doc: clarified & split up contribution docs

- clarified the role of "collaborators"
- split out a governance doc
- split out a collaborator guide
- cleaned up the contributing doc
- cleaned up the readme & added collaborators list

PR-URL: https://github.com/iojs/io.js/pull/233
Reviewed-By: Chris Dickinson <christopher.s.dickinson@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Mikeal Rogers <mikeal.rogers@gmail.com>

(Note: no explicit "LGTM" from Mikeal)

Discussed at TC meeting 2015-01-07, agreed to push further
amendments to governance to future PRs.

1 files changed, 56 insertions, 317 deletions

diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index 99b9c5ed0..7c38e0be5 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -1,77 +1,87 @@
-# CONTRIBUTING
+# Contributing to io.js
 
-## ISSUE CONTRIBUTIONS
+## Issue Contributions
 
 When opening new issues or commenting on existing issues on this repository
 please make sure discussions are related to concrete technical issues with the
-`iojs` software.
+io.js software.
 
 Discussion of non-technical topics including subjects like intellectual
 property, trademark and high level project questions should move to the
-[node-forward discussion repository][] instead.
+[node-forward discussions repository](https://github.com/node-forward/discussions)
+instead.
 
-## CODE CONTRIBUTIONS
+## Code Contributions
 
-The io.js project welcomes new contributors.  This document will guide you
-through the process.
+The io.js project has an open governance model and welcomes new contributors.
+Individuals making significant and valuable contributions are made
+_Collaborators_ and given commit-access to the project. See the
+[GOVERNANCE.md](./GOVERNANCE.md) document for more information about how this
+works.
 
+This document will guide you through the contribution process.
 
-### FORK
+### Step 1: Fork
 
-Fork the project [on GitHub](https://github.com/iojs/io.js) and check out
-your copy.
+Fork the project [on GitHub](https://github.com/iojs/io.js) and check out your
+copy locally.
 
-```sh
+```text
 $ git clone git@github.com:username/io.js.git
 $ cd io.js
 $ git remote add upstream git://github.com/iojs/io.js.git
 ```
 
+#### Which branch?
+
 Now decide if you want your feature or bug fix to go into the master branch
 or the stable branch.  As a rule of thumb, bug fixes go into the stable branch
 while new features go into the master branch.
 
 The stable branch is effectively frozen; patches that change the io.js
-API/ABI or affect the run-time behavior of applications get rejected.
+API/ABI or affect the run-time behavior of applications get rejected. The
+current stable branch is set as the default branch on GitHub.
+
+#### Respect the stability index
 
 The rules for the master branch are less strict; consult the
-[stability index page][] for details.
+[stability index](./doc/api/documentation.markdown#stability-index) for details.
 
 In a nutshell, modules are at varying levels of API stability.  Bug fixes are
-always welcome but API or behavioral  changes to modules at stability level 3
+always welcome but API or behavioral changes to modules at stability level 3
 and up are off-limits.
 
-io.js has several bundled dependencies in the deps/ and the tools/
+#### Dependencies
+
+io.js has several bundled dependencies in the *deps/* and the *tools/*
 directories that are not part of the project proper.  Any changes to files
 in those directories or its subdirectories should be sent to their respective
 projects.  Do not send your patch to us, we cannot accept it.
 
-In case of doubt, open an issue in the [issue tracker][], post your question
-to the [node.js mailing list][] or contact one of the [project maintainers][]
-on [IRC][].
-
-Especially do so if you plan to work on something big.  Nothing is more
+In case of doubt, open an issue in the
+[issue tracker](https://github.com/iojs/io.js/issues/) or contact one of the
+[project Collaborators](https://github.com/iojs/io.js/#Current-Project-Team-Members)
+([IRC](http://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=io.js) is often the best medium.)Especially do so if you plan to work on something big.  Nothing is more
 frustrating than seeing your hard work go to waste because your vision
-does not align with that of a project maintainer.
+does not align with the project team.
 
 
-### BRANCH
+### Step 2: Branch
 
-Okay, so you have decided on the proper branch.  Create a feature branch
-and start hacking:
+Create a feature branch and start hacking:
 
-```sh
-$ git checkout -b my-feature-branch -t origin/v0.12
+```text
+$ git checkout -b my-feature-branch -t origin/v1.x
 ```
 
-(Where v0.12 is the latest stable branch as of this writing.)
+(Where `v1.x` is the latest stable branch as of this writing.)
 
 
-### COMMIT
+### Step 3: Commit
 
 Make sure git knows your name and email address:
 
-```sh
+```text
 $ git config --global user.name "J. Random User"
 $ git config --global user.email "j.random.user@example.com"
 ```
@@ -85,14 +95,14 @@ changed and why.  Follow these guidelines when writing one:
 2. Keep the second line blank.
 3. Wrap all other lines at 72 columns.
 
-A good commit log looks like this:
+A good commit log can look something like this:
 
 ```
 subsystem: explaining the commit in one line
 
 Body of commit message is a few lines of text, explaining things
 in more detail, possibly giving some background about the issue
-being fixed, etc etc.
+being fixed, etc. etc.
 
 The body of the commit message can be several paragraphs, and
 please do proper word-wrap and keep columns shorter than about
@@ -107,23 +117,23 @@ Check the output of `git log --oneline files_that_you_changed` to find out
 what subsystem (or subsystems) your changes touch.
 
 
-### REBASE
+### Step 4: Rebase
 
 Use `git rebase` (not `git merge`) to sync your work from time to time.
 
-```sh
+```text
 $ git fetch upstream
-$ git rebase upstream/v0.12  # or upstream/master
+$ git rebase upstream/v1.x  # or upstream/master
 ```
 
 
-### TEST
+### Step 5: Test
 
-Bug fixes and features should come with tests.  Add your tests in the
+Bug fixes and features **should come with tests**.  Add your tests in the
 test/simple/ directory.  Look at other tests to see how they should be
 structured (license boilerplate, common includes, etc.).
 
-```sh
+```text
 $ make jslint test
 ```
 
@@ -133,25 +143,25 @@ patches that fail either check.
 If you are updating tests and just want to run a single test to check it, you
 can use this syntax to run it exactly as the test harness would:
 
-```
-python tools/test.py -v --mode=release simple/test-stream2-transform
+```text
+$ python tools/test.py -v --mode=release simple/test-stream2-transform
 ```
 
 You can run tests directly with node:
 
-```
-node ./test/simple/test-streams2-transform.js
+```text
+$ node ./test/simple/test-streams2-transform.js
 ```
 
 
-### PUSH
+### Step 6: Push
 
-```sh
+```text
 $ git push origin my-feature-branch
 ```
 
-Go to https://github.com/username/io.js and select your feature branch.  Click
-the 'Pull Request' button and fill out the form.
+Go to https://github.com/yourusername/io.js and select your feature branch.
+Click the 'Pull Request' button and fill out the form.
 
 Pull requests are usually reviewed within a few days.  If there are comments
 to address, apply your changes in a separate commit and push that to your
@@ -159,278 +169,7 @@ feature branch.  Post a comment in the pull request afterwards; GitHub does
 not send out notifications when you add commits.
 
 
-[stability index page]: https://github.com/joyent/node/blob/master/doc/api/documentation.markdown
-[issue tracker]: https://github.com/joyent/node/issues
-[node.js mailing list]: http://groups.google.com/group/nodejs
-[IRC]: http://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=io.js
-[project maintainers]: https://github.com/joyent/node/wiki/Project-Organization
-[node-forward discussion repository]: https://github.com/node-forward/discussions/issues
-
-# Contribution Policy
-
-Individuals making significant and valuable contributions are given
-commit-access to the project. These individuals are identified by the
-Technical Committee (TC) and discussed during the weekly TC meeting.
-
-If you make a significant contribution and are not considered for
-commit-access log an issue and it will be brought up in the next TC
-meeting.
-
-Internal pull-requests to solicit feedback are required for any other
-non-trivial contribution but left to the discretion of the
-contributor.
-
-Pull requests may be approved by any committer with sufficient
-expertise to take full responsibility for the change, according to the
-"Landing Patches" protocol described below.
-
-## Landing Patches
-
-- All bugfixes require a test case which demonstrates the defect.  The
-  test should *fail* before the change, and *pass* after the change.
-- Trivial changes (ie, those which fix bugs or improve performance
-  without affecting API or causing other wide-reaching impact) may be
-  landed immediately after review by a committer who did not write the
-  code, provided that no other committers object to the change.
-- If you are unsure, or if you are the author, have someone else
-  review the change.
-- For significant changes wait a full 48 hours (72 hours if it spans a
-  weekend) before merging so that active contributors who are
-  distributed throughout the world have a chance to weigh in.
-- Controversial changes and **very** significant changes should not be
-  merged until they have been discussed by the TC which will make any
-  final decisions.
-- Always include the `Reviewed-by: Your Name <your-email>` in the
-  commit message.
-- In commit messages also include `Fixes:` that either includes the
-  **full url** (e.g.  `https://github.com/iojs/io.js/issues/...`),
-  and/or the hash and commit message if the commit fixes a bug in a
-  previous commit.
-- PR's should include their full `PR-URL:` so it's easy to trace a
-  commit back to the conversation that lead up to that change.
-- Double check PR's to make sure the person's **full name** and email
-  address are correct before merging.
-- Except when updating dependencies, all commits should be self
-  contained.  Meaning, every commit should pass all tests. This makes
-  it much easier when bisecting to find a breaking change.
-
-### Direct instruction
-
-(Optional) Ensure that you are not in a borked `am`/`rebase` state
-
-```sh
-git am --abort
-git rebase --abort
-```
-
-Checkout proper target branch
-
-```sh
-git checkout v0.12
-```
-
-Update the tree
-
-```sh
-git fetch origin
-git merge --ff-only origin/v0.12
-```
-
-Apply external patches
-
-```sh
-curl https://github.com/iojs/io.js/pull/xxx.patch | git am --whitespace=fix
-```
-
-Check and re-review the changes
-
-```sh
-git diff origin/v0.12
-```
-
-Check number of commits and commit messages
-
-```sh
-git log origin/v0.12...v0.12
-```
-
-If there are multiple commits that relate to the same feature or
-one with a feature and separate with a test for that feature -
-you'll need to squash them (or strictly speaking `fixup`).
-
-```sh
-git rebase -i origin/v0.12
-```
-
-This will open a screen like this (in the default shell editor):
-
-```sh
-pick 6928fc1 crypto: add feature A
-pick 8120c4c add test for feature A
-pick 51759dc feature B
-pick 7d6f433 test for feature B
-
-# Rebase f9456a2..7d6f433 onto f9456a2
-#
-# Commands:
-#  p, pick = use commit
-#  r, reword = use commit, but edit the commit message
-#  e, edit = use commit, but stop for amending
-#  s, squash = use commit, but meld into previous commit
-#  f, fixup = like "squash", but discard this commit's log message
-#  x, exec = run command (the rest of the line) using shell
-#
-# These lines can be re-ordered; they are executed from top to bottom.
-#
-# If you remove a line here THAT COMMIT WILL BE LOST.
-#
-# However, if you remove everything, the rebase will be aborted.
-#
-# Note that empty commits are commented out
-```
-
-Replace a couple of `pick`s with `fixup` to squash them into a previous commit:
-
-```sh
-pick 6928fc1 crypto: add feature A
-fixup 8120c4c add test for feature A
-pick 51759dc feature B
-fixup 7d6f433 test for feature B
-```
-
-Replace `pick` with `reword` to change the commit message:
-
-```sh
-reword 6928fc1 crypto: add feature A
-fixup 8120c4c add test for feature A
-reword 51759dc feature B
-fixup 7d6f433 test for feature B
-```
-
-Save the file and close the editor, you'll be asked to enter new commit message
-for that commit, and everything else should go smoothly. Note that this is a
-good moment to fix incorrect commit logs, ensure that they are properly
-formatted, and add `Reviewed-By` line.
-
-Time to push it:
-
-```sh
-git push origin v0.12
-```
-
-# Governance
-
-This repository is jointly governed by a technical committee, commonly
-referred to as the "TC."
-
-The TC has final authority over this project including:
-
-* Technical direction
-* Project governance and process (including this policy)
-* Contribution policy
-* GitHub repository hosting
-* Conduct guidelines
-
-## Membership
-
-Initial membership invitations to the TC were given to individuals who
-had been active contributors to io.js, and who have significant
-experience with the management of the io.js project.  Membership is
-expected to evolve over time according to the needs of the project.
-
-Current membership is:
-
-```
-Ben Noordhuis (@bnoordhuis)
-Bert Belder (@piscisaureus)
-Fedor Indutny (@indutny)
-Isaac Z. Schlueter (@isaacs)
-Nathan Rajlich (@TooTallNate)
-TJ Fontaine (@tjfontaine)
-Trevor Norris (@trevnorris)
-```
-
-TC seats are not time-limited.  There is no fixed size of the TC.
-However, the expected target is between 6 and 12, to ensure adequate
-coverage of important areas of expertise, balanced with the ability to
-make decisions efficiently.
-
-There is no specific set of requirements or qualifications for TC
-membership beyond these rules.
-
-The TC may add contributors to the TC by unanimous consensus.
-
-A TC member may be removed from the TC by voluntary resignation, or by
-unanimous consensus of all other TC members.
-
-Changes to TC membership should be posted in the agenda, and may be
-suggested as any other agenda item (see "TC Meetings" below).
-
-If an addition or removal is proposed during a meeting, and the full
-TC is not in attendance to participate, then the addition or removal
-is added to the agenda for the subsequent meeting.  This is to ensure
-that all members are given the opportunity to participate in all
-membership decisions.  If a TC member is unable to attend a meeting
-where a planned membership decision is being made, then their consent
-is assumed.
-
-No more than 1/3 of the TC members may be affiliated with the same
-employer.  If removal or resignation of a TC member, or a change of
-employment by a TC member, creates a situation where more than 1/3 of
-the TC membership shares an employer, then the situation must be
-immediately remedied by the resignation or removal of one or more TC
-members affiliated with the over-represented employer(s).
-
-## TC Meetings
-
-The TC meets weekly on a Google hangout. The meeting is run by a
-designated moderator, currently `Mikeal Rogers (@mikeal)`. Each
-meeting should be published to Youtube.
-
-Items are added to the TC agenda which are considered contentious or
-are modifications of governance, contribution policy, TC membership,
-or release process. The intention of the agenda is not to approve or
-review all patches, that should happen continuously on GitHub (see
-"Contribution Policy").
-
-Any community member or contributor can ask that something be added to
-the next meeting's agenda by logging a GitHub Issue. Any TC member or
-the moderator can add the item to the agenda by a simple +1. The
-moderator and the TC cannot veto or remove items.
-
-Prior to each TC meeting the moderator will email the Agenda to the
-TC. TC members can add any items they like to the agenda at the
-beginning of each meeting. The moderator and the TC cannot veto or
-remove items.
-
-TC may invite persons or representatives from certain projects to
-participate in a non-voting capacity. These invitees currently are:
-
-* A representative from [build](https://github.com/node-forward/build)
-  chosen by that project.
-
-The moderator is responsible for summarizing the discussion of each
-agenda item and send it as a pull request after the meeting.
-
-## Consensus Seeking Process
-
-The TC follows a [Consensus
-Seeking](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consensus-seeking_decision-making)
-decision making model.
-
-When an agenda item has appeared to reach a consensus the moderator
-will ask "Does anyone object?" as a final call for dissent from the
-consensus.
-
-If an agenda item cannot reach a consensus a TC member can call for
-either a closing vote or a vote to table the issue to the next
-meeting. The call for a vote must be seconded by a majority of the TC
-or else the discussion will continue. Simple majority wins.
-
-Note that changes to TC membership require unanimous consensus.  See
-"Membership" above.
-
-## Caine's requirements
+## Caine's Requirements
 
 Hello!