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</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="program_options.howto"></a>How To</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc"><dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="section"><a href="howto.html#idp419778976">Non-conventional Syntax</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="howto.html#idp419785088">Response Files</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="howto.html#idp419793104">Winmain Command Line</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="howto.html#idp419798336">Option Groups and Hidden Options</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="howto.html#idp419813552">Custom Validators</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="howto.html#idp419822544">Unicode Support</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="howto.html#idp419841824">Allowing Unknown Options</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="howto.html#idp419857856">Testing Option Presence</a></span></dt>
</dl></div>
<p>This section describes how the library can be used in specific
situations.</p>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="idp419778976"></a>Non-conventional Syntax</h3></div></div></div>
<p>Sometimes, standard command line syntaxes are not enough. For
example, the gcc compiler has "-frtti" and -fno-rtti" options, and this
syntax is not directly supported.
</p>
<a class="indexterm" name="idp419780224"></a><p>For such cases, the library allows the user to provide an
<em class="firstterm">additional parser</em> -- a function which will be called on each
command line element, before any processing by the library. If the
additional parser recognises the syntax, it returns the option name and
value, which are used directly. The above example can be handled by the
following code:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
pair<string, string> reg_foo(const string& s)
{
if (s.find("-f") == 0) {
if (s.substr(2, 3) == "no-")
return make_pair(s.substr(5), string("false"));
else
return make_pair(s.substr(2), string("true"));
} else {
return make_pair(string(), string());
}
}
</pre>
<p>
Here's the definition of the additional parser. When parsing the command
line, we pass the additional parser:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
store(command_line_parser(ac, av).options(desc).extra_parser(reg_foo)
.run(), vm);
</pre>
<p>
The complete example can be found in the "example/custom_syntax.cpp"
file.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="idp419785088"></a>Response Files</h3></div></div></div>
<a class="indexterm" name="idp419785760"></a><p>Some operating system have very low limits of the command line
length. The common way to work around those limitations is using
<em class="firstterm">response files</em>. A response file is just a
configuration file which uses the same syntax as the command line. If
the command line specifies a name of response file to use, it's loaded
and parsed in addition to the command line. The library does not
provide direct support for response files, so you'll need to write some
extra code.
</p>
<p>
First, you need to define an option for the response file:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
("response-file", value<string>(),
"can be specified with '@name', too")
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<p>Second, you'll need an additional parser to support the standard syntax
for specifying response files: "@file":
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
pair<string, string> at_option_parser(string const&s)
{
if ('@' == s[0])
return std::make_pair(string("response-file"), s.substr(1));
else
return pair<string, string>();
}
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<p>Finally, when the "response-file" option is found, you'll have to
load that file and pass it to the command line parser. This part is the
hardest. We'll use the Boost.Tokenizer library, which works but has some
limitations. You might also consider Boost.StringAlgo. The code is:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
if (vm.count("response-file")) {
// Load the file and tokenize it
ifstream ifs(vm["response-file"].as<string>().c_str());
if (!ifs) {
cout << "Could not open the response file\n";
return 1;
}
// Read the whole file into a string
stringstream ss;
ss << ifs.rdbuf();
// Split the file content
char_separator<char> sep(" \n\r");
std::string ResponsefileContents( ss.str() );
tokenizer<char_separator<char> > tok(ResponsefileContents, sep);
vector<string> args;
copy(tok.begin(), tok.end(), back_inserter(args));
// Parse the file and store the options
store(command_line_parser(args).options(desc).run(), vm);
}
</pre>
<p>
The complete example can be found in the "example/response_file.cpp"
file.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="idp419793104"></a>Winmain Command Line</h3></div></div></div>
<p>On the Windows operating system, GUI applications receive the
command line as a single string, not split into elements. For that reason,
the command line parser cannot be used directly. At least on some
compilers, it is possible to obtain
the split command line, but it's not clear if all compilers support the
same mechanism on all versions of the operating system. The
<code class="computeroutput">split_winmain</code> function is a portable mechanism provided
by the library.</p>
<p>Here's an example of use:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
vector<string> args = split_winmain(lpCmdLine);
store(command_line_parser(args).options(desc).run(), vm);
</pre>
<p>
The <code class="computeroutput">split_winmain</code> function is overloaded for <code class="computeroutput">wchar_t</code> strings, so can
also be used in Unicode applications.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="idp419798336"></a>Option Groups and Hidden Options</h3></div></div></div>
<p>Having a single instance of the <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="../boost/program_options/options_description.html" title="Class options_description">options_description</a></code> class with all
the program's options can be problematic:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p>Some options make sense only for specific source, for example,
configuration files.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>The user would prefer some structure in the generated help message.</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Some options shouldn't appear in the generated help message at all.</p></li>
</ul></div>
<p>
</p>
<p>To solve the above issues, the library allows a programmer to create several
instances of the <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="../boost/program_options/options_description.html" title="Class options_description">options_description</a></code> class, which can be merged in
different combinations. The following example will define three groups of
options: command line specific, and two options group for specific program
modules, only one of which is shown in the generated help message.
</p>
<p>Each group is defined using standard syntax. However, you should
use reasonable names for each <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="../boost/program_options/options_description.html" title="Class options_description">options_description</a></code> instance:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
options_description general("General options");
general.add_options()
("help", "produce a help message")
("help-module", value<string>(),
"produce a help for a given module")
("version", "output the version number")
;
options_description gui("GUI options");
gui.add_options()
("display", value<string>(), "display to use")
;
options_description backend("Backend options");
backend.add_options()
("num-threads", value<int>(), "the initial number of threads")
;
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<p>After declaring options groups, we merge them in two
combinations. The first will include all options and be used for parsing. The
second will be used for the "--help" option.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
// Declare an options description instance which will include
// all the options
options_description all("Allowed options");
all.add(general).add(gui).add(backend);
// Declare an options description instance which will be shown
// to the user
options_description visible("Allowed options");
visible.add(general).add(gui);
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<p>What is left is to parse and handle the options:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
variables_map vm;
store(parse_command_line(ac, av, all), vm);
if (vm.count("help"))
{
cout << visible;
return 0;
}
if (vm.count("help-module")) {
const string& s = vm["help-module"].as<string>();
if (s == "gui") {
cout << gui;
} else if (s == "backend") {
cout << backend;
} else {
cout << "Unknown module '"
<< s << "' in the --help-module option\n";
return 1;
}
return 0;
}
if (vm.count("num-threads")) {
cout << "The 'num-threads' options was set to "
<< vm["num-threads"].as<int>() << "\n";
}
</pre>
<p>
When parsing the command line, all options are allowed. The "--help"
message, however, does not include the "Backend options" group -- the
options in that group are hidden. The user can explicitly force the
display of that options group by passing "--help-module backend"
option. The complete example can be found in the
"example/option_groups.cpp" file.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="idp419813552"></a>Custom Validators</h3></div></div></div>
<p>By default, the conversion of option's value from string into C++
type is done using iostreams, which sometimes is not convenient. The
library allows the user to customize the conversion for specific
classes. In order to do so, the user should provide suitable overload of
the <code class="computeroutput">validate</code> function.
</p>
<p>
Let's first define a simple class:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
struct magic_number {
public:
magic_number(int n) : n(n) {}
int n;
};
</pre>
<p> and then overload the <code class="computeroutput">validate</code> function:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
void validate(boost::any& v,
const std::vector<std::string>& values,
magic_number* target_type, int)
{
static regex r("\\d\\d\\d-(\\d\\d\\d)");
using namespace boost::program_options;
// Make sure no previous assignment to 'a' was made.
validators::check_first_occurrence(v);
// Extract the first string from 'values'. If there is more than
// one string, it's an error, and exception will be thrown.
const string& s = validators::get_single_string(values);
// Do regex match and convert the interesting part to
// int.
smatch match;
if (regex_match(s, match, r)) {
v = any(magic_number(lexical_cast<int>(match[1])));
} else {
throw validation_error(validation_error::invalid_option_value);
}
}
</pre>
<p>The function takes four parameters. The first is the storage
for the value, and in this case is either empty or contains an instance of
the <code class="computeroutput">magic_number</code> class. The second is the list of strings
found in the next occurrence of the option. The remaining two parameters
are needed to workaround the lack of partial template specialization and
partial function template ordering on some compilers.
</p>
<p>The function first checks that we don't try to assign to the same
option twice. Then it checks that only a single string was passed
in. Next the string is verified with the help of the Boost.Regex
library. If that test is passed, the parsed value is stored into the
<code class="computeroutput">v</code> variable.
</p>
<p>The complete example can be found in the "example/regex.cpp" file.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="idp419822544"></a>Unicode Support</h3></div></div></div>
<p>To use the library with Unicode, you'd need to:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"><p>Use Unicode-aware parsers for Unicode input</p></li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Require Unicode support for options which need it</p></li>
</ul></div>
<p>
</p>
<p>Most of the parsers have Unicode versions. For example, the
<code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="../boost/program_options/parse_command_line.html" title="Function template parse_command_line">parse_command_line</a></code> function has an overload which takes
<code class="computeroutput">wchar_t</code> strings, instead of ordinary <code class="computeroutput">char</code>.
</p>
<p>Even if some of the parsers are Unicode-aware, it does not mean you
need to change definition of all the options. In fact, for many options,
like integer ones, it makes no sense. To make use of Unicode you'll need
<span class="emphasis"><em>some</em></span> Unicode-aware options. They are different from
ordinary options in that they accept <code class="computeroutput">wstring</code> input, and
process it using wide character streams. Creating an Unicode-aware option
is easy: just use the the <code class="computeroutput">wvalue</code> function instead of the
regular <code class="computeroutput">value</code>.
</p>
<p>When an ascii parser passes data to an ascii option, or a Unicode
parser passes data to a Unicode option, the data are not changed at
all. So, the ascii option will see a string in local 8-bit encoding, and
the Unicode option will see whatever string was passed as the Unicode
input.
</p>
<p>What happens when Unicode data is passed to an ascii option, and
vice versa? The library automatically performs the conversion from
Unicode to local 8-bit encoding. For example, if command line is in
ascii, but you use <code class="computeroutput">wstring</code> options, then the ascii input
will be converted into Unicode.
</p>
<p>To perform the conversion, the library uses the <code class="computeroutput">codecvt<wchar_t,
char></code> locale facet from the global locale. If
you want to work with strings that use local 8-bit encoding (as opposed to
7-bit ascii subset), your application should start with:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
locale::global(locale(""));
</pre>
<p>
which would set up the conversion facet according to the user's selected
locale.
</p>
<p>It's wise to check the status of the C++ locale support on your
implementation, though. The quick test involves three steps:
</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem"><p>Go the the "test" directory and build the "test_convert" binary.</p></li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>Set some non-ascii locale in the environment. On Linux, one can
run, for example: </p>
<pre class="screen">
$ export LC_CTYPE=ru_RU.KOI8-R
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem"><p>Run the "test_convert" binary with any non-ascii string in the
selected encoding as its parameter. If you see a list of Unicode codepoints,
everything's OK. Otherwise, locale support on your system might be
broken.</p></li>
</ol></div>
<p>
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="idp419841824"></a>Allowing Unknown Options</h3></div></div></div>
<p>Usually, the library throws an exception on unknown option names. This
behaviour can be changed. For example, only some part of your application uses
<a class="link" href="../program_options.html" title="Chapter 30. Boost.Program_options">Program_options</a>, and you wish to pass unrecognized options to another part of
the program, or even to another application.</p>
<p>To allow unregistered options on the command line, you need to use
the <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="../boost/program_options/basic_command_line_parser.html" title="Class template basic_command_line_parser">basic_command_line_parser</a></code> class for parsing (not <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="../boost/program_options/parse_command_line.html" title="Function template parse_command_line">parse_command_line</a></code>)
and call the <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="../boost/program_options/basic_command_line_parser.html#idp709049216-bb">allow_unregistered</a></code>
method of that class:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
parsed_options parsed =
command_line_parser(argc, argv).options(desc).allow_unregistered().run();
</pre>
<p>
For each token that looks like an option, but does not have a known name,
an instance of <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="../boost/program_options/basic_option.html" title="Class template basic_option">basic_option</a></code> will be added to the result.
The <code class="computeroutput">string_key</code> and <code class="computeroutput">value</code> fields of the instance will contain results
of syntactic parsing of the token, the <code class="computeroutput">unregistered</code> field will be set to <code class="computeroutput">true</code>,
and the <code class="computeroutput">original_tokens</code> field will contain the token as it appeared on the command line.
</p>
<p>If you want to pass the unrecognized options further, the
<code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="../boost/program_options/collect_unrecognized.html" title="Function template collect_unrecognized">collect_unrecognized</a></code> function can be used.
The function will collect original tokens for all unrecognized values, and optionally, all found positional options.
Say, if your code handles a few options, but does not handle positional options at all, you can use the function like this:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
vector<string> to_pass_further = collect_unrecognized(parsed.options, include_positional);
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="idp419857856"></a>Testing Option Presence</h3></div></div></div>
<p>Until now we have tested whether an option has been set using the
<code class="computeroutput">count</code> method on the <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="../boost/program_options/variables_map.html" title="Class variables_map">variables_map</a></code>
class; as you are repeating the (string literal) name of the option this is prone to typos and/or errors
resulting from renaming the option in one place but not the other:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
po::options_description desc("Allowed options");
desc.add_options()
("compression", po::value<int>(), "set compression level")
;
po::variables_map vm;
po::store(po::parse_command_line(ac, av, desc), vm);
po::notify(vm);
if (vm.count("compression")) {
cout << "Compression level was set to "
<< vm["compression"].as<int>() << ".\n";
} else {
cout << "Compression level was not set.\n";
}
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<p>Instead, you can use a variable of type <code class="computeroutput">boost::optional</code>;
<a class="link" href="../program_options.html" title="Chapter 30. Boost.Program_options">Program_options</a> provides special support for Boost.Optional
such that if the user specifies the option the <code class="computeroutput">boost::optional</code>
variable will be initialized to the appropriate value:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
po::options_description desc("Allowed options");
boost::optional<int> compression;
desc.add_options()
("compression", po::value(&compression), "set compression level")
;
po::variables_map vm;
po::store(po::parse_command_line(ac, av, desc), vm);
po::notify(vm);
if (compression)) {
cout << "Compression level was set to " << *compression << ".\n";
} else {
cout << "Compression level was not set.\n";
}
</pre>
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