Imported Upstream version 2.1.0upstream/2.1.0

14 files changed, 2888 insertions, 205 deletions

diff --git a/qapi/Makefile.objs b/qapi/Makefile.objs
index 1f9c97342..d14b769cf 100644
--- a/qapi/Makefile.objs
+++ b/qapi/Makefile.objs
@@ -3,3 +3,4 @@ util-obj-y += qmp-output-visitor.o qmp-registry.o qmp-dispatch.o
 util-obj-y += string-input-visitor.o string-output-visitor.o
 
 util-obj-y += opts-visitor.o
+util-obj-y += qmp-event.o
diff --git a/qapi/block-core.json b/qapi/block-core.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e378653a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qapi/block-core.json
@@ -0,0 +1,1645 @@
+# -*- Mode: Python -*-
+#
+# QAPI block core definitions (vm unrelated)
+
+# QAPI common definitions
+{ 'include': 'common.json' }
+
+##
+# @SnapshotInfo
+#
+# @id: unique snapshot id
+#
+# @name: user chosen name
+#
+# @vm-state-size: size of the VM state
+#
+# @date-sec: UTC date of the snapshot in seconds
+#
+# @date-nsec: fractional part in nano seconds to be used with date-sec
+#
+# @vm-clock-sec: VM clock relative to boot in seconds
+#
+# @vm-clock-nsec: fractional part in nano seconds to be used with vm-clock-sec
+#
+# Since: 1.3
+#
+##
+
+{ 'type': 'SnapshotInfo',
+  'data': { 'id': 'str', 'name': 'str', 'vm-state-size': 'int',
+            'date-sec': 'int', 'date-nsec': 'int',
+            'vm-clock-sec': 'int', 'vm-clock-nsec': 'int' } }
+
+##
+# @ImageInfoSpecificQCow2:
+#
+# @compat: compatibility level
+#
+# @lazy-refcounts: #optional on or off; only valid for compat >= 1.1
+#
+# Since: 1.7
+##
+{ 'type': 'ImageInfoSpecificQCow2',
+  'data': {
+      'compat': 'str',
+      '*lazy-refcounts': 'bool'
+  } }
+
+##
+# @ImageInfoSpecificVmdk:
+#
+# @create-type: The create type of VMDK image
+#
+# @cid: Content id of image
+#
+# @parent-cid: Parent VMDK image's cid
+#
+# @extents: List of extent files
+#
+# Since: 1.7
+##
+{ 'type': 'ImageInfoSpecificVmdk',
+  'data': {
+      'create-type': 'str',
+      'cid': 'int',
+      'parent-cid': 'int',
+      'extents': ['ImageInfo']
+  } }
+
+##
+# @ImageInfoSpecific:
+#
+# A discriminated record of image format specific information structures.
+#
+# Since: 1.7
+##
+
+{ 'union': 'ImageInfoSpecific',
+  'data': {
+      'qcow2': 'ImageInfoSpecificQCow2',
+      'vmdk': 'ImageInfoSpecificVmdk'
+  } }
+
+##
+# @ImageInfo:
+#
+# Information about a QEMU image file
+#
+# @filename: name of the image file
+#
+# @format: format of the image file
+#
+# @virtual-size: maximum capacity in bytes of the image
+#
+# @actual-size: #optional actual size on disk in bytes of the image
+#
+# @dirty-flag: #optional true if image is not cleanly closed
+#
+# @cluster-size: #optional size of a cluster in bytes
+#
+# @encrypted: #optional true if the image is encrypted
+#
+# @compressed: #optional true if the image is compressed (Since 1.7)
+#
+# @backing-filename: #optional name of the backing file
+#
+# @full-backing-filename: #optional full path of the backing file
+#
+# @backing-filename-format: #optional the format of the backing file
+#
+# @snapshots: #optional list of VM snapshots
+#
+# @backing-image: #optional info of the backing image (since 1.6)
+#
+# @format-specific: #optional structure supplying additional format-specific
+# information (since 1.7)
+#
+# Since: 1.3
+#
+##
+
+{ 'type': 'ImageInfo',
+  'data': {'filename': 'str', 'format': 'str', '*dirty-flag': 'bool',
+           '*actual-size': 'int', 'virtual-size': 'int',
+           '*cluster-size': 'int', '*encrypted': 'bool', '*compressed': 'bool',
+           '*backing-filename': 'str', '*full-backing-filename': 'str',
+           '*backing-filename-format': 'str', '*snapshots': ['SnapshotInfo'],
+           '*backing-image': 'ImageInfo',
+           '*format-specific': 'ImageInfoSpecific' } }
+
+##
+# @ImageCheck:
+#
+# Information about a QEMU image file check
+#
+# @filename: name of the image file checked
+#
+# @format: format of the image file checked
+#
+# @check-errors: number of unexpected errors occurred during check
+#
+# @image-end-offset: #optional offset (in bytes) where the image ends, this
+#                    field is present if the driver for the image format
+#                    supports it
+#
+# @corruptions: #optional number of corruptions found during the check if any
+#
+# @leaks: #optional number of leaks found during the check if any
+#
+# @corruptions-fixed: #optional number of corruptions fixed during the check
+#                     if any
+#
+# @leaks-fixed: #optional number of leaks fixed during the check if any
+#
+# @total-clusters: #optional total number of clusters, this field is present
+#                  if the driver for the image format supports it
+#
+# @allocated-clusters: #optional total number of allocated clusters, this
+#                      field is present if the driver for the image format
+#                      supports it
+#
+# @fragmented-clusters: #optional total number of fragmented clusters, this
+#                       field is present if the driver for the image format
+#                       supports it
+#
+# @compressed-clusters: #optional total number of compressed clusters, this
+#                       field is present if the driver for the image format
+#                       supports it
+#
+# Since: 1.4
+#
+##
+
+{ 'type': 'ImageCheck',
+  'data': {'filename': 'str', 'format': 'str', 'check-errors': 'int',
+           '*image-end-offset': 'int', '*corruptions': 'int', '*leaks': 'int',
+           '*corruptions-fixed': 'int', '*leaks-fixed': 'int',
+           '*total-clusters': 'int', '*allocated-clusters': 'int',
+           '*fragmented-clusters': 'int', '*compressed-clusters': 'int' } }
+
+##
+# @BlockDeviceInfo:
+#
+# Information about the backing device for a block device.
+#
+# @file: the filename of the backing device
+#
+# @node-name: #optional the name of the block driver node (Since 2.0)
+#
+# @ro: true if the backing device was open read-only
+#
+# @drv: the name of the block format used to open the backing device. As of
+#       0.14.0 this can be: 'blkdebug', 'bochs', 'cloop', 'cow', 'dmg',
+#       'file', 'file', 'ftp', 'ftps', 'host_cdrom', 'host_device',
+#       'host_floppy', 'http', 'https', 'nbd', 'parallels', 'qcow',
+#       'qcow2', 'raw', 'tftp', 'vdi', 'vmdk', 'vpc', 'vvfat'
+#
+# @backing_file: #optional the name of the backing file (for copy-on-write)
+#
+# @backing_file_depth: number of files in the backing file chain (since: 1.2)
+#
+# @encrypted: true if the backing device is encrypted
+#
+# @encryption_key_missing: true if the backing device is encrypted but an
+#                          valid encryption key is missing
+#
+# @detect_zeroes: detect and optimize zero writes (Since 2.1)
+#
+# @bps: total throughput limit in bytes per second is specified
+#
+# @bps_rd: read throughput limit in bytes per second is specified
+#
+# @bps_wr: write throughput limit in bytes per second is specified
+#
+# @iops: total I/O operations per second is specified
+#
+# @iops_rd: read I/O operations per second is specified
+#
+# @iops_wr: write I/O operations per second is specified
+#
+# @image: the info of image used (since: 1.6)
+#
+# @bps_max: #optional total max in bytes (Since 1.7)
+#
+# @bps_rd_max: #optional read max in bytes (Since 1.7)
+#
+# @bps_wr_max: #optional write max in bytes (Since 1.7)
+#
+# @iops_max: #optional total I/O operations max (Since 1.7)
+#
+# @iops_rd_max: #optional read I/O operations max (Since 1.7)
+#
+# @iops_wr_max: #optional write I/O operations max (Since 1.7)
+#
+# @iops_size: #optional an I/O size in bytes (Since 1.7)
+#
+# Since: 0.14.0
+#
+##
+{ 'type': 'BlockDeviceInfo',
+  'data': { 'file': 'str', '*node-name': 'str', 'ro': 'bool', 'drv': 'str',
+            '*backing_file': 'str', 'backing_file_depth': 'int',
+            'encrypted': 'bool', 'encryption_key_missing': 'bool',
+            'detect_zeroes': 'BlockdevDetectZeroesOptions',
+            'bps': 'int', 'bps_rd': 'int', 'bps_wr': 'int',
+            'iops': 'int', 'iops_rd': 'int', 'iops_wr': 'int',
+            'image': 'ImageInfo',
+            '*bps_max': 'int', '*bps_rd_max': 'int',
+            '*bps_wr_max': 'int', '*iops_max': 'int',
+            '*iops_rd_max': 'int', '*iops_wr_max': 'int',
+            '*iops_size': 'int' } }
+
+##
+# @BlockDeviceIoStatus:
+#
+# An enumeration of block device I/O status.
+#
+# @ok: The last I/O operation has succeeded
+#
+# @failed: The last I/O operation has failed
+#
+# @nospace: The last I/O operation has failed due to a no-space condition
+#
+# Since: 1.0
+##
+{ 'enum': 'BlockDeviceIoStatus', 'data': [ 'ok', 'failed', 'nospace' ] }
+
+##
+# @BlockDeviceMapEntry:
+#
+# Entry in the metadata map of the device (returned by "qemu-img map")
+#
+# @start: Offset in the image of the first byte described by this entry
+#         (in bytes)
+#
+# @length: Length of the range described by this entry (in bytes)
+#
+# @depth: Number of layers (0 = top image, 1 = top image's backing file, etc.)
+#         before reaching one for which the range is allocated.  The value is
+#         in the range 0 to the depth of the image chain - 1.
+#
+# @zero: the sectors in this range read as zeros
+#
+# @data: reading the image will actually read data from a file (in particular,
+#        if @offset is present this means that the sectors are not simply
+#        preallocated, but contain actual data in raw format)
+#
+# @offset: if present, the image file stores the data for this range in
+#          raw format at the given offset.
+#
+# Since 1.7
+##
+{ 'type': 'BlockDeviceMapEntry',
+  'data': { 'start': 'int', 'length': 'int', 'depth': 'int', 'zero': 'bool',
+            'data': 'bool', '*offset': 'int' } }
+
+##
+# @BlockDirtyInfo:
+#
+# Block dirty bitmap information.
+#
+# @count: number of dirty bytes according to the dirty bitmap
+#
+# @granularity: granularity of the dirty bitmap in bytes (since 1.4)
+#
+# Since: 1.3
+##
+{ 'type': 'BlockDirtyInfo',
+  'data': {'count': 'int', 'granularity': 'int'} }
+
+##
+# @BlockInfo:
+#
+# Block device information.  This structure describes a virtual device and
+# the backing device associated with it.
+#
+# @device: The device name associated with the virtual device.
+#
+# @type: This field is returned only for compatibility reasons, it should
+#        not be used (always returns 'unknown')
+#
+# @removable: True if the device supports removable media.
+#
+# @locked: True if the guest has locked this device from having its media
+#          removed
+#
+# @tray_open: #optional True if the device has a tray and it is open
+#             (only present if removable is true)
+#
+# @dirty-bitmaps: #optional dirty bitmaps information (only present if the
+#                 driver has one or more dirty bitmaps) (Since 2.0)
+#
+# @io-status: #optional @BlockDeviceIoStatus. Only present if the device
+#             supports it and the VM is configured to stop on errors
+#
+# @inserted: #optional @BlockDeviceInfo describing the device if media is
+#            present
+#
+# Since:  0.14.0
+##
+{ 'type': 'BlockInfo',
+  'data': {'device': 'str', 'type': 'str', 'removable': 'bool',
+           'locked': 'bool', '*inserted': 'BlockDeviceInfo',
+           '*tray_open': 'bool', '*io-status': 'BlockDeviceIoStatus',
+           '*dirty-bitmaps': ['BlockDirtyInfo'] } }
+
+##
+# @query-block:
+#
+# Get a list of BlockInfo for all virtual block devices.
+#
+# Returns: a list of @BlockInfo describing each virtual block device
+#
+# Since: 0.14.0
+##
+{ 'command': 'query-block', 'returns': ['BlockInfo'] }
+
+##
+# @BlockDeviceStats:
+#
+# Statistics of a virtual block device or a block backing device.
+#
+# @rd_bytes:      The number of bytes read by the device.
+#
+# @wr_bytes:      The number of bytes written by the device.
+#
+# @rd_operations: The number of read operations performed by the device.
+#
+# @wr_operations: The number of write operations performed by the device.
+#
+# @flush_operations: The number of cache flush operations performed by the
+#                    device (since 0.15.0)
+#
+# @flush_total_time_ns: Total time spend on cache flushes in nano-seconds
+#                       (since 0.15.0).
+#
+# @wr_total_time_ns: Total time spend on writes in nano-seconds (since 0.15.0).
+#
+# @rd_total_time_ns: Total_time_spend on reads in nano-seconds (since 0.15.0).
+#
+# @wr_highest_offset: The offset after the greatest byte written to the
+#                     device.  The intended use of this information is for
+#                     growable sparse files (like qcow2) that are used on top
+#                     of a physical device.
+#
+# Since: 0.14.0
+##
+{ 'type': 'BlockDeviceStats',
+  'data': {'rd_bytes': 'int', 'wr_bytes': 'int', 'rd_operations': 'int',
+           'wr_operations': 'int', 'flush_operations': 'int',
+           'flush_total_time_ns': 'int', 'wr_total_time_ns': 'int',
+           'rd_total_time_ns': 'int', 'wr_highest_offset': 'int' } }
+
+##
+# @BlockStats:
+#
+# Statistics of a virtual block device or a block backing device.
+#
+# @device: #optional If the stats are for a virtual block device, the name
+#          corresponding to the virtual block device.
+#
+# @stats:  A @BlockDeviceStats for the device.
+#
+# @parent: #optional This describes the file block device if it has one.
+#
+# @backing: #optional This describes the backing block device if it has one.
+#           (Since 2.0)
+#
+# Since: 0.14.0
+##
+{ 'type': 'BlockStats',
+  'data': {'*device': 'str', 'stats': 'BlockDeviceStats',
+           '*parent': 'BlockStats',
+           '*backing': 'BlockStats'} }
+
+##
+# @query-blockstats:
+#
+# Query the @BlockStats for all virtual block devices.
+#
+# Returns: A list of @BlockStats for each virtual block devices.
+#
+# Since: 0.14.0
+##
+{ 'command': 'query-blockstats', 'returns': ['BlockStats'] }
+
+##
+# @BlockdevOnError:
+#
+# An enumeration of possible behaviors for errors on I/O operations.
+# The exact meaning depends on whether the I/O was initiated by a guest
+# or by a block job
+#
+# @report: for guest operations, report the error to the guest;
+#          for jobs, cancel the job
+#
+# @ignore: ignore the error, only report a QMP event (BLOCK_IO_ERROR
+#          or BLOCK_JOB_ERROR)
+#
+# @enospc: same as @stop on ENOSPC, same as @report otherwise.
+#
+# @stop: for guest operations, stop the virtual machine;
+#        for jobs, pause the job
+#
+# Since: 1.3
+##
+{ 'enum': 'BlockdevOnError',
+  'data': ['report', 'ignore', 'enospc', 'stop'] }
+
+##
+# @MirrorSyncMode:
+#
+# An enumeration of possible behaviors for the initial synchronization
+# phase of storage mirroring.
+#
+# @top: copies data in the topmost image to the destination
+#
+# @full: copies data from all images to the destination
+#
+# @none: only copy data written from now on
+#
+# Since: 1.3
+##
+{ 'enum': 'MirrorSyncMode',
+  'data': ['top', 'full', 'none'] }
+
+##
+# @BlockJobType:
+#
+# Type of a block job.
+#
+# @commit: block commit job type, see "block-commit"
+#
+# @stream: block stream job type, see "block-stream"
+#
+# @mirror: drive mirror job type, see "drive-mirror"
+#
+# @backup: drive backup job type, see "drive-backup"
+#
+# Since: 1.7
+##
+{ 'enum': 'BlockJobType',
+  'data': ['commit', 'stream', 'mirror', 'backup'] }
+
+##
+# @BlockJobInfo:
+#
+# Information about a long-running block device operation.
+#
+# @type: the job type ('stream' for image streaming)
+#
+# @device: the block device name
+#
+# @len: the maximum progress value
+#
+# @busy: false if the job is known to be in a quiescent state, with
+#        no pending I/O.  Since 1.3.
+#
+# @paused: whether the job is paused or, if @busy is true, will
+#          pause itself as soon as possible.  Since 1.3.
+#
+# @offset: the current progress value
+#
+# @speed: the rate limit, bytes per second
+#
+# @io-status: the status of the job (since 1.3)
+#
+# Since: 1.1
+##
+{ 'type': 'BlockJobInfo',
+  'data': {'type': 'str', 'device': 'str', 'len': 'int',
+           'offset': 'int', 'busy': 'bool', 'paused': 'bool', 'speed': 'int',
+           'io-status': 'BlockDeviceIoStatus'} }
+
+##
+# @query-block-jobs:
+#
+# Return information about long-running block device operations.
+#
+# Returns: a list of @BlockJobInfo for each active block job
+#
+# Since: 1.1
+##
+{ 'command': 'query-block-jobs', 'returns': ['BlockJobInfo'] }
+
+##
+# @block_passwd:
+#
+# This command sets the password of a block device that has not been open
+# with a password and requires one.
+#
+# The two cases where this can happen are a block device is created through
+# QEMU's initial command line or a block device is changed through the legacy
+# @change interface.
+#
+# In the event that the block device is created through the initial command
+# line, the VM will start in the stopped state regardless of whether '-S' is
+# used.  The intention is for a management tool to query the block devices to
+# determine which ones are encrypted, set the passwords with this command, and
+# then start the guest with the @cont command.
+#
+# Either @device or @node-name must be set but not both.
+#
+# @device: #optional the name of the block backend device to set the password on
+#
+# @node-name: #optional graph node name to set the password on (Since 2.0)
+#
+# @password: the password to use for the device
+#
+# Returns: nothing on success
+#          If @device is not a valid block device, DeviceNotFound
+#          If @device is not encrypted, DeviceNotEncrypted
+#
+# Notes:  Not all block formats support encryption and some that do are not
+#         able to validate that a password is correct.  Disk corruption may
+#         occur if an invalid password is specified.
+#
+# Since: 0.14.0
+##
+{ 'command': 'block_passwd', 'data': {'*device': 'str',
+                                      '*node-name': 'str', 'password': 'str'} }
+
+##
+# @block_resize
+#
+# Resize a block image while a guest is running.
+#
+# Either @device or @node-name must be set but not both.
+#
+# @device: #optional the name of the device to get the image resized
+#
+# @node-name: #optional graph node name to get the image resized (Since 2.0)
+#
+# @size:  new image size in bytes
+#
+# Returns: nothing on success
+#          If @device is not a valid block device, DeviceNotFound
+#
+# Since: 0.14.0
+##
+{ 'command': 'block_resize', 'data': { '*device': 'str',
+                                       '*node-name': 'str',
+                                       'size': 'int' }}
+
+##
+# @NewImageMode
+#
+# An enumeration that tells QEMU how to set the backing file path in
+# a new image file.
+#
+# @existing: QEMU should look for an existing image file.
+#
+# @absolute-paths: QEMU should create a new image with absolute paths
+# for the backing file. If there is no backing file available, the new
+# image will not be backed either.
+#
+# Since: 1.1
+##
+{ 'enum': 'NewImageMode',
+  'data': [ 'existing', 'absolute-paths' ] }
+
+##
+# @BlockdevSnapshot
+#
+# Either @device or @node-name must be set but not both.
+#
+# @device: #optional the name of the device to generate the snapshot from.
+#
+# @node-name: #optional graph node name to generate the snapshot from (Since 2.0)
+#
+# @snapshot-file: the target of the new image. A new file will be created.
+#
+# @snapshot-node-name: #optional the graph node name of the new image (Since 2.0)
+#
+# @format: #optional the format of the snapshot image, default is 'qcow2'.
+#
+# @mode: #optional whether and how QEMU should create a new image, default is
+#        'absolute-paths'.
+##
+{ 'type': 'BlockdevSnapshot',
+  'data': { '*device': 'str', '*node-name': 'str',
+            'snapshot-file': 'str', '*snapshot-node-name': 'str',
+            '*format': 'str', '*mode': 'NewImageMode' } }
+
+##
+# @DriveBackup
+#
+# @device: the name of the device which should be copied.
+#
+# @target: the target of the new image. If the file exists, or if it
+#          is a device, the existing file/device will be used as the new
+#          destination.  If it does not exist, a new file will be created.
+#
+# @format: #optional the format of the new destination, default is to
+#          probe if @mode is 'existing', else the format of the source
+#
+# @sync: what parts of the disk image should be copied to the destination
+#        (all the disk, only the sectors allocated in the topmost image, or
+#        only new I/O).
+#
+# @mode: #optional whether and how QEMU should create a new image, default is
+#        'absolute-paths'.
+#
+# @speed: #optional the maximum speed, in bytes per second
+#
+# @on-source-error: #optional the action to take on an error on the source,
+#                   default 'report'.  'stop' and 'enospc' can only be used
+#                   if the block device supports io-status (see BlockInfo).
+#
+# @on-target-error: #optional the action to take on an error on the target,
+#                   default 'report' (no limitations, since this applies to
+#                   a different block device than @device).
+#
+# Note that @on-source-error and @on-target-error only affect background I/O.
+# If an error occurs during a guest write request, the device's rerror/werror
+# actions will be used.
+#
+# Since: 1.6
+##
+{ 'type': 'DriveBackup',
+  'data': { 'device': 'str', 'target': 'str', '*format': 'str',
+            'sync': 'MirrorSyncMode', '*mode': 'NewImageMode',
+            '*speed': 'int',
+            '*on-source-error': 'BlockdevOnError',
+            '*on-target-error': 'BlockdevOnError' } }
+
+##
+# @blockdev-snapshot-sync
+#
+# Generates a synchronous snapshot of a block device.
+#
+# For the arguments, see the documentation of BlockdevSnapshot.
+#
+# Returns: nothing on success
+#          If @device is not a valid block device, DeviceNotFound
+#
+# Since 0.14.0
+##
+{ 'command': 'blockdev-snapshot-sync',
+  'data': 'BlockdevSnapshot' }
+
+##
+# @change-backing-file
+#
+# Change the backing file in the image file metadata.  This does not
+# cause QEMU to reopen the image file to reparse the backing filename
+# (it may, however, perform a reopen to change permissions from
+# r/o -> r/w -> r/o, if needed). The new backing file string is written
+# into the image file metadata, and the QEMU internal strings are
+# updated.
+#
+# @image-node-name: The name of the block driver state node of the
+#                   image to modify.
+#
+# @device:          The name of the device that owns image-node-name.
+#
+# @backing-file:    The string to write as the backing file.  This
+#                   string is not validated, so care should be taken
+#                   when specifying the string or the image chain may
+#                   not be able to be reopened again.
+#
+# Since: 2.1
+##
+{ 'command': 'change-backing-file',
+  'data': { 'device': 'str', 'image-node-name': 'str',
+            'backing-file': 'str' } }
+
+##
+# @block-commit
+#
+# Live commit of data from overlay image nodes into backing nodes - i.e.,
+# writes data between 'top' and 'base' into 'base'.
+#
+# @device:  the name of the device
+#
+# @base:   #optional The file name of the backing image to write data into.
+#                    If not specified, this is the deepest backing image
+#
+# @top:    #optional The file name of the backing image within the image chain,
+#                    which contains the topmost data to be committed down. If
+#                    not specified, this is the active layer.
+#
+# @backing-file:  #optional The backing file string to write into the overlay
+#                           image of 'top'.  If 'top' is the active layer,
+#                           specifying a backing file string is an error. This
+#                           filename is not validated.
+#
+#                           If a pathname string is such that it cannot be
+#                           resolved by QEMU, that means that subsequent QMP or
+#                           HMP commands must use node-names for the image in
+#                           question, as filename lookup methods will fail.
+#
+#                           If not specified, QEMU will automatically determine
+#                           the backing file string to use, or error out if
+#                           there is no obvious choice. Care should be taken
+#                           when specifying the string, to specify a valid
+#                           filename or protocol.
+#                           (Since 2.1)
+#
+#                    If top == base, that is an error.
+#                    If top == active, the job will not be completed by itself,
+#                    user needs to complete the job with the block-job-complete
+#                    command after getting the ready event. (Since 2.0)
+#
+#                    If the base image is smaller than top, then the base image
+#                    will be resized to be the same size as top.  If top is
+#                    smaller than the base image, the base will not be
+#                    truncated.  If you want the base image size to match the
+#                    size of the smaller top, you can safely truncate it
+#                    yourself once the commit operation successfully completes.
+#
+# @speed:  #optional the maximum speed, in bytes per second
+#
+# Returns: Nothing on success
+#          If commit or stream is already active on this device, DeviceInUse
+#          If @device does not exist, DeviceNotFound
+#          If image commit is not supported by this device, NotSupported
+#          If @base or @top is invalid, a generic error is returned
+#          If @speed is invalid, InvalidParameter
+#
+# Since: 1.3
+#
+##
+{ 'command': 'block-commit',
+  'data': { 'device': 'str', '*base': 'str', '*top': 'str',
+            '*backing-file': 'str', '*speed': 'int' } }
+
+##
+# @drive-backup
+#
+# Start a point-in-time copy of a block device to a new destination.  The
+# status of ongoing drive-backup operations can be checked with
+# query-block-jobs where the BlockJobInfo.type field has the value 'backup'.
+# The operation can be stopped before it has completed using the
+# block-job-cancel command.
+#
+# For the arguments, see the documentation of DriveBackup.
+#
+# Returns: nothing on success
+#          If @device is not a valid block device, DeviceNotFound
+#
+# Since 1.6
+##
+{ 'command': 'drive-backup', 'data': 'DriveBackup' }
+
+##
+# @query-named-block-nodes
+#
+# Get the named block driver list
+#
+# Returns: the list of BlockDeviceInfo
+#
+# Since 2.0
+##
+{ 'command': 'query-named-block-nodes', 'returns': [ 'BlockDeviceInfo' ] }
+
+##
+# @drive-mirror
+#
+# Start mirroring a block device's writes to a new destination.
+#
+# @device:  the name of the device whose writes should be mirrored.
+#
+# @target: the target of the new image. If the file exists, or if it
+#          is a device, the existing file/device will be used as the new
+#          destination.  If it does not exist, a new file will be created.
+#
+# @format: #optional the format of the new destination, default is to
+#          probe if @mode is 'existing', else the format of the source
+#
+# @node-name: #optional the new block driver state node name in the graph
+#             (Since 2.1)
+#
+# @replaces: #optional with sync=full graph node name to be replaced by the new
+#            image when a whole image copy is done. This can be used to repair
+#            broken Quorum files. (Since 2.1)
+#
+# @mode: #optional whether and how QEMU should create a new image, default is
+#        'absolute-paths'.
+#
+# @speed:  #optional the maximum speed, in bytes per second
+#
+# @sync: what parts of the disk image should be copied to the destination
+#        (all the disk, only the sectors allocated in the topmost image, or
+#        only new I/O).
+#
+# @granularity: #optional granularity of the dirty bitmap, default is 64K
+#               if the image format doesn't have clusters, 4K if the clusters
+#               are smaller than that, else the cluster size.  Must be a
+#               power of 2 between 512 and 64M (since 1.4).
+#
+# @buf-size: #optional maximum amount of data in flight from source to
+#            target (since 1.4).
+#
+# @on-source-error: #optional the action to take on an error on the source,
+#                   default 'report'.  'stop' and 'enospc' can only be used
+#                   if the block device supports io-status (see BlockInfo).
+#
+# @on-target-error: #optional the action to take on an error on the target,
+#                   default 'report' (no limitations, since this applies to
+#                   a different block device than @device).
+#
+# Returns: nothing on success
+#          If @device is not a valid block device, DeviceNotFound
+#
+# Since 1.3
+##
+{ 'command': 'drive-mirror',
+  'data': { 'device': 'str', 'target': 'str', '*format': 'str',
+            '*node-name': 'str', '*replaces': 'str',
+            'sync': 'MirrorSyncMode', '*mode': 'NewImageMode',
+            '*speed': 'int', '*granularity': 'uint32',
+            '*buf-size': 'int', '*on-source-error': 'BlockdevOnError',
+            '*on-target-error': 'BlockdevOnError' } }
+
+##
+# @block_set_io_throttle:
+#
+# Change I/O throttle limits for a block drive.
+#
+# @device: The name of the device
+#
+# @bps: total throughput limit in bytes per second
+#
+# @bps_rd: read throughput limit in bytes per second
+#
+# @bps_wr: write throughput limit in bytes per second
+#
+# @iops: total I/O operations per second
+#
+# @ops_rd: read I/O operations per second
+#
+# @iops_wr: write I/O operations per second
+#
+# @bps_max: #optional total max in bytes (Since 1.7)
+#
+# @bps_rd_max: #optional read max in bytes (Since 1.7)
+#
+# @bps_wr_max: #optional write max in bytes (Since 1.7)
+#
+# @iops_max: #optional total I/O operations max (Since 1.7)
+#
+# @iops_rd_max: #optional read I/O operations max (Since 1.7)
+#
+# @iops_wr_max: #optional write I/O operations max (Since 1.7)
+#
+# @iops_size: #optional an I/O size in bytes (Since 1.7)
+#
+# Returns: Nothing on success
+#          If @device is not a valid block device, DeviceNotFound
+#
+# Since: 1.1
+##
+{ 'command': 'block_set_io_throttle',
+  'data': { 'device': 'str', 'bps': 'int', 'bps_rd': 'int', 'bps_wr': 'int',
+            'iops': 'int', 'iops_rd': 'int', 'iops_wr': 'int',
+            '*bps_max': 'int', '*bps_rd_max': 'int',
+            '*bps_wr_max': 'int', '*iops_max': 'int',
+            '*iops_rd_max': 'int', '*iops_wr_max': 'int',
+            '*iops_size': 'int' } }
+
+##
+# @block-stream:
+#
+# Copy data from a backing file into a block device.
+#
+# The block streaming operation is performed in the background until the entire
+# backing file has been copied.  This command returns immediately once streaming
+# has started.  The status of ongoing block streaming operations can be checked
+# with query-block-jobs.  The operation can be stopped before it has completed
+# using the block-job-cancel command.
+#
+# If a base file is specified then sectors are not copied from that base file and
+# its backing chain.  When streaming completes the image file will have the base
+# file as its backing file.  This can be used to stream a subset of the backing
+# file chain instead of flattening the entire image.
+#
+# On successful completion the image file is updated to drop the backing file
+# and the BLOCK_JOB_COMPLETED event is emitted.
+#
+# @device: the device name
+#
+# @base:   #optional the common backing file name
+#
+# @backing-file: #optional The backing file string to write into the active
+#                          layer. This filename is not validated.
+#
+#                          If a pathname string is such that it cannot be
+#                          resolved by QEMU, that means that subsequent QMP or
+#                          HMP commands must use node-names for the image in
+#                          question, as filename lookup methods will fail.
+#
+#                          If not specified, QEMU will automatically determine
+#                          the backing file string to use, or error out if there
+#                          is no obvious choice.  Care should be taken when
+#                          specifying the string, to specify a valid filename or
+#                          protocol.
+#                          (Since 2.1)
+#
+# @speed:  #optional the maximum speed, in bytes per second
+#
+# @on-error: #optional the action to take on an error (default report).
+#            'stop' and 'enospc' can only be used if the block device
+#            supports io-status (see BlockInfo).  Since 1.3.
+#
+# Returns: Nothing on success
+#          If @device does not exist, DeviceNotFound
+#
+# Since: 1.1
+##
+{ 'command': 'block-stream',
+  'data': { 'device': 'str', '*base': 'str', '*backing-file': 'str',
+            '*speed': 'int', '*on-error': 'BlockdevOnError' } }
+
+##
+# @block-job-set-speed:
+#
+# Set maximum speed for a background block operation.
+#
+# This command can only be issued when there is an active block job.
+#
+# Throttling can be disabled by setting the speed to 0.
+#
+# @device: the device name
+#
+# @speed:  the maximum speed, in bytes per second, or 0 for unlimited.
+#          Defaults to 0.
+#
+# Returns: Nothing on success
+#          If no background operation is active on this device, DeviceNotActive
+#
+# Since: 1.1
+##
+{ 'command': 'block-job-set-speed',
+  'data': { 'device': 'str', 'speed': 'int' } }
+
+##
+# @block-job-cancel:
+#
+# Stop an active background block operation.
+#
+# This command returns immediately after marking the active background block
+# operation for cancellation.  It is an error to call this command if no
+# operation is in progress.
+#
+# The operation will cancel as soon as possible and then emit the
+# BLOCK_JOB_CANCELLED event.  Before that happens the job is still visible when
+# enumerated using query-block-jobs.
+#
+# For streaming, the image file retains its backing file unless the streaming
+# operation happens to complete just as it is being cancelled.  A new streaming
+# operation can be started at a later time to finish copying all data from the
+# backing file.
+#
+# @device: the device name
+#
+# @force: #optional whether to allow cancellation of a paused job (default
+#         false).  Since 1.3.
+#
+# Returns: Nothing on success
+#          If no background operation is active on this device, DeviceNotActive
+#
+# Since: 1.1
+##
+{ 'command': 'block-job-cancel', 'data': { 'device': 'str', '*force': 'bool' } }
+
+##
+# @block-job-pause:
+#
+# Pause an active background block operation.
+#
+# This command returns immediately after marking the active background block
+# operation for pausing.  It is an error to call this command if no
+# operation is in progress.  Pausing an already paused job has no cumulative
+# effect; a single block-job-resume command will resume the job.
+#
+# The operation will pause as soon as possible.  No event is emitted when
+# the operation is actually paused.  Cancelling a paused job automatically
+# resumes it.
+#
+# @device: the device name
+#
+# Returns: Nothing on success
+#          If no background operation is active on this device, DeviceNotActive
+#
+# Since: 1.3
+##
+{ 'command': 'block-job-pause', 'data': { 'device': 'str' } }
+
+##
+# @block-job-resume:
+#
+# Resume an active background block operation.
+#
+# This command returns immediately after resuming a paused background block
+# operation.  It is an error to call this command if no operation is in
+# progress.  Resuming an already running job is not an error.
+#
+# This command also clears the error status of the job.
+#
+# @device: the device name
+#
+# Returns: Nothing on success
+#          If no background operation is active on this device, DeviceNotActive
+#
+# Since: 1.3
+##
+{ 'command': 'block-job-resume', 'data': { 'device': 'str' } }
+
+##
+# @block-job-complete:
+#
+# Manually trigger completion of an active background block operation.  This
+# is supported for drive mirroring, where it also switches the device to
+# write to the target path only.  The ability to complete is signaled with
+# a BLOCK_JOB_READY event.
+#
+# This command completes an active background block operation synchronously.
+# The ordering of this command's return with the BLOCK_JOB_COMPLETED event
+# is not defined.  Note that if an I/O error occurs during the processing of
+# this command: 1) the command itself will fail; 2) the error will be processed
+# according to the rerror/werror arguments that were specified when starting
+# the operation.
+#
+# A cancelled or paused job cannot be completed.
+#
+# @device: the device name
+#
+# Returns: Nothing on success
+#          If no background operation is active on this device, DeviceNotActive
+#
+# Since: 1.3
+##
+{ 'command': 'block-job-complete', 'data': { 'device': 'str' } }
+
+##
+# @BlockdevDiscardOptions
+#
+# Determines how to handle discard requests.
+#
+# @ignore:      Ignore the request
+# @unmap:       Forward as an unmap request
+#
+# Since: 1.7
+##
+{ 'enum': 'BlockdevDiscardOptions',
+  'data': [ 'ignore', 'unmap' ] }
+
+##
+# @BlockdevDetectZeroesOptions
+#
+# Describes the operation mode for the automatic conversion of plain
+# zero writes by the OS to driver specific optimized zero write commands.
+#
+# @off:      Disabled (default)
+# @on:       Enabled
+# @unmap:    Enabled and even try to unmap blocks if possible. This requires
+#            also that @BlockdevDiscardOptions is set to unmap for this device.
+#
+# Since: 2.1
+##
+{ 'enum': 'BlockdevDetectZeroesOptions',
+  'data': [ 'off', 'on', 'unmap' ] }
+
+##
+# @BlockdevAioOptions
+#
+# Selects the AIO backend to handle I/O requests
+#
+# @threads:     Use qemu's thread pool
+# @native:      Use native AIO backend (only Linux and Windows)
+#
+# Since: 1.7
+##
+{ 'enum': 'BlockdevAioOptions',
+  'data': [ 'threads', 'native' ] }
+
+##
+# @BlockdevCacheOptions
+#
+# Includes cache-related options for block devices
+#
+# @writeback:   #optional enables writeback mode for any caches (default: true)
+# @direct:      #optional enables use of O_DIRECT (bypass the host page cache;
+#               default: false)
+# @no-flush:    #optional ignore any flush requests for the device (default:
+#               false)
+#
+# Since: 1.7
+##
+{ 'type': 'BlockdevCacheOptions',
+  'data': { '*writeback': 'bool',
+            '*direct': 'bool',
+            '*no-flush': 'bool' } }
+
+##
+# @BlockdevDriver
+#
+# Drivers that are supported in block device operations.
+#
+# @host_device, @host_cdrom, @host_floppy: Since 2.1
+#
+# Since: 2.0
+##
+{ 'enum': 'BlockdevDriver',
+  'data': [ 'file', 'host_device', 'host_cdrom', 'host_floppy',
+            'http', 'https', 'ftp', 'ftps', 'tftp', 'vvfat', 'blkdebug',
+            'blkverify', 'bochs', 'cloop', 'cow', 'dmg', 'parallels', 'qcow',
+            'qcow2', 'qed', 'raw', 'vdi', 'vhdx', 'vmdk', 'vpc', 'quorum' ] }
+
+##
+# @BlockdevOptionsBase
+#
+# Options that are available for all block devices, independent of the block
+# driver.
+#
+# @driver:        block driver name
+# @id:            #optional id by which the new block device can be referred to.
+#                 This is a required option on the top level of blockdev-add, and
+#                 currently not allowed on any other level.
+# @node-name:     #optional the name of a block driver state node (Since 2.0)
+# @discard:       #optional discard-related options (default: ignore)
+# @cache:         #optional cache-related options
+# @aio:           #optional AIO backend (default: threads)
+# @rerror:        #optional how to handle read errors on the device
+#                 (default: report)
+# @werror:        #optional how to handle write errors on the device
+#                 (default: enospc)
+# @read-only:     #optional whether the block device should be read-only
+#                 (default: false)
+# @detect-zeroes: #optional detect and optimize zero writes (Since 2.1)
+#                 (default: off)
+#
+# Since: 1.7
+##
+{ 'type': 'BlockdevOptionsBase',
+  'data': { 'driver': 'BlockdevDriver',
+            '*id': 'str',
+            '*node-name': 'str',
+            '*discard': 'BlockdevDiscardOptions',
+            '*cache': 'BlockdevCacheOptions',
+            '*aio': 'BlockdevAioOptions',
+            '*rerror': 'BlockdevOnError',
+            '*werror': 'BlockdevOnError',
+            '*read-only': 'bool',
+            '*detect-zeroes': 'BlockdevDetectZeroesOptions' } }
+
+##
+# @BlockdevOptionsFile
+#
+# Driver specific block device options for the file backend and similar
+# protocols.
+#
+# @filename:    path to the image file
+#
+# Since: 1.7
+##
+{ 'type': 'BlockdevOptionsFile',
+  'data': { 'filename': 'str' } }
+
+##
+# @BlockdevOptionsVVFAT
+#
+# Driver specific block device options for the vvfat protocol.
+#
+# @dir:         directory to be exported as FAT image
+# @fat-type:    #optional FAT type: 12, 16 or 32
+# @floppy:      #optional whether to export a floppy image (true) or
+#               partitioned hard disk (false; default)
+# @rw:          #optional whether to allow write operations (default: false)
+#
+# Since: 1.7
+##
+{ 'type': 'BlockdevOptionsVVFAT',
+  'data': { 'dir': 'str', '*fat-type': 'int', '*floppy': 'bool',
+            '*rw': 'bool' } }
+
+##
+# @BlockdevOptionsGenericFormat
+#
+# Driver specific block device options for image format that have no option
+# besides their data source.
+#
+# @file:        reference to or definition of the data source block device
+#
+# Since: 1.7
+##
+{ 'type': 'BlockdevOptionsGenericFormat',
+  'data': { 'file': 'BlockdevRef' } }
+
+##
+# @BlockdevOptionsGenericCOWFormat
+#
+# Driver specific block device options for image format that have no option
+# besides their data source and an optional backing file.
+#
+# @backing:     #optional reference to or definition of the backing file block
+#               device (if missing, taken from the image file content). It is
+#               allowed to pass an empty string here in order to disable the
+#               default backing file.
+#
+# Since: 1.7
+##
+{ 'type': 'BlockdevOptionsGenericCOWFormat',
+  'base': 'BlockdevOptionsGenericFormat',
+  'data': { '*backing': 'BlockdevRef' } }
+
+##
+# @BlockdevOptionsQcow2
+#
+# Driver specific block device options for qcow2.
+#
+# @lazy-refcounts:        #optional whether to enable the lazy refcounts
+#                         feature (default is taken from the image file)
+#
+# @pass-discard-request:  #optional whether discard requests to the qcow2
+#                         device should be forwarded to the data source
+#
+# @pass-discard-snapshot: #optional whether discard requests for the data source
+#                         should be issued when a snapshot operation (e.g.
+#                         deleting a snapshot) frees clusters in the qcow2 file
+#
+# @pass-discard-other:    #optional whether discard requests for the data source
+#                         should be issued on other occasions where a cluster
+#                         gets freed
+#
+# Since: 1.7
+##
+{ 'type': 'BlockdevOptionsQcow2',
+  'base': 'BlockdevOptionsGenericCOWFormat',
+  'data': { '*lazy-refcounts': 'bool',
+            '*pass-discard-request': 'bool',
+            '*pass-discard-snapshot': 'bool',
+            '*pass-discard-other': 'bool' } }
+
+##
+# @BlkdebugEvent
+#
+# Trigger events supported by blkdebug.
+##
+{ 'enum': 'BlkdebugEvent',
+  'data': [ 'l1_update', 'l1_grow.alloc_table', 'l1_grow.write_table',
+            'l1_grow.activate_table', 'l2_load', 'l2_update',
+            'l2_update_compressed', 'l2_alloc.cow_read', 'l2_alloc.write',
+            'read_aio', 'read_backing_aio', 'read_compressed', 'write_aio',
+            'write_compressed', 'vmstate_load', 'vmstate_save', 'cow_read',
+            'cow_write', 'reftable_load', 'reftable_grow', 'reftable_update',
+            'refblock_load', 'refblock_update', 'refblock_update_part',
+            'refblock_alloc', 'refblock_alloc.hookup', 'refblock_alloc.write',
+            'refblock_alloc.write_blocks', 'refblock_alloc.write_table',
+            'refblock_alloc.switch_table', 'cluster_alloc',
+            'cluster_alloc_bytes', 'cluster_free', 'flush_to_os',
+            'flush_to_disk' ] }
+
+##
+# @BlkdebugInjectErrorOptions
+#
+# Describes a single error injection for blkdebug.
+#
+# @event:       trigger event
+#
+# @state:       #optional the state identifier blkdebug needs to be in to
+#               actually trigger the event; defaults to "any"
+#
+# @errno:       #optional error identifier (errno) to be returned; defaults to
+#               EIO
+#
+# @sector:      #optional specifies the sector index which has to be affected
+#               in order to actually trigger the event; defaults to "any
+#               sector"
+#
+# @once:        #optional disables further events after this one has been
+#               triggered; defaults to false
+#
+# @immediately: #optional fail immediately; defaults to false
+#
+# Since: 2.0
+##
+{ 'type': 'BlkdebugInjectErrorOptions',
+  'data': { 'event': 'BlkdebugEvent',
+            '*state': 'int',
+            '*errno': 'int',
+            '*sector': 'int',
+            '*once': 'bool',
+            '*immediately': 'bool' } }
+
+##
+# @BlkdebugSetStateOptions
+#
+# Describes a single state-change event for blkdebug.
+#
+# @event:       trigger event
+#
+# @state:       #optional the current state identifier blkdebug needs to be in;
+#               defaults to "any"
+#
+# @new_state:   the state identifier blkdebug is supposed to assume if
+#               this event is triggered
+#
+# Since: 2.0
+##
+{ 'type': 'BlkdebugSetStateOptions',
+  'data': { 'event': 'BlkdebugEvent',
+            '*state': 'int',
+            'new_state': 'int' } }
+
+##
+# @BlockdevOptionsBlkdebug
+#
+# Driver specific block device options for blkdebug.
+#
+# @image:           underlying raw block device (or image file)
+#
+# @config:          #optional filename of the configuration file
+#
+# @align:           #optional required alignment for requests in bytes
+#
+# @inject-error:    #optional array of error injection descriptions
+#
+# @set-state:       #optional array of state-change descriptions
+#
+# Since: 2.0
+##
+{ 'type': 'BlockdevOptionsBlkdebug',
+  'data': { 'image': 'BlockdevRef',
+            '*config': 'str',
+            '*align': 'int',
+            '*inject-error': ['BlkdebugInjectErrorOptions'],
+            '*set-state': ['BlkdebugSetStateOptions'] } }
+
+##
+# @BlockdevOptionsBlkverify
+#
+# Driver specific block device options for blkverify.
+#
+# @test:    block device to be tested
+#
+# @raw:     raw image used for verification
+#
+# Since: 2.0
+##
+{ 'type': 'BlockdevOptionsBlkverify',
+  'data': { 'test': 'BlockdevRef',
+            'raw': 'BlockdevRef' } }
+
+##
+# @BlockdevOptionsQuorum
+#
+# Driver specific block device options for Quorum
+#
+# @blkverify:      #optional true if the driver must print content mismatch
+#                  set to false by default
+#
+# @children:       the children block devices to use
+#
+# @vote-threshold: the vote limit under which a read will fail
+#
+# @rewrite-corrupted: #optional rewrite corrupted data when quorum is reached
+#                     (Since 2.1)
+#
+# Since: 2.0
+##
+{ 'type': 'BlockdevOptionsQuorum',
+  'data': { '*blkverify': 'bool',
+            'children': [ 'BlockdevRef' ],
+            'vote-threshold': 'int', '*rewrite-corrupted': 'bool' } }
+
+##
+# @BlockdevOptions
+#
+# Options for creating a block device.
+#
+# Since: 1.7
+##
+{ 'union': 'BlockdevOptions',
+  'base': 'BlockdevOptionsBase',
+  'discriminator': 'driver',
+  'data': {
+      'file':       'BlockdevOptionsFile',
+      'host_device':'BlockdevOptionsFile',
+      'host_cdrom': 'BlockdevOptionsFile',
+      'host_floppy':'BlockdevOptionsFile',
+      'http':       'BlockdevOptionsFile',
+      'https':      'BlockdevOptionsFile',
+      'ftp':        'BlockdevOptionsFile',
+      'ftps':       'BlockdevOptionsFile',
+      'tftp':       'BlockdevOptionsFile',
+# TODO gluster: Wait for structured options
+# TODO iscsi: Wait for structured options
+# TODO nbd: Should take InetSocketAddress for 'host'?
+# TODO nfs: Wait for structured options
+# TODO rbd: Wait for structured options
+# TODO sheepdog: Wait for structured options
+# TODO ssh: Should take InetSocketAddress for 'host'?
+      'vvfat':      'BlockdevOptionsVVFAT',
+      'blkdebug':   'BlockdevOptionsBlkdebug',
+      'blkverify':  'BlockdevOptionsBlkverify',
+      'bochs':      'BlockdevOptionsGenericFormat',
+      'cloop':      'BlockdevOptionsGenericFormat',
+      'cow':        'BlockdevOptionsGenericCOWFormat',
+      'dmg':        'BlockdevOptionsGenericFormat',
+      'parallels':  'BlockdevOptionsGenericFormat',
+      'qcow':       'BlockdevOptionsGenericCOWFormat',
+      'qcow2':      'BlockdevOptionsQcow2',
+      'qed':        'BlockdevOptionsGenericCOWFormat',
+      'raw':        'BlockdevOptionsGenericFormat',
+      'vdi':        'BlockdevOptionsGenericFormat',
+      'vhdx':       'BlockdevOptionsGenericFormat',
+      'vmdk':       'BlockdevOptionsGenericCOWFormat',
+      'vpc':        'BlockdevOptionsGenericFormat',
+      'quorum':     'BlockdevOptionsQuorum'
+  } }
+
+##
+# @BlockdevRef
+#
+# Reference to a block device.
+#
+# @definition:      defines a new block device inline
+# @reference:       references the ID of an existing block device. An
+#                   empty string means that no block device should be
+#                   referenced.
+#
+# Since: 1.7
+##
+{ 'union': 'BlockdevRef',
+  'discriminator': {},
+  'data': { 'definition': 'BlockdevOptions',
+            'reference': 'str' } }
+
+##
+# @blockdev-add:
+#
+# Creates a new block device.
+#
+# @options: block device options for the new device
+#
+# Since: 1.7
+##
+{ 'command': 'blockdev-add', 'data': { 'options': 'BlockdevOptions' } }
+
+
+##
+# @BlockErrorAction
+#
+# An enumeration of action that has been taken when a DISK I/O occurs
+#
+# @ignore: error has been ignored
+#
+# @report: error has been reported to the device
+#
+# @stop: error caused VM to be stopped
+#
+# Since: 2.1
+##
+{ 'enum': 'BlockErrorAction',
+  'data': [ 'ignore', 'report', 'stop' ] }
+
+
+##
+# @BLOCK_IMAGE_CORRUPTED
+#
+# Emitted when a disk image is being marked corrupt
+#
+# @device: device name
+#
+# @msg: informative message for human consumption, such as the kind of
+#       corruption being detected. It should not be parsed by machine as it is
+#       not guaranteed to be stable
+#
+# @offset: #optional, if the corruption resulted from an image access, this is
+#          the access offset into the image
+#
+# @size: #optional, if the corruption resulted from an image access, this is
+#        the access size
+#
+# Since: 1.7
+##
+{ 'event': 'BLOCK_IMAGE_CORRUPTED',
+  'data': { 'device' : 'str',
+            'msg'    : 'str',
+            '*offset': 'int',
+            '*size'  : 'int' } }
+
+##
+# @BLOCK_IO_ERROR
+#
+# Emitted when a disk I/O error occurs
+#
+# @device: device name
+#
+# @operation: I/O operation
+#
+# @action: action that has been taken
+#
+# Note: If action is "stop", a STOP event will eventually follow the
+# BLOCK_IO_ERROR event
+#
+# Since: 0.13.0
+##
+{ 'event': 'BLOCK_IO_ERROR',
+  'data': { 'device': 'str', 'operation': 'IoOperationType',
+            'action': 'BlockErrorAction' } }
+
+##
+# @BLOCK_JOB_COMPLETED
+#
+# Emitted when a block job has completed
+#
+# @type: job type
+#
+# @device: device name
+#
+# @len: maximum progress value
+#
+# @offset: current progress value. On success this is equal to len.
+#          On failure this is less than len
+#
+# @speed: rate limit, bytes per second
+#
+# @error: #optional, error message. Only present on failure. This field
+#         contains a human-readable error message. There are no semantics
+#         other than that streaming has failed and clients should not try to
+#         interpret the error string
+#
+# Since: 1.1
+##
+{ 'event': 'BLOCK_JOB_COMPLETED',
+  'data': { 'type'  : 'BlockJobType',
+            'device': 'str',
+            'len'   : 'int',
+            'offset': 'int',
+            'speed' : 'int',
+            '*error': 'str' } }
+
+##
+# @BLOCK_JOB_CANCELLED
+#
+# Emitted when a block job has been cancelled
+#
+# @type: job type
+#
+# @device: device name
+#
+# @len: maximum progress value
+#
+# @offset: current progress value. On success this is equal to len.
+#          On failure this is less than len
+#
+# @speed: rate limit, bytes per second
+#
+# Since: 1.1
+##
+{ 'event': 'BLOCK_JOB_CANCELLED',
+  'data': { 'type'  : 'BlockJobType',
+            'device': 'str',
+            'len'   : 'int',
+            'offset': 'int',
+            'speed' : 'int' } }
+
+##
+# @BLOCK_JOB_ERROR
+#
+# Emitted when a block job encounters an error
+#
+# @device: device name
+#
+# @operation: I/O operation
+#
+# @action: action that has been taken
+#
+# Since: 1.3
+##
+{ 'event': 'BLOCK_JOB_ERROR',
+  'data': { 'device'   : 'str',
+            'operation': 'IoOperationType',
+            'action'   : 'BlockErrorAction' } }
+
+##
+# @BLOCK_JOB_READY
+#
+# Emitted when a block job is ready to complete
+#
+# @type: job type
+#
+# @device: device name
+#
+# @len: maximum progress value
+#
+# @offset: current progress value. On success this is equal to len.
+#          On failure this is less than len
+#
+# @speed: rate limit, bytes per second
+#
+# Note: The "ready to complete" status is always reset by a @BLOCK_JOB_ERROR
+# event
+#
+# Since: 1.3
+##
+{ 'event': 'BLOCK_JOB_READY',
+  'data': { 'type'  : 'BlockJobType',
+            'device': 'str',
+            'len'   : 'int',
+            'offset': 'int',
+            'speed' : 'int' } }
diff --git a/qapi/block.json b/qapi/block.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e3134657b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qapi/block.json
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+# -*- Mode: Python -*-
+#
+# QAPI block definitions (vm related)
+
+# QAPI block core definitions
+{ 'include': 'block-core.json' }
+
+##
+# BiosAtaTranslation:
+#
+# Policy that BIOS should use to interpret cylinder/head/sector
+# addresses.  Note that Bochs BIOS and SeaBIOS will not actually
+# translate logical CHS to physical; instead, they will use logical
+# block addressing.
+#
+# @auto: If cylinder/heads/sizes are passed, choose between none and LBA
+#        depending on the size of the disk.  If they are not passed,
+#        choose none if QEMU can guess that the disk had 16 or fewer
+#        heads, large if QEMU can guess that the disk had 131072 or
+#        fewer tracks across all heads (i.e. cylinders*heads<131072),
+#        otherwise LBA.
+#
+# @none: The physical disk geometry is equal to the logical geometry.
+#
+# @lba: Assume 63 sectors per track and one of 16, 32, 64, 128 or 255
+#       heads (if fewer than 255 are enough to cover the whole disk
+#       with 1024 cylinders/head).  The number of cylinders/head is
+#       then computed based on the number of sectors and heads.
+#
+# @large: The number of cylinders per head is scaled down to 1024
+#         by correspondingly scaling up the number of heads.
+#
+# @rechs: Same as @large, but first convert a 16-head geometry to
+#         15-head, by proportionally scaling up the number of
+#         cylinders/head.
+#
+# Since: 2.0
+##
+{ 'enum': 'BiosAtaTranslation',
+  'data': ['auto', 'none', 'lba', 'large', 'rechs']}
+
+##
+# @BlockdevSnapshotInternal
+#
+# @device: the name of the device to generate the snapshot from
+#
+# @name: the name of the internal snapshot to be created
+#
+# Notes: In transaction, if @name is empty, or any snapshot matching @name
+#        exists, the operation will fail. Only some image formats support it,
+#        for example, qcow2, rbd, and sheepdog.
+#
+# Since: 1.7
+##
+{ 'type': 'BlockdevSnapshotInternal',
+  'data': { 'device': 'str', 'name': 'str' } }
+
+##
+# @blockdev-snapshot-internal-sync
+#
+# Synchronously take an internal snapshot of a block device, when the format
+# of the image used supports it.
+#
+# For the arguments, see the documentation of BlockdevSnapshotInternal.
+#
+# Returns: nothing on success
+#          If @device is not a valid block device, DeviceNotFound
+#          If any snapshot matching @name exists, or @name is empty,
+#          GenericError
+#          If the format of the image used does not support it,
+#          BlockFormatFeatureNotSupported
+#
+# Since 1.7
+##
+{ 'command': 'blockdev-snapshot-internal-sync',
+  'data': 'BlockdevSnapshotInternal' }
+
+##
+# @blockdev-snapshot-delete-internal-sync
+#
+# Synchronously delete an internal snapshot of a block device, when the format
+# of the image used support it. The snapshot is identified by name or id or
+# both. One of the name or id is required. Return SnapshotInfo for the
+# successfully deleted snapshot.
+#
+# @device: the name of the device to delete the snapshot from
+#
+# @id: optional the snapshot's ID to be deleted
+#
+# @name: optional the snapshot's name to be deleted
+#
+# Returns: SnapshotInfo on success
+#          If @device is not a valid block device, DeviceNotFound
+#          If snapshot not found, GenericError
+#          If the format of the image used does not support it,
+#          BlockFormatFeatureNotSupported
+#          If @id and @name are both not specified, GenericError
+#
+# Since 1.7
+##
+{ 'command': 'blockdev-snapshot-delete-internal-sync',
+  'data': { 'device': 'str', '*id': 'str', '*name': 'str'},
+  'returns': 'SnapshotInfo' }
+
+##
+# @eject:
+#
+# Ejects a device from a removable drive.
+#
+# @device:  The name of the device
+#
+# @force:   @optional If true, eject regardless of whether the drive is locked.
+#           If not specified, the default value is false.
+#
+# Returns:  Nothing on success
+#           If @device is not a valid block device, DeviceNotFound
+#
+# Notes:    Ejecting a device will no media results in success
+#
+# Since: 0.14.0
+##
+{ 'command': 'eject', 'data': {'device': 'str', '*force': 'bool'} }
+
+##
+# @nbd-server-start:
+#
+# Start an NBD server listening on the given host and port.  Block
+# devices can then be exported using @nbd-server-add.  The NBD
+# server will present them as named exports; for example, another
+# QEMU instance could refer to them as "nbd:HOST:PORT:exportname=NAME".
+#
+# @addr: Address on which to listen.
+#
+# Returns: error if the server is already running.
+#
+# Since: 1.3.0
+##
+{ 'command': 'nbd-server-start',
+  'data': { 'addr': 'SocketAddress' } }
+
+##
+# @nbd-server-add:
+#
+# Export a device to QEMU's embedded NBD server.
+#
+# @device: Block device to be exported
+#
+# @writable: Whether clients should be able to write to the device via the
+#     NBD connection (default false). #optional
+#
+# Returns: error if the device is already marked for export.
+#
+# Since: 1.3.0
+##
+{ 'command': 'nbd-server-add', 'data': {'device': 'str', '*writable': 'bool'} }
+
+##
+# @nbd-server-stop:
+#
+# Stop QEMU's embedded NBD server, and unregister all devices previously
+# added via @nbd-server-add.
+#
+# Since: 1.3.0
+##
+{ 'command': 'nbd-server-stop' }
+
+##
+# @DEVICE_TRAY_MOVED
+#
+# Emitted whenever the tray of a removable device is moved by the guest or by
+# HMP/QMP commands
+#
+# @device: device name
+#
+# @tray-open: true if the tray has been opened or false if it has been closed
+#
+# Since: 1.1
+##
+{ 'event': 'DEVICE_TRAY_MOVED',
+  'data': { 'device': 'str', 'tray-open': 'bool' } }
diff --git a/qapi/common.json b/qapi/common.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4e9a21f2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qapi/common.json
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+# -*- Mode: Python -*-
+#
+# QAPI common definitions
+
+##
+# @ErrorClass
+#
+# QEMU error classes
+#
+# @GenericError: this is used for errors that don't require a specific error
+#                class. This should be the default case for most errors
+#
+# @CommandNotFound: the requested command has not been found
+#
+# @DeviceEncrypted: the requested operation can't be fulfilled because the
+#                   selected device is encrypted
+#
+# @DeviceNotActive: a device has failed to be become active
+#
+# @DeviceNotFound: the requested device has not been found
+#
+# @KVMMissingCap: the requested operation can't be fulfilled because a
+#                 required KVM capability is missing
+#
+# Since: 1.2
+##
+{ 'enum': 'ErrorClass',
+  'data': [ 'GenericError', 'CommandNotFound', 'DeviceEncrypted',
+            'DeviceNotActive', 'DeviceNotFound', 'KVMMissingCap' ] }
+
+##
+# @VersionInfo:
+#
+# A description of QEMU's version.
+#
+# @qemu.major:  The major version of QEMU
+#
+# @qemu.minor:  The minor version of QEMU
+#
+# @qemu.micro:  The micro version of QEMU.  By current convention, a micro
+#               version of 50 signifies a development branch.  A micro version
+#               greater than or equal to 90 signifies a release candidate for
+#               the next minor version.  A micro version of less than 50
+#               signifies a stable release.
+#
+# @package:     QEMU will always set this field to an empty string.  Downstream
+#               versions of QEMU should set this to a non-empty string.  The
+#               exact format depends on the downstream however it highly
+#               recommended that a unique name is used.
+#
+# Since: 0.14.0
+##
+{ 'type': 'VersionInfo',
+  'data': {'qemu': {'major': 'int', 'minor': 'int', 'micro': 'int'},
+           'package': 'str'} }
+
+##
+# @query-version:
+#
+# Returns the current version of QEMU.
+#
+# Returns:  A @VersionInfo object describing the current version of QEMU.
+#
+# Since: 0.14.0
+##
+{ 'command': 'query-version', 'returns': 'VersionInfo' }
+
+##
+# @CommandInfo:
+#
+# Information about a QMP command
+#
+# @name: The command name
+#
+# Since: 0.14.0
+##
+{ 'type': 'CommandInfo', 'data': {'name': 'str'} }
+
+##
+# @query-commands:
+#
+# Return a list of supported QMP commands by this server
+#
+# Returns: A list of @CommandInfo for all supported commands
+#
+# Since: 0.14.0
+##
+{ 'command': 'query-commands', 'returns': ['CommandInfo'] }
+
diff --git a/qapi/event.json b/qapi/event.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c51dc491e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qapi/event.json
@@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
+##
+# @SHUTDOWN
+#
+# Emitted when the virtual machine has shut down, indicating that qemu is
+# about to exit.
+#
+# Note: If the command-line option "-no-shutdown" has been specified, qemu will
+# not exit, and a STOP event will eventually follow the SHUTDOWN event
+#
+# Since: 0.12.0
+##
+{ 'event': 'SHUTDOWN' }
+
+##
+# @POWERDOWN
+#
+# Emitted when the virtual machine is powered down through the power control
+# system, such as via ACPI.
+#
+# Since: 0.12.0
+##
+{ 'event': 'POWERDOWN' }
+
+##
+# @RESET
+#
+# Emitted when the virtual machine is reset
+#
+# Since: 0.12.0
+##
+{ 'event': 'RESET' }
+
+##
+# @STOP
+#
+# Emitted when the virtual machine is stopped
+#
+# Since: 0.12.0
+##
+{ 'event': 'STOP' }
+
+##
+# @RESUME
+#
+# Emitted when the virtual machine resumes execution
+#
+# Since: 0.12.0
+##
+{ 'event': 'RESUME' }
+
+##
+# @SUSPEND
+#
+# Emitted when guest enters a hardware suspension state, for example, S3 state,
+# which is sometimes called standby state
+#
+# Since: 1.1
+##
+{ 'event': 'SUSPEND' }
+
+##
+# @SUSPEND_DISK
+#
+# Emitted when guest enters a hardware suspension state with data saved on
+# disk, for example, S4 state, which is sometimes called hibernate state
+#
+# Note: QEMU shuts down (similar to event @SHUTDOWN) when entering this state
+#
+# Since: 1.2
+##
+{ 'event': 'SUSPEND_DISK' }
+
+##
+# @WAKEUP
+#
+# Emitted when the guest has woken up from suspend state and is running
+#
+# Since: 1.1
+##
+{ 'event': 'WAKEUP' }
+
+##
+# @RTC_CHANGE
+#
+# Emitted when the guest changes the RTC time.
+#
+# @offset: offset between base RTC clock (as specified by -rtc base), and
+#          new RTC clock value
+#
+# Since: 0.13.0
+##
+{ 'event': 'RTC_CHANGE',
+  'data': { 'offset': 'int' } }
+
+##
+# @WATCHDOG
+#
+# Emitted when the watchdog device's timer is expired
+#
+# @action: action that has been taken
+#
+# Note: If action is "reset", "shutdown", or "pause" the WATCHDOG event is
+# followed respectively by the RESET, SHUTDOWN, or STOP events
+#
+# Since: 0.13.0
+##
+{ 'event': 'WATCHDOG',
+  'data': { 'action': 'WatchdogExpirationAction' } }
+
+##
+# @DEVICE_DELETED
+#
+# Emitted whenever the device removal completion is acknowledged by the guest.
+# At this point, it's safe to reuse the specified device ID. Device removal can
+# be initiated by the guest or by HMP/QMP commands.
+#
+# @device: #optional, device name
+#
+# @path: device path
+#
+# Since: 1.5
+##
+{ 'event': 'DEVICE_DELETED',
+  'data': { '*device': 'str', 'path': 'str' } }
+
+##
+# @NIC_RX_FILTER_CHANGED
+#
+# Emitted once until the 'query-rx-filter' command is executed, the first event
+# will always be emitted
+#
+# @name: #optional, net client name
+#
+# @path: device path
+#
+# Since: 1.6
+##
+{ 'event': 'NIC_RX_FILTER_CHANGED',
+  'data': { '*name': 'str', 'path': 'str' } }
+
+##
+# @VNC_CONNECTED
+#
+# Emitted when a VNC client establishes a connection
+#
+# @server: server information
+#
+# @client: client information
+#
+# Note: This event is emitted before any authentication takes place, thus
+# the authentication ID is not provided
+#
+# Since: 0.13.0
+##
+{ 'event': 'VNC_CONNECTED',
+  'data': { 'server': 'VncServerInfo',
+            'client': 'VncBasicInfo' } }
+
+##
+# @VNC_INITIALIZED
+#
+# Emitted after authentication takes place (if any) and the VNC session is
+# made active
+#
+# @server: server information
+#
+# @client: client information
+#
+# Since: 0.13.0
+##
+{ 'event': 'VNC_INITIALIZED',
+  'data': { 'server': 'VncServerInfo',
+            'client': 'VncClientInfo' } }
+
+##
+# @VNC_DISCONNECTED
+#
+# Emitted when the connection is closed
+#
+# @server: server information
+#
+# @client: client information
+#
+# Since: 0.13.0
+##
+{ 'event': 'VNC_DISCONNECTED',
+  'data': { 'server': 'VncServerInfo',
+            'client': 'VncClientInfo' } }
+
+##
+# @SPICE_CONNECTED
+#
+# Emitted when a SPICE client establishes a connection
+#
+# @server: server information
+#
+# @client: client information
+#
+# Since: 0.14.0
+##
+{ 'event': 'SPICE_CONNECTED',
+  'data': { 'server': 'SpiceBasicInfo',
+            'client': 'SpiceBasicInfo' } }
+
+##
+# @SPICE_INITIALIZED
+#
+# Emitted after initial handshake and authentication takes place (if any)
+# and the SPICE channel is up and running
+#
+# @server: server information
+#
+# @client: client information
+#
+# Since: 0.14.0
+##
+{ 'event': 'SPICE_INITIALIZED',
+  'data': { 'server': 'SpiceServerInfo',
+            'client': 'SpiceChannel' } }
+
+##
+# @SPICE_DISCONNECTED
+#
+# Emitted when the SPICE connection is closed
+#
+# @server: server information
+#
+# @client: client information
+#
+# Since: 0.14.0
+##
+{ 'event': 'SPICE_DISCONNECTED',
+  'data': { 'server': 'SpiceBasicInfo',
+            'client': 'SpiceBasicInfo' } }
+
+##
+# @SPICE_MIGRATE_COMPLETED
+#
+# Emitted when SPICE migration has completed
+#
+# Since: 1.3
+##
+{ 'event': 'SPICE_MIGRATE_COMPLETED' }
+
+##
+# @ACPI_DEVICE_OST
+#
+# Emitted when guest executes ACPI _OST method.
+#
+# Since: 2.1
+#
+# @info: ACPIOSTInfo type as described in qapi-schema.json
+##
+{ 'event': 'ACPI_DEVICE_OST',
+     'data': { 'info': 'ACPIOSTInfo' } }
+
+##
+# @BALLOON_CHANGE
+#
+# Emitted when the guest changes the actual BALLOON level. This value is
+# equivalent to the @actual field return by the 'query-balloon' command
+#
+# @actual: actual level of the guest memory balloon in bytes
+#
+# Since: 1.2
+##
+{ 'event': 'BALLOON_CHANGE',
+  'data': { 'actual': 'int' } }
+
+##
+# @GUEST_PANICKED
+#
+# Emitted when guest OS panic is detected
+#
+# @action: action that has been taken, currently always "pause"
+#
+# Since: 1.5
+##
+{ 'event': 'GUEST_PANICKED',
+  'data': { 'action': 'GuestPanicAction' } }
+
+##
+# @QUORUM_FAILURE
+#
+# Emitted by the Quorum block driver if it fails to establish a quorum
+#
+# @reference: device name if defined else node name
+#
+# @sector-num: number of the first sector of the failed read operation
+#
+# @sectors-count: failed read operation sector count
+#
+# Since: 2.0
+##
+{ 'event': 'QUORUM_FAILURE',
+  'data': { 'reference': 'str', 'sector-num': 'int', 'sectors-count': 'int' } }
+
+##
+# @QUORUM_REPORT_BAD
+#
+# Emitted to report a corruption of a Quorum file
+#
+# @error: #optional, error message. Only present on failure. This field
+#         contains a human-readable error message. There are no semantics other
+#         than that the block layer reported an error and clients should not
+#         try to interpret the error string.
+#
+# @node-name: the graph node name of the block driver state
+#
+# @sector-num: number of the first sector of the failed read operation
+#
+# @sectors-count: failed read operation sector count
+#
+# Since: 2.0
+##
+{ 'event': 'QUORUM_REPORT_BAD',
+  'data': { '*error': 'str', 'node-name': 'str',
+            'sector-num': 'int', 'sectors-count': 'int' } }
+
+##
+# @VSERPORT_CHANGE
+#
+# Emitted when the guest opens or closes a virtio-serial port.
+#
+# @id: device identifier of the virtio-serial port
+#
+# @open: true if the guest has opened the virtio-serial port
+#
+# Since: 2.1
+##
+{ 'event': 'VSERPORT_CHANGE',
+  'data': { 'id': 'str', 'open': 'bool' } }
diff --git a/qapi/opts-visitor.c b/qapi/opts-visitor.c
index 5d830a2b5..f2ad6d729 100644
--- a/qapi/opts-visitor.c
+++ b/qapi/opts-visitor.c
@@ -143,8 +143,8 @@ opts_start_struct(Visitor *v, void **obj, const char *kind,
     if (ov->opts_root->id != NULL) {
         ov->fake_id_opt = g_malloc0(sizeof *ov->fake_id_opt);
 
-        ov->fake_id_opt->name = "id";
-        ov->fake_id_opt->str = ov->opts_root->id;
+        ov->fake_id_opt->name = g_strdup("id");
+        ov->fake_id_opt->str = g_strdup(ov->opts_root->id);
         opts_visitor_insert(ov->unprocessed_opts, ov->fake_id_opt);
     }
 }
@@ -177,7 +177,11 @@ opts_end_struct(Visitor *v, Error **errp)
     }
     g_hash_table_destroy(ov->unprocessed_opts);
     ov->unprocessed_opts = NULL;
-    g_free(ov->fake_id_opt);
+    if (ov->fake_id_opt) {
+        g_free(ov->fake_id_opt->name);
+        g_free(ov->fake_id_opt->str);
+        g_free(ov->fake_id_opt);
+    }
     ov->fake_id_opt = NULL;
 }
 
@@ -472,19 +476,19 @@ opts_type_size(Visitor *v, uint64_t *obj, const char *name, Error **errp)
 
     val = strtosz_suffix(opt->str ? opt->str : "", &endptr,
                          STRTOSZ_DEFSUFFIX_B);
-    if (val != -1 && *endptr == '\0') {
-        *obj = val;
-        processed(ov, name);
+    if (val < 0 || *endptr) {
+        error_set(errp, QERR_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE, opt->name,
+                  "a size value representible as a non-negative int64");
         return;
     }
-    error_set(errp, QERR_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE, opt->name,
-              "a size value representible as a non-negative int64");
+
+    *obj = val;
+    processed(ov, name);
 }
 
 
 static void
-opts_start_optional(Visitor *v, bool *present, const char *name,
-                       Error **errp)
+opts_optional(Visitor *v, bool *present, const char *name, Error **errp)
 {
     OptsVisitor *ov = DO_UPCAST(OptsVisitor, visitor, v);
 
@@ -527,7 +531,7 @@ opts_visitor_new(const QemuOpts *opts)
     /* type_number() is not filled in, but this is not the first visitor to
      * skip some mandatory methods... */
 
-    ov->visitor.start_optional = &opts_start_optional;
+    ov->visitor.optional = &opts_optional;
 
     ov->opts_root = opts;
 
diff --git a/qapi/qapi-dealloc-visitor.c b/qapi/qapi-dealloc-visitor.c
index d0ea118fe..dc53545fa 100644
--- a/qapi/qapi-dealloc-visitor.c
+++ b/qapi/qapi-dealloc-visitor.c
@@ -131,7 +131,9 @@ static void qapi_dealloc_end_list(Visitor *v, Error **errp)
 static void qapi_dealloc_type_str(Visitor *v, char **obj, const char *name,
                                   Error **errp)
 {
-    g_free(*obj);
+    if (obj) {
+        g_free(*obj);
+    }
 }
 
 static void qapi_dealloc_type_int(Visitor *v, int64_t *obj, const char *name,
diff --git a/qapi/qapi-visit-core.c b/qapi/qapi-visit-core.c
index 6451a21a2..55f8d4068 100644
--- a/qapi/qapi-visit-core.c
+++ b/qapi/qapi-visit-core.c
@@ -17,46 +17,27 @@
 #include "qapi/visitor.h"
 #include "qapi/visitor-impl.h"
 
-void visit_start_handle(Visitor *v, void **obj, const char *kind,
-                        const char *name, Error **errp)
-{
-    if (!error_is_set(errp) && v->start_handle) {
-        v->start_handle(v, obj, kind, name, errp);
-    }
-}
-
-void visit_end_handle(Visitor *v, Error **errp)
-{
-    if (!error_is_set(errp) && v->end_handle) {
-        v->end_handle(v, errp);
-    }
-}
-
 void visit_start_struct(Visitor *v, void **obj, const char *kind,
                         const char *name, size_t size, Error **errp)
 {
-    if (!error_is_set(errp)) {
-        v->start_struct(v, obj, kind, name, size, errp);
-    }
+    v->start_struct(v, obj, kind, name, size, errp);
 }
 
 void visit_end_struct(Visitor *v, Error **errp)
 {
-    assert(!error_is_set(errp));
     v->end_struct(v, errp);
 }
 
 void visit_start_implicit_struct(Visitor *v, void **obj, size_t size,
                                  Error **errp)
 {
-    if (!error_is_set(errp) && v->start_implicit_struct) {
+    if (v->start_implicit_struct) {
         v->start_implicit_struct(v, obj, size, errp);
     }
 }
 
 void visit_end_implicit_struct(Visitor *v, Error **errp)
 {
-    assert(!error_is_set(errp));
     if (v->end_implicit_struct) {
         v->end_implicit_struct(v, errp);
     }
@@ -64,45 +45,31 @@ void visit_end_implicit_struct(Visitor *v, Error **errp)
 
 void visit_start_list(Visitor *v, const char *name, Error **errp)
 {
-    if (!error_is_set(errp)) {
-        v->start_list(v, name, errp);
-    }
+    v->start_list(v, name, errp);
 }
 
 GenericList *visit_next_list(Visitor *v, GenericList **list, Error **errp)
 {
-    if (!error_is_set(errp)) {
-        return v->next_list(v, list, errp);
-    }
-
-    return 0;
+    return v->next_list(v, list, errp);
 }
 
 void visit_end_list(Visitor *v, Error **errp)
 {
-    assert(!error_is_set(errp));
     v->end_list(v, errp);
 }
 
-void visit_start_optional(Visitor *v, bool *present, const char *name,
-                          Error **errp)
+void visit_optional(Visitor *v, bool *present, const char *name,
+                    Error **errp)
 {
-    if (!error_is_set(errp) && v->start_optional) {
-        v->start_optional(v, present, name, errp);
-    }
-}
-
-void visit_end_optional(Visitor *v, Error **errp)
-{
-    if (!error_is_set(errp) && v->end_optional) {
-        v->end_optional(v, errp);
+    if (v->optional) {
+        v->optional(v, present, name, errp);
     }
 }
 
 void visit_get_next_type(Visitor *v, int *obj, const int *qtypes,
                          const char *name, Error **errp)
 {
-    if (!error_is_set(errp) && v->get_next_type) {
+    if (v->get_next_type) {
         v->get_next_type(v, obj, qtypes, name, errp);
     }
 }
@@ -110,192 +77,172 @@ void visit_get_next_type(Visitor *v, int *obj, const int *qtypes,
 void visit_type_enum(Visitor *v, int *obj, const char *strings[],
                      const char *kind, const char *name, Error **errp)
 {
-    if (!error_is_set(errp)) {
-        v->type_enum(v, obj, strings, kind, name, errp);
-    }
+    v->type_enum(v, obj, strings, kind, name, errp);
 }
 
 void visit_type_int(Visitor *v, int64_t *obj, const char *name, Error **errp)
 {
-    if (!error_is_set(errp)) {
-        v->type_int(v, obj, name, errp);
-    }
+    v->type_int(v, obj, name, errp);
 }
 
 void visit_type_uint8(Visitor *v, uint8_t *obj, const char *name, Error **errp)
 {
     int64_t value;
-    if (!error_is_set(errp)) {
-        if (v->type_uint8) {
-            v->type_uint8(v, obj, name, errp);
-        } else {
-            value = *obj;
-            v->type_int(v, &value, name, errp);
-            if (value < 0 || value > UINT8_MAX) {
-                error_set(errp, QERR_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE, name ? name : "null",
-                          "uint8_t");
-                return;
-            }
-            *obj = value;
+
+    if (v->type_uint8) {
+        v->type_uint8(v, obj, name, errp);
+    } else {
+        value = *obj;
+        v->type_int(v, &value, name, errp);
+        if (value < 0 || value > UINT8_MAX) {
+            error_set(errp, QERR_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE, name ? name : "null",
+                      "uint8_t");
+            return;
         }
+        *obj = value;
     }
 }
 
 void visit_type_uint16(Visitor *v, uint16_t *obj, const char *name, Error **errp)
 {
     int64_t value;
-    if (!error_is_set(errp)) {
-        if (v->type_uint16) {
-            v->type_uint16(v, obj, name, errp);
-        } else {
-            value = *obj;
-            v->type_int(v, &value, name, errp);
-            if (value < 0 || value > UINT16_MAX) {
-                error_set(errp, QERR_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE, name ? name : "null",
-                          "uint16_t");
-                return;
-            }
-            *obj = value;
+
+    if (v->type_uint16) {
+        v->type_uint16(v, obj, name, errp);
+    } else {
+        value = *obj;
+        v->type_int(v, &value, name, errp);
+        if (value < 0 || value > UINT16_MAX) {
+            error_set(errp, QERR_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE, name ? name : "null",
+                      "uint16_t");
+            return;
         }
+        *obj = value;
     }
 }
 
 void visit_type_uint32(Visitor *v, uint32_t *obj, const char *name, Error **errp)
 {
     int64_t value;
-    if (!error_is_set(errp)) {
-        if (v->type_uint32) {
-            v->type_uint32(v, obj, name, errp);
-        } else {
-            value = *obj;
-            v->type_int(v, &value, name, errp);
-            if (value < 0 || value > UINT32_MAX) {
-                error_set(errp, QERR_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE, name ? name : "null",
-                          "uint32_t");
-                return;
-            }
-            *obj = value;
+
+    if (v->type_uint32) {
+        v->type_uint32(v, obj, name, errp);
+    } else {
+        value = *obj;
+        v->type_int(v, &value, name, errp);
+        if (value < 0 || value > UINT32_MAX) {
+            error_set(errp, QERR_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE, name ? name : "null",
+                      "uint32_t");
+            return;
         }
+        *obj = value;
     }
 }
 
 void visit_type_uint64(Visitor *v, uint64_t *obj, const char *name, Error **errp)
 {
     int64_t value;
-    if (!error_is_set(errp)) {
-        if (v->type_uint64) {
-            v->type_uint64(v, obj, name, errp);
-        } else {
-            value = *obj;
-            v->type_int(v, &value, name, errp);
-            *obj = value;
-        }
+
+    if (v->type_uint64) {
+        v->type_uint64(v, obj, name, errp);
+    } else {
+        value = *obj;
+        v->type_int(v, &value, name, errp);
+        *obj = value;
     }
 }
 
 void visit_type_int8(Visitor *v, int8_t *obj, const char *name, Error **errp)
 {
     int64_t value;
-    if (!error_is_set(errp)) {
-        if (v->type_int8) {
-            v->type_int8(v, obj, name, errp);
-        } else {
-            value = *obj;
-            v->type_int(v, &value, name, errp);
-            if (value < INT8_MIN || value > INT8_MAX) {
-                error_set(errp, QERR_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE, name ? name : "null",
-                          "int8_t");
-                return;
-            }
-            *obj = value;
+
+    if (v->type_int8) {
+        v->type_int8(v, obj, name, errp);
+    } else {
+        value = *obj;
+        v->type_int(v, &value, name, errp);
+        if (value < INT8_MIN || value > INT8_MAX) {
+            error_set(errp, QERR_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE, name ? name : "null",
+                      "int8_t");
+            return;
         }
+        *obj = value;
     }
 }
 
 void visit_type_int16(Visitor *v, int16_t *obj, const char *name, Error **errp)
 {
     int64_t value;
-    if (!error_is_set(errp)) {
-        if (v->type_int16) {
-            v->type_int16(v, obj, name, errp);
-        } else {
-            value = *obj;
-            v->type_int(v, &value, name, errp);
-            if (value < INT16_MIN || value > INT16_MAX) {
-                error_set(errp, QERR_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE, name ? name : "null",
-                          "int16_t");
-                return;
-            }
-            *obj = value;
+
+    if (v->type_int16) {
+        v->type_int16(v, obj, name, errp);
+    } else {
+        value = *obj;
+        v->type_int(v, &value, name, errp);
+        if (value < INT16_MIN || value > INT16_MAX) {
+            error_set(errp, QERR_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE, name ? name : "null",
+                      "int16_t");
+            return;
         }
+        *obj = value;
     }
 }
 
 void visit_type_int32(Visitor *v, int32_t *obj, const char *name, Error **errp)
 {
     int64_t value;
-    if (!error_is_set(errp)) {
-        if (v->type_int32) {
-            v->type_int32(v, obj, name, errp);
-        } else {
-            value = *obj;
-            v->type_int(v, &value, name, errp);
-            if (value < INT32_MIN || value > INT32_MAX) {
-                error_set(errp, QERR_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE, name ? name : "null",
-                          "int32_t");
-                return;
-            }
-            *obj = value;
+
+    if (v->type_int32) {
+        v->type_int32(v, obj, name, errp);
+    } else {
+        value = *obj;
+        v->type_int(v, &value, name, errp);
+        if (value < INT32_MIN || value > INT32_MAX) {
+            error_set(errp, QERR_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE, name ? name : "null",
+                      "int32_t");
+            return;
         }
+        *obj = value;
     }
 }
 
 void visit_type_int64(Visitor *v, int64_t *obj, const char *name, Error **errp)
 {
-    if (!error_is_set(errp)) {
-        if (v->type_int64) {
-            v->type_int64(v, obj, name, errp);
-        } else {
-            v->type_int(v, obj, name, errp);
-        }
+    if (v->type_int64) {
+        v->type_int64(v, obj, name, errp);
+    } else {
+        v->type_int(v, obj, name, errp);
     }
 }
 
 void visit_type_size(Visitor *v, uint64_t *obj, const char *name, Error **errp)
 {
     int64_t value;
-    if (!error_is_set(errp)) {
-        if (v->type_size) {
-            v->type_size(v, obj, name, errp);
-        } else if (v->type_uint64) {
-            v->type_uint64(v, obj, name, errp);
-        } else {
-            value = *obj;
-            v->type_int(v, &value, name, errp);
-            *obj = value;
-        }
+
+    if (v->type_size) {
+        v->type_size(v, obj, name, errp);
+    } else if (v->type_uint64) {
+        v->type_uint64(v, obj, name, errp);
+    } else {
+        value = *obj;
+        v->type_int(v, &value, name, errp);
+        *obj = value;
     }
 }
 
 void visit_type_bool(Visitor *v, bool *obj, const char *name, Error **errp)
 {
-    if (!error_is_set(errp)) {
-        v->type_bool(v, obj, name, errp);
-    }
+    v->type_bool(v, obj, name, errp);
 }
 
 void visit_type_str(Visitor *v, char **obj, const char *name, Error **errp)
 {
-    if (!error_is_set(errp)) {
-        v->type_str(v, obj, name, errp);
-    }
+    v->type_str(v, obj, name, errp);
 }
 
 void visit_type_number(Visitor *v, double *obj, const char *name, Error **errp)
 {
-    if (!error_is_set(errp)) {
-        v->type_number(v, obj, name, errp);
-    }
+    v->type_number(v, obj, name, errp);
 }
 
 void output_type_enum(Visitor *v, int *obj, const char *strings[],
@@ -321,13 +268,15 @@ void input_type_enum(Visitor *v, int *obj, const char *strings[],
                      const char *kind, const char *name,
                      Error **errp)
 {
+    Error *local_err = NULL;
     int64_t value = 0;
     char *enum_str;
 
     assert(strings);
 
-    visit_type_str(v, &enum_str, name, errp);
-    if (error_is_set(errp)) {
+    visit_type_str(v, &enum_str, name, &local_err);
+    if (local_err) {
+        error_propagate(errp, local_err);
         return;
     }
 
diff --git a/qapi/qmp-dispatch.c b/qapi/qmp-dispatch.c
index 921de33bc..168b083c8 100644
--- a/qapi/qmp-dispatch.c
+++ b/qapi/qmp-dispatch.c
@@ -62,14 +62,14 @@ static QDict *qmp_dispatch_check_obj(const QObject *request, Error **errp)
 
 static QObject *do_qmp_dispatch(QObject *request, Error **errp)
 {
+    Error *local_err = NULL;
     const char *command;
     QDict *args, *dict;
     QmpCommand *cmd;
     QObject *ret = NULL;
 
-
     dict = qmp_dispatch_check_obj(request, errp);
-    if (!dict || error_is_set(errp)) {
+    if (!dict) {
         return NULL;
     }
 
@@ -80,7 +80,8 @@ static QObject *do_qmp_dispatch(QObject *request, Error **errp)
         return NULL;
     }
     if (!cmd->enabled) {
-        error_set(errp, QERR_COMMAND_DISABLED, command);
+        error_setg(errp, "The command %s has been disabled for this instance",
+                   command);
         return NULL;
     }
 
@@ -93,13 +94,13 @@ static QObject *do_qmp_dispatch(QObject *request, Error **errp)
 
     switch (cmd->type) {
     case QCT_NORMAL:
-        cmd->fn(args, &ret, errp);
-        if (!error_is_set(errp)) {
-            if (cmd->options & QCO_NO_SUCCESS_RESP) {
-                g_assert(!ret);
-            } else if (!ret) {
-                ret = QOBJECT(qdict_new());
-            }
+        cmd->fn(args, &ret, &local_err);
+        if (local_err) {
+            error_propagate(errp, local_err);
+        } else if (cmd->options & QCO_NO_SUCCESS_RESP) {
+            g_assert(!ret);
+        } else if (!ret) {
+            ret = QOBJECT(qdict_new());
         }
         break;
     }
@@ -109,11 +110,11 @@ static QObject *do_qmp_dispatch(QObject *request, Error **errp)
     return ret;
 }
 
-QObject *qmp_build_error_object(Error *errp)
+QObject *qmp_build_error_object(Error *err)
 {
     return qobject_from_jsonf("{ 'class': %s, 'desc': %s }",
-                              ErrorClass_lookup[error_get_class(errp)],
-                              error_get_pretty(errp));
+                              ErrorClass_lookup[error_get_class(err)],
+                              error_get_pretty(err));
 }
 
 QObject *qmp_dispatch(QObject *request)
diff --git a/qapi/qmp-event.c b/qapi/qmp-event.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0d1ce0bd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qapi/qmp-event.c
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+/*
+ * QMP Event related
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 Wenchao Xia
+ *
+ * Authors:
+ *  Wenchao Xia   <wenchaoqemu@gmail.com>
+ *
+ * This work is licensed under the terms of the GNU LGPL, version 2.1 or later.
+ * See the COPYING.LIB file in the top-level directory.
+ *
+ */
+
+#include <inttypes.h>
+
+#include "qemu-common.h"
+#include "qapi/qmp-event.h"
+#include "qapi/qmp/qstring.h"
+#include "qapi/qmp/qjson.h"
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include "sysemu/os-win32.h"
+#endif
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_POSIX
+#include "sysemu/os-posix.h"
+#endif
+
+static QMPEventFuncEmit qmp_emit;
+
+void qmp_event_set_func_emit(QMPEventFuncEmit emit)
+{
+    qmp_emit = emit;
+}
+
+QMPEventFuncEmit qmp_event_get_func_emit(void)
+{
+    return qmp_emit;
+}
+
+static void timestamp_put(QDict *qdict)
+{
+    int err;
+    QObject *obj;
+    qemu_timeval tv;
+    int64_t sec, usec;
+
+    err = qemu_gettimeofday(&tv);
+    if (err < 0) {
+        /* Put -1 to indicate failure of getting host time */
+        sec = -1;
+        usec = -1;
+    } else {
+        sec = tv.tv_sec;
+        usec = tv.tv_usec;
+    }
+
+    obj = qobject_from_jsonf("{ 'seconds': %" PRId64 ", "
+                             "'microseconds': %" PRId64 " }",
+                             sec, usec);
+    qdict_put_obj(qdict, "timestamp", obj);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Build a QDict, then fill event name and time stamp, caller should free the
+ * QDict after usage.
+ */
+QDict *qmp_event_build_dict(const char *event_name)
+{
+    QDict *dict = qdict_new();
+    qdict_put(dict, "event", qstring_from_str(event_name));
+    timestamp_put(dict);
+    return dict;
+}
diff --git a/qapi/qmp-input-visitor.c b/qapi/qmp-input-visitor.c
index bf42c04ea..d8612062f 100644
--- a/qapi/qmp-input-visitor.c
+++ b/qapi/qmp-input-visitor.c
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ static void qmp_input_push(QmpInputVisitor *qiv, QObject *obj, Error **errp)
     GHashTable *h;
 
     if (qiv->nb_stack >= QIV_STACK_SIZE) {
-        error_set(errp, QERR_BUFFER_OVERRUN);
+        error_setg(errp, "An internal buffer overran");
         return;
     }
 
@@ -286,8 +286,8 @@ static void qmp_input_type_number(Visitor *v, double *obj, const char *name,
     }
 }
 
-static void qmp_input_start_optional(Visitor *v, bool *present,
-                                     const char *name, Error **errp)
+static void qmp_input_optional(Visitor *v, bool *present, const char *name,
+                               Error **errp)
 {
     QmpInputVisitor *qiv = to_qiv(v);
     QObject *qobj = qmp_input_get_object(qiv, name, true);
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ QmpInputVisitor *qmp_input_visitor_new(QObject *obj)
     v->visitor.type_bool = qmp_input_type_bool;
     v->visitor.type_str = qmp_input_type_str;
     v->visitor.type_number = qmp_input_type_number;
-    v->visitor.start_optional = qmp_input_start_optional;
+    v->visitor.optional = qmp_input_optional;
     v->visitor.get_next_type = qmp_input_get_next_type;
 
     qmp_input_push(v, obj, NULL);
diff --git a/qapi/qmp-output-visitor.c b/qapi/qmp-output-visitor.c
index 74a5684ed..96b338463 100644
--- a/qapi/qmp-output-visitor.c
+++ b/qapi/qmp-output-visitor.c
@@ -66,6 +66,12 @@ static QObject *qmp_output_pop(QmpOutputVisitor *qov)
 static QObject *qmp_output_first(QmpOutputVisitor *qov)
 {
     QStackEntry *e = QTAILQ_LAST(&qov->stack, QStack);
+
+    /* FIXME - find a better way to deal with NULL values */
+    if (!e) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
     return e->value;
 }
 
diff --git a/qapi/string-input-visitor.c b/qapi/string-input-visitor.c
index 793548ae3..d8a8db02e 100644
--- a/qapi/string-input-visitor.c
+++ b/qapi/string-input-visitor.c
@@ -15,31 +15,210 @@
 #include "qapi/visitor-impl.h"
 #include "qapi/qmp/qerror.h"
 #include "qemu/option.h"
+#include "qemu/queue.h"
+#include "qemu/range.h"
+
 
 struct StringInputVisitor
 {
     Visitor visitor;
+
+    bool head;
+
+    GList *ranges;
+    GList *cur_range;
+    int64_t cur;
+
     const char *string;
 };
 
+static void free_range(void *range, void *dummy)
+{
+    g_free(range);
+}
+
+static void parse_str(StringInputVisitor *siv, Error **errp)
+{
+    char *str = (char *) siv->string;
+    long long start, end;
+    Range *cur;
+    char *endptr;
+
+    if (siv->ranges) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    do {
+        errno = 0;
+        start = strtoll(str, &endptr, 0);
+        if (errno == 0 && endptr > str) {
+            if (*endptr == '\0') {
+                cur = g_malloc0(sizeof(*cur));
+                cur->begin = start;
+                cur->end = start + 1;
+                siv->ranges = g_list_insert_sorted_merged(siv->ranges, cur,
+                                                          range_compare);
+                cur = NULL;
+                str = NULL;
+            } else if (*endptr == '-') {
+                str = endptr + 1;
+                errno = 0;
+                end = strtoll(str, &endptr, 0);
+                if (errno == 0 && endptr > str && start <= end &&
+                    (start > INT64_MAX - 65536 ||
+                     end < start + 65536)) {
+                    if (*endptr == '\0') {
+                        cur = g_malloc0(sizeof(*cur));
+                        cur->begin = start;
+                        cur->end = end + 1;
+                        siv->ranges =
+                            g_list_insert_sorted_merged(siv->ranges,
+                                                        cur,
+                                                        range_compare);
+                        cur = NULL;
+                        str = NULL;
+                    } else if (*endptr == ',') {
+                        str = endptr + 1;
+                        cur = g_malloc0(sizeof(*cur));
+                        cur->begin = start;
+                        cur->end = end + 1;
+                        siv->ranges =
+                            g_list_insert_sorted_merged(siv->ranges,
+                                                        cur,
+                                                        range_compare);
+                        cur = NULL;
+                    } else {
+                        goto error;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    goto error;
+                }
+            } else if (*endptr == ',') {
+                str = endptr + 1;
+                cur = g_malloc0(sizeof(*cur));
+                cur->begin = start;
+                cur->end = start + 1;
+                siv->ranges = g_list_insert_sorted_merged(siv->ranges,
+                                                          cur,
+                                                          range_compare);
+                cur = NULL;
+            } else {
+                goto error;
+            }
+        } else {
+            goto error;
+        }
+    } while (str);
+
+    return;
+error:
+    g_list_foreach(siv->ranges, free_range, NULL);
+    g_list_free(siv->ranges);
+    siv->ranges = NULL;
+}
+
+static void
+start_list(Visitor *v, const char *name, Error **errp)
+{
+    StringInputVisitor *siv = DO_UPCAST(StringInputVisitor, visitor, v);
+
+    parse_str(siv, errp);
+
+    siv->cur_range = g_list_first(siv->ranges);
+    if (siv->cur_range) {
+        Range *r = siv->cur_range->data;
+        if (r) {
+            siv->cur = r->begin;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static GenericList *
+next_list(Visitor *v, GenericList **list, Error **errp)
+{
+    StringInputVisitor *siv = DO_UPCAST(StringInputVisitor, visitor, v);
+    GenericList **link;
+    Range *r;
+
+    if (!siv->ranges || !siv->cur_range) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    r = siv->cur_range->data;
+    if (!r) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (siv->cur < r->begin || siv->cur >= r->end) {
+        siv->cur_range = g_list_next(siv->cur_range);
+        if (!siv->cur_range) {
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        r = siv->cur_range->data;
+        if (!r) {
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        siv->cur = r->begin;
+    }
+
+    if (siv->head) {
+        link = list;
+        siv->head = false;
+    } else {
+        link = &(*list)->next;
+    }
+
+    *link = g_malloc0(sizeof **link);
+    return *link;
+}
+
+static void
+end_list(Visitor *v, Error **errp)
+{
+    StringInputVisitor *siv = DO_UPCAST(StringInputVisitor, visitor, v);
+    siv->head = true;
+}
+
 static void parse_type_int(Visitor *v, int64_t *obj, const char *name,
                            Error **errp)
 {
     StringInputVisitor *siv = DO_UPCAST(StringInputVisitor, visitor, v);
-    char *endp = (char *) siv->string;
-    long long val;
 
-    errno = 0;
-    if (siv->string) {
-        val = strtoll(siv->string, &endp, 0);
-    }
-    if (!siv->string || errno || endp == siv->string || *endp) {
+    if (!siv->string) {
         error_set(errp, QERR_INVALID_PARAMETER_TYPE, name ? name : "null",
                   "integer");
         return;
     }
 
-    *obj = val;
+    parse_str(siv, errp);
+
+    if (!siv->ranges) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    if (!siv->cur_range) {
+        Range *r;
+
+        siv->cur_range = g_list_first(siv->ranges);
+        if (!siv->cur_range) {
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        r = siv->cur_range->data;
+        if (!r) {
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        siv->cur = r->begin;
+    }
+
+    *obj = siv->cur;
+    siv->cur++;
+    return;
+
+error:
+    error_set(errp, QERR_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE, name,
+              "an int64 value or range");
 }
 
 static void parse_type_size(Visitor *v, uint64_t *obj, const char *name,
@@ -120,8 +299,8 @@ static void parse_type_number(Visitor *v, double *obj, const char *name,
     *obj = val;
 }
 
-static void parse_start_optional(Visitor *v, bool *present,
-                                 const char *name, Error **errp)
+static void parse_optional(Visitor *v, bool *present, const char *name,
+                           Error **errp)
 {
     StringInputVisitor *siv = DO_UPCAST(StringInputVisitor, visitor, v);
 
@@ -140,6 +319,8 @@ Visitor *string_input_get_visitor(StringInputVisitor *v)
 
 void string_input_visitor_cleanup(StringInputVisitor *v)
 {
+    g_list_foreach(v->ranges, free_range, NULL);
+    g_list_free(v->ranges);
     g_free(v);
 }
 
@@ -155,8 +336,12 @@ StringInputVisitor *string_input_visitor_new(const char *str)
     v->visitor.type_bool = parse_type_bool;
     v->visitor.type_str = parse_type_str;
     v->visitor.type_number = parse_type_number;
-    v->visitor.start_optional = parse_start_optional;
+    v->visitor.start_list = start_list;
+    v->visitor.next_list = next_list;
+    v->visitor.end_list = end_list;
+    v->visitor.optional = parse_optional;
 
     v->string = str;
+    v->head = true;
     return v;
 }
diff --git a/qapi/string-output-visitor.c b/qapi/string-output-visitor.c
index fb1d2e806..1ab857458 100644
--- a/qapi/string-output-visitor.c
+++ b/qapi/string-output-visitor.c
@@ -16,32 +16,181 @@
 #include "qapi/qmp/qerror.h"
 #include "qemu/host-utils.h"
 #include <math.h>
+#include "qemu/range.h"
+
+enum ListMode {
+    LM_NONE,             /* not traversing a list of repeated options */
+    LM_STARTED,          /* start_list() succeeded */
+
+    LM_IN_PROGRESS,      /* next_list() has been called.
+                          *
+                          * Generating the next list link will consume the most
+                          * recently parsed QemuOpt instance of the repeated
+                          * option.
+                          *
+                          * Parsing a value into the list link will examine the
+                          * next QemuOpt instance of the repeated option, and
+                          * possibly enter LM_SIGNED_INTERVAL or
+                          * LM_UNSIGNED_INTERVAL.
+                          */
+
+    LM_SIGNED_INTERVAL,  /* next_list() has been called.
+                          *
+                          * Generating the next list link will consume the most
+                          * recently stored element from the signed interval,
+                          * parsed from the most recent QemuOpt instance of the
+                          * repeated option. This may consume QemuOpt itself
+                          * and return to LM_IN_PROGRESS.
+                          *
+                          * Parsing a value into the list link will store the
+                          * next element of the signed interval.
+                          */
+
+    LM_UNSIGNED_INTERVAL,/* Same as above, only for an unsigned interval. */
+
+    LM_END
+};
+
+typedef enum ListMode ListMode;
 
 struct StringOutputVisitor
 {
     Visitor visitor;
     bool human;
-    char *string;
+    GString *string;
+    bool head;
+    ListMode list_mode;
+    union {
+        int64_t s;
+        uint64_t u;
+    } range_start, range_end;
+    GList *ranges;
 };
 
 static void string_output_set(StringOutputVisitor *sov, char *string)
 {
-    g_free(sov->string);
-    sov->string = string;
+    if (sov->string) {
+        g_string_free(sov->string, true);
+    }
+    sov->string = g_string_new(string);
+    g_free(string);
+}
+
+static void string_output_append(StringOutputVisitor *sov, int64_t a)
+{
+    Range *r = g_malloc0(sizeof(*r));
+    r->begin = a;
+    r->end = a + 1;
+    sov->ranges = g_list_insert_sorted_merged(sov->ranges, r, range_compare);
+}
+
+static void string_output_append_range(StringOutputVisitor *sov,
+                                       int64_t s, int64_t e)
+{
+    Range *r = g_malloc0(sizeof(*r));
+    r->begin = s;
+    r->end = e + 1;
+    sov->ranges = g_list_insert_sorted_merged(sov->ranges, r, range_compare);
+}
+
+static void format_string(StringOutputVisitor *sov, Range *r, bool next,
+                          bool human)
+{
+    if (r->end - r->begin > 1) {
+        if (human) {
+            g_string_append_printf(sov->string, "0x%" PRIx64 "-0x%" PRIx64,
+                                   r->begin, r->end - 1);
+
+        } else {
+            g_string_append_printf(sov->string, "%" PRId64 "-%" PRId64,
+                                   r->begin, r->end - 1);
+        }
+    } else {
+        if (human) {
+            g_string_append_printf(sov->string, "0x%" PRIx64, r->begin);
+        } else {
+            g_string_append_printf(sov->string, "%" PRId64, r->begin);
+        }
+    }
+    if (next) {
+        g_string_append(sov->string, ",");
+    }
 }
 
 static void print_type_int(Visitor *v, int64_t *obj, const char *name,
                            Error **errp)
 {
     StringOutputVisitor *sov = DO_UPCAST(StringOutputVisitor, visitor, v);
-    char *out;
+    GList *l;
+
+    switch (sov->list_mode) {
+    case LM_NONE:
+        string_output_append(sov, *obj);
+        break;
+
+    case LM_STARTED:
+        sov->range_start.s = *obj;
+        sov->range_end.s = *obj;
+        sov->list_mode = LM_IN_PROGRESS;
+        return;
+
+    case LM_IN_PROGRESS:
+        if (sov->range_end.s + 1 == *obj) {
+            sov->range_end.s++;
+        } else {
+            if (sov->range_start.s == sov->range_end.s) {
+                string_output_append(sov, sov->range_end.s);
+            } else {
+                assert(sov->range_start.s < sov->range_end.s);
+                string_output_append_range(sov, sov->range_start.s,
+                                           sov->range_end.s);
+            }
+
+            sov->range_start.s = *obj;
+            sov->range_end.s = *obj;
+        }
+        return;
+
+    case LM_END:
+        if (sov->range_end.s + 1 == *obj) {
+            sov->range_end.s++;
+            assert(sov->range_start.s < sov->range_end.s);
+            string_output_append_range(sov, sov->range_start.s,
+                                       sov->range_end.s);
+        } else {
+            if (sov->range_start.s == sov->range_end.s) {
+                string_output_append(sov, sov->range_end.s);
+            } else {
+                assert(sov->range_start.s < sov->range_end.s);
+
+                string_output_append_range(sov, sov->range_start.s,
+                                           sov->range_end.s);
+            }
+            string_output_append(sov, *obj);
+        }
+        break;
+
+    default:
+        abort();
+    }
+
+    l = sov->ranges;
+    while (l) {
+        Range *r = l->data;
+        format_string(sov, r, l->next != NULL, false);
+        l = l->next;
+    }
 
     if (sov->human) {
-        out = g_strdup_printf("%lld (%#llx)", (long long) *obj, (long long) *obj);
-    } else {
-        out = g_strdup_printf("%lld", (long long) *obj);
+        l = sov->ranges;
+        g_string_append(sov->string, " (");
+        while (l) {
+            Range *r = l->data;
+            format_string(sov, r, l->next != NULL, true);
+            l = l->next;
+        }
+        g_string_append(sov->string, ")");
     }
-    string_output_set(sov, out);
 }
 
 static void print_type_size(Visitor *v, uint64_t *obj, const char *name,
@@ -103,9 +252,61 @@ static void print_type_number(Visitor *v, double *obj, const char *name,
     string_output_set(sov, g_strdup_printf("%f", *obj));
 }
 
+static void
+start_list(Visitor *v, const char *name, Error **errp)
+{
+    StringOutputVisitor *sov = DO_UPCAST(StringOutputVisitor, visitor, v);
+
+    /* we can't traverse a list in a list */
+    assert(sov->list_mode == LM_NONE);
+    sov->list_mode = LM_STARTED;
+    sov->head = true;
+}
+
+static GenericList *
+next_list(Visitor *v, GenericList **list, Error **errp)
+{
+    StringOutputVisitor *sov = DO_UPCAST(StringOutputVisitor, visitor, v);
+    GenericList *ret = NULL;
+    if (*list) {
+        if (sov->head) {
+            ret = *list;
+        } else {
+            ret = (*list)->next;
+        }
+
+        if (sov->head) {
+            if (ret && ret->next == NULL) {
+                sov->list_mode = LM_NONE;
+            }
+            sov->head = false;
+        } else {
+            if (ret && ret->next == NULL) {
+                sov->list_mode = LM_END;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static void
+end_list(Visitor *v, Error **errp)
+{
+    StringOutputVisitor *sov = DO_UPCAST(StringOutputVisitor, visitor, v);
+
+    assert(sov->list_mode == LM_STARTED ||
+           sov->list_mode == LM_END ||
+           sov->list_mode == LM_NONE ||
+           sov->list_mode == LM_IN_PROGRESS);
+    sov->list_mode = LM_NONE;
+    sov->head = true;
+
+}
+
 char *string_output_get_string(StringOutputVisitor *sov)
 {
-    char *string = sov->string;
+    char *string = g_string_free(sov->string, false);
     sov->string = NULL;
     return string;
 }
@@ -115,9 +316,19 @@ Visitor *string_output_get_visitor(StringOutputVisitor *sov)
     return &sov->visitor;
 }
 
+static void free_range(void *range, void *dummy)
+{
+    g_free(range);
+}
+
 void string_output_visitor_cleanup(StringOutputVisitor *sov)
 {
-    g_free(sov->string);
+    if (sov->string) {
+        g_string_free(sov->string, true);
+    }
+
+    g_list_foreach(sov->ranges, free_range, NULL);
+    g_list_free(sov->ranges);
     g_free(sov);
 }
 
@@ -127,6 +338,7 @@ StringOutputVisitor *string_output_visitor_new(bool human)
 
     v = g_malloc0(sizeof(*v));
 
+    v->string = g_string_new(NULL);
     v->human = human;
     v->visitor.type_enum = output_type_enum;
     v->visitor.type_int = print_type_int;
@@ -134,6 +346,9 @@ StringOutputVisitor *string_output_visitor_new(bool human)
     v->visitor.type_bool = print_type_bool;
     v->visitor.type_str = print_type_str;
     v->visitor.type_number = print_type_number;
+    v->visitor.start_list = start_list;
+    v->visitor.next_list = next_list;
+    v->visitor.end_list = end_list;
 
     return v;
 }