where class is one of +.RB ` alnum ', +.RB ` alpha ', +.RB ` blank ', +.RB ` cntrl ', +.RB ` digit ', +.RB ` graph ', +.RB ` lower ', +.RB ` print ', +.RB ` punct ', +.RB ` space ', +.RB ` upper ', +.RB ` xdigit ', +or a locale-specific character class, +all characters that belong to the given class are matched. +Thus `[[:lower:]]' matches any lower-case letter, +possibly including characters beyond the scope of +.SM ASCII. +.br +\ \ If the first character of +.I string +is an `\fB^\fR' then the construct +matches those characters which it otherwise would not; +thus `[^a\-z]' matches anything but an +.SM ASCII +lower-case letter +(and of course a newline). +.br +\ \ Backslash `\e' is interpreted as an escape character. +To place a `\e' character in +.IR string , +write it twice: `\e\e'; +to place any of the characters +`^', `[', or `\-' in +.IR string , +you escape them with a preceding `\e'. +.br +\ \ Characters also lose their special meaning by position: +`^' is an ordinary character unless immediately +following the initial `[', +`]' is an ordinary character if immediately +following the initial `[' (or `^', if present), +and `\-' is an ordinary character if placed immediately +behind `[' or `^', or before ']'. +.PP +The concatenation of two regular expressions matches the leftmost and +then longest string +which can be divided with the first piece matching the first regular +expression and the second piece matching the second. +.PP +A regular expression may be enclosed between the sequences +`\fB\e(\fR' and `\fB\e)\fR', +which matches whatever the enclosed expression matches. +.PP +Any of the (single character matching) regular expressions mentioned above +or a regular expression surrounded by `\e(' and '\e)' +may be followed by the character `\fB*\fR' to form a regular expression +which matches any number of adjacent occurrences (including 0) of characters +matched by the regular expression it follows. +.PP +A single character regular expression +or a regular expression surrounded by `\e(' and '\e)' +followed by `\fB\e{\fIm\fB,\fIn\fB\e}\fR' +matches a sequence of \fIm\fP through \fIn\fP occurences, inclusive, +of the single character expression. +The values of \fIm\fP and \fIn\fP +must be non-negative and smaller than 255. +The form `\fB\e{\fIm\fB\e}\fR' matches exactly \fIm\fP occurences, +`\fB\e{\fIm\fB,\e}\fR' matches at least \fIm\fP occurences. +.PP +The character `\s+2\fB~\fR\s0' may be used in a regular expression, +and matches the text which defined the replacement part +of the last +.I substitute +command. +.PP +The sequence `\fB\e\fIn\fR' matches the text that was matched by the +\fIn\fR-th regular subexpression enclosed between `\e(' and `\e)' +earlier in the expression. +.SS "Substitute replacement patterns" +.PP +The basic metacharacters for the replacement pattern are +`\fB&\fR', `\fB~\fR', and `\fB#\fR'; the first two of them are +given as `\fB\e&\fR' and `\fB\e~\fR' when +.I nomagic +is set. +Each instance of `\fB&\fR' is replaced by the characters +which the regular expression matched. +The metacharacter `\fB~\fR' stands, in the replacement pattern, +for the defining text of the previous replacement pattern. +If the entire replacement pattern is `\fB#\fR', +the defining text of the previous replacement pattern is used. +.PP +Other metasequences possible in the replacement pattern +are always introduced by the escaping character `\fB\e\fR'. +The sequence `\fB\e\fIn\fR' is replaced by the text matched +by the \fIn\fR-th regular subexpression enclosed between +`\e(' and `\e)'. +When nested, parenthesized subexpressions are present, +\fIn\fR is determined by counting occurrences of `\e(' starting from the left. +The sequences `\fB\eu\fR' and `\fB\el\fR' +cause the immediately following character in +the replacement to be converted to upper- or lower-case respectively +if this character is a letter. +The sequences `\fB\eU\fR' and `\fB\eL\fR' +turn such conversion on, +either until `\fB\eE\fR' or `\fB\ee\fR' is encountered, +or until the end of the replacement pattern. +.SS "Option descriptions" +.PP +.TP +\fBautoindent\fR, \fBai\fR default: noai +Can be used to ease the preparation of structured program text. +At the beginning of each +.I append , +.I change +or +.I insert +command +or when a new line is +.I opened +or created by an +.I append , +.I change , +.I insert , +or +.I substitute +operation within +.I open +or +.I visual +mode, +.I ex +looks at the line being appended after, +the first line changed +or the line inserted before and calculates the amount of white space +at the start of the line. +It then aligns the cursor at the level of indentation so determined. +.IP +If the user then types lines of text in, +they will continue to be justified at the displayed indenting level. +If more white space is typed at the beginning of a line, +the following line will start aligned with the first non-white character +of the previous line. +To back the cursor up to the preceding tab stop one can hit +\fB^D\fR. +The tab stops going backwards are defined at multiples of the +.I shiftwidth +option. +The user +.I cannot +backspace over the indent, +except by sending an end-of-file with a \fB^D\fR. +.IP +Specially processed in this mode is a line with no characters added +to it, which turns into a completely blank line (the white +space provided for the +.I autoindent +is discarded.) +Also specially processed in this mode are lines beginning with +an `^' and immediately followed by a \fB^D\fR. +This causes the input to be repositioned at the beginning of the line, +but retaining the previous indent for the next line. +Similarly, a `0' followed by a \fB^D\fR +repositions at the beginning but without +retaining the previous indent. +.IP +.I Autoindent +doesn't happen in +.I global +commands or when the input is not a terminal. +.TP +\fBautoprint\fR, \fBap\fR default: ap +Causes the current line to be printed after each +.I delete , +.I copy , +.I join , +.I move , +.I substitute , +.I t , +.I undo +or +shift command. +This has the same effect as supplying a trailing `p' +to each such command. +.I Autoprint +is suppressed in globals, +and only applies to the last of many commands on a line. +.TP +\fBautowrite\fR, \fBaw\fR default: noaw +Causes the contents of the buffer to be written to the current file +if the user has modified it and gives a +.I next, +.I rewind, +.I stop, +.I tag, +or +.I ! +command, or a \fB^^\fR (switch files) or \fB^]\fR (tag goto) command +in +.I visual. +Note, that the +.I edit +and +.I ex +commands do +.B not +autowrite. +In each case, there is an equivalent way of switching when autowrite +is set to avoid the +.I autowrite +(\fIedit\fR +for +.I next , +.I rewind! +for .I rewind , +.I stop! +for +.I stop , +.I tag! +for +.I tag , +.I shell +for +.I ! , +and +\fB:e\ #\fR and a \fB:ta!\fR command from within +.I visual). +.TP +\fBbeautify\fR, \fBbf\fR default: nobeautify +Causes all control characters except tab, newline and form-feed +to be discarded from the input. +A complaint is registered the first time a +backspace character is discarded. +.I Beautify +does not apply to command input. +.TP +\fBdirectory\fR, \fBdir\fR default: dir=/tmp +Specifies the directory in which +.I ex +places its buffer file. +If this directory in not +writable, then the editor will exit abruptly when it fails to be +able to create its buffer there. +.TP +\fBedcompatible\fR default: noedcompatible +Causes the presence of absence of +.B g +and +.B c +suffixes on substitute commands to be remembered, and to be toggled +by repeating the suffices. The suffix +.B r +makes the substitution be as in the +.I ~ +command, instead of like +.I &. +.TP +\fBerrorbells\fR, \fBeb\fR default: noeb +Error messages are preceded by a bell. +Bell ringing in +.I open +and +.I visual +on errors is not suppressed by setting +.I noeb. +If possible the editor always places the error message in a standout mode of the +terminal (such as inverse video) instead of ringing the bell. +.TP +\fBexrc\fR default: noexrc +If set, the current directory is searched for a +.I .exrc +file on startup. +If this file is found, +its content is treated as +.I ex +commands and executed immediately after the contents of +.I $HOME/.exrc +on startup. +.TP +\fBflash\fR, \fBfl\fR default: flash +If the terminal provides the \*(lqvisual bell\*(rq capability, +ex will use it instead of the audible bell if +.I flash +is set. +.TP +\fBhardtabs\fR, \fBht\fR default: ht=8 +Gives the boundaries on which terminal hardware tabs are set (or +on which the system expands tabs). +.TP +\fBignorecase\fR, \fBic\fR default: noic +All upper case characters in the text are mapped to lower case in regular +expression matching. +In addition, all upper case characters in regular expressions are mapped +to lower case except in character class specifications. +.TP +\fBlisp\fR default: nolisp +\fIAutoindent\fR indents appropriately for +.I lisp +code, and the \fB( ) { } [[\fR and \fB]]\fR commands in +.I open +and +.I visual +are modified to have meaning for \fIlisp\fR. +.TP +\fBlist\fR default: nolist +All printed lines will be displayed (more) unambiguously, +showing tabs and end-of-lines as in the +.I list +command. +.TP +\fBmagic\fR default: magic for \fIex\fR and \fIvi\fR, \fINomagic\fR for \fIedit\fR. +If +.I nomagic +is set, the number of regular expression metacharacters is greatly reduced, +with only `^' and `$' having special effects. +In addition the metacharacters +`~' +and +`&' +of the replacement pattern are treated as normal characters. +All the normal metacharacters may be made +.I magic +when +.I nomagic +is set by preceding them with a `\e'. +.TP +\fBmesg\fR default: mesg +Causes write permission to be turned off to the terminal +while the user is in visual mode, if +.I nomesg +is set. +.TP +\fBmodelines, ml\fR default: nomodelines +If +.I modelines +is set, then the first 5 lines and the last five lines of the file +will be checked for ex command lines and the comands issued. +To be recognized as a command line, the line must have the string +.B ex: +or +.B vi: +in it. +.\" preceeded by a tab or a space. +This string may be anywhere in the line and anything after the +.I : +is interpeted as editor commands. This option defaults to off because +of unexpected behavior when editting files such as +.I /etc/passwd. +.TP +\fBnumber, nu\fR default: nonumber +Causes all output lines to be printed with their +line numbers. +In addition each input line will be prompted for by supplying the line number +it will have. +.TP +\fBopen\fR default: open +If \fInoopen\fR, the commands +.I open +and +.I visual +are not permitted. +.\"This is set for +.\".I edit +.\"to prevent confusion resulting from accidental entry to +.\"open or visual mode. +.TP +\fBoptimize, opt\fR default: optimize +Throughput of text is expedited by setting the terminal +to not do automatic carriage returns +when printing more than one (logical) line of output, +greatly speeding output on terminals without addressable +cursors when text with leading white space is printed. +.TP +\fBparagraphs,\ para\fR default: para=IPLPPPQPP\0LIbp +Specifies the paragraphs for the \fB{\fR and \fB}\fR operations in +.I open +and +.I visual. +The pairs of characters in the option's value are the names +of the macros which start paragraphs. +.TP +\fBprompt\fR default: prompt +Command mode input is prompted for with a `:'. +.TP +\fBredraw\fR default: noredraw +The editor simulates (using great amounts of output), an intelligent +terminal on a dumb terminal (e.g. during insertions in +.I visual +the characters to the right of the cursor position are refreshed +as each input character is typed.) +Useful only at very high speed. +.TP +\fBremap\fP default: remap +If on, macros are repeatedly tried until they are unchanged. +For example, if +.B o +is mapped to +.B O , +and +.B O +is mapped to +.B I , +then if +.I remap +is set, +.B o +will map to +.B I , +but if +.I noremap +is set, it will map to +.B O . +.TP +\fBreport\fR default: report=5, 2 for \fIedit\fR. +Specifies a threshold for feedback from commands. +Any command which modifies more than the specified number of lines +will provide feedback as to the scope of its changes. +For commands such as +.I global , +.I open , +.I undo , +and +.I visual +which have potentially more far reaching scope, +the net change in the number of lines in the buffer is +presented at the end of the command, subject to this same threshold. +Thus notification is suppressed during a +.I global +command on the individual commands performed. +.TP +\fBscroll\fR default: scroll=\(12 window +Determines the number of logical lines scrolled when an end-of-file +is received from a terminal input in command mode, +and the number of lines printed by a command mode +.I z +command (double the value of +.I scroll ). +.TP +\fBsections\fR default: sections=SHNHH\0HU +Specifies the section macros for the \fB[[\fR and \fB]]\fR operations +in +.I open +and +.I visual. +The pairs of characters in the options's value are the names +of the macros which start paragraphs. +.TP +\fBshell\fR, \fBsh\fR default: sh=/bin/sh +Gives the path name of the shell forked for +the shell escape command `!', and by the +.I shell +command. +The default is taken from SHELL in the environment, if present. +.TP +\fBshiftwidth\fR, \fBsw\fR default: sw=8 +Gives the width a software tab stop, +used in reverse tabbing with \fB^D\fR when using +.I autoindent +to append text, +and by the shift commands. +.TP +\fBshowmatch, sm\fR default: nosm +In +.I open +and +.I visual +mode, when a \fB)\fR or \fB}\fR is typed, move the cursor to the matching +\fB(\fR or \fB{\fR for one second if this matching character is on the +screen. Extremely useful with +.I lisp. +.TP +\fBshowmode, smd\fR default: nosmd +In +.I visual +mode, show a description of the current editing mode +in the window's lower right corner. +.TP +\fBslowopen, slow\fR terminal dependent +Affects the display algorithm used in +.I visual +mode, holding off display updating during input of new text to improve +throughput when the terminal in use is both slow and unintelligent. +See +.I "An Introduction to Display Editing with Vi" +for more details. +.TP +\fBtabstop,\ ts\fR default: ts=8 +The editor expands tabs in the input file to be on +.I tabstop +boundaries for the purposes of display. +.TP +\fBtaglength,\ tl\fR default: tl=0 +Tags are not significant beyond this many characters. +A value of zero (the default) means that all characters are significant. +.TP +\fBtags\fR default: tags=tags /usr/lib/tags +A path of files to be used as tag files for the +.I tag +command. +A requested tag is searched for in the specified files, sequentially. +By default, files called +.B tags +are searched for in the current directory and in /usr/lib +(a master file for the entire system). +.TP +\fBterm\fR from environment TERM +The terminal type of the output device. +.TP +\fBterse\fR default: noterse +Shorter error diagnostics are produced for the experienced user. +.TP +\fBwarn\fR default: warn +Warn if there has been `[No write since last change]' before a `!' +command escape. +.TP +\fBwindow\fR default: window=speed dependent +The number of lines in a text window in the +.I visual +command. +The default is 8 at slow speeds (600 baud or less), +16 at medium speed (1200 baud), +and the full screen (minus one line) at higher speeds. +.TP +\fBw300,\ w1200,\ w9600\fR +These are not true options but set +.B window +only if the speed is slow (300), medium (1200), or high (9600), +respectively. +They are suitable for an EXINIT +and make it easy to change the 8/16/full screen rule. +.TP +\fBwrapscan\fR, \fBws\fR default: ws +Searches using the regular expressions in addressing +will wrap around past the end of the file. +.TP +\fBwrapmargin\fR, \fBwm\fR default: wm=0 +Defines a margin for automatic wrapover of text during input in +.I open +and +.I visual +modes. See +.I "An Introduction to Text Editing with Vi" +for details. +.TP +\fBwriteany\fR, \fBwa\fR default: nowa +.IP +Inhibit the checks normally made before +.I write +commands, allowing a write to any file which the system protection +mechanism will allow. +.SH "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES" +.PP +The following environment variables affect the behaviour of ex: +.TP +.B COLUMNS +Overrides the system-supplied number of terminal columns. +.TP +.B EXINIT +Contains commands to execute at editor startup. +If this variable is present, the +.I .exrc +file in the user's home directory is ignored. +.TP +.B HOME +Used to locate the editor startup file. +.TP +.BR LANG ", " LC_ALL +See +.IR locale (7). +.TP +.B LC_CTYPE +Determines the mapping of bytes to characters, +types of characters, +case conversion +and composition of character classes in regular expressions. +.TP +.B LC_MESSAGES +Sets the language used for diagnostic and informal messages. +.TP +.B LINES +Overrides the system-supplied number of terminal lines. +.TP +.B NLSPATH +See +.IR catopen (3). +.TP +.B SHELL +The program file used to execute external commands. +.TP +.B TERM +Determines the terminal type. +.SH FILES +.TP +.B /usr/libexec/expreserve +preserve command +.TP +.B /usr/libexec/exrecover +recover command +.TP +.B /etc/termcap +describes capabilities of terminals +.TP +.B $HOME/.exrc +editor startup file +.TP +.B /var/tmp/Ex\fInnnnnnnnnn\fP +editor temporary +.TP +.B /var/tmp/Rx\fInnnnnnnnnn\fP +named buffer temporary +.TP +.B /var/preserve +preservation directory +.SH DOCUMENTATION +The document +.I "Edit: A tutorial" +(USD:14) provides a comprehensive introduction to +.I edit +assuming no previous knowledge of computers or the +.SM UNIX +system. +.PP +The +.I "Ex Reference Manual \(en Version 3.7" +(USD:16) +is a comprehensive and complete manual for the command mode features +of +.I ex. +.\"but one cannot learn to use the editor by reading it. +The +.SM \fIUSAGE\fP +section of this page is taken from the manual. +For an introduction to +more advanced forms of editing using the command mode of +.I ex +see the editing documents written by Brian Kernighan for the editor +.I ed; +the material in the introductory and advanced documents works also with +.I ex. +.PP +.I "An Introduction to Display Editing with Vi" +(USD:15) +introduces the display editor +.I vi +and provides reference material on +.I vi. +(This reference now forms the +.IR vi (1) +manual page). +In addition, the +.I "Vi Quick Reference" +card summarizes the commands +of +.I vi +in a useful, functional way, and is useful with the +.I Introduction. +.SH SEE ALSO +awk(1), +ed(1), +grep(1), +sed(1), +grep(1), +vi(1), +catopen(3), +termcap(5), +environ(7), +locale(7), +regex(7) +.SH AUTHOR +Originally written by William Joy. +.PP +Mark Horton has maintained the editor since version 2.7, adding macros, +support for many unusual terminals, +and other features such as word abbreviation mode. +.PP +This version incorporates changes by Gunnar Ritter. +.SH NOTES +.I Undo +never clears the buffer modified condition. +.PP +The +.I z +command prints a number of logical rather than physical lines. +More than a screen full of output may result if long lines are present. +.PP +File input/output errors don't print a name if the command line \fB`\-'\fR +option is used. +.\".PP +.\"There is no easy way to do a single scan ignoring case. +.PP +The editor does not warn if text is placed in named buffers and not used +before exiting the editor. +.PP +Null (00) characters are converted to 0200 characters +when reading input files, +and cannot appear in resultant files. +.PP +LC_COLLATE locales are ignored; +collating symbols `[.c.]' +and equivalence classes `[=c=]' +in bracket expressions are recognized but useless +since `c' is restricted to a single character +and is the only character matched; +range expressions `[a\-m]' are always evaluated in byte order. |