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diff --git a/tests/xmlspec/Makefile.am b/tests/xmlspec/Makefile.am index b6bf213a..1331fe08 100644 --- a/tests/xmlspec/Makefile.am +++ b/tests/xmlspec/Makefile.am @@ -10,9 +10,10 @@ all: test test tests: $(top_builddir)/libxslt/xsltproc @(rm -f .memdump ; touch .memdump) - @($(top_builddir)/libxslt/xsltproc -timing -v REC-xml-2e.xsl REC-xml-20001006.xml > REC-xml-20001006.html 2> debug ; \ + @($(top_builddir)/libxslt/xsltproc -v -timing REC-xml-2e.xsl REC-xml-20001006.xml > REC-xml-20001006.out 2> debug ; \ + diff $(srcdir)/REC-xml-20001006.html REC-xml-20001006.out ; \ grep implemented debug | sort | uniq -c ; \ grep " ms$$" debug ; \ grep "MORY ALLO" .memdump | grep -v "MEMORY ALLOCATED : 0";\ - rm -f doc.res) + rm -f REC-xml-20001006.out) diff --git a/tests/xmlspec/REC-xml-20001006.html b/tests/xmlspec/REC-xml-20001006.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2eb560cf --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/xmlspec/REC-xml-20001006.html @@ -0,0 +1,4041 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> +<html lang="EN"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"> +<title>Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Second Edition)</title> +<style type="text/css"> +code { font-family: monospace; } + +div.constraint, +div.issue, +div.note, +div.notice { margin-left: 2em; } + +dt.label { display: run-in; } + +li p { margin-top: 0.3em; + margin-bottom: 0.3em; } + </style> +<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="W3C-REC.css"> +</head> +<body> + +<div class="head"> +<p><a href="http://www.w3.org/"><img src="http://www.w3.org/Icons/w3c_home" alt="W3C" height="48" width="72"></a></p> +<h1>Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Second Edition)</h1> +<h2>W3C Recommendation 6 October 2000</h2> +<dl> +<dt>This version:</dt> +<dd> +<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/REC-xml-20001006">http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/REC-xml-20001006</a> +(<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/REC-xml-20001006.html">XHTML</a>, <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/REC-xml-20001006.xml">XML</a>, <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/REC-xml-20001006.pdf">PDF</a>, <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/REC-xml-20001006-review.html">XHTML +review version</a> with color-coded revision indicators)</dd> +<dt>Latest version:</dt> +<dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml">http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml</a></dd> +<dt>Previous versions:</dt> +<dd> +<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/WD-xml-2e-20000814"> http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/WD-xml-2e-20000814</a> +<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-19980210"> http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-19980210</a> </dd> +<dt>Editors:</dt> +<dd>Tim Bray, Textuality and Netscape <a href="mailto:tbray@textuality.com"><tbray@textuality.com></a> +</dd> +<dd>Jean Paoli, Microsoft <a href="mailto:jeanpa@microsoft.com"><jeanpa@microsoft.com></a> +</dd> +<dd>C. M. Sperberg-McQueen, University +of Illinois at Chicago and Text Encoding Initiative <a href="mailto:cmsmcq@uic.edu"><cmsmcq@uic.edu></a> +</dd> +<dd>Eve Maler, Sun Microsystems, +Inc. <a href="mailto:elm@east.sun.com"><eve.maler@east.sun.com></a> - Second Edition</dd> +</dl> +<p class="copyright"> +<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Copyright">Copyright</a> © 2000 <a href="http://www.w3.org/"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr></a> +<sup>®</sup> (<a href="http://www.lcs.mit.edu/"><abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr></a>, <a href="http://www.inria.fr/"><abbr lang="fr" title="Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et Automatique">INRIA</abbr></a>, <a href="http://www.keio.ac.jp/">Keio</a>), All Rights Reserved. W3C <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Legal_Disclaimer">liability</a>, <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#W3C_Trademarks">trademark</a>, <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/copyright-documents-19990405">document use</a>, and <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/copyright-software-19980720">software licensing</a> rules apply.</p> +</div> +<hr> +<div id="abstract"> +<h2><a name="abstract">Abstract</a></h2> +<p>The Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a subset of SGML that is completely +described in this document. Its goal is to enable generic SGML to be served, +received, and processed on the Web in the way that is now possible with HTML. +XML has been designed for ease of implementation and for interoperability +with both SGML and HTML.</p> +</div> +<div id="status"> +<h2><a name="status">Status of this Document</a></h2> +<p>This document has been reviewed by W3C Members and other interested parties +and has been endorsed by the Director as a W3C Recommendation. It is a stable +document and may be used as reference material or cited as a normative reference +from another document. W3C's role in making the Recommendation is to draw +attention to the specification and to promote its widespread deployment. This +enhances the functionality and interoperability of the Web.</p> +<p>This document specifies a syntax created by subsetting an existing, widely +used international text processing standard (Standard Generalized Markup Language, +ISO 8879:1986(E) as amended and corrected) for use on the World Wide Web. +It is a product of the W3C XML Activity, details of which can be found at <a href="http://www.w3.org/XML/">http://www.w3.org/XML</a>. +The English version of this specification is the only normative version. However, +for translations of this document, see <a href="http://www.w3.org/XML/#trans">http://www.w3.org/XML/#trans</a>. A +list of current W3C Recommendations and other technical documents can be found +at <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/">http://www.w3.org/TR</a>.</p> + +<p>This second edition is <em>not</em> a new version of XML (first published 10 February 1998); +it merely incorporates the changes dictated by the first-edition errata (available +at <a href="http://www.w3.org/XML/xml-19980210-errata">http://www.w3.org/XML/xml-19980210-errata</a>) +as a convenience to readers. The errata list for this second edition is available +at <a href="http://www.w3.org/XML/xml-V10-2e-errata">http://www.w3.org/XML/xml-V10-2e-errata</a>.</p> +<p>Please report errors in this document to <a href="mailto:xml-editor@w3.org">xml-editor@w3.org</a>; <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/xml-editor">archives</a> are available.</p> +<div class="note"> +<p class="prefix"><b>Note:</b></p> +<p>C. M. Sperberg-McQueen's affiliation has changed since the publication +of the first edition. He is now at the World Wide Web Consortium, and can +be contacted at <a href="mailto:cmsmcq@w3.org">cmsmcq@w3.org</a>.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="toc"> +<h2><a name="contents">Table of Contents</a></h2> +<p class="toc">1 <a href="#sec-intro">Introduction</a> +<br> 1.1 <a href="#sec-origin-goals">Origin and Goals</a> +<br> 1.2 <a href="#sec-terminology">Terminology</a> +<br>2 <a href="#sec-documents">Documents</a> +<br> 2.1 <a href="#sec-well-formed">Well-Formed XML Documents</a> +<br> 2.2 <a href="#charsets">Characters</a> +<br> 2.3 <a href="#sec-common-syn">Common Syntactic Constructs</a> +<br> 2.4 <a href="#syntax">Character Data and Markup</a> +<br> 2.5 <a href="#sec-comments">Comments</a> +<br> 2.6 <a href="#sec-pi">Processing Instructions</a> +<br> 2.7 <a href="#sec-cdata-sect">CDATA Sections</a> +<br> 2.8 <a href="#sec-prolog-dtd">Prolog and Document Type Declaration</a> +<br> 2.9 <a href="#sec-rmd">Standalone Document Declaration</a> +<br> 2.10 <a href="#sec-white-space">White Space Handling</a> +<br> 2.11 <a href="#sec-line-ends">End-of-Line Handling</a> +<br> 2.12 <a href="#sec-lang-tag">Language Identification</a> +<br>3 <a href="#sec-logical-struct">Logical Structures</a> +<br> 3.1 <a href="#sec-starttags">Start-Tags, End-Tags, and Empty-Element Tags</a> +<br> 3.2 <a href="#elemdecls">Element Type Declarations</a> +<br> 3.2.1 <a href="#sec-element-content">Element Content</a> +<br> 3.2.2 <a href="#sec-mixed-content">Mixed Content</a> +<br> 3.3 <a href="#attdecls">Attribute-List Declarations</a> +<br> 3.3.1 <a href="#sec-attribute-types">Attribute Types</a> +<br> 3.3.2 <a href="#sec-attr-defaults">Attribute Defaults</a> +<br> 3.3.3 <a href="#AVNormalize">Attribute-Value +Normalization</a> +<br> 3.4 <a href="#sec-condition-sect">Conditional Sections</a> +<br>4 <a href="#sec-physical-struct">Physical Structures</a> +<br> 4.1 <a href="#sec-references">Character and Entity References</a> +<br> 4.2 <a href="#sec-entity-decl">Entity Declarations</a> +<br> 4.2.1 <a href="#sec-internal-ent">Internal Entities</a> +<br> 4.2.2 <a href="#sec-external-ent">External Entities</a> +<br> 4.3 <a href="#TextEntities">Parsed Entities</a> +<br> 4.3.1 <a href="#sec-TextDecl">The Text Declaration</a> +<br> 4.3.2 <a href="#wf-entities">Well-Formed Parsed Entities</a> +<br> 4.3.3 <a href="#charencoding">Character Encoding in Entities</a> +<br> 4.4 <a href="#entproc">XML Processor Treatment of Entities and References</a> +<br> 4.4.1 <a href="#not-recognized">Not Recognized</a> +<br> 4.4.2 <a href="#included">Included</a> +<br> 4.4.3 <a href="#include-if-valid">Included If Validating</a> +<br> 4.4.4 <a href="#forbidden">Forbidden</a> +<br> 4.4.5 <a href="#inliteral">Included in Literal</a> +<br> 4.4.6 <a href="#notify">Notify</a> +<br> 4.4.7 <a href="#bypass">Bypassed</a> +<br> 4.4.8 <a href="#as-PE">Included as PE</a> +<br> 4.5 <a href="#intern-replacement">Construction of Internal Entity Replacement Text</a> +<br> 4.6 <a href="#sec-predefined-ent">Predefined Entities</a> +<br> 4.7 <a href="#Notations">Notation Declarations</a> +<br> 4.8 <a href="#sec-doc-entity">Document Entity</a> +<br>5 <a href="#sec-conformance">Conformance</a> +<br> 5.1 <a href="#proc-types">Validating and Non-Validating Processors</a> +<br> 5.2 <a href="#safe-behavior">Using XML Processors</a> +<br>6 <a href="#sec-notation">Notation</a> +<br> +</p> +<h3>Appendices</h3> +<p class="toc">A <a href="#sec-bibliography">References</a> +<br> A.1 <a href="#sec-existing-stds">Normative References</a> +<br> A.2 <a href="#null">Other References</a> +<br>B <a href="#CharClasses">Character Classes</a> +<br>C <a href="#sec-xml-and-sgml">XML and SGML</a> (Non-Normative)<br>D <a href="#sec-entexpand">Expansion of Entity and Character References</a> (Non-Normative)<br>E <a href="#determinism">Deterministic Content Models</a> (Non-Normative)<br>F <a href="#sec-guessing">Autodetection +of Character Encodings</a> (Non-Normative)<br> F.1 <a href="#sec-guessing-no-ext-info">Detection Without External Encoding Information</a> +<br> F.2 <a href="#sec-guessing-with-ext-info">Priorities in the Presence of External Encoding Information</a> +<br>G <a href="#sec-xml-wg">W3C XML Working Group</a> (Non-Normative)<br>H <a href="#sec-core-wg">W3C XML Core Group</a> (Non-Normative)<br>I <a href="#id2660391">Production Notes</a> (Non-Normative)<br> +</p> +</div> +<hr> +<div class="body"> +<div class="div1"> + +<h2> +<a name="sec-intro"></a>1 Introduction</h2> +<p>Extensible Markup Language, abbreviated XML, describes a class of data +objects called <a title="XML Document" href="#dt-xml-doc">XML documents</a> and partially +describes the behavior of computer programs which process them. XML is an +application profile or restricted form of SGML, the Standard Generalized Markup +Language <a href="#ISO8879">[ISO 8879]</a>. By construction, XML documents are conforming +SGML documents.</p> +<p>XML documents are made up of storage units called <a title="Entity" href="#dt-entity">entities</a>, +which contain either parsed or unparsed data. Parsed data is made up of <a title="Character" href="#dt-character">characters</a>, some of which form <a title="Character Data" href="#dt-chardata">character +data</a>, and some of which form <a title="Markup" href="#dt-markup">markup</a>. +Markup encodes a description of the document's storage layout and logical +structure. XML provides a mechanism to impose constraints on the storage layout +and logical structure.</p> +<p>[<a name="dt-xml-proc" title="XML Processor">Definition</a>: A software module called +an <b>XML processor</b> is used to read XML documents and provide access +to their content and structure.] [<a name="dt-app" title="Application">Definition</a>: It +is assumed that an XML processor is doing its work on behalf of another module, +called the <b>application</b>.] This specification describes +the required behavior of an XML processor in terms of how it must read XML +data and the information it must provide to the application.</p> +<div class="div2"> + +<h3> +<a name="sec-origin-goals"></a>1.1 Origin and Goals</h3> +<p>XML was developed by an XML Working Group (originally known as the SGML +Editorial Review Board) formed under the auspices of the World Wide Web Consortium +(W3C) in 1996. It was chaired by Jon Bosak of Sun Microsystems with the active +participation of an XML Special Interest Group (previously known as the SGML +Working Group) also organized by the W3C. The membership of the XML Working +Group is given in an appendix. Dan Connolly served as the WG's contact with +the W3C.</p> +<p>The design goals for XML are:</p> +<ol> +<li><p>XML shall be straightforwardly usable over the Internet.</p></li> +<li><p>XML shall support a wide variety of applications.</p></li> +<li><p>XML shall be compatible with SGML.</p></li> +<li> +<p>It shall be easy to write programs which process XML documents.</p> +</li> +<li><p>The number of optional features in XML is to be kept to the absolute +minimum, ideally zero.</p></li> +<li><p>XML documents should be human-legible and reasonably clear.</p></li> +<li><p>The XML design should be prepared quickly.</p></li> +<li><p>The design of XML shall be formal and concise.</p></li> +<li><p>XML documents shall be easy to create.</p></li> +<li><p>Terseness in XML markup is of minimal importance.</p></li> +</ol> +<p>This specification, together with associated standards (Unicode and ISO/IEC +10646 for characters, Internet RFC 1766 for language identification tags, +ISO 639 for language name codes, and ISO 3166 for country name codes), provides +all the information necessary to understand XML Version 1.0 and +construct computer programs to process it.</p> +<p>This version of the XML specification may be distributed freely, as long as +all text and legal notices remain intact.</p> +</div> +<div class="div2"> + +<h3> +<a name="sec-terminology"></a>1.2 Terminology</h3> +<p>The terminology used to describe XML documents is defined in the body of +this specification. The terms defined in the following list are used in building +those definitions and in describing the actions of an XML processor: </p><dl> +<dt class="label">may</dt> +<dd> +<p>[<a name="dt-may" title="May">Definition</a>: Conforming documents and XML processors +are permitted to but need not behave as described.]</p> +</dd> +<dt class="label">must</dt> +<dd> +<p>[<a name="dt-must" title="Must">Definition</a>: Conforming documents and XML processors +are required to behave as described; otherwise they are in error. ]</p> +</dd> +<dt class="label">error</dt> +<dd> +<p>[<a name="dt-error" title="Error">Definition</a>: A violation of the rules of this specification; +results are undefined. Conforming software may detect and report an error +and may recover from it.]</p> +</dd> +<dt class="label">fatal error</dt> +<dd> +<p>[<a name="dt-fatal" title="Fatal Error">Definition</a>: An error which a conforming <a title="XML Processor" href="#dt-xml-proc">XML processor</a> must detect and report to the application. +After encountering a fatal error, the processor may continue processing the +data to search for further errors and may report such errors to the application. +In order to support correction of errors, the processor may make unprocessed +data from the document (with intermingled character data and markup) available +to the application. Once a fatal error is detected, however, the processor +must not continue normal processing (i.e., it must not continue to pass character +data and information about the document's logical structure to the application +in the normal way).]</p> +</dd> +<dt class="label">at user option</dt> +<dd> +<p>[<a name="dt-atuseroption" title="At user option">Definition</a>: Conforming software +may or must (depending on the modal verb in the sentence) behave as described; +if it does, it must provide users a means to enable or disable the behavior +described.]</p> +</dd> +<dt class="label">validity constraint</dt> +<dd> +<p>[<a name="dt-vc" title="Validity constraint">Definition</a>: A rule which applies to +all <a title="Validity" href="#dt-valid">valid</a> XML documents. Violations of validity +constraints are errors; they must, at user option, be reported by <a title="Validating Processor" href="#dt-validating">validating XML processors</a>.]</p> +</dd> +<dt class="label">well-formedness constraint</dt> +<dd> +<p>[<a name="dt-wfc" title="Well-formedness constraint">Definition</a>: A rule which applies +to all <a title="Well-Formed" href="#dt-wellformed">well-formed</a> XML documents. Violations +of well-formedness constraints are <a title="Fatal Error" href="#dt-fatal">fatal errors</a>.]</p> +</dd> +<dt class="label">match</dt> +<dd> +<p>[<a name="dt-match" title="match">Definition</a>: (Of strings or names:) Two strings +or names being compared must be identical. Characters with multiple possible +representations in ISO/IEC 10646 (e.g. characters with both precomposed and +base+diacritic forms) match only if they have the same representation in both +strings. No +case folding is performed. (Of strings and rules in the grammar:) A string +matches a grammatical production if it belongs to the language generated by +that production. (Of content and content models:) An element matches its declaration +when it conforms in the fashion described in the constraint <a href="#elementvalid"><b>[VC: Element Valid]</b></a>.]</p> +</dd> +<dt class="label">for compatibility</dt> +<dd> +<p>[<a name="dt-compat" title="For Compatibility">Definition</a>: Marks +a sentence describing a feature of XML included solely to ensure +that XML remains compatible with SGML.]</p> +</dd> +<dt class="label">for interoperability</dt> +<dd> +<p>[<a name="dt-interop" title="For interoperability">Definition</a>: Marks +a sentence describing a non-binding recommendation included to increase +the chances that XML documents can be processed by the existing installed +base of SGML processors which predate the WebSGML Adaptations Annex to ISO 8879.]</p> +</dd> +</dl><p></p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="div1"> + +<h2> +<a name="sec-documents"></a>2 Documents</h2> +<p>[<a name="dt-xml-doc" title="XML Document">Definition</a>: A data object is an <b>XML +document</b> if it is <a title="Well-Formed" href="#dt-wellformed">well-formed</a>, +as defined in this specification. A well-formed XML document may in addition +be <a title="Validity" href="#dt-valid">valid</a> if it meets certain further constraints.]</p> +<p>Each XML document has both a logical and a physical structure. Physically, +the document is composed of units called <a title="Entity" href="#dt-entity">entities</a>. +An entity may <a title="Entity Reference" href="#dt-entref">refer</a> to other entities to +cause their inclusion in the document. A document begins in a "root" +or <a title="Document Entity" href="#dt-docent">document entity</a>. Logically, the document +is composed of declarations, elements, comments, character references, and +processing instructions, all of which are indicated in the document by explicit +markup. The logical and physical structures must nest properly, as described +in <a href="#wf-entities"><b>4.3.2 Well-Formed Parsed Entities</b></a>.</p> +<div class="div2"> + +<h3> +<a name="sec-well-formed"></a>2.1 Well-Formed XML Documents</h3> +<p>[<a name="dt-wellformed" title="Well-Formed">Definition</a>: A textual object is a <b>well-formed</b> +XML document if:]</p> +<ol> +<li> +<p>Taken as a whole, it matches the production labeled <a href="#NT-document">document</a>.</p> +</li> +<li> +<p>It meets all the well-formedness constraints given in this specification.</p> +</li> +<li><p>Each of the <a title="Text Entity" href="#dt-parsedent">parsed entities</a> +which is referenced directly or indirectly within the document is <a title="Well-Formed" href="#dt-wellformed">well-formed</a>.</p></li> +</ol> + +<h5>Document</h5> +<table class="scrap" summary="Scrap"><tbody><tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-document"></a>[1] </td> +<td><code>document</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code> +<a href="#NT-prolog">prolog</a> <a href="#NT-element">element</a> <a href="#NT-Misc">Misc</a>*</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr></tbody></table> +<p>Matching the <a href="#NT-document">document</a> production implies that:</p> +<ol> +<li> +<p>It contains one or more <a title="Element" href="#dt-element">elements</a>.</p> +</li> + +<li><p>[<a name="dt-root" title="Root Element">Definition</a>: There is exactly one element, +called the <b>root</b>, or document element, no part of which appears +in the <a title="Content" href="#dt-content">content</a> of any other element.] For +all other elements, if the <a title="Start-Tag" href="#dt-stag">start-tag</a> is in +the content of another element, the <a title="End Tag" href="#dt-etag">end-tag</a> +is in the content of the same element. More simply stated, the elements, +delimited by start- and end-tags, nest properly within each other.</p></li> +</ol> +<p>[<a name="dt-parentchild" title="Parent/Child">Definition</a>: As a consequence of this, +for each non-root element <code>C</code> in the document, there is one other element <code>P</code> +in the document such that <code>C</code> is in the content of <code>P</code>, but +is not in the content of any other element that is in the content of <code>P</code>. <code>P</code> +is referred to as the <b>parent</b> of <code>C</code>, and <code>C</code> as +a <b>child</b> of <code>P</code>.]</p> +</div> +<div class="div2"> + +<h3> +<a name="charsets"></a>2.2 Characters</h3> +<p>[<a name="dt-text" title="Text">Definition</a>: A parsed entity contains <b>text</b>, +a sequence of <a title="Character" href="#dt-character">characters</a>, which may +represent markup or character data.] [<a name="dt-character" title="Character">Definition</a>: A <b>character</b> +is an atomic unit of text as specified by ISO/IEC 10646 <a href="#ISO10646">[ISO/IEC 10646]</a> (see +also <a href="#ISO10646-2000">[ISO/IEC 10646-2000]</a>). Legal characters are tab, carriage +return, line feed, and the legal characters +of Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646. The +versions of these standards cited in <a href="#sec-existing-stds"><b>A.1 Normative References</b></a> were +current at the time this document was prepared. New characters may be added +to these standards by amendments or new editions. Consequently, XML processors +must accept any character in the range specified for <a href="#NT-Char">Char</a>. +The use of "compatibility characters", as defined in section +6.8 of <a href="#Unicode">[Unicode]</a> (see +also D21 in section 3.6 of <a href="#Unicode3">[Unicode3]</a>), is discouraged.]</p> + +<h5>Character Range</h5> +<table class="scrap" summary="Scrap"><tbody> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-Char"></a>[2] </td> +<td><code>Char</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>#x9 | #xA | #xD | [#x20-#xD7FF] | [#xE000-#xFFFD] | [#x10000-#x10FFFF]</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +<td><i>/* any Unicode character, excluding the surrogate blocks, FFFE, and FFFF. */</i></td> +</tr> +</tbody></table> +<p>The mechanism for encoding character code points into bit patterns may +vary from entity to entity. All XML processors must accept the UTF-8 and UTF-16 +encodings of 10646; the mechanisms for signaling which of the two is in use, +or for bringing other encodings into play, are discussed later, in <a href="#charencoding"><b>4.3.3 Character Encoding in Entities</b></a>.</p> + +</div> +<div class="div2"> + +<h3> +<a name="sec-common-syn"></a>2.3 Common Syntactic Constructs</h3> +<p>This section defines some symbols used widely in the grammar.</p> +<p> +<a href="#NT-S">S</a> (white space) consists of one or more space (#x20) +characters, carriage returns, line feeds, or tabs.</p> + +<h5>White Space</h5> +<table class="scrap" summary="Scrap"><tbody> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-S"></a>[3] </td> +<td><code>S</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>(#x20 | #x9 | #xD | #xA)+</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr> +</tbody></table> +<p>Characters are classified for convenience as letters, digits, or other +characters. A +letter consists of an alphabetic or syllabic base character or an ideographic +character. Full definitions of the specific characters in each class +are given in <a href="#CharClasses"><b>B Character Classes</b></a>.</p> +<p>[<a name="dt-name" title="Name">Definition</a>: A <b>Name</b> is a token beginning +with a letter or one of a few punctuation characters, and continuing with +letters, digits, hyphens, underscores, colons, or full stops, together known +as name characters.] Names beginning with the string "<code>xml</code>", +or any string which would match <code>(('X'|'x') ('M'|'m') ('L'|'l'))</code>, +are reserved for standardization in this or future versions of this specification.</p> +<div class="note"> +<p class="prefix"><b>Note:</b></p> +<p>The +Namespaces in XML Recommendation <a href="#xml-names">[XML Names]</a> assigns a meaning +to names containing colon characters. Therefore, authors should not use the +colon in XML names except for namespace purposes, but XML processors must +accept the colon as a name character.</p> +</div> +<p>An <a href="#NT-Nmtoken">Nmtoken</a> (name token) is any mixture of name +characters.</p> + +<h5>Names and Tokens</h5> +<table class="scrap" summary="Scrap"> +<tbody><tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-NameChar"></a>[4] </td> +<td><code>NameChar</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code> +<a href="#NT-Letter">Letter</a> | <a href="#NT-Digit">Digit</a> +| '.' | '-' | '_' | ':' | <a href="#NT-CombiningChar">CombiningChar</a> | <a href="#NT-Extender">Extender</a> +</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr></tbody> +<tbody><tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-Name"></a>[5] </td> +<td><code>Name</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>(<a href="#NT-Letter">Letter</a> | '_' | ':') (<a href="#NT-NameChar">NameChar</a>)*</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr></tbody> +<tbody><tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-Names"></a>[6] </td> +<td><code>Names</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code> +<a href="#NT-Name">Name</a> (<a href="#NT-S">S</a> <a href="#NT-Name">Name</a>)*</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr></tbody> +<tbody><tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-Nmtoken"></a>[7] </td> +<td><code>Nmtoken</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>(<a href="#NT-NameChar">NameChar</a>)+</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr></tbody> +<tbody><tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-Nmtokens"></a>[8] </td> +<td><code>Nmtokens</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code> +<a href="#NT-Nmtoken">Nmtoken</a> (<a href="#NT-S">S</a> <a href="#NT-Nmtoken">Nmtoken</a>)*</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr></tbody> +</table> +<p>Literal data is any quoted string not containing the quotation mark used +as a delimiter for that string. Literals are used for specifying the content +of internal entities (<a href="#NT-EntityValue">EntityValue</a>), the values +of attributes (<a href="#NT-AttValue">AttValue</a>), and external identifiers +(<a href="#NT-SystemLiteral">SystemLiteral</a>). Note that a <a href="#NT-SystemLiteral">SystemLiteral</a> +can be parsed without scanning for markup.</p> + +<h5>Literals</h5> +<table class="scrap" summary="Scrap"> +<tbody> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-EntityValue"></a>[9] </td> +<td><code>EntityValue</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>'"' ([^%&"] | <a href="#NT-PEReference">PEReference</a> +| <a href="#NT-Reference">Reference</a>)* '"' </code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td><code>| "'" ([^%&'] | <a href="#NT-PEReference">PEReference</a> | <a href="#NT-Reference">Reference</a>)* "'"</code></td> +</tr> +</tbody> +<tbody> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-AttValue"></a>[10] </td> +<td><code>AttValue</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>'"' ([^<&"] | <a href="#NT-Reference">Reference</a>)* +'"' </code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td><code>| "'" ([^<&'] | <a href="#NT-Reference">Reference</a>)* +"'"</code></td> +</tr> +</tbody> +<tbody><tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-SystemLiteral"></a>[11] </td> +<td><code>SystemLiteral</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>('"' [^"]* '"') | ("'" [^']* "'") </code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr></tbody> +<tbody><tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-PubidLiteral"></a>[12] </td> +<td><code>PubidLiteral</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>'"' <a href="#NT-PubidChar">PubidChar</a>* '"' +| "'" (<a href="#NT-PubidChar">PubidChar</a> - "'")* "'"</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr></tbody> +<tbody><tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-PubidChar"></a>[13] </td> +<td><code>PubidChar</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>#x20 | #xD | #xA | [a-zA-Z0-9] | [-'()+,./:=?;!*#@$_%]</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr></tbody> +</table> +<div class="note"> +<p class="prefix"><b>Note:</b></p> +<p>Although +the <a href="#NT-EntityValue">EntityValue</a> production allows the definition +of an entity consisting of a single explicit <code><</code> in the literal +(e.g., <code><!ENTITY mylt "<"></code>), it is strongly advised to avoid +this practice since any reference to that entity will cause a well-formedness +error.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2"> + +<h3> +<a name="syntax"></a>2.4 Character Data and Markup</h3> +<p> +<a title="Text" href="#dt-text">Text</a> consists of intermingled <a title="Character Data" href="#dt-chardata">character data</a> and markup. [<a name="dt-markup" title="Markup">Definition</a>: <b>Markup</b> takes the form of <a title="Start-Tag" href="#dt-stag">start-tags</a>, <a title="End Tag" href="#dt-etag">end-tags</a>, <a title="Empty" href="#dt-empty">empty-element tags</a>, <a title="Entity Reference" href="#dt-entref">entity references</a>, <a title="Character Reference" href="#dt-charref">character +references</a>, <a title="Comment" href="#dt-comment">comments</a>, <a title="CDATA Section" href="#dt-cdsection">CDATA section</a> delimiters, <a title="Document Type Declaration" href="#dt-doctype">document +type declarations</a>, <a title="Processing instruction" href="#dt-pi">processing instructions</a>, <a href="#NT-XMLDecl">XML declarations</a>, <a href="#NT-TextDecl">text declarations</a>, +and any white space that is at the top level of the document entity (that +is, outside the document element and not inside any other markup).]</p> +<p>[<a name="dt-chardata" title="Character Data">Definition</a>: All text that is not markup +constitutes the <b>character data</b> of the document.]</p> +<p>The ampersand character (&) and the left angle bracket (<) may appear +in their literal form <em>only</em> when used as markup delimiters, or +within a <a title="Comment" href="#dt-comment">comment</a>, a <a title="Processing instruction" href="#dt-pi">processing +instruction</a>, or a <a title="CDATA Section" href="#dt-cdsection">CDATA section</a>. +If they are needed elsewhere, they must be <a title="escape" href="#dt-escape">escaped</a> +using either <a title="Character Reference" href="#dt-charref">numeric character references</a> +or the strings "<code>&amp;</code>" and "<code>&lt;</code>" +respectively. The right angle bracket (>) may be represented using the string "<code>&gt;</code>", +and must, <a title="For Compatibility" href="#dt-compat">for compatibility</a>, be escaped +using "<code>&gt;</code>" or a character reference when it +appears in the string "<code>]]></code>" in content, when +that string is not marking the end of a <a title="CDATA Section" href="#dt-cdsection">CDATA +section</a>.</p> +<p>In the content of elements, character data is any string of characters +which does not contain the start-delimiter of any markup. In a CDATA section, +character data is any string of characters not including the CDATA-section-close +delimiter, "<code>]]></code>".</p> +<p>To allow attribute values to contain both single and double quotes, the +apostrophe or single-quote character (') may be represented as "<code>&apos;</code>", +and the double-quote character (") as "<code>&quot;</code>".</p> + +<h5>Character Data</h5> +<table class="scrap" summary="Scrap"><tbody><tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-CharData"></a>[14] </td> +<td><code>CharData</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>[^<&]* - ([^<&]* ']]>' [^<&]*)</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr></tbody></table> +</div> +<div class="div2"> + +<h3> +<a name="sec-comments"></a>2.5 Comments</h3> +<p>[<a name="dt-comment" title="Comment">Definition</a>: <b>Comments</b> may appear +anywhere in a document outside other <a title="Markup" href="#dt-markup">markup</a>; +in addition, they may appear within the document type declaration at places +allowed by the grammar. They are not part of the document's <a title="Character Data" href="#dt-chardata">character +data</a>; an XML processor may, but need not, make it possible for an +application to retrieve the text of comments. <a title="For Compatibility" href="#dt-compat">For +compatibility</a>, the string "<code>--</code>" (double-hyphen) +must not occur within comments.] Parameter +entity references are not recognized within comments.</p> + +<h5>Comments</h5> +<table class="scrap" summary="Scrap"><tbody><tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-Comment"></a>[15] </td> +<td><code>Comment</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>'<!--' ((<a href="#NT-Char">Char</a> - '-') | ('-' +(<a href="#NT-Char">Char</a> - '-')))* '-->'</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr></tbody></table> +<p>An example of a comment:</p> +<table class="eg" cellpadding="5" border="1" bgcolor="#99ffff" width="100%" summary="Example"><tr><td><pre><!-- declarations for <head> & <body> --></pre></td></tr></table> +<p>Note +that the grammar does not allow a comment ending in <code>---></code>. The +following example is <em>not</em> well-formed.</p> +<table class="eg" cellpadding="5" border="1" bgcolor="#99ffff" width="100%" summary="Example"><tr><td><pre><!-- B+, B, or B---></pre></td></tr></table> +</div> +<div class="div2"> + +<h3> +<a name="sec-pi"></a>2.6 Processing Instructions</h3> +<p>[<a name="dt-pi" title="Processing instruction">Definition</a>: <b>Processing instructions</b> +(PIs) allow documents to contain instructions for applications.]</p> + +<h5>Processing Instructions</h5> +<table class="scrap" summary="Scrap"> +<tbody><tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-PI"></a>[16] </td> +<td><code>PI</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>'<?' <a href="#NT-PITarget">PITarget</a> (<a href="#NT-S">S</a> +(<a href="#NT-Char">Char</a>* - (<a href="#NT-Char">Char</a>* '?>' <a href="#NT-Char">Char</a>*)))? '?>'</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr></tbody> +<tbody><tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-PITarget"></a>[17] </td> +<td><code>PITarget</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code> +<a href="#NT-Name">Name</a> - (('X' | 'x') ('M' | +'m') ('L' | 'l'))</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr></tbody> +</table> +<p>PIs are not part of the document's <a title="Character Data" href="#dt-chardata">character +data</a>, but must be passed through to the application. The PI begins +with a target (<a href="#NT-PITarget">PITarget</a>) used to identify the application +to which the instruction is directed. The target names "<code>XML</code>", "<code>xml</code>", +and so on are reserved for standardization in this or future versions of this +specification. The XML <a title="Notation" href="#dt-notation">Notation</a> mechanism +may be used for formal declaration of PI targets. Parameter +entity references are not recognized within processing instructions.</p> +</div> +<div class="div2"> + +<h3> +<a name="sec-cdata-sect"></a>2.7 CDATA Sections</h3> +<p>[<a name="dt-cdsection" title="CDATA Section">Definition</a>: <b>CDATA sections</b> +may occur anywhere character data may occur; they are used to escape blocks +of text containing characters which would otherwise be recognized as markup. +CDATA sections begin with the string "<code><![CDATA[</code>" +and end with the string "<code>]]></code>":]</p> + +<h5>CDATA Sections</h5> +<table class="scrap" summary="Scrap"> +<tbody><tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-CDSect"></a>[18] </td> +<td><code>CDSect</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code> +<a href="#NT-CDStart">CDStart</a> <a href="#NT-CData">CData</a> <a href="#NT-CDEnd">CDEnd</a> +</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr></tbody> +<tbody><tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-CDStart"></a>[19] </td> +<td><code>CDStart</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>'<![CDATA['</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr></tbody> +<tbody><tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-CData"></a>[20] </td> +<td><code>CData</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>(<a href="#NT-Char">Char</a>* - (<a href="#NT-Char">Char</a>* +']]>' <a href="#NT-Char">Char</a>*)) </code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr></tbody> +<tbody><tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-CDEnd"></a>[21] </td> +<td><code>CDEnd</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>']]>'</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr></tbody> +</table> +<p>Within a CDATA section, only the <a href="#NT-CDEnd">CDEnd</a> string is +recognized as markup, so that left angle brackets and ampersands may occur +in their literal form; they need not (and cannot) be escaped using "<code>&lt;</code>" +and "<code>&amp;</code>". CDATA sections cannot nest.</p> +<p>An example of a CDATA section, in which "<code><greeting></code>" +and "<code></greeting></code>" are recognized as <a title="Character Data" href="#dt-chardata">character data</a>, not <a title="Markup" href="#dt-markup">markup</a>:</p> +<table class="eg" cellpadding="5" border="1" bgcolor="#99ffff" width="100%" summary="Example"><tr><td><pre><![CDATA[<greeting>Hello, world!</greeting>]]> </pre></td></tr></table> +</div> +<div class="div2"> + +<h3> +<a name="sec-prolog-dtd"></a>2.8 Prolog and Document Type Declaration</h3> +<p>[<a name="dt-xmldecl" title="XML Declaration">Definition</a>: XML documents should +begin with an <b>XML declaration</b> which specifies the version of +XML being used.] For example, the following is a complete XML document, <a title="Well-Formed" href="#dt-wellformed">well-formed</a> but not <a title="Validity" href="#dt-valid">valid</a>:</p> +<table class="eg" cellpadding="5" border="1" bgcolor="#99ffff" width="100%" summary="Example"><tr><td><pre><?xml version="1.0"?> <greeting>Hello, world!</greeting> </pre></td></tr></table> +<p>and so is this:</p> +<table class="eg" cellpadding="5" border="1" bgcolor="#99ffff" width="100%" summary="Example"><tr><td><pre><greeting>Hello, world!</greeting></pre></td></tr></table> +<p>The version number "<code>1.0</code>" should be used to indicate +conformance to this version of this specification; it is an error for a document +to use the value "<code>1.0</code>" if it does not conform to +this version of this specification. It is the intent of the XML working group +to give later versions of this specification numbers other than "<code>1.0</code>", +but this intent does not indicate a commitment to produce any future versions +of XML, nor if any are produced, to use any particular numbering scheme. Since +future versions are not ruled out, this construct is provided as a means to +allow the possibility of automatic version recognition, should it become necessary. +Processors may signal an error if they receive documents labeled with versions +they do not support.</p> +<p>The function of the markup in an XML document is to describe its storage +and logical structure and to associate attribute-value pairs with its logical +structures. XML provides a mechanism, the <a title="Document Type Declaration" href="#dt-doctype">document +type declaration</a>, to define constraints on the logical structure +and to support the use of predefined storage units. [<a name="dt-valid" title="Validity">Definition</a>: An XML document is <b>valid</b> if it has an associated +document type declaration and if the document complies with the constraints +expressed in it.]</p> +<p>The document type declaration must appear before the first <a title="Element" href="#dt-element">element</a> +in the document.</p> + +<h5>Prolog</h5> +<table class="scrap" summary="Scrap"><tbody> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-prolog"></a>[22] </td> +<td><code>prolog</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code> +<a href="#NT-XMLDecl">XMLDecl</a>? <a href="#NT-Misc">Misc</a>* +(<a href="#NT-doctypedecl">doctypedecl</a> <a href="#NT-Misc">Misc</a>*)?</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-XMLDecl"></a>[23] </td> +<td><code>XMLDecl</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>'<?xml' <a href="#NT-VersionInfo">VersionInfo</a> <a href="#NT-EncodingDecl">EncodingDecl</a>? <a href="#NT-SDDecl">SDDecl</a>? <a href="#NT-S">S</a>? '?>'</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-VersionInfo"></a>[24] </td> +<td><code>VersionInfo</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code> +<a href="#NT-S">S</a> 'version' <a href="#NT-Eq">Eq</a> +("'" <a href="#NT-VersionNum">VersionNum</a> "'" | '"' <a href="#NT-VersionNum">VersionNum</a> +'"')<i>/* */</i> +</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-Eq"></a>[25] </td> +<td><code>Eq</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code> +<a href="#NT-S">S</a>? '=' <a href="#NT-S">S</a>?</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-VersionNum"></a>[26] </td> +<td><code>VersionNum</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>([a-zA-Z0-9_.:] | '-')+</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-Misc"></a>[27] </td> +<td><code>Misc</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code> +<a href="#NT-Comment">Comment</a> | <a href="#NT-PI">PI</a> +| <a href="#NT-S">S</a> +</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr> +</tbody></table> +<p>[<a name="dt-doctype" title="Document Type Declaration">Definition</a>: The XML <b>document +type declaration</b> contains or points to <a title="markup declaration" href="#dt-markupdecl">markup +declarations</a> that provide a grammar for a class of documents. This +grammar is known as a document type definition, or <b>DTD</b>. The document +type declaration can point to an external subset (a special kind of <a title="External Entity" href="#dt-extent">external entity</a>) containing markup declarations, +or can contain the markup declarations directly in an internal subset, or +can do both. The DTD for a document consists of both subsets taken together.]</p> +<p>[<a name="dt-markupdecl" title="markup declaration">Definition</a>: A <b>markup declaration</b> +is an <a title="Element Type declaration" href="#dt-eldecl">element type declaration</a>, an <a title="Attribute-List Declaration" href="#dt-attdecl">attribute-list declaration</a>, an <a title="entity declaration" href="#dt-entdecl">entity +declaration</a>, or a <a title="Notation Declaration" href="#dt-notdecl">notation declaration</a>.] +These declarations may be contained in whole or in part within <a title="Parameter entity" href="#dt-PE">parameter +entities</a>, as described in the well-formedness and validity constraints +below. For further +information, see <a href="#sec-physical-struct"><b>4 Physical Structures</b></a>.</p> + +<h5>Document Type Definition</h5> +<table class="scrap" summary="Scrap"><tbody> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-doctypedecl"></a>[28] </td> +<td><code>doctypedecl</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>'<!DOCTYPE' <a href="#NT-S">S</a> <a href="#NT-Name">Name</a> +(<a href="#NT-S">S</a> <a href="#NT-ExternalID">ExternalID</a>)? <a href="#NT-S">S</a>? +('[' (<a href="#NT-markupdecl">markupdecl</a> | <a href="#NT-DeclSep">DeclSep</a>)* +']' <a href="#NT-S">S</a>?)? '>'</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +<td><a href="#vc-roottype">[VC: Root Element Type]</a></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td><a href="#ExtSubset">[WFC: External +Subset]</a></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td><i>/* */</i></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-DeclSep"></a>[28] </td> +<td><code>DeclSep</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code> +<a href="#NT-PEReference">PEReference</a> | <a href="#NT-S">S</a> +</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +<td><a href="#PE-between-Decls">[WFC: PE +Between Declarations]</a></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td><i>/* */</i></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-markupdecl"></a>[29] </td> +<td><code>markupdecl</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code> +<a href="#NT-elementdecl">elementdecl</a> | <a href="#NT-AttlistDecl">AttlistDecl</a> | <a href="#NT-EntityDecl">EntityDecl</a> +| <a href="#NT-NotationDecl">NotationDecl</a> | <a href="#NT-PI">PI</a> | <a href="#NT-Comment">Comment</a> </code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +<td><a href="#vc-PEinMarkupDecl">[VC: Proper Declaration/PE Nesting]</a></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td><a href="#wfc-PEinInternalSubset">[WFC: PEs in Internal Subset]</a></td> +</tr> +</tbody></table> +<p>Note +that it is possible to construct a well-formed document containing a <a href="#NT-doctypedecl">doctypedecl</a> +that neither points to an external subset nor contains an internal subset.</p> +<p>The markup declarations may be made up in whole or in part of the <a title="Replacement Text" href="#dt-repltext">replacement text</a> of <a title="Parameter entity" href="#dt-PE">parameter +entities</a>. The productions later in this specification for individual +nonterminals (<a href="#NT-elementdecl">elementdecl</a>, <a href="#NT-AttlistDecl">AttlistDecl</a>, +and so on) describe the declarations <em>after</em> all the parameter +entities have been <a title="Include" href="#dt-include">included</a>.</p> +<p>Parameter +entity references are recognized anywhere in the DTD (internal and external +subsets and external parameter entities), except in literals, processing instructions, +comments, and the contents of ignored conditional sections (see <a href="#sec-condition-sect"><b>3.4 Conditional Sections</b></a>). +They are also recognized in entity value literals. The use of parameter entities +in the internal subset is restricted as described below.</p> +<div class="constraint"> +<p class="prefix"> +<a name="vc-roottype"></a> +<b>Validity constraint: Root Element Type</b> +</p> +<p>The <a href="#NT-Name">Name</a> +in the document type declaration must match the element type of the <a title="Root Element" href="#dt-root">root element</a>.</p> +</div> +<div class="constraint"> +<p class="prefix"> +<a name="vc-PEinMarkupDecl"></a> +<b>Validity constraint: Proper Declaration/PE Nesting</b> +</p> +<p>Parameter-entity <a title="Replacement Text" href="#dt-repltext">replacement text</a> +must be properly nested with markup declarations. That is to say, if either +the first character or the last character of a markup declaration (<a href="#NT-markupdecl">markupdecl</a> +above) is contained in the replacement text for a <a title="Parameter-entity reference" href="#dt-PERef">parameter-entity +reference</a>, both must be contained in the same replacement text.</p> +</div> +<div class="constraint"> +<p class="prefix"> +<a name="wfc-PEinInternalSubset"></a> +<b>Well-formedness constraint: PEs in Internal Subset</b> +</p> +<p>In +the internal DTD subset, <a title="Parameter-entity reference" href="#dt-PERef">parameter-entity references</a> +can occur only where markup declarations can occur, not within markup declarations. +(This does not apply to references that occur in external parameter entities +or to the external subset.)</p> +</div> +<div class="constraint"> +<p class="prefix"> +<a name="ExtSubset"></a> +<b>Well-formedness constraint: External +Subset</b> +</p> +<p>The external subset, if any, must match the production for <a href="#NT-extSubset">extSubset</a>.</p> +</div> +<div class="constraint"> +<p class="prefix"> +<a name="PE-between-Decls"></a> +<b>Well-formedness constraint: PE +Between Declarations</b> +</p> +<p>The replacement text of a parameter entity reference +in a <a href="#NT-DeclSep">DeclSep</a> must match the production <a href="#NT-extSubsetDecl">extSubsetDecl</a>.</p> +</div> +<p>Like the internal subset, the external subset and any external parameter +entities referenced +in a <a href="#NT-DeclSep">DeclSep</a> must consist of a series of +complete markup declarations of the types allowed by the non-terminal symbol <a href="#NT-markupdecl">markupdecl</a>, interspersed with white space or <a title="Parameter-entity reference" href="#dt-PERef">parameter-entity references</a>. However, portions of +the contents of the external subset or of these +external parameter entities may conditionally be ignored by using the <a title="conditional section" href="#dt-cond-section">conditional section</a> construct; this is not +allowed in the internal subset.</p> + +<h5>External Subset</h5> +<table class="scrap" summary="Scrap"><tbody> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-extSubset"></a>[30] </td> +<td><code>extSubset</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code> +<a href="#NT-TextDecl">TextDecl</a>? <a href="#NT-extSubsetDecl">extSubsetDecl</a> +</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-extSubsetDecl"></a>[31] </td> +<td><code>extSubsetDecl</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>( <a href="#NT-markupdecl">markupdecl</a> | <a href="#NT-conditionalSect">conditionalSect</a> | <a href="#NT-DeclSep">DeclSep</a>)*</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +<td><i>/* */</i></td> +</tr> +</tbody></table> +<p>The external subset and external parameter entities also differ from the +internal subset in that in them, <a title="Parameter-entity reference" href="#dt-PERef">parameter-entity +references</a> are permitted <em>within</em> markup declarations, +not only <em>between</em> markup declarations.</p> +<p>An example of an XML document with a document type declaration:</p> +<table class="eg" cellpadding="5" border="1" bgcolor="#99ffff" width="100%" summary="Example"><tr><td><pre><?xml version="1.0"?> <!DOCTYPE greeting SYSTEM "hello.dtd"> <greeting>Hello, world!</greeting> </pre></td></tr></table> +<p>The <a title="System Identifier" href="#dt-sysid">system identifier</a> "<code>hello.dtd</code>" +gives the address +(a URI reference) of a DTD for the document.</p> +<p>The declarations can also be given locally, as in this example:</p> +<table class="eg" cellpadding="5" border="1" bgcolor="#99ffff" width="100%" summary="Example"><tr><td><pre><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?> +<!DOCTYPE greeting [ + <!ELEMENT greeting (#PCDATA)> +]> +<greeting>Hello, world!</greeting></pre></td></tr></table> +<p>If both the external and internal subsets are used, the internal subset +is considered to occur before the external subset. +This has the effect that entity and attribute-list declarations in the internal +subset take precedence over those in the external subset.</p> +</div> +<div class="div2"> + +<h3> +<a name="sec-rmd"></a>2.9 Standalone Document Declaration</h3> +<p>Markup declarations can affect the content of the document, as passed from +an <a title="XML Processor" href="#dt-xml-proc">XML processor</a> to an application; examples +are attribute defaults and entity declarations. The standalone document declaration, +which may appear as a component of the XML declaration, signals whether or +not there are such declarations which appear external to the <a title="Document Entity" href="#dt-docent">document +entity</a> +or in parameter entities. [<a name="dt-extmkpdecl" title="External Markup Declaration">Definition</a>: An <b>external +markup declaration</b> is defined as a markup declaration occurring in +the external subset or in a parameter entity (external or internal, the latter +being included because non-validating processors are not required to read +them).]</p> + +<h5>Standalone Document Declaration</h5> +<table class="scrap" summary="Scrap"><tbody> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-SDDecl"></a>[32] </td> +<td><code>SDDecl</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code> <a href="#NT-S">S</a> 'standalone' <a href="#NT-Eq">Eq</a> +(("'" ('yes' | 'no') "'") | ('"' ('yes' | 'no') '"')) </code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +<td><a href="#vc-check-rmd">[VC: Standalone Document Declaration]</a></td> +</tr> +</tbody></table> +<p>In a standalone document declaration, the value "yes" indicates +that there are no <a title="External Markup Declaration" href="#dt-extmkpdecl">external markup declarations</a> which +affect the information passed from the XML processor to the application. The +value "no" indicates that there are or may be such external +markup declarations. Note that the standalone document declaration only denotes +the presence of external <em>declarations</em>; the presence, in a document, +of references to external <em>entities</em>, when those entities are internally +declared, does not change its standalone status.</p> +<p>If there are no external markup declarations, the standalone document declaration +has no meaning. If there are external markup declarations but there is no +standalone document declaration, the value "no" is assumed.</p> +<p>Any XML document for which <code>standalone="no"</code> holds can be converted +algorithmically to a standalone document, which may be desirable for some +network delivery applications.</p> +<div class="constraint"> +<p class="prefix"> +<a name="vc-check-rmd"></a> +<b>Validity constraint: Standalone Document Declaration</b> +</p> +<p>The +standalone document declaration must have the value "no" if +any external markup declarations contain declarations of:</p> +<ul> +<li><p>attributes with <a title="Attribute Default" href="#dt-default">default</a> values, +if elements to which these attributes apply appear in the document without +specifications of values for these attributes, or</p></li> +<li><p>entities (other than <code>amp</code>, +<code>lt</code>, +<code>gt</code>, +<code>apos</code>, +<code>quot</code>), if <a title="Entity Reference" href="#dt-entref">references</a> +to those entities appear in the document, or</p></li> +<li><p>attributes with values subject to <a href="#AVNormalize"><cite>normalization</cite></a>, +where the attribute appears in the document with a value which will change +as a result of normalization, or</p></li> +<li><p>element types with <a title="Element content" href="#dt-elemcontent">element content</a>, +if white space occurs directly within any instance of those types.</p></li> +</ul> +</div> +<p>An example XML declaration with a standalone document declaration:</p> +<table class="eg" cellpadding="5" border="1" bgcolor="#99ffff" width="100%" summary="Example"><tr><td><pre><?xml version="1.0" standalone='yes'?></pre></td></tr></table> +</div> +<div class="div2"> + +<h3> +<a name="sec-white-space"></a>2.10 White Space Handling</h3> +<p>In editing XML documents, it is often convenient to use "white space" +(spaces, tabs, and blank lines) +to set apart the markup for greater readability. Such white space is typically +not intended for inclusion in the delivered version of the document. On the +other hand, "significant" white space that should be preserved +in the delivered version is common, for example in poetry and source code.</p> +<p>An <a title="XML Processor" href="#dt-xml-proc">XML processor</a> must always pass +all characters in a document that are not markup through to the application. +A <a title="Validating Processor" href="#dt-validating"> validating XML processor</a> must also +inform the application which of these characters constitute white space appearing +in <a title="Element content" href="#dt-elemcontent">element content</a>.</p> +<p>A special <a title="Attribute" href="#dt-attr">attribute</a> named <code>xml:space</code> +may be attached to an element to signal an intention that in that element, +white space should be preserved by applications. In valid documents, this +attribute, like any other, must be <a title="Attribute-List Declaration" href="#dt-attdecl">declared</a> +if it is used. When declared, it must be given as an <a title="Enumerated Attribute Values" href="#dt-enumerated">enumerated +type</a> whose values +are one or both of "default" and "preserve". +For example:</p> +<table class="eg" cellpadding="5" border="1" bgcolor="#99ffff" width="100%" summary="Example"><tr><td><pre><!ATTLIST poem xml:space (default|preserve) 'preserve'> + +<!-- --> +<!ATTLIST pre xml:space (preserve) #FIXED 'preserve'></pre></td></tr></table> +<p>The value "default" signals that applications' default white-space +processing modes are acceptable for this element; the value "preserve" +indicates the intent that applications preserve all the white space. This +declared intent is considered to apply to all elements within the content +of the element where it is specified, unless overriden with another instance +of the <code>xml:space</code> attribute.</p> +<p>The <a title="Root Element" href="#dt-root">root element</a> of any document is considered +to have signaled no intentions as regards application space handling, unless +it provides a value for this attribute or the attribute is declared with a +default value.</p> +</div> +<div class="div2"> + +<h3> +<a name="sec-line-ends"></a>2.11 End-of-Line Handling</h3> +<p>XML <a title="Text Entity" href="#dt-parsedent">parsed entities</a> are often stored +in computer files which, for editing convenience, are organized into lines. +These lines are typically separated by some combination of the characters +carriage-return (#xD) and line-feed (#xA).</p> + +<p>To +simplify the tasks of <a title="Application" href="#dt-app">applications</a>, the characters +passed to an application by the <a title="XML Processor" href="#dt-xml-proc">XML processor</a> +must be as if the XML processor normalized all line breaks in external parsed +entities (including the document entity) on input, before parsing, by translating +both the two-character sequence #xD #xA and any #xD that is not followed by +#xA to a single #xA character.</p> +</div> +<div class="div2"> + +<h3> +<a name="sec-lang-tag"></a>2.12 Language Identification</h3> +<p>In document processing, it is often useful to identify the natural or formal +language in which the content is written. A special <a title="Attribute" href="#dt-attr">attribute</a> +named <code>xml:lang</code> may be inserted in documents to specify the language +used in the contents and attribute values of any element in an XML document. +In valid documents, this attribute, like any other, must be <a title="Attribute-List Declaration" href="#dt-attdecl">declared</a> +if it is used. The +values of the attribute are language identifiers as defined by <a href="#RFC1766">[IETF RFC 1766]</a>, <cite>Tags +for the Identification of Languages</cite>, or its successor on the IETF +Standards Track.</p> +<div class="note"> +<p class="prefix"><b>Note:</b></p> +<p> +<a href="#RFC1766">[IETF RFC 1766]</a> tags are constructed from two-letter language codes as defined +by <a href="#ISO639">[ISO 639]</a>, from two-letter country codes as defined by <a href="#ISO3166">[ISO 3166]</a>, or from language identifiers registered with the Internet +Assigned Numbers Authority <a href="#IANA-LANGCODES">[IANA-LANGCODES]</a>. It is expected that the successor +to <a href="#RFC1766">[IETF RFC 1766]</a> will introduce three-letter language codes for +languages not presently covered by <a href="#ISO639">[ISO 639]</a>.</p> +</div> +<p>(Productions +33 through 38 have been removed.)</p> + + + + + +<p>For example:</p> +<table class="eg" cellpadding="5" border="1" bgcolor="#99ffff" width="100%" summary="Example"><tr><td><pre><p xml:lang="en">The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.</p> +<p xml:lang="en-GB">What colour is it?</p> +<p xml:lang="en-US">What color is it?</p> +<sp who="Faust" desc='leise' xml:lang="de"> + <l>Habe nun, ach! Philosophie,</l> + <l>Juristerei, und Medizin</l> + <l>und leider auch Theologie</l> + <l>durchaus studiert mit heißem Bemüh'n.</l> +</sp></pre></td></tr></table> + +<p>The intent declared with <code>xml:lang</code> is considered to apply to +all attributes and content of the element where it is specified, unless overridden +with an instance of <code>xml:lang</code> on another element within that content.</p> + +<p>A simple declaration for <code>xml:lang</code> might take the form</p> +<table class="eg" cellpadding="5" border="1" bgcolor="#99ffff" width="100%" summary="Example"><tr><td><pre>xml:lang NMTOKEN #IMPLIED</pre></td></tr></table> +<p>but specific default values may also be given, if appropriate. In a collection +of French poems for English students, with glosses and notes in English, the <code>xml:lang</code> +attribute might be declared this way:</p> +<table class="eg" cellpadding="5" border="1" bgcolor="#99ffff" width="100%" summary="Example"><tr><td><pre><!ATTLIST poem xml:lang NMTOKEN 'fr'> +<!ATTLIST gloss xml:lang NMTOKEN 'en'> +<!ATTLIST note xml:lang NMTOKEN 'en'></pre></td></tr></table> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="div1"> + +<h2> +<a name="sec-logical-struct"></a>3 Logical Structures</h2> +<p>[<a name="dt-element" title="Element">Definition</a>: Each <a title="XML Document" href="#dt-xml-doc">XML +document</a> contains one or more <b>elements</b>, the boundaries +of which are either delimited by <a title="Start-Tag" href="#dt-stag">start-tags</a> +and <a title="End Tag" href="#dt-etag">end-tags</a>, or, for <a title="Empty" href="#dt-empty">empty</a> +elements, by an <a title="empty-element tag" href="#dt-eetag">empty-element tag</a>. Each +element has a type, identified by name, sometimes called its "generic +identifier" (GI), and may have a set of attribute specifications.] +Each attribute specification has a <a title="Attribute Name" href="#dt-attrname">name</a> +and a <a title="Attribute Value" href="#dt-attrval">value</a>.</p> + +<h5>Element</h5> +<table class="scrap" summary="Scrap"><tbody> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-element"></a>[39] </td> +<td><code>element</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code><a href="#NT-EmptyElemTag">EmptyElemTag</a></code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td><code>| <a href="#NT-STag">STag</a> <a href="#NT-content">content</a> <a href="#NT-ETag">ETag</a> +</code></td> +<td><a href="#GIMatch">[WFC: Element Type Match]</a></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td><a href="#elementvalid">[VC: Element Valid]</a></td> +</tr> +</tbody></table> +<p>This specification does not constrain the semantics, use, or (beyond syntax) +names of the element types and attributes, except that names beginning with +a match to <code>(('X'|'x')('M'|'m')('L'|'l'))</code> are reserved for standardization +in this or future versions of this specification.</p> +<div class="constraint"> +<p class="prefix"> +<a name="GIMatch"></a> +<b>Well-formedness constraint: Element Type Match</b> +</p> +<p>The <a href="#NT-Name">Name</a> +in an element's end-tag must match the element type in the start-tag.</p> +</div> +<div class="constraint"> +<p class="prefix"> +<a name="elementvalid"></a> +<b>Validity constraint: Element Valid</b> +</p> +<p>An element is valid +if there is a declaration matching <a href="#NT-elementdecl">elementdecl</a> +where the <a href="#NT-Name">Name</a> matches the element type, and one of +the following holds:</p> +<ol> +<li><p>The declaration matches <b>EMPTY</b> and the element has no <a title="Content" href="#dt-content">content</a>.</p></li> +<li><p>The declaration matches <a href="#NT-children">children</a> and the +sequence of <a title="Parent/Child" href="#dt-parentchild">child elements</a> belongs +to the language generated by the regular expression in the content model, +with optional white space (characters matching the nonterminal <a href="#NT-S">S</a>) +between the +start-tag and the first child element, between child elements, or between +the last child element and the end-tag. Note that a CDATA section containing +only white space does not match the nonterminal <a href="#NT-S">S</a>, and +hence cannot appear in these positions.</p></li> +<li><p>The declaration matches <a href="#NT-Mixed">Mixed</a> and the content +consists of <a title="Character Data" href="#dt-chardata">character data</a> and <a title="Parent/Child" href="#dt-parentchild">child elements</a> whose types match names in the +content model.</p></li> +<li><p>The declaration matches <b>ANY</b>, and the types of any <a title="Parent/Child" href="#dt-parentchild">child elements</a> have been declared.</p></li> +</ol> +</div> +<div class="div2"> + +<h3> +<a name="sec-starttags"></a>3.1 Start-Tags, End-Tags, and Empty-Element Tags</h3> +<p>[<a name="dt-stag" title="Start-Tag">Definition</a>: The beginning of every non-empty +XML element is marked by a <b>start-tag</b>.]</p> + +<h5>Start-tag</h5> +<table class="scrap" summary="Scrap"><tbody> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-STag"></a>[40] </td> +<td><code>STag</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>'<' <a href="#NT-Name">Name</a> (<a href="#NT-S">S</a> <a href="#NT-Attribute">Attribute</a>)* <a href="#NT-S">S</a>? '>'</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +<td><a href="#uniqattspec">[WFC: Unique Att Spec]</a></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-Attribute"></a>[41] </td> +<td><code>Attribute</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code> +<a href="#NT-Name">Name</a> <a href="#NT-Eq">Eq</a> <a href="#NT-AttValue">AttValue</a> +</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +<td><a href="#ValueType">[VC: Attribute Value Type]</a></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td><a href="#NoExternalRefs">[WFC: No External Entity References]</a></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td><a href="#CleanAttrVals">[WFC: No < in Attribute Values]</a></td> +</tr> +</tbody></table> +<p>The <a href="#NT-Name">Name</a> in the start- and end-tags gives the element's <b>type</b>. [<a name="dt-attr" title="Attribute">Definition</a>: The <a href="#NT-Name">Name</a>-<a href="#NT-AttValue">AttValue</a> +pairs are referred to as the <b>attribute specifications</b> of the +element], [<a name="dt-attrname" title="Attribute Name">Definition</a>: with the <a href="#NT-Name">Name</a> in each pair referred to as the <b>attribute name</b>] +and [<a name="dt-attrval" title="Attribute Value">Definition</a>: the content of the <a href="#NT-AttValue">AttValue</a> (the text between the <code>'</code> or <code>"</code> +delimiters) as the <b>attribute value</b>.]Note +that the order of attribute specifications in a start-tag or empty-element +tag is not significant.</p> +<div class="constraint"> +<p class="prefix"> +<a name="uniqattspec"></a> +<b>Well-formedness constraint: Unique Att Spec</b> +</p> +<p>No attribute name +may appear more than once in the same start-tag or empty-element tag.</p> +</div> +<div class="constraint"> +<p class="prefix"> +<a name="ValueType"></a> +<b>Validity constraint: Attribute Value Type</b> +</p> +<p>The attribute must +have been declared; the value must be of the type declared for it. (For attribute +types, see <a href="#attdecls"><b>3.3 Attribute-List Declarations</b></a>.)</p> +</div> +<div class="constraint"> +<p class="prefix"> +<a name="NoExternalRefs"></a> +<b>Well-formedness constraint: No External Entity References</b> +</p> +<p>Attribute +values cannot contain direct or indirect entity references to external entities.</p> +</div> +<div class="constraint"> +<p class="prefix"> +<a name="CleanAttrVals"></a> +<b>Well-formedness constraint: No <code><</code> in Attribute Values</b> +</p> +<p>The <a title="Replacement Text" href="#dt-repltext">replacement text</a> of any entity +referred to directly or indirectly in an attribute value must not contain a <code><</code>.</p> +</div> +<p>An example of a start-tag:</p> +<table class="eg" cellpadding="5" border="1" bgcolor="#99ffff" width="100%" summary="Example"><tr><td><pre><termdef id="dt-dog" term="dog"></pre></td></tr></table> +<p>[<a name="dt-etag" title="End Tag">Definition</a>: The end of every element that begins +with a start-tag must be marked by an <b>end-tag</b> containing a name +that echoes the element's type as given in the start-tag:]</p> + +<h5>End-tag</h5> +<table class="scrap" summary="Scrap"><tbody> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-ETag"></a>[42] </td> +<td><code>ETag</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>'</' <a href="#NT-Name">Name</a> <a href="#NT-S">S</a>? +'>'</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr> +</tbody></table> +<p>An example of an end-tag:</p> +<table class="eg" cellpadding="5" border="1" bgcolor="#99ffff" width="100%" summary="Example"><tr><td><pre></termdef></pre></td></tr></table> +<p>[<a name="dt-content" title="Content">Definition</a>: The <a title="Text" href="#dt-text">text</a> +between the start-tag and end-tag is called the element's <b>content</b>:]</p> + +<h5>Content of Elements</h5> +<table class="scrap" summary="Scrap"><tbody> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-content"></a>[43] </td> +<td><code>content</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code> +<a href="#NT-CharData">CharData</a>? ((<a href="#NT-element">element</a> +| <a href="#NT-Reference">Reference</a> | <a href="#NT-CDSect">CDSect</a> +| <a href="#NT-PI">PI</a> | <a href="#NT-Comment">Comment</a>) <a href="#NT-CharData">CharData</a>?)*</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +<td><i>/* */</i></td> +</tr> +</tbody></table> +<p>[<a name="dt-empty" title="Empty">Definition</a>: An element +with no content is said to be <b>empty</b>.] The representation +of an empty element is either a start-tag immediately followed by an end-tag, +or an empty-element tag. [<a name="dt-eetag" title="empty-element tag">Definition</a>: An <b>empty-element +tag</b> takes a special form:]</p> + +<h5>Tags for Empty Elements</h5> +<table class="scrap" summary="Scrap"><tbody> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-EmptyElemTag"></a>[44] </td> +<td><code>EmptyElemTag</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>'<' <a href="#NT-Name">Name</a> (<a href="#NT-S">S</a> <a href="#NT-Attribute">Attribute</a>)* <a href="#NT-S">S</a>? '/>'</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +<td><a href="#uniqattspec">[WFC: Unique Att Spec]</a></td> +</tr> +</tbody></table> +<p>Empty-element tags may be used for any element which has no content, whether +or not it is declared using the keyword <b>EMPTY</b>. <a title="For interoperability" href="#dt-interop">For +interoperability</a>, the empty-element tag should +be used, and should only be used, for elements which are declared +EMPTY.</p> +<p>Examples of empty elements:</p> +<table class="eg" cellpadding="5" border="1" bgcolor="#99ffff" width="100%" summary="Example"><tr><td><pre><IMG align="left" + src="http://www.w3.org/Icons/WWW/w3c_home" /> +<br></br> +<br/></pre></td></tr></table> +</div> +<div class="div2"> + +<h3> +<a name="elemdecls"></a>3.2 Element Type Declarations</h3> +<p>The <a title="Element" href="#dt-element">element</a> structure of an <a title="XML Document" href="#dt-xml-doc">XML document</a> may, for <a title="Validity" href="#dt-valid">validation</a> +purposes, be constrained using element type and attribute-list declarations. +An element type declaration constrains the element's <a title="Content" href="#dt-content">content</a>.</p> +<p>Element type declarations often constrain which element types can appear +as <a title="Parent/Child" href="#dt-parentchild">children</a> of the element. At user +option, an XML processor may issue a warning when a declaration mentions an +element type for which no declaration is provided, but this is not an error.</p> +<p>[<a name="dt-eldecl" title="Element Type declaration">Definition</a>: An <b>element +type declaration</b> takes the form:]</p> + +<h5>Element Type Declaration</h5> +<table class="scrap" summary="Scrap"><tbody> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-elementdecl"></a>[45] </td> +<td><code>elementdecl</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>'<!ELEMENT' <a href="#NT-S">S</a> <a href="#NT-Name">Name</a> <a href="#NT-S">S</a> <a href="#NT-contentspec">contentspec</a> <a href="#NT-S">S</a>? +'>'</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +<td><a href="#EDUnique">[VC: Unique Element Type Declaration]</a></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-contentspec"></a>[46] </td> +<td><code>contentspec</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>'EMPTY' | 'ANY' | <a href="#NT-Mixed">Mixed</a> +| <a href="#NT-children">children</a> </code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr> +</tbody></table> +<p>where the <a href="#NT-Name">Name</a> gives the element type being declared.</p> +<div class="constraint"> +<p class="prefix"> +<a name="EDUnique"></a> +<b>Validity constraint: Unique Element Type Declaration</b> +</p> +<p>No element +type may be declared more than once.</p> +</div> +<p>Examples of element type declarations:</p> +<table class="eg" cellpadding="5" border="1" bgcolor="#99ffff" width="100%" summary="Example"><tr><td><pre><!ELEMENT br EMPTY> +<!ELEMENT p (#PCDATA|emph)* > +<!ELEMENT %name.para; %content.para; > +<!ELEMENT container ANY></pre></td></tr></table> +<div class="div3"> + +<h4> +<a name="sec-element-content"></a>3.2.1 Element Content</h4> +<p>[<a name="dt-elemcontent" title="Element content">Definition</a>: An element <a title="Start-Tag" href="#dt-stag">type</a> has <b>element content</b> when elements +of that type must contain only <a title="Parent/Child" href="#dt-parentchild">child</a> +elements (no character data), optionally separated by white space (characters +matching the nonterminal <a href="#NT-S">S</a>).][<a name="dt-content-model" title="Content model">Definition</a>: In this case, the constraint includes a <b>content +model</b>, a simple grammar governing the allowed types of the +child elements and the order in which they are allowed to appear.] +The grammar is built on content particles (<a href="#NT-cp">cp</a>s), which +consist of names, choice lists of content particles, or sequence lists of +content particles:</p> + +<h5>Element-content Models</h5> +<table class="scrap" summary="Scrap"><tbody> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-children"></a>[47] </td> +<td><code>children</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>(<a href="#NT-choice">choice</a> | <a href="#NT-seq">seq</a>) +('?' | '*' | '+')?</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-cp"></a>[48] </td> +<td><code>cp</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>(<a href="#NT-Name">Name</a> | <a href="#NT-choice">choice</a> +| <a href="#NT-seq">seq</a>) ('?' | '*' | '+')?</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-choice"></a>[49] </td> +<td><code>choice</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>'(' <a href="#NT-S">S</a>? <a href="#NT-cp">cp</a> ( <a href="#NT-S">S</a>? '|' <a href="#NT-S">S</a>? <a href="#NT-cp">cp</a> )+ <a href="#NT-S">S</a>? ')'</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +<td><i>/* */</i></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td><i>/* */</i></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td><a href="#vc-PEinGroup">[VC: Proper Group/PE Nesting]</a></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-seq"></a>[50] </td> +<td><code>seq</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>'(' <a href="#NT-S">S</a>? <a href="#NT-cp">cp</a> ( <a href="#NT-S">S</a>? ',' <a href="#NT-S">S</a>? <a href="#NT-cp">cp</a> )* <a href="#NT-S">S</a>? ')'</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +<td><i>/* */</i></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td><a href="#vc-PEinGroup">[VC: Proper Group/PE Nesting]</a></td> +</tr> +</tbody></table> +<p>where each <a href="#NT-Name">Name</a> is the type of an element which +may appear as a <a title="Parent/Child" href="#dt-parentchild">child</a>. Any content +particle in a choice list may appear in the <a title="Element content" href="#dt-elemcontent">element +content</a> at the location where the choice list appears in the grammar; +content particles occurring in a sequence list must each appear in the <a title="Element content" href="#dt-elemcontent">element content</a> in the order given in the list. +The optional character following a name or list governs whether the element +or the content particles in the list may occur one or more (<code>+</code>), +zero or more (<code>*</code>), or zero or one times (<code>?</code>). The +absence of such an operator means that the element or content particle must +appear exactly once. This syntax and meaning are identical to those used in +the productions in this specification.</p> +<p>The content of an element matches a content model if and only if it is +possible to trace out a path through the content model, obeying the sequence, +choice, and repetition operators and matching each element in the content +against an element type in the content model. <a title="For Compatibility" href="#dt-compat">For +compatibility</a>, it is an error if an element in the document can +match more than one occurrence of an element type in the content model. For +more information, see <a href="#determinism"><b>E Deterministic Content Models</b></a>.</p> + + +<div class="constraint"> +<p class="prefix"> +<a name="vc-PEinGroup"></a> +<b>Validity constraint: Proper Group/PE Nesting</b> +</p> +<p>Parameter-entity <a title="Replacement Text" href="#dt-repltext">replacement text</a> must be properly nested with parenthesized +groups. That is to say, if either of the opening or closing parentheses in +a <a href="#NT-choice">choice</a>, <a href="#NT-seq">seq</a>, or <a href="#NT-Mixed">Mixed</a> +construct is contained in the replacement text for a <a title="Parameter-entity reference" href="#dt-PERef">parameter +entity</a>, both must be contained in the same replacement text.</p> +<p> +<a title="For interoperability" href="#dt-interop">For interoperability</a>, if a parameter-entity reference +appears in a <a href="#NT-choice">choice</a>, <a href="#NT-seq">seq</a>, or <a href="#NT-Mixed">Mixed</a> construct, its replacement text should contain at +least one non-blank character, and neither the first nor last non-blank character +of the replacement text should be a connector (<code>|</code> or <code>,</code>).</p> +</div> +<p>Examples of element-content models:</p> +<table class="eg" cellpadding="5" border="1" bgcolor="#99ffff" width="100%" summary="Example"><tr><td><pre><!ELEMENT spec (front, body, back?)> +<!ELEMENT div1 (head, (p | list | note)*, div2*)> +<!ELEMENT dictionary-body (%div.mix; | %dict.mix;)*></pre></td></tr></table> +</div> +<div class="div3"> + +<h4> +<a name="sec-mixed-content"></a>3.2.2 Mixed Content</h4> +<p>[<a name="dt-mixed" title="Mixed Content">Definition</a>: An element <a title="Start-Tag" href="#dt-stag">type</a> +has <b>mixed content</b> when elements of that type may contain character +data, optionally interspersed with <a title="Parent/Child" href="#dt-parentchild">child</a> +elements.] In this case, the types of the child elements may be constrained, +but not their order or their number of occurrences:</p> + +<h5>Mixed-content Declaration</h5> +<table class="scrap" summary="Scrap"><tbody> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-Mixed"></a>[51] </td> +<td><code>Mixed</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>'(' <a href="#NT-S">S</a>? '#PCDATA' (<a href="#NT-S">S</a>? +'|' <a href="#NT-S">S</a>? <a href="#NT-Name">Name</a>)* <a href="#NT-S">S</a>? +')*' </code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td><code>| '(' <a href="#NT-S">S</a>? '#PCDATA' <a href="#NT-S">S</a>? ')' </code></td> +<td><a href="#vc-PEinGroup">[VC: Proper Group/PE Nesting]</a></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td><a href="#vc-MixedChildrenUnique">[VC: No Duplicate Types]</a></td> +</tr> +</tbody></table> +<p>where the <a href="#NT-Name">Name</a>s give the types of elements that +may appear as children. The +keyword <b>#PCDATA</b> derives historically from the term "parsed +character data."</p> +<div class="constraint"> +<p class="prefix"> +<a name="vc-MixedChildrenUnique"></a> +<b>Validity constraint: No Duplicate Types</b> +</p> +<p>The +same name must not appear more than once in a single mixed-content declaration.</p> +</div> +<p>Examples of mixed content declarations:</p> +<table class="eg" cellpadding="5" border="1" bgcolor="#99ffff" width="100%" summary="Example"><tr><td><pre><!ELEMENT p (#PCDATA|a|ul|b|i|em)*> +<!ELEMENT p (#PCDATA | %font; | %phrase; | %special; | %form;)* > +<!ELEMENT b (#PCDATA)></pre></td></tr></table> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2"> + +<h3> +<a name="attdecls"></a>3.3 Attribute-List Declarations</h3> +<p> +<a title="Attribute" href="#dt-attr">Attributes</a> are used to associate name-value +pairs with <a title="Element" href="#dt-element">elements</a>. Attribute specifications +may appear only within <a title="Start-Tag" href="#dt-stag">start-tags</a> and <a title="empty-element tag" href="#dt-eetag">empty-element tags</a>; thus, the productions used to +recognize them appear in <a href="#sec-starttags"><b>3.1 Start-Tags, End-Tags, and Empty-Element Tags</b></a>. Attribute-list declarations +may be used:</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p>To define the set of attributes pertaining to a given element type.</p> +</li> +<li><p>To establish type constraints for these attributes.</p></li> +<li><p>To provide <a title="Attribute Default" href="#dt-default">default values</a> for +attributes.</p></li> +</ul> +<p>[<a name="dt-attdecl" title="Attribute-List Declaration">Definition</a>: <b>Attribute-list +declarations</b> specify the name, data type, and default value (if any) +of each attribute associated with a given element type:]</p> + +<h5>Attribute-list Declaration</h5> +<table class="scrap" summary="Scrap"> +<tbody><tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-AttlistDecl"></a>[52] </td> +<td><code>AttlistDecl</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>'<!ATTLIST' <a href="#NT-S">S</a> <a href="#NT-Name">Name</a> <a href="#NT-AttDef">AttDef</a>* <a href="#NT-S">S</a>? '>'</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr></tbody> +<tbody><tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-AttDef"></a>[53] </td> +<td><code>AttDef</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code> +<a href="#NT-S">S</a> <a href="#NT-Name">Name</a> <a href="#NT-S">S</a> <a href="#NT-AttType">AttType</a> <a href="#NT-S">S</a> <a href="#NT-DefaultDecl">DefaultDecl</a> +</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr></tbody> +</table> +<p>The <a href="#NT-Name">Name</a> in the <a href="#NT-AttlistDecl">AttlistDecl</a> +rule is the type of an element. At user option, an XML processor may issue +a warning if attributes are declared for an element type not itself declared, +but this is not an error. The <a href="#NT-Name">Name</a> in the <a href="#NT-AttDef">AttDef</a> +rule is the name of the attribute.</p> +<p>When more than one <a href="#NT-AttlistDecl">AttlistDecl</a> is provided +for a given element type, the contents of all those provided are merged. When +more than one definition is provided for the same attribute of a given element +type, the first declaration is binding and later declarations are ignored. <a title="For interoperability" href="#dt-interop">For interoperability,</a> writers of DTDs may choose +to provide at most one attribute-list declaration for a given element type, +at most one attribute definition for a given attribute name in an attribute-list +declaration, and at least one attribute definition in each attribute-list +declaration. For interoperability, an XML processor may at user option +issue a warning when more than one attribute-list declaration is provided +for a given element type, or more than one attribute definition is provided +for a given attribute, but this is not an error.</p> +<div class="div3"> + +<h4> +<a name="sec-attribute-types"></a>3.3.1 Attribute Types</h4> +<p>XML attribute types are of three kinds: a string type, a set of tokenized +types, and enumerated types. The string type may take any literal string as +a value; the tokenized types have varying lexical and semantic constraints. +The validity constraints noted in the grammar are applied after the attribute +value has been normalized as described in <a href="#attdecls"><b>3.3 Attribute-List Declarations</b></a>.</p> + +<h5>Attribute Types</h5> +<table class="scrap" summary="Scrap"><tbody> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-AttType"></a>[54] </td> +<td><code>AttType</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code> +<a href="#NT-StringType">StringType</a> | <a href="#NT-TokenizedType">TokenizedType</a> +| <a href="#NT-EnumeratedType">EnumeratedType</a> </code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-StringType"></a>[55] </td> +<td><code>StringType</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>'CDATA'</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-TokenizedType"></a>[56] </td> +<td><code>TokenizedType</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>'ID'</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +<td><a href="#id">[VC: ID]</a></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td><a href="#one-id-per-el">[VC: One ID per Element Type]</a></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td><a href="#id-default">[VC: ID Attribute Default]</a></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td><code>| 'IDREF'</code></td> +<td><a href="#idref">[VC: IDREF]</a></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td><code>| 'IDREFS'</code></td> +<td><a href="#idref">[VC: IDREF]</a></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td><code>| 'ENTITY'</code></td> +<td><a href="#entname">[VC: Entity Name]</a></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td><code>| 'ENTITIES'</code></td> +<td><a href="#entname">[VC: Entity Name]</a></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td><code>| 'NMTOKEN'</code></td> +<td><a href="#nmtok">[VC: Name Token]</a></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td><code>| 'NMTOKENS'</code></td> +<td><a href="#nmtok">[VC: Name Token]</a></td> +</tr> +</tbody></table> +<div class="constraint"> +<p class="prefix"> +<a name="id"></a> +<b>Validity constraint: ID</b> +</p> +<p>Values of type <b>ID</b> must match the <a href="#NT-Name">Name</a> production. A name must not appear more than once +in an XML document as a value of this type; i.e., ID values must uniquely +identify the elements which bear them.</p> +</div> +<div class="constraint"> +<p class="prefix"> +<a name="one-id-per-el"></a> +<b>Validity constraint: One ID per Element Type</b> +</p> +<p>No element +type may have more than one ID attribute specified.</p> +</div> +<div class="constraint"> +<p class="prefix"> +<a name="id-default"></a> +<b>Validity constraint: ID Attribute Default</b> +</p> +<p>An ID attribute +must have a declared default of <b>#IMPLIED</b> or <b>#REQUIRED</b>.</p> +</div> +<div class="constraint"> +<p class="prefix"> +<a name="idref"></a> +<b>Validity constraint: IDREF</b> +</p> +<p>Values of type <b>IDREF</b> must +match the <a href="#NT-Name">Name</a> production, and values of type <b>IDREFS</b> +must match <a href="#NT-Names">Names</a>; each <a href="#NT-Name">Name</a> +must match the value of an ID attribute on some element in the XML document; +i.e. <b>IDREF</b> values must match the value of some ID attribute.</p> +</div> +<div class="constraint"> +<p class="prefix"> +<a name="entname"></a> +<b>Validity constraint: Entity Name</b> +</p> +<p>Values of type <b>ENTITY</b> +must match the <a href="#NT-Name">Name</a> production, values of type <b>ENTITIES</b> +must match <a href="#NT-Names">Names</a>; each <a href="#NT-Name">Name</a> +must match the name of an <a title="Unparsed Entity" href="#dt-unparsed">unparsed entity</a> +declared in the <a title="Document Type Declaration" href="#dt-doctype">DTD</a>.</p> +</div> +<div class="constraint"> +<p class="prefix"> +<a name="nmtok"></a> +<b>Validity constraint: Name Token</b> +</p> +<p>Values of type <b>NMTOKEN</b> +must match the <a href="#NT-Nmtoken">Nmtoken</a> production; values of type <b>NMTOKENS</b> +must match <a title="" href="#NT-Nmtokens">Nmtokens</a>.</p> +</div> + +<p>[<a name="dt-enumerated" title="Enumerated Attribute Values">Definition</a>: <b>Enumerated attributes</b> can take one of a list of values +provided in the declaration]. There are two kinds of enumerated types:</p> + +<h5>Enumerated Attribute Types</h5> +<table class="scrap" summary="Scrap"> +<tbody><tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-EnumeratedType"></a>[57] </td> +<td><code>EnumeratedType</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code> +<a href="#NT-NotationType">NotationType</a> +| <a href="#NT-Enumeration">Enumeration</a> </code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr></tbody> +<tbody> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-NotationType"></a>[58] </td> +<td><code>NotationType</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>'NOTATION' <a href="#NT-S">S</a> '(' <a href="#NT-S">S</a>? <a href="#NT-Name">Name</a> (<a href="#NT-S">S</a>? '|' <a href="#NT-S">S</a>? <a href="#NT-Name">Name</a>)* <a href="#NT-S">S</a>? ')' </code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +<td><a href="#notatn">[VC: Notation Attributes]</a></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td><a href="#OneNotationPer">[VC: One +Notation Per Element Type]</a></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td><a href="#NoNotationEmpty">[VC: No +Notation on Empty Element]</a></td> +</tr> +</tbody> +<tbody><tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-Enumeration"></a>[59] </td> +<td><code>Enumeration</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>'(' <a href="#NT-S">S</a>? <a href="#NT-Nmtoken">Nmtoken</a> +(<a href="#NT-S">S</a>? '|' <a href="#NT-S">S</a>? <a href="#NT-Nmtoken">Nmtoken</a>)* <a href="#NT-S">S</a>? ')'</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +<td><a href="#enum">[VC: Enumeration]</a></td> +</tr></tbody> +</table> +<p>A <b>NOTATION</b> attribute identifies a <a title="Notation" href="#dt-notation">notation</a>, +declared in the DTD with associated system and/or public identifiers, to be +used in interpreting the element to which the attribute is attached.</p> +<div class="constraint"> +<p class="prefix"> +<a name="notatn"></a> +<b>Validity constraint: Notation Attributes</b> +</p> +<p>Values of this type +must match one of the <a href="#Notations"><cite>notation</cite></a> names +included in the declaration; all notation names in the declaration must be +declared.</p> +</div> +<div class="constraint"> +<p class="prefix"> +<a name="OneNotationPer"></a> +<b>Validity constraint: One +Notation Per Element Type</b> +</p> +<p>No element type may have more than one <b>NOTATION</b> +attribute specified.</p> +</div> +<div class="constraint"> +<p class="prefix"> +<a name="NoNotationEmpty"></a> +<b>Validity constraint: No +Notation on Empty Element</b> +</p> +<p> +<a title="For Compatibility" href="#dt-compat">For compatibility</a>, +an attribute of type <b>NOTATION</b> must not be declared on an element +declared <b>EMPTY</b>.</p> +</div> +<div class="constraint"> +<p class="prefix"> +<a name="enum"></a> +<b>Validity constraint: Enumeration</b> +</p> +<p>Values of this type must match +one of the <a href="#NT-Nmtoken">Nmtoken</a> tokens in the declaration.</p> +</div> +<p> +<a title="For interoperability" href="#dt-interop">For interoperability,</a> the same <a href="#NT-Nmtoken">Nmtoken</a> should not occur more than once in the enumerated +attribute types of a single element type.</p> +</div> +<div class="div3"> + +<h4> +<a name="sec-attr-defaults"></a>3.3.2 Attribute Defaults</h4> +<p>An <a title="Attribute-List Declaration" href="#dt-attdecl">attribute declaration</a> provides information +on whether the attribute's presence is required, and if not, how an XML processor +should react if a declared attribute is absent in a document.</p> + +<h5>Attribute Defaults</h5> +<table class="scrap" summary="Scrap"><tbody> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-DefaultDecl"></a>[60] </td> +<td><code>DefaultDecl</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>'#REQUIRED' | '#IMPLIED' </code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td><code>| (('#FIXED' S)? <a href="#NT-AttValue">AttValue</a>)</code></td> +<td><a href="#RequiredAttr">[VC: Required Attribute]</a></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td><a href="#defattrvalid">[VC: Attribute Default Legal]</a></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td><a href="#CleanAttrVals">[WFC: No < in Attribute Values]</a></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td><a href="#FixedAttr">[VC: Fixed Attribute Default]</a></td> +</tr> +</tbody></table> +<p>In an attribute declaration, <b>#REQUIRED</b> means that the attribute +must always be provided, <b>#IMPLIED</b> that no default value is provided. [<a name="dt-default" title="Attribute Default">Definition</a>: If +the declaration is neither <b>#REQUIRED</b> nor <b>#IMPLIED</b>, then +the <a href="#NT-AttValue">AttValue</a> value contains the declared <b>default</b> +value; the <b>#FIXED</b> keyword states that the attribute must always have +the default value. If a default value is declared, when an XML processor encounters +an omitted attribute, it is to behave as though the attribute were present +with the declared default value.]</p> +<div class="constraint"> +<p class="prefix"> +<a name="RequiredAttr"></a> +<b>Validity constraint: Required Attribute</b> +</p> +<p>If the default +declaration is the keyword <b>#REQUIRED</b>, then the attribute must be +specified for all elements of the type in the attribute-list declaration.</p> +</div> +<div class="constraint"> +<p class="prefix"> +<a name="defattrvalid"></a> +<b>Validity constraint: Attribute Default Legal</b> +</p> +<p>The declared +default value must meet the lexical constraints of the declared attribute +type.</p> +</div> +<div class="constraint"> +<p class="prefix"> +<a name="FixedAttr"></a> +<b>Validity constraint: Fixed Attribute Default</b> +</p> +<p>If an attribute +has a default value declared with the <b>#FIXED</b> keyword, instances of +that attribute must match the default value.</p> +</div> +<p>Examples of attribute-list declarations:</p> +<table class="eg" cellpadding="5" border="1" bgcolor="#99ffff" width="100%" summary="Example"><tr><td><pre><!ATTLIST termdef + id ID #REQUIRED + name CDATA #IMPLIED> +<!ATTLIST list + type (bullets|ordered|glossary) "ordered"> +<!ATTLIST form + method CDATA #FIXED "POST"></pre></td></tr></table> +</div> +<div class="div3"> + +<h4> +<a name="AVNormalize"></a>3.3.3 Attribute-Value +Normalization</h4> +<p>Before the value of an attribute is passed to the application or checked +for validity, the XML processor must normalize the attribute value by applying +the algorithm below, or by using some other method such that the value passed +to the application is the same as that produced by the algorithm.</p> +<ol> +<li><p>All line breaks must have been normalized on input to #xA as described +in <a href="#sec-line-ends"><b>2.11 End-of-Line Handling</b></a>, so the rest of this algorithm operates +on text normalized in this way.</p></li> +<li> +<p>Begin with a normalized value consisting of the empty string.</p> +</li> +<li> +<p>For each character, entity reference, or character reference in the +unnormalized attribute value, beginning with the first and continuing to the +last, do the following:</p> +<ul> +<li><p>For a character reference, append the referenced character to the +normalized value.</p></li> +<li><p>For an entity reference, recursively apply step 3 of this algorithm +to the replacement text of the entity.</p></li> +<li><p>For a white space character (#x20, #xD, #xA, #x9), append a space +character (#x20) to the normalized value.</p></li> +<li> +<p>For another character, append the character to the normalized value.</p> +</li> +</ul> +</li> +</ol> +<p>If the attribute type is not CDATA, then the XML processor must further +process the normalized attribute value by discarding any leading and trailing +space (#x20) characters, and by replacing sequences of space (#x20) characters +by a single space (#x20) character.</p> +<p>Note that if the unnormalized attribute value contains a character reference +to a white space character other than space (#x20), the normalized value contains +the referenced character itself (#xD, #xA or #x9). This contrasts with the +case where the unnormalized value contains a white space character (not a +reference), which is replaced with a space character (#x20) in the normalized +value and also contrasts with the case where the unnormalized value contains +an entity reference whose replacement text contains a white space character; +being recursively processed, the white space character is replaced with a +space character (#x20) in the normalized value.</p> +<p>All attributes for which no declaration has been read should be treated +by a non-validating processor +as if declared <b>CDATA</b>.</p> +<p>Following are examples of attribute normalization. Given the following +declarations:</p> +<table class="eg" cellpadding="5" border="1" bgcolor="#99ffff" width="100%" summary="Example"><tr><td><pre><!ENTITY d "&#xD;"> +<!ENTITY a "&#xA;"> +<!ENTITY da "&#xD;&#xA;"></pre></td></tr></table> +<p>the attribute specifications in the left column below would be normalized +to the character sequences of the middle column if the attribute <code>a</code> +is declared <b>NMTOKENS</b> and to those of the right columns if <code>a</code> +is declared <b>CDATA</b>.</p> +<table border="1" frame="border"> +<thead><tr> +<th>Attribute specification</th> +<th>a is NMTOKENS</th> +<th>a is CDATA</th> +</tr></thead> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td><table class="eg" cellpadding="5" border="1" bgcolor="#99ffff" width="100%" summary="Example"><tr><td><pre>a=" + +xyz"</pre></td></tr></table></td> +<td><code>x y z</code></td> +<td><code>#x20 #x20 x y z</code></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><table class="eg" cellpadding="5" border="1" bgcolor="#99ffff" width="100%" summary="Example"><tr><td><pre>a="&d;&d;A&a;&a;B&da;"</pre></td></tr></table></td> +<td><code>A +#x20 B</code></td> +<td><code>#x20 #x20 A #x20 #x20 B #x20 #x20</code></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><table class="eg" cellpadding="5" border="1" bgcolor="#99ffff" width="100%" summary="Example"><tr><td><pre>a= +"&#xd;&#xd;A&#xa;&#xa;B&#xd;&#xa;"</pre></td></tr></table></td> +<td><code>#xD +#xD A #xA #xA B #xD #xA</code></td> +<td><code>#xD #xD A #xA #xA B #xD #xD</code></td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<p>Note that the last example is invalid (but well-formed) if <code>a</code> +is declared to be of type <b>NMTOKENS</b>.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2"> + +<h3> +<a name="sec-condition-sect"></a>3.4 Conditional Sections</h3> +<p>[<a name="dt-cond-section" title="conditional section">Definition</a>: <b>Conditional +sections</b> are portions of the <a title="Document Type Declaration" href="#dt-doctype">document type +declaration external subset</a> which are included in, or excluded from, +the logical structure of the DTD based on the keyword which governs them.]</p> + +<h5>Conditional Section</h5> +<table class="scrap" summary="Scrap"><tbody> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-conditionalSect"></a>[61] </td> +<td><code>conditionalSect</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code> +<a href="#NT-includeSect">includeSect</a> | <a href="#NT-ignoreSect">ignoreSect</a> </code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-includeSect"></a>[62] </td> +<td><code>includeSect</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>'<![' S? 'INCLUDE' S? '[' <a href="#NT-extSubsetDecl">extSubsetDecl</a> +']]>' </code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +<td><i>/* */</i></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td><a href="#condsec-nesting">[VC: Proper +Conditional Section/PE Nesting]</a></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-ignoreSect"></a>[63] </td> +<td><code>ignoreSect</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>'<![' S? 'IGNORE' S? '[' <a href="#NT-ignoreSectContents">ignoreSectContents</a>* +']]>'</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +<td><i>/* */</i></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td><a href="#condsec-nesting">[VC: Proper +Conditional Section/PE Nesting]</a></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-ignoreSectContents"></a>[64] </td> +<td><code>ignoreSectContents</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code> +<a href="#NT-Ignore">Ignore</a> ('<![' <a href="#NT-ignoreSectContents">ignoreSectContents</a> ']]>' <a href="#NT-Ignore">Ignore</a>)*</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-Ignore"></a>[65] </td> +<td><code>Ignore</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code> +<a href="#NT-Char">Char</a>* - (<a href="#NT-Char">Char</a>* +('<![' | ']]>') <a href="#NT-Char">Char</a>*) </code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr> +</tbody></table> +<div class="constraint"> +<p class="prefix"> +<a name="condsec-nesting"></a> +<b>Validity constraint: Proper +Conditional Section/PE Nesting</b> +</p> +<p>If any of the "<code><![</code>", +"<code>[</code>", or "<code>]]></code>" of a conditional section is contained +in the replacement text for a parameter-entity reference, all of them must +be contained in the same replacement text.</p> +</div> +<p>Like the internal and external DTD subsets, a conditional section may contain +one or more complete declarations, comments, processing instructions, or nested +conditional sections, intermingled with white space.</p> +<p>If the keyword of the conditional section is <b>INCLUDE</b>, then the +contents of the conditional section are part of the DTD. If the keyword of +the conditional section is <b>IGNORE</b>, then the contents of the conditional +section are not logically part of the DTD. +If a conditional section with a keyword of <b>INCLUDE</b> occurs within +a larger conditional section with a keyword of <b>IGNORE</b>, both the outer +and the inner conditional sections are ignored. The contents +of an ignored conditional section are parsed by ignoring all characters after +the "<code>[</code>" following the keyword, except conditional section starts +"<code><![</code>" and ends "<code>]]></code>", until the matching conditional +section end is found. Parameter entity references are not recognized in this +process.</p> +<p>If the keyword of the conditional section is a parameter-entity reference, +the parameter entity must be replaced by its content before the processor +decides whether to include or ignore the conditional section.</p> +<p>An example:</p> +<table class="eg" cellpadding="5" border="1" bgcolor="#99ffff" width="100%" summary="Example"><tr><td><pre><!ENTITY % draft 'INCLUDE' > +<!ENTITY % final 'IGNORE' > + +<![%draft;[ +<!ELEMENT book (comments*, title, body, supplements?)> +]]> +<![%final;[ +<!ELEMENT book (title, body, supplements?)> +]]></pre></td></tr></table> +</div> + +</div> + +<div class="div1"> + +<h2> +<a name="sec-physical-struct"></a>4 Physical Structures</h2> +<p>[<a name="dt-entity" title="Entity">Definition</a>: An XML document may consist of one +or many storage units. These +are called <b>entities</b>; they all have <b>content</b> and are +all (except for the <a title="Document Entity" href="#dt-docent">document entity</a> and +the <a title="Document Type Declaration" href="#dt-doctype">external DTD subset</a>) identified by +entity <b>name</b>.] Each XML document has one entity +called the <a title="Document Entity" href="#dt-docent">document entity</a>, which serves +as the starting point for the <a title="XML Processor" href="#dt-xml-proc">XML processor</a> +and may contain the whole document.</p> +<p>Entities may be either parsed or unparsed. [<a name="dt-parsedent" title="Text Entity">Definition</a>: A <b>parsed +entity's</b> contents are referred to as its <a title="Replacement Text" href="#dt-repltext">replacement +text</a>; this <a title="Text" href="#dt-text">text</a> is considered an +integral part of the document.]</p> +<p>[<a name="dt-unparsed" title="Unparsed Entity">Definition</a>: An <b>unparsed entity</b> +is a resource whose contents may or may not be <a title="Text" href="#dt-text">text</a>, +and if text, may +be other than XML. Each unparsed entity has an associated <a title="Notation" href="#dt-notation">notation</a>, identified by name. Beyond a requirement +that an XML processor make the identifiers for the entity and notation available +to the application, XML places no constraints on the contents of unparsed +entities.]</p> +<p>Parsed entities are invoked by name using entity references; unparsed entities +by name, given in the value of <b>ENTITY</b> or <b>ENTITIES</b> attributes.</p> +<p>[<a name="gen-entity" title="general entity">Definition</a>: <b>General entities</b> +are entities for use within the document content. In this specification, general +entities are sometimes referred to with the unqualified term <em>entity</em> +when this leads to no ambiguity.] [<a name="dt-PE" title="Parameter entity">Definition</a>: <b>Parameter +entities</b> are parsed entities for use within the DTD.] +These two types of entities use different forms of reference and are recognized +in different contexts. Furthermore, they occupy different namespaces; a parameter +entity and a general entity with the same name are two distinct entities.</p> +<div class="div2"> + +<h3> +<a name="sec-references"></a>4.1 Character and Entity References</h3> +<p>[<a name="dt-charref" title="Character Reference">Definition</a>: A <b>character +reference</b> refers to a specific character in the ISO/IEC 10646 character +set, for example one not directly accessible from available input devices.]</p> + +<h5>Character Reference</h5> +<table class="scrap" summary="Scrap"><tbody> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-CharRef"></a>[66] </td> +<td><code>CharRef</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>'&#' [0-9]+ ';' </code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td><code>| '&#x' [0-9a-fA-F]+ ';'</code></td> +<td><a href="#wf-Legalchar">[WFC: Legal Character]</a></td> +</tr> +</tbody></table> +<div class="constraint"> +<p class="prefix"> +<a name="wf-Legalchar"></a> +<b>Well-formedness constraint: Legal Character</b> +</p> +<p>Characters referred +to using character references must match the production for <a title="" href="#NT-Char">Char</a>.</p> +</div> +<p>If the character reference begins with "<code>&#x</code>", +the digits and letters up to the terminating <code>;</code> provide a hexadecimal +representation of the character's code point in ISO/IEC 10646. If it begins +just with "<code>&#</code>", the digits up to the terminating <code>;</code> +provide a decimal representation of the character's code point.</p> +<p>[<a name="dt-entref" title="Entity Reference">Definition</a>: An <b>entity reference</b> +refers to the content of a named entity.] [<a name="dt-GERef" title="General Entity Reference">Definition</a>: References to parsed general entities use +ampersand (<code>&</code>) and semicolon (<code>;</code>) as delimiters.] [<a name="dt-PERef" title="Parameter-entity reference">Definition</a>: <b>Parameter-entity references</b> +use percent-sign (<code>%</code>) and semicolon (<code>;</code>) as delimiters.]</p> + +<h5>Entity Reference</h5> +<table class="scrap" summary="Scrap"> +<tbody><tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-Reference"></a>[67] </td> +<td><code>Reference</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code> +<a href="#NT-EntityRef">EntityRef</a> | <a href="#NT-CharRef">CharRef</a> +</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr></tbody> +<tbody> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-EntityRef"></a>[68] </td> +<td><code>EntityRef</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>'&' <a href="#NT-Name">Name</a> ';'</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +<td><a href="#wf-entdeclared">[WFC: Entity Declared]</a></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td><a href="#vc-entdeclared">[VC: Entity Declared]</a></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td><a href="#textent">[WFC: Parsed Entity]</a></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td><a href="#norecursion">[WFC: No Recursion]</a></td> +</tr> +</tbody> +<tbody> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-PEReference"></a>[69] </td> +<td><code>PEReference</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>'%' <a href="#NT-Name">Name</a> ';'</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +<td><a href="#vc-entdeclared">[VC: Entity Declared]</a></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td><a href="#norecursion">[WFC: No Recursion]</a></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td><a href="#indtd">[WFC: In DTD]</a></td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<div class="constraint"> +<p class="prefix"> +<a name="wf-entdeclared"></a> +<b>Well-formedness constraint: Entity Declared</b> +</p> +<p>In a document +without any DTD, a document with only an internal DTD subset which contains +no parameter entity references, or a document with "<code>standalone='yes'</code>", for +an entity reference that does not occur within the external subset or a parameter +entity, the <a href="#NT-Name">Name</a> given in the entity reference must <a title="match" href="#dt-match">match</a> that in an <a href="#sec-entity-decl"><cite>entity +declaration</cite></a> that does not occur within the external subset or a +parameter entity, except that well-formed documents need not declare +any of the following entities: <code>amp</code>, +<code>lt</code>, +<code>gt</code>, +<code>apos</code>, +<code>quot</code>. The +declaration of a general entity must precede any reference to it which appears +in a default value in an attribute-list declaration.</p> +<p>Note that if entities are declared in the external subset or in external +parameter entities, a non-validating processor is <a href="#include-if-valid"><cite>not +obligated to</cite></a> read and process their declarations; for such documents, +the rule that an entity must be declared is a well-formedness constraint only +if <a href="#sec-rmd"><cite>standalone='yes'</cite></a>.</p> +</div> +<div class="constraint"> +<p class="prefix"> +<a name="vc-entdeclared"></a> +<b>Validity constraint: Entity Declared</b> +</p> +<p>In a document with +an external subset or external parameter entities with "<code>standalone='no'</code>", +the <a href="#NT-Name">Name</a> given in the entity reference must <a title="match" href="#dt-match">match</a> that in an <a href="#sec-entity-decl"><cite>entity +declaration</cite></a>. For interoperability, valid documents should declare +the entities <code>amp</code>, +<code>lt</code>, +<code>gt</code>, +<code>apos</code>, +<code>quot</code>, in the form specified in <a href="#sec-predefined-ent"><b>4.6 Predefined Entities</b></a>. +The declaration of a parameter entity must precede any reference to it. Similarly, +the declaration of a general entity must precede any attribute-list +declaration containing a default value with a direct or indirect reference +to that general entity.</p> +</div> + +<div class="constraint"> +<p class="prefix"> +<a name="textent"></a> +<b>Well-formedness constraint: Parsed Entity</b> +</p> +<p>An entity reference must +not contain the name of an <a title="Unparsed Entity" href="#dt-unparsed">unparsed entity</a>. +Unparsed entities may be referred to only in <a title="Attribute Value" href="#dt-attrval">attribute +values</a> declared to be of type <b>ENTITY</b> or <b>ENTITIES</b>.</p> +</div> +<div class="constraint"> +<p class="prefix"> +<a name="norecursion"></a> +<b>Well-formedness constraint: No Recursion</b> +</p> +<p>A parsed entity must +not contain a recursive reference to itself, either directly or indirectly.</p> +</div> +<div class="constraint"> +<p class="prefix"> +<a name="indtd"></a> +<b>Well-formedness constraint: In DTD</b> +</p> +<p>Parameter-entity references may +only appear in the <a title="Document Type Declaration" href="#dt-doctype">DTD</a>.</p> +</div> +<p>Examples of character and entity references:</p> +<table class="eg" cellpadding="5" border="1" bgcolor="#99ffff" width="100%" summary="Example"><tr><td><pre>Type <key>less-than</key> (&#x3C;) to save options. +This document was prepared on &docdate; and +is classified &security-level;.</pre></td></tr></table> +<p>Example of a parameter-entity reference:</p> +<table class="eg" cellpadding="5" border="1" bgcolor="#99ffff" width="100%" summary="Example"><tr><td><pre><!-- declare the parameter entity "ISOLat2"... --> +<!ENTITY % ISOLat2 + SYSTEM "http://www.xml.com/iso/isolat2-xml.entities" > +<!-- ... now reference it. --> +%ISOLat2;</pre></td></tr></table> +</div> +<div class="div2"> + +<h3> +<a name="sec-entity-decl"></a>4.2 Entity Declarations</h3> +<p>[<a name="dt-entdecl" title="entity declaration">Definition</a>: Entities are declared +thus:]</p> + +<h5>Entity Declaration</h5> +<table class="scrap" summary="Scrap"><tbody> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-EntityDecl"></a>[70] </td> +<td><code>EntityDecl</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code> +<a href="#NT-GEDecl">GEDecl</a> | <a href="#NT-PEDecl">PEDecl</a> +</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-GEDecl"></a>[71] </td> +<td><code>GEDecl</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>'<!ENTITY' <a href="#NT-S">S</a> <a href="#NT-Name">Name</a> <a href="#NT-S">S</a> <a href="#NT-EntityDef">EntityDef</a> <a href="#NT-S">S</a>? +'>'</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-PEDecl"></a>[72] </td> +<td><code>PEDecl</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>'<!ENTITY' <a href="#NT-S">S</a> '%' <a href="#NT-S">S</a> <a href="#NT-Name">Name</a> <a href="#NT-S">S</a> <a href="#NT-PEDef">PEDef</a> <a href="#NT-S">S</a>? '>'</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-EntityDef"></a>[73] </td> +<td><code>EntityDef</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code> +<a href="#NT-EntityValue">EntityValue</a> | (<a href="#NT-ExternalID">ExternalID</a> <a href="#NT-NDataDecl">NDataDecl</a>?)</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr> + +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-PEDef"></a>[74] </td> +<td><code>PEDef</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code> +<a href="#NT-EntityValue">EntityValue</a> | <a href="#NT-ExternalID">ExternalID</a> +</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr> +</tbody></table> +<p>The <a href="#NT-Name">Name</a> identifies the entity in an <a title="Entity Reference" href="#dt-entref">entity +reference</a> or, in the case of an unparsed entity, in the value of +an <b>ENTITY</b> or <b>ENTITIES</b> attribute. If the same entity is declared +more than once, the first declaration encountered is binding; at user option, +an XML processor may issue a warning if entities are declared multiple times.</p> +<div class="div3"> + +<h4> +<a name="sec-internal-ent"></a>4.2.1 Internal Entities</h4> +<p>[<a name="dt-internent" title="Internal Entity Replacement Text">Definition</a>: If the +entity definition is an <a href="#NT-EntityValue">EntityValue</a>, the defined +entity is called an <b>internal entity</b>. There is no separate physical +storage object, and the content of the entity is given in the declaration.] +Note that some processing of entity and character references in the <a title="Literal Entity Value" href="#dt-litentval">literal entity value</a> may be required to produce +the correct <a title="Replacement Text" href="#dt-repltext">replacement text</a>: see <a href="#intern-replacement"><b>4.5 Construction of Internal Entity Replacement Text</b></a>.</p> +<p>An internal entity is a <a title="Text Entity" href="#dt-parsedent">parsed entity</a>.</p> +<p>Example of an internal entity declaration:</p> +<table class="eg" cellpadding="5" border="1" bgcolor="#99ffff" width="100%" summary="Example"><tr><td><pre><!ENTITY Pub-Status "This is a pre-release of the + specification."></pre></td></tr></table> +</div> +<div class="div3"> + +<h4> +<a name="sec-external-ent"></a>4.2.2 External Entities</h4> +<p>[<a name="dt-extent" title="External Entity">Definition</a>: If the entity is not internal, +it is an <b>external entity</b>, declared as follows:]</p> + +<h5>External Entity Declaration</h5> +<table class="scrap" summary="Scrap"> +<tbody> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-ExternalID"></a>[75] </td> +<td><code>ExternalID</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>'SYSTEM' <a href="#NT-S">S</a> <a href="#NT-SystemLiteral">SystemLiteral</a> +</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td><code>| 'PUBLIC' <a href="#NT-S">S</a> <a href="#NT-PubidLiteral">PubidLiteral</a> <a href="#NT-S">S</a> <a href="#NT-SystemLiteral">SystemLiteral</a> </code></td> +</tr> +</tbody> +<tbody><tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-NDataDecl"></a>[76] </td> +<td><code>NDataDecl</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code> +<a href="#NT-S">S</a> 'NDATA' <a href="#NT-S">S</a> <a href="#NT-Name">Name</a> +</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +<td><a href="#not-declared">[VC: Notation Declared]</a></td> +</tr></tbody> +</table> +<p>If the <a href="#NT-NDataDecl">NDataDecl</a> is present, this is a general <a title="Unparsed Entity" href="#dt-unparsed">unparsed entity</a>; otherwise it is a parsed entity.</p> +<div class="constraint"> +<p class="prefix"> +<a name="not-declared"></a> +<b>Validity constraint: Notation Declared</b> +</p> +<p>The <a href="#NT-Name">Name</a> +must match the declared name of a <a title="Notation" href="#dt-notation">notation</a>.</p> +</div> +<p>[<a name="dt-sysid" title="System Identifier">Definition</a>: The <a href="#NT-SystemLiteral">SystemLiteral</a> is called the entity's <b>system +identifier</b>. It is a URI +reference +(as defined in <a href="#rfc2396">[IETF RFC 2396]</a>, updated by <a href="#rfc2732">[IETF RFC 2732]</a>), meant +to be dereferenced to obtain input for the XML processor to construct the +entity's replacement text.] It is an error for a fragment identifier +(beginning with a <code>#</code> character) to be part of a system identifier. +Unless otherwise provided by information outside the scope of this specification +(e.g. a special XML element type defined by a particular DTD, or a processing +instruction defined by a particular application specification), relative URIs +are relative to the location of the resource within which the entity declaration +occurs. A URI might thus be relative to the <a title="Document Entity" href="#dt-docent">document +entity</a>, to the entity containing the <a title="Document Type Declaration" href="#dt-doctype">external +DTD subset</a>, or to some other <a title="External Entity" href="#dt-extent">external parameter +entity</a>.</p> +<p>URI +references require encoding and escaping of certain characters. The disallowed +characters include all non-ASCII characters, plus the excluded characters +listed in Section 2.4 of <a href="#rfc2396">[IETF RFC 2396]</a>, except for the number sign +(<code>#</code>) and percent sign (<code>%</code>) characters and the square +bracket characters re-allowed in <a href="#rfc2732">[IETF RFC 2732]</a>. Disallowed characters +must be escaped as follows:</p> +<ol> +<li><p>Each disallowed character is converted to UTF-8 <a href="#rfc2279">[IETF RFC 2279]</a> +as one or more bytes.</p></li> +<li><p>Any octets corresponding to a disallowed character are escaped with +the URI escaping mechanism (that is, converted to <code>%</code> +<var>HH</var>, +where HH is the hexadecimal notation of the byte value).</p></li> +<li> +<p>The original character is replaced by the resulting character sequence.</p> +</li> +</ol> +<p>[<a name="dt-pubid" title="Public identifier">Definition</a>: In addition to a system +identifier, an external identifier may include a <b>public identifier</b>.] +An XML processor attempting to retrieve the entity's content may use the public +identifier to try to generate an alternative URI reference. +If the processor is unable to do so, it must use the URI +reference specified in the system literal. Before a match is attempted, +all strings of white space in the public identifier must be normalized to +single space characters (#x20), and leading and trailing white space must +be removed.</p> +<p>Examples of external entity declarations:</p> +<table class="eg" cellpadding="5" border="1" bgcolor="#99ffff" width="100%" summary="Example"><tr><td><pre><!ENTITY open-hatch + SYSTEM "http://www.textuality.com/boilerplate/OpenHatch.xml"> +<!ENTITY open-hatch + PUBLIC "-//Textuality//TEXT Standard open-hatch boilerplate//EN" + "http://www.textuality.com/boilerplate/OpenHatch.xml"> +<!ENTITY hatch-pic + SYSTEM "../grafix/OpenHatch.gif" + NDATA gif ></pre></td></tr></table> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2"> + +<h3> +<a name="TextEntities"></a>4.3 Parsed Entities</h3> +<div class="div3"> + +<h4> +<a name="sec-TextDecl"></a>4.3.1 The Text Declaration</h4> +<p>External parsed entities should each begin with a <b>text declaration</b>.</p> + +<h5>Text Declaration</h5> +<table class="scrap" summary="Scrap"><tbody> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-TextDecl"></a>[77] </td> +<td><code>TextDecl</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>'<?xml' <a href="#NT-VersionInfo">VersionInfo</a>? <a href="#NT-EncodingDecl">EncodingDecl</a> <a href="#NT-S">S</a>? '?>'</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr> +</tbody></table> +<p>The text declaration must be provided literally, not by reference to a +parsed entity. No text declaration may appear at any position other than the +beginning of an external parsed entity. The text declaration +in an external parsed entity is not considered part of its <a title="Replacement Text" href="#dt-repltext">replacement +text</a>.</p> +</div> +<div class="div3"> + +<h4> +<a name="wf-entities"></a>4.3.2 Well-Formed Parsed Entities</h4> +<p>The document entity is well-formed if it matches the production labeled <a href="#NT-document">document</a>. An external general parsed entity is well-formed +if it matches the production labeled <a href="#NT-extParsedEnt">extParsedEnt</a>. All +external parameter entities are well-formed by definition.</p> + +<h5>Well-Formed External Parsed Entity</h5> +<table class="scrap" summary="Scrap"><tbody><tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-extParsedEnt"></a>[78] </td> +<td><code>extParsedEnt</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code> +<a href="#NT-TextDecl">TextDecl</a>? <a href="#NT-content">content</a> +</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr></tbody></table> +<p>An internal general parsed entity is well-formed if its replacement text +matches the production labeled <a href="#NT-content">content</a>. All internal +parameter entities are well-formed by definition.</p> +<p>A consequence of well-formedness in entities is that the logical and physical +structures in an XML document are properly nested; no <a title="Start-Tag" href="#dt-stag">start-tag</a>, <a title="End Tag" href="#dt-etag">end-tag</a>, <a title="Empty" href="#dt-empty">empty-element tag</a>, <a title="Element" href="#dt-element">element</a>, <a title="Comment" href="#dt-comment">comment</a>, <a title="Processing instruction" href="#dt-pi">processing instruction</a>, <a title="Character Reference" href="#dt-charref">character +reference</a>, or <a title="Entity Reference" href="#dt-entref">entity reference</a> +can begin in one entity and end in another.</p> +</div> +<div class="div3"> + +<h4> +<a name="charencoding"></a>4.3.3 Character Encoding in Entities</h4> +<p>Each external parsed entity in an XML document may use a different encoding +for its characters. All XML processors must be able to read entities in both +the UTF-8 and UTF-16 encodings. The terms "UTF-8" +and "UTF-16" in this specification do not apply to character +encodings with any other labels, even if the encodings or labels are very +similar to UTF-8 or UTF-16.</p> +<p>Entities encoded in UTF-16 must begin with the Byte Order Mark described +by Annex +F of <a href="#ISO10646">[ISO/IEC 10646]</a>, Annex H of <a href="#ISO10646-2000">[ISO/IEC 10646-2000]</a>, section +2.4 of <a href="#Unicode">[Unicode]</a>, and section 2.7 of <a href="#Unicode3">[Unicode3]</a> +(the ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE character, #xFEFF). This is an encoding signature, +not part of either the markup or the character data of the XML document. XML +processors must be able to use this character to differentiate between UTF-8 +and UTF-16 encoded documents.</p> +<p>Although an XML processor is required to read only entities in the UTF-8 +and UTF-16 encodings, it is recognized that other encodings are used around +the world, and it may be desired for XML processors to read entities that +use them. In +the absence of external character encoding information (such as MIME headers), +parsed entities which are stored in an encoding other than UTF-8 or UTF-16 +must begin with a text declaration (see <a href="#sec-TextDecl"><b>4.3.1 The Text Declaration</b></a>) containing +an encoding declaration:</p> + +<h5>Encoding Declaration</h5> +<table class="scrap" summary="Scrap"> +<tbody><tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-EncodingDecl"></a>[80] </td> +<td><code>EncodingDecl</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code> +<a href="#NT-S">S</a> 'encoding' <a href="#NT-Eq">Eq</a> +('"' <a href="#NT-EncName">EncName</a> '"' | "'" <a href="#NT-EncName">EncName</a> +"'" ) </code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr></tbody> +<tbody><tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-EncName"></a>[81] </td> +<td><code>EncName</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>[A-Za-z] ([A-Za-z0-9._] | '-')*</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +<td><i>/* Encoding +name contains only Latin characters */</i></td> +</tr></tbody> +</table> +<p>In the <a title="Document Entity" href="#dt-docent">document entity</a>, the encoding +declaration is part of the <a title="XML Declaration" href="#dt-xmldecl">XML declaration</a>. +The <a href="#NT-EncName">EncName</a> is the name of the encoding used.</p> + +<p>In an encoding declaration, the values "<code>UTF-8</code>", "<code>UTF-16</code>", "<code>ISO-10646-UCS-2</code>", and "<code>ISO-10646-UCS-4</code>" should be used +for the various encodings and transformations of Unicode / ISO/IEC 10646, +the values "<code>ISO-8859-1</code>", "<code>ISO-8859-2</code>", +... "<code>ISO-8859-</code> +<var>n</var>" (where <var>n</var> +is the part number) should be used for the parts of ISO 8859, and +the values "<code>ISO-2022-JP</code>", "<code>Shift_JIS</code>", +and "<code>EUC-JP</code>" should be used for the various encoded +forms of JIS X-0208-1997. It +is recommended that character encodings registered (as <em>charset</em>s) +with the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority <a href="#IANA">[IANA-CHARSETS]</a>, +other than those just listed, be referred to using their registered names; +other encodings should use names starting with an "x-" prefix. +XML processors should match character encoding names in a case-insensitive +way and should either interpret an IANA-registered name as the encoding registered +at IANA for that name or treat it as unknown (processors are, of course, not +required to support all IANA-registered encodings).</p> +<p>In the absence of information provided by an external transport protocol +(e.g. HTTP or MIME), it is an <a title="Error" href="#dt-error">error</a> for +an entity including an encoding declaration to be presented to the XML processor +in an encoding other than that named in the declaration, or for an entity which begins with neither a Byte Order Mark +nor an encoding declaration to use an encoding other than UTF-8. Note that +since ASCII is a subset of UTF-8, ordinary ASCII entities do not strictly +need an encoding declaration.</p> +<p>It +is a +fatal error for a <a href="#NT-TextDecl">TextDecl</a> to occur other +than at the beginning of an external entity.</p> +<p>It is a <a title="Fatal Error" href="#dt-fatal">fatal error</a> when an XML processor +encounters an entity with an encoding that it is unable to process. It +is a fatal error if an XML entity is determined (via default, encoding declaration, +or higher-level protocol) to be in a certain encoding but contains octet sequences +that are not legal in that encoding. It is also a fatal error if an XML entity +contains no encoding declaration and its content is not legal UTF-8 or UTF-16.</p> +<p>Examples of text +declarations containing encoding declarations:</p> +<table class="eg" cellpadding="5" border="1" bgcolor="#99ffff" width="100%" summary="Example"><tr><td><pre><?xml encoding='UTF-8'?> +<?xml encoding='EUC-JP'?></pre></td></tr></table> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2"> + +<h3> +<a name="entproc"></a>4.4 XML Processor Treatment of Entities and References</h3> +<p>The table below summarizes the contexts in which character references, +entity references, and invocations of unparsed entities might appear and the +required behavior of an <a title="XML Processor" href="#dt-xml-proc">XML processor</a> +in each case. The labels in the leftmost column describe the recognition context: </p><dl> +<dt class="label">Reference in Content</dt> +<dd> +<p>as a reference anywhere after the <a title="Start-Tag" href="#dt-stag">start-tag</a> +and before the <a title="End Tag" href="#dt-etag">end-tag</a> of an element; corresponds +to the nonterminal <a href="#NT-content">content</a>.</p> +</dd> +<dt class="label">Reference in Attribute Value</dt> +<dd> +<p>as a reference within either the value of an attribute in a <a title="Start-Tag" href="#dt-stag">start-tag</a>, +or a default value in an <a title="Attribute-List Declaration" href="#dt-attdecl">attribute declaration</a>; +corresponds to the nonterminal <a href="#NT-AttValue">AttValue</a>.</p> +</dd> +<dt class="label">Occurs as Attribute Value</dt> +<dd> +<p>as a <a href="#NT-Name">Name</a>, not a reference, appearing either as +the value of an attribute which has been declared as type <b>ENTITY</b>, +or as one of the space-separated tokens in the value of an attribute which +has been declared as type <b>ENTITIES</b>.</p> +</dd> +<dt class="label">Reference in Entity Value</dt> +<dd> +<p>as a reference within a parameter or internal entity's <a title="Literal Entity Value" href="#dt-litentval">literal +entity value</a> in the entity's declaration; corresponds to the nonterminal <a href="#NT-EntityValue">EntityValue</a>.</p> +</dd> +<dt class="label">Reference in DTD</dt> +<dd> +<p>as +a reference within either the internal or external subsets of the <a title="Document Type Declaration" href="#dt-doctype">DTD</a>, but outside of an <a href="#NT-EntityValue">EntityValue</a>, <a href="#NT-AttValue">AttValue</a>, <a href="#NT-PI">PI</a>, <a href="#NT-Comment">Comment</a>, <a href="#NT-SystemLiteral">SystemLiteral</a>, <a href="#NT-PubidLiteral">PubidLiteral</a>, +or the contents of an ignored conditional section (see <a href="#sec-condition-sect"><b>3.4 Conditional Sections</b></a>).</p> +<p>.</p> +</dd> +</dl><p></p> +<table border="1" frame="border" cellpadding="7"><tbody align="center"> +<tr> +<td rowspan="2" colspan="1"></td> +<td colspan="4" align="center" valign="bottom">Entity +Type</td> +<td rowspan="2" align="center">Character</td> +</tr> +<tr align="center" valign="bottom"> +<td>Parameter</td> +<td>Internal General</td> +<td>External Parsed +General</td> +<td>Unparsed</td> +</tr> +<tr align="center" valign="middle"> +<td align="right">Reference +in Content</td> +<td><a href="#not-recognized"><cite>Not recognized</cite></a></td> +<td><a href="#included"><cite>Included</cite></a></td> +<td><a href="#include-if-valid"><cite>Included +if validating</cite></a></td> +<td><a href="#forbidden"><cite>Forbidden</cite></a></td> +<td><a href="#included"><cite>Included</cite></a></td> +</tr> +<tr align="center" valign="middle"> +<td align="right">Reference in Attribute Value</td> +<td><a href="#not-recognized"><cite>Not recognized</cite></a></td> +<td><a href="#inliteral"><cite>Included +in literal</cite></a></td> +<td><a href="#forbidden"><cite>Forbidden</cite></a></td> +<td><a href="#forbidden"><cite>Forbidden</cite></a></td> +<td><a href="#included"><cite>Included</cite></a></td> +</tr> +<tr align="center" valign="middle"> +<td align="right">Occurs as Attribute +Value</td> +<td><a href="#not-recognized"><cite>Not recognized</cite></a></td> +<td><a href="#forbidden"><cite>Forbidden</cite></a></td> +<td><a href="#forbidden"><cite>Forbidden</cite></a></td> +<td><a href="#notify"><cite>Notify</cite></a></td> +<td><a href="#not-recognized"><cite>Not recognized</cite></a></td> +</tr> +<tr align="center" valign="middle"> +<td align="right">Reference in EntityValue</td> +<td><a href="#inliteral"><cite>Included in literal</cite></a></td> +<td><a href="#bypass"><cite>Bypassed</cite></a></td> +<td><a href="#bypass"><cite>Bypassed</cite></a></td> +<td><a href="#forbidden"><cite>Forbidden</cite></a></td> +<td><a href="#included"><cite>Included</cite></a></td> +</tr> +<tr align="center" valign="middle"> +<td align="right">Reference in DTD</td> +<td><a href="#as-PE"><cite>Included +as PE</cite></a></td> +<td><a href="#forbidden"><cite>Forbidden</cite></a></td> +<td><a href="#forbidden"><cite>Forbidden</cite></a></td> +<td><a href="#forbidden"><cite>Forbidden</cite></a></td> +<td><a href="#forbidden"><cite>Forbidden</cite></a></td> +</tr> +</tbody></table> +<div class="div3"> + +<h4> +<a name="not-recognized"></a>4.4.1 Not Recognized</h4> +<p>Outside the DTD, the <code>%</code> character has no special significance; +thus, what would be parameter entity references in the DTD are not recognized +as markup in <a href="#NT-content">content</a>. Similarly, the names of unparsed +entities are not recognized except when they appear in the value of an appropriately +declared attribute.</p> +</div> +<div class="div3"> + +<h4> +<a name="included"></a>4.4.2 Included</h4> +<p>[<a name="dt-include" title="Include">Definition</a>: An entity is <b>included</b> +when its <a title="Replacement Text" href="#dt-repltext">replacement text</a> is retrieved +and processed, in place of the reference itself, as though it were part of +the document at the location the reference was recognized.] The replacement +text may contain both <a title="Character Data" href="#dt-chardata">character data</a> +and (except for parameter entities) <a title="Markup" href="#dt-markup">markup</a>, +which must be recognized in the usual way. (The string "<code>AT&amp;T;</code>" +expands to "<code>AT&T;</code>" and the remaining ampersand +is not recognized as an entity-reference delimiter.) A character reference +is <b>included</b> when the indicated character is processed in place +of the reference itself. </p> +</div> +<div class="div3"> + +<h4> +<a name="include-if-valid"></a>4.4.3 Included If Validating</h4> +<p>When an XML processor recognizes a reference to a parsed entity, in order +to <a title="Validity" href="#dt-valid">validate</a> the document, the processor +must <a title="Include" href="#dt-include">include</a> its replacement text. If +the entity is external, and the processor is not attempting to validate the +XML document, the processor <a title="May" href="#dt-may">may</a>, but need +not, include the entity's replacement text. If a non-validating processor +does not include the replacement text, it must inform the application that +it recognized, but did not read, the entity.</p> +<p>This rule is based on the recognition that the automatic inclusion provided +by the SGML and XML entity mechanism, primarily designed to support modularity +in authoring, is not necessarily appropriate for other applications, in particular +document browsing. Browsers, for example, when encountering an external parsed +entity reference, might choose to provide a visual indication of the entity's +presence and retrieve it for display only on demand.</p> +</div> +<div class="div3"> + +<h4> +<a name="forbidden"></a>4.4.4 Forbidden</h4> +<p>The following are forbidden, and constitute <a title="Fatal Error" href="#dt-fatal">fatal</a> +errors:</p> +<ul> +<li><p>the appearance of a reference to an <a title="Unparsed Entity" href="#dt-unparsed">unparsed +entity</a>.</p></li> +<li> +<p>the appearance of any character or general-entity reference in the +DTD except within an <a href="#NT-EntityValue">EntityValue</a> or <a href="#NT-AttValue">AttValue</a>.</p> +</li> +<li><p>a reference to an external entity in an attribute value.</p></li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="div3"> + +<h4> +<a name="inliteral"></a>4.4.5 Included in Literal</h4> +<p>When an <a title="Entity Reference" href="#dt-entref">entity reference</a> appears in +an attribute value, or a parameter entity reference appears in a literal entity +value, its <a title="Replacement Text" href="#dt-repltext">replacement text</a> is processed +in place of the reference itself as though it were part of the document at +the location the reference was recognized, except that a single or double +quote character in the replacement text is always treated as a normal data +character and will not terminate the literal. For example, this is well-formed:</p> +<table class="eg" cellpadding="5" border="1" bgcolor="#99ffff" width="100%" summary="Example"><tr><td><pre><!-- --> +<!ENTITY % YN '"Yes"' > +<!ENTITY WhatHeSaid "He said %YN;" ></pre></td></tr></table> +<p>while this is not:</p> +<table class="eg" cellpadding="5" border="1" bgcolor="#99ffff" width="100%" summary="Example"><tr><td><pre><!ENTITY EndAttr "27'" > +<element attribute='a-&EndAttr;></pre></td></tr></table> +</div> +<div class="div3"> + +<h4> +<a name="notify"></a>4.4.6 Notify</h4> +<p>When the name of an <a title="Unparsed Entity" href="#dt-unparsed">unparsed entity</a> +appears as a token in the value of an attribute of declared type <b>ENTITY</b> +or <b>ENTITIES</b>, a validating processor must inform the application of +the <a title="System Identifier" href="#dt-sysid">system</a> and <a title="Public identifier" href="#dt-pubid">public</a> +(if any) identifiers for both the entity and its associated <a title="Notation" href="#dt-notation">notation</a>.</p> +</div> +<div class="div3"> + +<h4> +<a name="bypass"></a>4.4.7 Bypassed</h4> +<p>When a general entity reference appears in the <a href="#NT-EntityValue">EntityValue</a> +in an entity declaration, it is bypassed and left as is.</p> +</div> +<div class="div3"> + +<h4> +<a name="as-PE"></a>4.4.8 Included as PE</h4> +<p>Just as with external parsed entities, parameter entities need only be <a href="#include-if-valid"><cite>included if validating</cite></a>. When a parameter-entity +reference is recognized in the DTD and included, its <a title="Replacement Text" href="#dt-repltext">replacement +text</a> is enlarged by the attachment of one leading and one following +space (#x20) character; the intent is to constrain the replacement text of +parameter entities to contain an integral number of grammatical tokens in +the DTD. This +behavior does not apply to parameter entity references within entity values; +these are described in <a href="#inliteral"><b>4.4.5 Included in Literal</b></a>.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2"> + +<h3> +<a name="intern-replacement"></a>4.5 Construction of Internal Entity Replacement Text</h3> +<p>In discussing the treatment of internal entities, it is useful to distinguish +two forms of the entity's value. [<a name="dt-litentval" title="Literal Entity Value">Definition</a>: The <b>literal +entity value</b> is the quoted string actually present in the entity declaration, +corresponding to the non-terminal <a href="#NT-EntityValue">EntityValue</a>.] [<a name="dt-repltext" title="Replacement Text">Definition</a>: The <b>replacement text</b> +is the content of the entity, after replacement of character references and +parameter-entity references.]</p> +<p>The literal entity value as given in an internal entity declaration (<a href="#NT-EntityValue">EntityValue</a>) may contain character, parameter-entity, +and general-entity references. Such references must be contained entirely +within the literal entity value. The actual replacement text that is <a title="Include" href="#dt-include">included</a> as described above must contain the <em>replacement +text</em> of any parameter entities referred to, and must contain the character +referred to, in place of any character references in the literal entity value; +however, general-entity references must be left as-is, unexpanded. For example, +given the following declarations:</p> +<table class="eg" cellpadding="5" border="1" bgcolor="#99ffff" width="100%" summary="Example"><tr><td><pre><!ENTITY % pub "&#xc9;ditions Gallimard" > +<!ENTITY rights "All rights reserved" > +<!ENTITY book "La Peste: Albert Camus, +&#xA9; 1947 %pub;. &rights;" ></pre></td></tr></table> +<p>then the replacement text for the entity "<code>book</code>" +is:</p> +<table class="eg" cellpadding="5" border="1" bgcolor="#99ffff" width="100%" summary="Example"><tr><td><pre>La Peste: Albert Camus, +© 1947 Éditions Gallimard. &rights;</pre></td></tr></table> +<p>The general-entity reference "<code>&rights;</code>" would +be expanded should the reference "<code>&book;</code>" appear +in the document's content or an attribute value.</p> +<p>These simple rules may have complex interactions; for a detailed discussion +of a difficult example, see <a href="#sec-entexpand"><b>D Expansion of Entity and Character References</b></a>.</p> +</div> +<div class="div2"> + +<h3> +<a name="sec-predefined-ent"></a>4.6 Predefined Entities</h3> +<p>[<a name="dt-escape" title="escape">Definition</a>: Entity and character references can +both be used to <b>escape</b> the left angle bracket, ampersand, and +other delimiters. A set of general entities (<code>amp</code>, +<code>lt</code>, +<code>gt</code>, +<code>apos</code>, +<code>quot</code>) is specified for +this purpose. Numeric character references may also be used; they are expanded +immediately when recognized and must be treated as character data, so the +numeric character references "<code>&#60;</code>" and "<code>&#38;</code>" +may be used to escape <code><</code> and <code>&</code> when they occur +in character data.]</p> +<p>All XML processors must recognize these entities whether they are declared +or not. <a title="For interoperability" href="#dt-interop">For interoperability</a>, valid XML +documents should declare these entities, like any others, before using them. If +the entities <code>lt</code> or <code>amp</code> are declared, they must be +declared as internal entities whose replacement text is a character reference +to the respective +character (less-than sign or ampersand) being escaped; the double +escaping is required for these entities so that references to them produce +a well-formed result. If the entities <code>gt</code>, <code>apos</code>, +or <code>quot</code> are declared, they must be declared as internal entities +whose replacement text is the single character being escaped (or a character +reference to that character; the double escaping here is unnecessary but harmless). +For example:</p> +<table class="eg" cellpadding="5" border="1" bgcolor="#99ffff" width="100%" summary="Example"><tr><td><pre><!ENTITY lt "&#38;#60;"> +<!ENTITY gt "&#62;"> +<!ENTITY amp "&#38;#38;"> +<!ENTITY apos "&#39;"> +<!ENTITY quot "&#34;"></pre></td></tr></table> + +</div> +<div class="div2"> + +<h3> +<a name="Notations"></a>4.7 Notation Declarations</h3> +<p>[<a name="dt-notation" title="Notation">Definition</a>: <b>Notations</b> identify +by name the format of <a title="External Entity" href="#dt-extent">unparsed entities</a>, +the format of elements which bear a notation attribute, or the application +to which a <a title="Processing instruction" href="#dt-pi">processing instruction</a> is addressed.]</p> +<p>[<a name="dt-notdecl" title="Notation Declaration">Definition</a>: <b>Notation declarations</b> +provide a name for the notation, for use in entity and attribute-list declarations +and in attribute specifications, and an external identifier for the notation +which may allow an XML processor or its client application to locate a helper +application capable of processing data in the given notation.]</p> + +<h5>Notation Declarations</h5> +<table class="scrap" summary="Scrap"> +<tbody><tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-NotationDecl"></a>[82] </td> +<td><code>NotationDecl</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>'<!NOTATION' <a href="#NT-S">S</a> <a href="#NT-Name">Name</a> <a href="#NT-S">S</a> (<a href="#NT-ExternalID">ExternalID</a> | <a href="#NT-PublicID">PublicID</a>) <a href="#NT-S">S</a>? '>'</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +<td><a href="#UniqueNotationName">[VC: Unique +Notation Name]</a></td> +</tr></tbody> +<tbody><tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-PublicID"></a>[83] </td> +<td><code>PublicID</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>'PUBLIC' <a href="#NT-S">S</a> <a href="#NT-PubidLiteral">PubidLiteral</a> </code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr></tbody> +</table> +<div class="constraint"> +<p class="prefix"> +<a name="UniqueNotationName"></a> +<b>Validity constraint: Unique +Notation Name</b> +</p> +<p>Only one notation declaration can declare a given <a href="#NT-Name">Name</a>.</p> +</div> +<p>XML processors must provide applications with the name and external identifier(s) +of any notation declared and referred to in an attribute value, attribute +definition, or entity declaration. They may additionally resolve the external +identifier into the <a title="System Identifier" href="#dt-sysid">system identifier</a>, file +name, or other information needed to allow the application to call a processor +for data in the notation described. (It is not an error, however, for XML +documents to declare and refer to notations for which notation-specific applications +are not available on the system where the XML processor or application is +running.)</p> +</div> +<div class="div2"> + +<h3> +<a name="sec-doc-entity"></a>4.8 Document Entity</h3> +<p>[<a name="dt-docent" title="Document Entity">Definition</a>: The <b>document entity</b> +serves as the root of the entity tree and a starting-point for an <a title="XML Processor" href="#dt-xml-proc">XML processor</a>.] This specification does +not specify how the document entity is to be located by an XML processor; +unlike other entities, the document entity has no name and might well appear +on a processor input stream without any identification at all.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="div1"> + +<h2> +<a name="sec-conformance"></a>5 Conformance</h2> +<div class="div2"> + +<h3> +<a name="proc-types"></a>5.1 Validating and Non-Validating Processors</h3> +<p>Conforming <a title="XML Processor" href="#dt-xml-proc">XML processors</a> fall into +two classes: validating and non-validating.</p> +<p>Validating and non-validating processors alike must report violations of +this specification's well-formedness constraints in the content of the <a title="Document Entity" href="#dt-docent">document entity</a> and any other <a title="Text Entity" href="#dt-parsedent">parsed +entities</a> that they read.</p> +<p>[<a name="dt-validating" title="Validating Processor">Definition</a>: <b>Validating +processors</b> must, +at user option, report violations of the constraints expressed by +the declarations in the <a title="Document Type Declaration" href="#dt-doctype">DTD</a>, and failures +to fulfill the validity constraints given in this specification.] +To accomplish this, validating XML processors must read and process the entire +DTD and all external parsed entities referenced in the document.</p> +<p>Non-validating processors are required to check only the <a title="Document Entity" href="#dt-docent">document +entity</a>, including the entire internal DTD subset, for well-formedness. [<a name="dt-use-mdecl" title="Process Declarations">Definition</a>: While they are not required +to check the document for validity, they are required to <b>process</b> +all the declarations they read in the internal DTD subset and in any parameter +entity that they read, up to the first reference to a parameter entity that +they do <em>not</em> read; that is to say, they must use the information +in those declarations to <a href="#AVNormalize"><cite>normalize</cite></a> +attribute values, <a href="#included"><cite>include</cite></a> the replacement +text of internal entities, and supply <a href="#sec-attr-defaults"><cite>default +attribute values</cite></a>.] Except when <code>standalone="yes"</code>, they +must not <a title="Process Declarations" href="#dt-use-mdecl">process</a> <a title="entity declaration" href="#dt-entdecl">entity +declarations</a> or <a title="Attribute-List Declaration" href="#dt-attdecl">attribute-list declarations</a> +encountered after a reference to a parameter entity that is not read, since +the entity may have contained overriding declarations.</p> +</div> +<div class="div2"> + +<h3> +<a name="safe-behavior"></a>5.2 Using XML Processors</h3> +<p>The behavior of a validating XML processor is highly predictable; it must +read every piece of a document and report all well-formedness and validity +violations. Less is required of a non-validating processor; it need not read +any part of the document other than the document entity. This has two effects +that may be important to users of XML processors:</p> +<ul> +<li><p>Certain well-formedness errors, specifically those that require reading +external entities, may not be detected by a non-validating processor. Examples +include the constraints entitled <a href="#wf-entdeclared"><cite>Entity Declared</cite></a>, <a href="#textent"><cite>Parsed Entity</cite></a>, and <a href="#norecursion"><cite>No +Recursion</cite></a>, as well as some of the cases described as <a href="#forbidden"><cite>forbidden</cite></a> in <a href="#entproc"><b>4.4 XML Processor Treatment of Entities and References</b></a>.</p></li> +<li><p>The information passed from the processor to the application may +vary, depending on whether the processor reads parameter and external entities. +For example, a non-validating processor may not <a href="#AVNormalize"><cite>normalize</cite></a> +attribute values, <a href="#included"><cite>include</cite></a> the replacement +text of internal entities, or supply <a href="#sec-attr-defaults"><cite>default +attribute values</cite></a>, where doing so depends on having read declarations +in external or parameter entities.</p></li> +</ul> +<p>For maximum reliability in interoperating between different XML processors, +applications which use non-validating processors should not rely on any behaviors +not required of such processors. Applications which require facilities such +as the use of default attributes or internal entities which are declared in +external entities should use validating XML processors.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div1"> + +<h2> +<a name="sec-notation"></a>6 Notation</h2> +<p>The formal grammar of XML is given in this specification using a simple +Extended Backus-Naur Form (EBNF) notation. Each rule in the grammar defines +one symbol, in the form</p> +<table class="eg" cellpadding="5" border="1" bgcolor="#99ffff" width="100%" summary="Example"><tr><td><pre>symbol ::= expression</pre></td></tr></table> +<p>Symbols are written with an initial capital letter if they are the +start symbol of a regular language, otherwise with an initial lower +case letter. Literal strings are quoted.</p> +<p>Within the expression on the right-hand side of a rule, the following expressions +are used to match strings of one or more characters: </p><dl> +<dt class="label"><code>#xN</code></dt> +<dd> +<p>where <code>N</code> is a hexadecimal integer, the expression matches the +character in ISO/IEC 10646 whose canonical (UCS-4) code value, when interpreted +as an unsigned binary number, has the value indicated. The number of leading +zeros in the <code>#xN</code> form is insignificant; the number of leading +zeros in the corresponding code value is governed by the character encoding +in use and is not significant for XML.</p> +</dd> +<dt class="label"> +<code>[a-zA-Z]</code>, <code>[#xN-#xN]</code> +</dt> +<dd> +<p>matches any <a href="#NT-Char">Char</a> with a value in the range(s) indicated (inclusive).</p> +</dd> +<dt class="label"> +<code>[abc]</code>, <code>[#xN#xN#xN]</code> +</dt> +<dd> +<p>matches any <a href="#NT-Char">Char</a> with a value among the characters +enumerated. Enumerations and ranges can be mixed in one set of brackets.</p> +</dd> +<dt class="label"> +<code>[^a-z]</code>, <code>[^#xN-#xN]</code> +</dt> +<dd> +<p>matches any <a href="#NT-Char">Char</a> with a value <em>outside</em> the range +indicated.</p> +</dd> +<dt class="label"> +<code>[^abc]</code>, <code>[^#xN#xN#xN]</code> +</dt> +<dd> +<p>matches any <a href="#NT-Char">Char</a> with a value not among the characters given. Enumerations +and ranges of forbidden values can be mixed in one set of brackets.</p> +</dd> +<dt class="label"><code>"string"</code></dt> +<dd> +<p>matches a literal string <a title="match" href="#dt-match">matching</a> that +given inside the double quotes.</p> +</dd> +<dt class="label"><code>'string'</code></dt> +<dd> +<p>matches a literal string <a title="match" href="#dt-match">matching</a> that +given inside the single quotes.</p> +</dd> +</dl><p> These symbols may be combined to match more complex patterns as follows, +where <code>A</code> and <code>B</code> represent simple expressions: </p><dl> +<dt class="label">(<code>expression</code>)</dt> +<dd> +<p> +<code>expression</code> is treated as a unit and may be combined as described +in this list.</p> +</dd> +<dt class="label"><code>A?</code></dt> +<dd> +<p>matches <code>A</code> or nothing; optional <code>A</code>.</p> +</dd> +<dt class="label"><code>A B</code></dt> +<dd> +<p>matches <code>A</code> followed by <code>B</code>. This +operator has higher precedence than alternation; thus <code>A B | C D</code> +is identical to <code>(A B) | (C D)</code>.</p> +</dd> +<dt class="label"><code>A | B</code></dt> +<dd> +<p>matches <code>A</code> or <code>B</code> but not both.</p> +</dd> +<dt class="label"><code>A - B</code></dt> +<dd> +<p>matches any string that matches <code>A</code> but does not match <code>B</code>.</p> +</dd> +<dt class="label"><code>A+</code></dt> +<dd> +<p>matches one or more occurrences of <code>A</code>.Concatenation +has higher precedence than alternation; thus <code>A+ | B+</code> is identical +to <code>(A+) | (B+)</code>.</p> +</dd> +<dt class="label"><code>A*</code></dt> +<dd> +<p>matches zero or more occurrences of <code>A</code>. Concatenation +has higher precedence than alternation; thus <code>A* | B*</code> is identical +to <code>(A*) | (B*)</code>.</p> +</dd> +</dl><p> Other notations used in the productions are: </p><dl> +<dt class="label"><code>/* ... */</code></dt> +<dd> +<p>comment.</p> +</dd> +<dt class="label"><code>[ wfc: ... ]</code></dt> +<dd> +<p>well-formedness constraint; this identifies by name a constraint on <a title="Well-Formed" href="#dt-wellformed">well-formed</a> documents associated with a production.</p> +</dd> +<dt class="label"><code>[ vc: ... ]</code></dt> +<dd> +<p>validity constraint; this identifies by name a constraint on <a title="Validity" href="#dt-valid">valid</a> +documents associated with a production.</p> +</dd> +</dl><p></p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="back"> + + +<div class="div1"> + +<h2> +<a name="sec-bibliography"></a>A References</h2> +<div class="div2"> + +<h3> +<a name="sec-existing-stds"></a>A.1 Normative References</h3> +<dl> +<dt class="label"> +<a name="IANA"></a>IANA-CHARSETS</dt> +<dd>(Internet +Assigned Numbers Authority) <cite>Official Names for Character Sets</cite>, +ed. Keld Simonsen et al. See <a href="ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/iana/assignments/character-sets">ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/iana/assignments/character-sets</a>. </dd> +<dt class="label"> +<a name="RFC1766"></a>IETF RFC 1766</dt> +<dd>IETF +(Internet Engineering Task Force). <cite>RFC 1766: Tags for the Identification +of Languages</cite>, ed. H. Alvestrand. 1995. (See <a href="">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1766.txt</a>.)</dd> + + +<dt class="label"> +<a name="ISO10646"></a>ISO/IEC 10646</dt> +<dd>ISO (International Organization for +Standardization). <cite>ISO/IEC 10646-1993 (E). Information technology -- +Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS) -- Part 1: Architecture +and Basic Multilingual Plane.</cite> [Geneva]: International Organization +for Standardization, 1993 (plus amendments AM 1 through AM 7).</dd> +<dt class="label"> +<a name="ISO10646-2000"></a>ISO/IEC 10646-2000</dt> +<dd> ISO (International +Organization for Standardization). <cite>ISO/IEC 10646-1:2000. Information +technology -- Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS) -- +Part 1: Architecture and Basic Multilingual Plane.</cite> [Geneva]: International +Organization for Standardization, 2000.</dd> +<dt class="label"> +<a name="Unicode"></a>Unicode</dt> +<dd>The Unicode Consortium. <em>The Unicode +Standard, Version 2.0.</em> Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Developers Press, +1996.</dd> +<dt class="label"> +<a name="Unicode3"></a>Unicode3</dt> +<dd> +The Unicode Consortium. <em>The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0.</em> Reading, +Mass.: Addison-Wesley Developers Press, 2000. ISBN 0-201-61633-5.</dd> +</dl> +</div> +<div class="div2"> + + +<h3> +<a name="null"></a>A.2 Other References</h3> +<dl> +<dt class="label"> +<a name="Aho"></a>Aho/Ullman</dt> +<dd>Aho, Alfred V., Ravi Sethi, and Jeffrey D. +Ullman. <cite>Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools</cite>. +Reading: Addison-Wesley, 1986, rpt. corr. 1988.</dd> +<dt class="label"> +<a name="Berners-Lee"></a>Berners-Lee et al.</dt> +<dd> Berners-Lee, T., R. Fielding, +and L. Masinter. <cite>Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax +and Semantics</cite>. 1997. (Work in progress; see updates to RFC1738.)</dd> +<dt class="label"> +<a name="ABK"></a>Brüggemann-Klein</dt> +<dd>Brüggemann-Klein, +Anne. Formal Models in Document Processing. Habilitationsschrift. Faculty +of Mathematics at the University of Freiburg, 1993. (See <a href="ftp://ftp.informatik.uni-freiburg.de/documents/papers/brueggem/habil.ps">ftp://ftp.informatik.uni-freiburg.de/documents/papers/brueggem/habil.ps</a>.)</dd> +<dt class="label"> +<a name="ABKDW"></a>Brüggemann-Klein and Wood</dt> +<dd>Brüggemann-Klein, +Anne, and Derick Wood. <cite>Deterministic Regular Languages</cite>. +Universität Freiburg, Institut für Informatik, Bericht 38, Oktober 1991. Extended +abstract in A. Finkel, M. Jantzen, Hrsg., STACS 1992, S. 173-184. Springer-Verlag, +Berlin 1992. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 577. Full version titled <cite>One-Unambiguous +Regular Languages</cite> in Information and Computation 140 (2): 229-253, +February 1998.</dd> +<dt class="label"> +<a name="Clark"></a>Clark</dt> +<dd>James Clark. Comparison of SGML and XML. See <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-sgml-xml-971215">http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-sgml-xml-971215</a>. </dd> +<dt class="label"> +<a name="IANA-LANGCODES"></a>IANA-LANGCODES</dt> +<dd>(Internet +Assigned Numbers Authority) <cite>Registry of Language Tags</cite>, +ed. Keld Simonsen et al. (See <a href="">http://www.isi.edu/in-notes/iana/assignments/languages/</a>.)</dd> + + +<dt class="label"> +<a name="RFC2141"></a>IETF RFC2141</dt> +<dd>IETF +(Internet Engineering Task Force). <em>RFC 2141: URN Syntax</em>, ed. +R. Moats. 1997. (See <a href="">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2141.txt</a>.)</dd> +<dt class="label"> +<a name="rfc2279"></a>IETF RFC 2279</dt> +<dd>IETF +(Internet Engineering Task Force). <cite>RFC 2279: UTF-8, a transformation +format of ISO 10646</cite>, ed. F. Yergeau, 1998. (See <a href="">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2279.txt</a>.)</dd> +<dt class="label"> +<a name="rfc2376"></a>IETF RFC 2376</dt> +<dd>IETF +(Internet Engineering Task Force). <cite>RFC 2376: XML Media Types</cite>. +ed. E. Whitehead, M. Murata. 1998. (See <a href="">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2376.txt</a>.)</dd> +<dt class="label"> +<a name="rfc2396"></a>IETF RFC 2396</dt> +<dd>IETF +(Internet Engineering Task Force). <cite>RFC 2396: Uniform Resource Identifiers +(URI): Generic Syntax</cite>. T. Berners-Lee, R. Fielding, L. Masinter. +1998. (See <a href="">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt</a>.)</dd> +<dt class="label"> +<a name="rfc2732"></a>IETF RFC 2732</dt> +<dd>IETF +(Internet Engineering Task Force). <cite>RFC 2732: Format for Literal +IPv6 Addresses in URL's</cite>. R. Hinden, B. Carpenter, L. Masinter. +1999. (See <a href="">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2732.txt</a>.)</dd> +<dt class="label"> +<a name="rfc2781"></a>IETF RFC 2781</dt> +<dd> +IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force). <em>RFC 2781: UTF-16, an encoding +of ISO 10646</em>, ed. P. Hoffman, F. Yergeau. 2000. (See <a href="">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2781.txt</a>.)</dd> +<dt class="label"> +<a name="ISO639"></a>ISO 639</dt> +<dd> +(International Organization for Standardization). <cite>ISO 639:1988 (E). +Code for the representation of names of languages.</cite> [Geneva]: International +Organization for Standardization, 1988.</dd> +<dt class="label"> +<a name="ISO3166"></a>ISO 3166</dt> +<dd> +(International Organization for Standardization). <cite>ISO 3166-1:1997 +(E). Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions -- +Part 1: Country codes</cite> [Geneva]: International Organization for +Standardization, 1997.</dd> +<dt class="label"> +<a name="ISO8879"></a>ISO 8879</dt> +<dd>ISO (International Organization for Standardization). <cite>ISO +8879:1986(E). Information processing -- Text and Office Systems -- +Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML).</cite> First edition -- +1986-10-15. [Geneva]: International Organization for Standardization, 1986. </dd> +<dt class="label"> +<a name="ISO10744"></a>ISO/IEC 10744</dt> +<dd>ISO (International Organization for +Standardization). <cite>ISO/IEC 10744-1992 (E). Information technology -- +Hypermedia/Time-based Structuring Language (HyTime). </cite> [Geneva]: +International Organization for Standardization, 1992. <em>Extended Facilities +Annexe.</em> [Geneva]: International Organization for Standardization, 1996. </dd> +<dt class="label"> +<a name="websgml"></a>WEBSGML</dt> +<dd>ISO +(International Organization for Standardization). <cite>ISO 8879:1986 +TC2. Information technology -- Document Description and Processing Languages. </cite> +[Geneva]: International Organization for Standardization, 1998. (See <a href="">http://www.sgmlsource.com/8879rev/n0029.htm</a>.)</dd> +<dt class="label"> +<a name="xml-names"></a>XML Names</dt> +<dd>Tim Bray, +Dave Hollander, and Andrew Layman, editors. <cite>Namespaces in XML</cite>. +Textuality, Hewlett-Packard, and Microsoft. World Wide Web Consortium, 1999. (See <a href="">http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml-names/</a>.)</dd> +</dl> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div1"> + +<h2> +<a name="CharClasses"></a>B Character Classes</h2> +<p>Following the characteristics defined in the Unicode standard, characters +are classed as base characters (among others, these contain the alphabetic +characters of the Latin alphabet), ideographic characters, and combining characters (among +others, this class contains most diacritics) Digits and extenders are also +distinguished.</p> + +<h5>Characters</h5> +<table class="scrap" summary="Scrap"><tbody> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-Letter"></a>[84] </td> +<td><code>Letter</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code> +<a href="#NT-BaseChar">BaseChar</a> | <a href="#NT-Ideographic">Ideographic</a> +</code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-BaseChar"></a>[85] </td> +<td><code>BaseChar</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>[#x0041-#x005A] | [#x0061-#x007A] | [#x00C0-#x00D6] +| [#x00D8-#x00F6] | [#x00F8-#x00FF] | [#x0100-#x0131] | [#x0134-#x013E] +| [#x0141-#x0148] | [#x014A-#x017E] | [#x0180-#x01C3] | [#x01CD-#x01F0] +| [#x01F4-#x01F5] | [#x01FA-#x0217] | [#x0250-#x02A8] | [#x02BB-#x02C1] +| #x0386 | [#x0388-#x038A] | #x038C | [#x038E-#x03A1] +| [#x03A3-#x03CE] | [#x03D0-#x03D6] | #x03DA | #x03DC +| #x03DE | #x03E0 | [#x03E2-#x03F3] | [#x0401-#x040C] +| [#x040E-#x044F] | [#x0451-#x045C] | [#x045E-#x0481] | [#x0490-#x04C4] +| [#x04C7-#x04C8] | [#x04CB-#x04CC] | [#x04D0-#x04EB] | [#x04EE-#x04F5] +| [#x04F8-#x04F9] | [#x0531-#x0556] | #x0559 | [#x0561-#x0586] +| [#x05D0-#x05EA] | [#x05F0-#x05F2] | [#x0621-#x063A] | [#x0641-#x064A] +| [#x0671-#x06B7] | [#x06BA-#x06BE] | [#x06C0-#x06CE] | [#x06D0-#x06D3] +| #x06D5 | [#x06E5-#x06E6] | [#x0905-#x0939] | #x093D +| [#x0958-#x0961] | [#x0985-#x098C] | [#x098F-#x0990] | [#x0993-#x09A8] +| [#x09AA-#x09B0] | #x09B2 | [#x09B6-#x09B9] | [#x09DC-#x09DD] +| [#x09DF-#x09E1] | [#x09F0-#x09F1] | [#x0A05-#x0A0A] | [#x0A0F-#x0A10] +| [#x0A13-#x0A28] | [#x0A2A-#x0A30] | [#x0A32-#x0A33] | [#x0A35-#x0A36] +| [#x0A38-#x0A39] | [#x0A59-#x0A5C] | #x0A5E | [#x0A72-#x0A74] +| [#x0A85-#x0A8B] | #x0A8D | [#x0A8F-#x0A91] | [#x0A93-#x0AA8] +| [#x0AAA-#x0AB0] | [#x0AB2-#x0AB3] | [#x0AB5-#x0AB9] | #x0ABD +| #x0AE0 | [#x0B05-#x0B0C] | [#x0B0F-#x0B10] | [#x0B13-#x0B28] +| [#x0B2A-#x0B30] | [#x0B32-#x0B33] | [#x0B36-#x0B39] | #x0B3D +| [#x0B5C-#x0B5D] | [#x0B5F-#x0B61] | [#x0B85-#x0B8A] | [#x0B8E-#x0B90] +| [#x0B92-#x0B95] | [#x0B99-#x0B9A] | #x0B9C | [#x0B9E-#x0B9F] +| [#x0BA3-#x0BA4] | [#x0BA8-#x0BAA] | [#x0BAE-#x0BB5] | [#x0BB7-#x0BB9] +| [#x0C05-#x0C0C] | [#x0C0E-#x0C10] | [#x0C12-#x0C28] | [#x0C2A-#x0C33] +| [#x0C35-#x0C39] | [#x0C60-#x0C61] | [#x0C85-#x0C8C] | [#x0C8E-#x0C90] +| [#x0C92-#x0CA8] | [#x0CAA-#x0CB3] | [#x0CB5-#x0CB9] | #x0CDE +| [#x0CE0-#x0CE1] | [#x0D05-#x0D0C] | [#x0D0E-#x0D10] | [#x0D12-#x0D28] +| [#x0D2A-#x0D39] | [#x0D60-#x0D61] | [#x0E01-#x0E2E] | #x0E30 +| [#x0E32-#x0E33] | [#x0E40-#x0E45] | [#x0E81-#x0E82] | #x0E84 +| [#x0E87-#x0E88] | #x0E8A | #x0E8D | [#x0E94-#x0E97] +| [#x0E99-#x0E9F] | [#x0EA1-#x0EA3] | #x0EA5 | #x0EA7 +| [#x0EAA-#x0EAB] | [#x0EAD-#x0EAE] | #x0EB0 | [#x0EB2-#x0EB3] +| #x0EBD | [#x0EC0-#x0EC4] | [#x0F40-#x0F47] | [#x0F49-#x0F69] +| [#x10A0-#x10C5] | [#x10D0-#x10F6] | #x1100 | [#x1102-#x1103] +| [#x1105-#x1107] | #x1109 | [#x110B-#x110C] | [#x110E-#x1112] +| #x113C | #x113E | #x1140 | #x114C | #x114E | #x1150 +| [#x1154-#x1155] | #x1159 | [#x115F-#x1161] | #x1163 +| #x1165 | #x1167 | #x1169 | [#x116D-#x116E] | [#x1172-#x1173] +| #x1175 | #x119E | #x11A8 | #x11AB | [#x11AE-#x11AF] +| [#x11B7-#x11B8] | #x11BA | [#x11BC-#x11C2] | #x11EB +| #x11F0 | #x11F9 | [#x1E00-#x1E9B] | [#x1EA0-#x1EF9] +| [#x1F00-#x1F15] | [#x1F18-#x1F1D] | [#x1F20-#x1F45] | [#x1F48-#x1F4D] +| [#x1F50-#x1F57] | #x1F59 | #x1F5B | #x1F5D | [#x1F5F-#x1F7D] +| [#x1F80-#x1FB4] | [#x1FB6-#x1FBC] | #x1FBE | [#x1FC2-#x1FC4] +| [#x1FC6-#x1FCC] | [#x1FD0-#x1FD3] | [#x1FD6-#x1FDB] | [#x1FE0-#x1FEC] +| [#x1FF2-#x1FF4] | [#x1FF6-#x1FFC] | #x2126 | [#x212A-#x212B] +| #x212E | [#x2180-#x2182] | [#x3041-#x3094] | [#x30A1-#x30FA] +| [#x3105-#x312C] | [#xAC00-#xD7A3] </code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-Ideographic"></a>[86] </td> +<td><code>Ideographic</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>[#x4E00-#x9FA5] | #x3007 | [#x3021-#x3029] </code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-CombiningChar"></a>[87] </td> +<td><code>CombiningChar</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>[#x0300-#x0345] | [#x0360-#x0361] | [#x0483-#x0486] +| [#x0591-#x05A1] | [#x05A3-#x05B9] | [#x05BB-#x05BD] | #x05BF +| [#x05C1-#x05C2] | #x05C4 | [#x064B-#x0652] | #x0670 +| [#x06D6-#x06DC] | [#x06DD-#x06DF] | [#x06E0-#x06E4] | [#x06E7-#x06E8] +| [#x06EA-#x06ED] | [#x0901-#x0903] | #x093C | [#x093E-#x094C] +| #x094D | [#x0951-#x0954] | [#x0962-#x0963] | [#x0981-#x0983] +| #x09BC | #x09BE | #x09BF | [#x09C0-#x09C4] | [#x09C7-#x09C8] +| [#x09CB-#x09CD] | #x09D7 | [#x09E2-#x09E3] | #x0A02 +| #x0A3C | #x0A3E | #x0A3F | [#x0A40-#x0A42] | [#x0A47-#x0A48] +| [#x0A4B-#x0A4D] | [#x0A70-#x0A71] | [#x0A81-#x0A83] | #x0ABC +| [#x0ABE-#x0AC5] | [#x0AC7-#x0AC9] | [#x0ACB-#x0ACD] | [#x0B01-#x0B03] +| #x0B3C | [#x0B3E-#x0B43] | [#x0B47-#x0B48] | [#x0B4B-#x0B4D] +| [#x0B56-#x0B57] | [#x0B82-#x0B83] | [#x0BBE-#x0BC2] | [#x0BC6-#x0BC8] +| [#x0BCA-#x0BCD] | #x0BD7 | [#x0C01-#x0C03] | [#x0C3E-#x0C44] +| [#x0C46-#x0C48] | [#x0C4A-#x0C4D] | [#x0C55-#x0C56] | [#x0C82-#x0C83] +| [#x0CBE-#x0CC4] | [#x0CC6-#x0CC8] | [#x0CCA-#x0CCD] | [#x0CD5-#x0CD6] +| [#x0D02-#x0D03] | [#x0D3E-#x0D43] | [#x0D46-#x0D48] | [#x0D4A-#x0D4D] +| #x0D57 | #x0E31 | [#x0E34-#x0E3A] | [#x0E47-#x0E4E] +| #x0EB1 | [#x0EB4-#x0EB9] | [#x0EBB-#x0EBC] | [#x0EC8-#x0ECD] +| [#x0F18-#x0F19] | #x0F35 | #x0F37 | #x0F39 | #x0F3E +| #x0F3F | [#x0F71-#x0F84] | [#x0F86-#x0F8B] | [#x0F90-#x0F95] +| #x0F97 | [#x0F99-#x0FAD] | [#x0FB1-#x0FB7] | #x0FB9 +| [#x20D0-#x20DC] | #x20E1 | [#x302A-#x302F] | #x3099 +| #x309A </code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-Digit"></a>[88] </td> +<td><code>Digit</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>[#x0030-#x0039] | [#x0660-#x0669] | [#x06F0-#x06F9] +| [#x0966-#x096F] | [#x09E6-#x09EF] | [#x0A66-#x0A6F] | [#x0AE6-#x0AEF] +| [#x0B66-#x0B6F] | [#x0BE7-#x0BEF] | [#x0C66-#x0C6F] | [#x0CE6-#x0CEF] +| [#x0D66-#x0D6F] | [#x0E50-#x0E59] | [#x0ED0-#x0ED9] | [#x0F20-#x0F29] </code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr> +<tr valign="baseline"> +<td> +<a name="NT-Extender"></a>[89] </td> +<td><code>Extender</code></td> +<td> ::= </td> +<td><code>#x00B7 | #x02D0 | #x02D1 | #x0387 | #x0640 +| #x0E46 | #x0EC6 | #x3005 | [#x3031-#x3035] | [#x309D-#x309E] +| [#x30FC-#x30FE] </code></td> +<xsltdebug></xsltdebug> +</tr> +</tbody></table> +<p>The character classes defined here can be derived from the Unicode 2.0 +character database as follows:</p> +<ul> +<li><p>Name start characters must have one of the categories Ll, Lu, Lo, +Lt, Nl.</p></li> +<li><p>Name characters other than Name-start characters must have one of +the categories Mc, Me, Mn, Lm, or Nd.</p></li> +<li><p>Characters in the compatibility area (i.e. with character code greater +than #xF900 and less than #xFFFE) are not allowed in XML names.</p></li> +<li><p>Characters which have a font or compatibility decomposition (i.e. +those with a "compatibility formatting tag" in field 5 of the +database -- marked by field 5 beginning with a "<") are not +allowed.</p></li> +<li><p>The following characters are treated as name-start characters rather +than name characters, because the property file classifies them as Alphabetic: +[#x02BB-#x02C1], #x0559, #x06E5, #x06E6.</p></li> +<li><p>Characters #x20DD-#x20E0 are excluded (in accordance with Unicode 2.0, +section 5.14).</p></li> +<li><p>Character #x00B7 is classified as an extender, because the property +list so identifies it.</p></li> +<li><p>Character #x0387 is added as a name character, because #x00B7 is +its canonical equivalent.</p></li> +<li> +<p>Characters ':' and '_' are allowed as name-start characters.</p> +</li> +<li><p>Characters '-' and '.' are allowed as name characters.</p></li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="div1"> + +<h2> +<a name="sec-xml-and-sgml"></a>C XML and SGML (Non-Normative)</h2> +<p>XML +is designed to be a subset of SGML, in that every XML document should also +be a conforming SGML document. For a detailed comparison of the additional +restrictions that XML places on documents beyond those of SGML, see <a href="#Clark">[Clark]</a>.</p> +</div> +<div class="div1"> + +<h2> +<a name="sec-entexpand"></a>D Expansion of Entity and Character References (Non-Normative)</h2> +<p>This appendix contains some examples illustrating the sequence of entity- +and character-reference recognition and expansion, as specified in <a href="#entproc"><b>4.4 XML Processor Treatment of Entities and References</b></a>.</p> +<p>If the DTD contains the declaration</p> +<table class="eg" cellpadding="5" border="1" bgcolor="#99ffff" width="100%" summary="Example"><tr><td><pre><!ENTITY example "<p>An ampersand (&#38;#38;) may be escaped +numerically (&#38;#38;#38;) or with a general entity +(&amp;amp;).</p>" ></pre></td></tr></table> +<p>then the XML processor will recognize the character references when it +parses the entity declaration, and resolve them before storing the following +string as the value of the entity "<code>example</code>":</p> +<table class="eg" cellpadding="5" border="1" bgcolor="#99ffff" width="100%" summary="Example"><tr><td><pre><p>An ampersand (&#38;) may be escaped +numerically (&#38;#38;) or with a general entity +(&amp;amp;).</p></pre></td></tr></table> +<p>A reference in the document to "<code>&example;</code>" +will cause the text to be reparsed, at which time the start- and end-tags +of the <code>p</code> element will be recognized and the three references will +be recognized and expanded, resulting in a <code>p</code> element with the following +content (all data, no delimiters or markup):</p> +<table class="eg" cellpadding="5" border="1" bgcolor="#99ffff" width="100%" summary="Example"><tr><td><pre>An ampersand (&) may be escaped +numerically (&#38;) or with a general entity +(&amp;).</pre></td></tr></table> +<p>A more complex example will illustrate the rules and their effects fully. +In the following example, the line numbers are solely for reference.</p> +<table class="eg" cellpadding="5" border="1" bgcolor="#99ffff" width="100%" summary="Example"><tr><td><pre>1 <?xml version='1.0'?> +2 <!DOCTYPE test [ +3 <!ELEMENT test (#PCDATA) > +4 <!ENTITY % xx '&#37;zz;'> +5 <!ENTITY % zz '&#60;!ENTITY tricky "error-prone" >' > +6 %xx; +7 ]> +8 <test>This sample shows a &tricky; method.</test></pre></td></tr></table> +<p>This produces the following:</p> +<ul> +<li><p>in line 4, the reference to character 37 is expanded immediately, +and the parameter entity "<code>xx</code>" is stored in the symbol +table with the value "<code>%zz;</code>". Since the replacement +text is not rescanned, the reference to parameter entity "<code>zz</code>" +is not recognized. (And it would be an error if it were, since "<code>zz</code>" +is not yet declared.)</p></li> +<li><p>in line 5, the character reference "<code>&#60;</code>" +is expanded immediately and the parameter entity "<code>zz</code>" +is stored with the replacement text "<code><!ENTITY tricky "error-prone" +></code>", which is a well-formed entity declaration.</p></li> +<li> +<p>in line 6, the reference to "<code>xx</code>" is recognized, +and the replacement text of "<code>xx</code>" (namely "<code>%zz;</code>") +is parsed. The reference to "<code>zz</code>" is recognized in +its turn, and its replacement text ("<code><!ENTITY tricky "error-prone" +></code>") is parsed. The general entity "<code>tricky</code>" +has now been declared, with the replacement text "<code>error-prone</code>".</p> +</li> +<li><p>in line 8, the reference to the general entity "<code>tricky</code>" +is recognized, and it is expanded, so the full content of the <code>test</code> +element is the self-describing (and ungrammatical) string <em>This sample +shows a error-prone method.</em> +</p></li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="div1"> + +<h2> +<a name="determinism"></a>E Deterministic Content Models (Non-Normative)</h2> +<p>As +noted in <a href="#sec-element-content"><b>3.2.1 Element Content</b></a>, it is required that content +models in element type declarations be deterministic. This requirement is <a title="For Compatibility" href="#dt-compat">for compatibility</a> with SGML (which calls deterministic +content models "unambiguous"); XML processors built +using SGML systems may flag non-deterministic content models as errors.</p> +<p>For example, the content model <code>((b, c) | (b, d))</code> is non-deterministic, +because given an initial <code>b</code> the XML processor +cannot know which <code>b</code> in the model is being matched without looking +ahead to see which element follows the <code>b</code>. In this case, the two references +to <code>b</code> can be collapsed into a single reference, making the model read <code>(b, +(c | d))</code>. An initial <code>b</code> now clearly matches only a single name +in the content model. The processor doesn't need to look ahead to see what follows; either <code>c</code> or <code>d</code> +would be accepted.</p> +<p>More formally: a finite state automaton may be constructed from the content +model using the standard algorithms, e.g. algorithm 3.5 in section 3.9 of +Aho, Sethi, and Ullman <a href="#Aho">[Aho/Ullman]</a>. In many such algorithms, a follow +set is constructed for each position in the regular expression (i.e., each +leaf node in the syntax tree for the regular expression); if any position +has a follow set in which more than one following position is labeled with +the same element type name, then the content model is in error and may be +reported as an error.</p> +<p>Algorithms exist which allow many but not all non-deterministic content +models to be reduced automatically to equivalent deterministic models; see +Brüggemann-Klein 1991 <a href="#ABK">[Brüggemann-Klein]</a>.</p> +</div> +<div class="div1"> + +<h2> +<a name="sec-guessing"></a>F Autodetection +of Character Encodings (Non-Normative)</h2> +<p>The XML encoding declaration functions as an internal label on each entity, +indicating which character encoding is in use. Before an XML processor can +read the internal label, however, it apparently has to know what character +encoding is in use--which is what the internal label is trying to indicate. +In the general case, this is a hopeless situation. It is not entirely hopeless +in XML, however, because XML limits the general case in two ways: each implementation +is assumed to support only a finite set of character encodings, and the XML +encoding declaration is restricted in position and content in order to make +it feasible to autodetect the character encoding in use in each entity in +normal cases. Also, in many cases other sources of information are available +in addition to the XML data stream itself. Two cases may be distinguished, +depending on whether the XML entity is presented to the processor without, +or with, any accompanying (external) information. We consider the first case +first.</p> +<div class="div2"> + +<h3> +<a name="sec-guessing-no-ext-info"></a>F.1 Detection Without External Encoding Information</h3> +<p>Because each XML entity not accompanied by external +encoding information and not in UTF-8 or UTF-16 encoding <em>must</em> +begin with an XML encoding declaration, in which the first characters must +be '<code><?xml</code>', any conforming processor can detect, after two +to four octets of input, which of the following cases apply. In reading this +list, it may help to know that in UCS-4, '<' is "<code>#x0000003C</code>" +and '?' is "<code>#x0000003F</code>", and the Byte Order Mark +required of UTF-16 data streams is "<code>#xFEFF</code>". The notation <var>##</var> is used to denote any byte value except that two consecutive <var>##</var>s cannot be both 00.</p> +<p>With a Byte Order Mark:</p> +<table border="1" frame="border"><tbody> +<tr> +<td><code>00 00 FE +FF</code></td> +<td>UCS-4, big-endian machine (1234 order)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><code>FF +FE 00 00</code></td> +<td>UCS-4, little-endian machine (4321 order)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><code>00 00 FF FE</code></td> +<td>UCS-4, unusual octet order (2143)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><code>FE FF 00 00</code></td> +<td>UCS-4, unusual octet order (3412)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><code>FE FF ## ##</code></td> +<td>UTF-16, big-endian</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><code>FF FE ## ##</code></td> +<td>UTF-16, little-endian</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><code>EF BB BF</code></td> +<td>UTF-8</td> +</tr> +</tbody></table> +<p>Without a Byte Order Mark:</p> +<table border="1" frame="border"><tbody> +<tr> +<td><code>00 00 00 3C</code></td> +<td rowspan="4">UCS-4 or other encoding with a 32-bit code unit and ASCII +characters encoded as ASCII values, in respectively big-endian (1234), little-endian +(4321) and two unusual byte orders (2143 and 3412). The encoding declaration +must be read to determine which of UCS-4 or other supported 32-bit encodings +applies.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><code>3C 00 00 00</code></td> + +</tr> +<tr> +<td><code>00 00 3C 00</code></td> + +</tr> +<tr> +<td><code>00 3C 00 00</code></td> + +</tr> +<tr> +<td><code>00 3C 00 3F</code></td> +<td>UTF-16BE or big-endian ISO-10646-UCS-2 +or other encoding with a 16-bit code unit in big-endian order and ASCII characters +encoded as ASCII values (the encoding declaration must be read to determine +which)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><code>3C 00 3F 00</code></td> +<td>UTF-16LE or little-endian +ISO-10646-UCS-2 or other encoding with a 16-bit code unit in little-endian +order and ASCII characters encoded as ASCII values (the encoding declaration +must be read to determine which)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><code>3C 3F 78 6D</code></td> +<td>UTF-8, ISO 646, ASCII, some part of ISO 8859, Shift-JIS, EUC, or any other +7-bit, 8-bit, or mixed-width encoding which ensures that the characters of +ASCII have their normal positions, width, and values; the actual encoding +declaration must be read to detect which of these applies, but since all of +these encodings use the same bit patterns for the relevant ASCII characters, +the encoding declaration itself may be read reliably</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><code>4C +6F A7 94</code></td> +<td>EBCDIC (in some flavor; the full encoding declaration +must be read to tell which code page is in use)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Other</td> +<td>UTF-8 without an encoding declaration, or else the data stream is mislabeled +(lacking a required encoding declaration), corrupt, fragmentary, or enclosed +in a wrapper of some kind</td> +</tr> +</tbody></table> +<div class="note"> +<p class="prefix"><b>Note:</b></p> +<p>In cases above which do not require reading the encoding declaration to +determine the encoding, section 4.3.3 still requires that the encoding declaration, +if present, be read and that the encoding name be checked to match the actual +encoding of the entity. Also, it is possible that new character encodings +will be invented that will make it necessary to use the encoding declaration +to determine the encoding, in cases where this is not required at present.</p> +</div> +<p>This level of autodetection is enough to read the XML encoding declaration +and parse the character-encoding identifier, which is still necessary to distinguish +the individual members of each family of encodings (e.g. to tell UTF-8 from +8859, and the parts of 8859 from each other, or to distinguish the specific +EBCDIC code page in use, and so on).</p> +<p>Because the contents of the encoding declaration are restricted to characters from the ASCII repertoire (however encoded), +a processor can reliably read the entire encoding declaration as soon as it +has detected which family of encodings is in use. Since in practice, all widely +used character encodings fall into one of the categories above, the XML encoding +declaration allows reasonably reliable in-band labeling of character encodings, +even when external sources of information at the operating-system or transport-protocol +level are unreliable. Character encodings such as UTF-7 +that make overloaded usage of ASCII-valued bytes may fail to be reliably detected.</p> +<p>Once the processor has detected the character encoding in use, it can act +appropriately, whether by invoking a separate input routine for each case, +or by calling the proper conversion function on each character of input.</p> +<p>Like any self-labeling system, the XML encoding declaration will not work +if any software changes the entity's character set or encoding without updating +the encoding declaration. Implementors of character-encoding routines should +be careful to ensure the accuracy of the internal and external information +used to label the entity.</p> +</div> +<div class="div2"> + +<h3> +<a name="sec-guessing-with-ext-info"></a>F.2 Priorities in the Presence of External Encoding Information</h3> +<p>The second possible case occurs when the XML entity is accompanied by encoding +information, as in some file systems and some network protocols. When multiple +sources of information are available, their relative priority and the preferred +method of handling conflict should be specified as part of the higher-level +protocol used to deliver XML. In particular, please refer +to <a href="#rfc2376">[IETF RFC 2376]</a> or its successor, which defines the <code>text/xml</code> +and <code>application/xml</code> MIME types and provides some useful guidance. +In the interests of interoperability, however, the following rule is recommended.</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p>If an XML entity is in a file, the Byte-Order Mark and encoding declaration are used (if present) to determine the character encoding.</p> +</li> +</ul> + + +</div> +</div> +<div class="div1"> + +<h2> +<a name="sec-xml-wg"></a>G W3C XML Working Group (Non-Normative)</h2> +<p>This specification was prepared and approved for publication by the W3C +XML Working Group (WG). WG approval of this specification does not necessarily +imply that all WG members voted for its approval. The current and former members +of the XML WG are:</p> +<ul> +<li>Jon Bosak, Sun (<i>Chair</i>) +</li> +<li>James Clark (<i>Technical Lead</i>) </li> +<li>Tim Bray, Textuality and Netscape + (<i>XML Co-editor</i>) </li> +<li>Jean Paoli, Microsoft (<i>XML +Co-editor</i>) </li> +<li>C. M. Sperberg-McQueen, U. of Ill. + (<i>XML Co-editor</i>) </li> +<li>Dan Connolly, W3C (<i>W3C Liaison</i>) +</li> +<li>Paula Angerstein, Texcel</li> +<li>Steve DeRose, INSO</li> +<li>Dave Hollander, HP</li> +<li>Eliot Kimber, ISOGEN</li> +<li>Eve Maler, ArborText</li> +<li>Tom Magliery, NCSA</li> +<li>Murray Maloney, SoftQuad, Grif +SA, Muzmo and Veo Systems</li> +<li>MURATA Makoto (FAMILY Given), Fuji +Xerox Information Systems</li> +<li>Joel Nava, Adobe</li> +<li>Conleth O'Connell, Vignette +</li> +<li>Peter Sharpe, SoftQuad</li> +<li>John Tigue, DataChannel</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="div1"> + +<h2> +<a name="sec-core-wg"></a>H W3C XML Core Group (Non-Normative)</h2> +<p>The second edition of this specification was prepared by the W3C XML Core +Working Group (WG). The members of the WG at the time of publication of this +edition were:</p> +<ul> +<li>Paula Angerstein, Vignette</li> +<li>Daniel Austin, Ask Jeeves</li> +<li>Tim Boland</li> +<li>Allen Brown, Microsoft</li> +<li>Dan Connolly, W3C (<i>Staff +Contact</i>) </li> +<li>John Cowan, Reuters Limited +</li> +<li>John Evdemon, XMLSolutions Corporation +</li> +<li>Paul Grosso, Arbortext (<i>Co-Chair</i>) +</li> +<li>Arnaud Le Hors, IBM (<i>Co-Chair</i>) +</li> +<li>Eve Maler, Sun Microsystems + (<i>Second Edition Editor</i>) </li> +<li>Jonathan Marsh, Microsoft</li> +<li>MURATA Makoto (FAMILY Given), IBM +</li> +<li>Mark Needleman, Data Research Associates +</li> +<li>David Orchard, Jamcracker</li> +<li>Lew Shannon, NCR</li> +<li>Richard Tobin, University of Edinburgh +</li> +<li>Daniel Veillard, W3C</li> +<li>Dan Vint, Lexica</li> +<li>Norman Walsh, Sun Microsystems +</li> +<li>François Yergeau, Alis Technologies + (<i>Errata List Editor</i>) </li> +<li>Kongyi Zhou, Oracle</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="div1"> + +<h2> +<a name="id2660391"></a>I Production Notes (Non-Normative)</h2> +<p>This Second Edition was encoded in the <a href="http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/06/xmlspec-v21.dtd">XMLspec +DTD</a> (which has <a href="http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/06/xmlspec-report-v21.htm">documentation</a> +available). The HTML versions were produced with a combination of the <a href="http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/06/xmlspec.xsl">xmlspec.xsl</a>, <a href="http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/06/diffspec.xsl">diffspec.xsl</a>, +and <a href="http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/06/REC-xml-2e.xsl">REC-xml-2e.xsl</a> +XSLT stylesheets. The PDF version was produced with the <a href="http://www.tdb.uu.se/~jan/html2ps.html">html2ps</a> +facility and a distiller program.</p> +</div> +</div> +</body> +</html> |