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+
+ Making and Installing lsof 4
+
+********************************************************************
+| The latest release of lsof is always available via anonymous ftp |
+| from lsof.itap.purdue.edu. Look in pub/tools/unix/lsof. |
+********************************************************************
+
+ Contents
+
+ Pre-built Lsof Binaries
+ Making Lsof
+ Other Configure Script Options
+ Environment Variables
+ Security
+ Run-time Warnings
+ Device Access Warnings
+ NFS Blocks
+ Caches -- Name and Device
+ Raw Sockets
+ Other Compile-time Definitions
+ The AFSConfig Script
+ The Inventory Script
+ The Customize Script
+ Cautions
+ Warranty
+ License
+ Bug Reports
+ The 00FAQ File
+ The lsof-l Mailing List
+ Field Output Example Scripts
+ Field Output C Library
+ Testing Lsof
+ Dialect Notes
+ AFS
+ AIX
+ Apple Darwin
+ Auspex LFS (no longer maintained)
+ BSDI BSD/OS
+ DEC OSF/1, Digital UNIX, Tru64 UNIX
+ FreeBSD
+ HP-UX
+ IPv6
+ Linux
+ NetBSD
+ NEXTSTEP and OPENSTEP
+ OpenBSD
+ Pyramid DC/OSx and Reliant UNIX (no longer available)
+ Caldera OpenUNIX
+ SCO OpenServer
+ SCO|Caldera UnixWare
+ Solaris 2.x, 7, 8, 9 and 10
+ Ultrix (no longer available)
+ Veritas VxFS and VxVM
+ User-contributed Dialect Support
+ Dialects No Longer Supported
+ Installing Lsof
+ Setuid-root Lsof Dialects
+ Setgid Lsof Dialects
+ Porting lsof 4 to a New UNIX Dialect
+ Quick Start to Using lsof
+ Cross-configuring Lsof
+ Environment Variables Affecting the Configure Script
+
+
+=======================
+Pre-built Lsof Binaries
+=======================
+
+Avoid using pre-built lsof binaries if you can; build your own
+instead.
+
+I do not support lsof binaries built and packaged by third parties nor
+lsof binaries built from anything but the latest lsof revision. (See
+the Bug Reports section for more information on the details of lsof
+support.)
+
+One important reasone for those support restrictions is that when lsof
+is built its Configure script tunes lsof to the features available on
+the building system, often embodied in supporting header files and
+libraries. If the building system doesn't have support for a
+particular feature, lsof won't be built to support the feature on any
+system.
+
+The Veritas VxFS file system is a good example of a feature that
+requires build-time support.
+
+UNIX dialect version differences -- Solaris 8 versus 9, AIX 4.3.3
+vesus 5.2, etc. -- can also render a pre-built lsof binary useless
+on a different version. So can kernel bit size.
+
+There are so many potential pitfalls to using an lsof binary
+improperly that I strongly recommend lsof be used only where it is
+built.
+
+
+===========
+Making Lsof
+===========
+
+ $ cd <lsof source directory>
+ $ ./Configure <your dialect's abbreviation>
+ $ make
+
+(Consult the 00FAQ and 00XCONFIG files of the lsof distribution
+for information about using make command invocations and environment
+variables to override lsof default Makefile strings.)
+
+This lsof distribution can be used with many UNIX dialects. However,
+it must be configured specifically for each dialect. Configuration
+is done in three ways: 1) by changing definitions in the machine.h
+header file of the UNIX dialect of interest; 2) by defining
+environment variable values prior to calling Configure (see the
+00XCONFIG file, the Environment Variabls and Environment Variables
+Affecting the Configure Script sections of this file); and 3) by
+running the Configure shell script found in the top level of the
+distribution directory.
+
+You may not need to change any machine.h definitions, but you might
+want to look at them anyway. Pay particular attention to the
+definitions that are discussed in the Security section of this
+file. Please read that section.
+
+The Configure script calls three other scripts in the lsof
+distribution: AFSConfig; Inventory; and Customize. The AFSConfig
+script is called for selected dialects (AIX, HP-UX, NEXTSTEP, and
+Solaris) to locate AFS header files and determine the AFS version.
+See The AFSConfig Script section of this file for more information.
+
+The Inventory script checks the completeness of the lsof distribution.
+Configure calls Inventory after it has accepted the dialect
+abbreviation, but before it configures the top-level directory for
+the dialect. See The Inventory Script section of this file for
+more information.
+
+Configure calls the Customize script after it has configured the
+top-level lsof directory for the declared dialect. Customize helps
+you modify some of the important compile-time definitions of
+machine.h. See the The Customize Script section.
+
+You should also think about where you will install lsof and its
+man page, and whom you will let execute lsof. Please read the
+Installing Lsof section of this file for information on installation
+considerations.
+
+Once you have inspected the machine.h file for the dialect for
+which you want to build lsof, and made any changes you need, run
+the Configure script, supplying it with the abbreviation for the
+dialect. (See the following table.) Configure selects the
+appropriate options for the dialect and runs the Mksrc shell script
+in the dialect sub-directory to construct the appropriate source
+files in the top-level distribution directory.
+
+Configure may also run the MkKernOpts script in the dialect
+sub-directory to propagate kernel build options to the dialect
+Makefile. This is done for only a few dialects -- e.g., DC/OSx,
+and Reliant UNIX.
+
+Configure creates a dialect-specific Makefile. You may want to
+inspect or edit this Makefile to make it conform to local conventions.
+If you want the Makefile to install lsof and its man page, you will
+have to create an appropriate install rule.
+
+Lsof may be configured using UNIX dialect abbreviations from the
+following table. Alternative abbreviations are indicated by a
+separating `|'. For example, for SCO OpenServer you can use either
+the ``osr'' or the ``sco'' abbreviation:
+
+ $ Configure osr
+ or
+ $ Configure sco
+
+ Abbreviations UNIX Dialect
+ ------------- ------------
+
+ aix IBM AIX 5.[23] and 5.3-ML1 using IBM's C Compiler
+ aixgcc IBM AIX 5.[12] and 5.3-ML1 using gcc
+ darwin Apple Darwin 7.x and 8.x for Power Macintosh systems
+ decosf DEC OSF/1, Digital UNIX, Tru64 UNIX 4.0 and 5.1
+ digital_unix Digital UNIX, DEC OSF/1, Tru64 UNIX 4.0 and 5.1
+ du Digital UNIX, DEC OSF/1, Tru64 UNIX 4.0 and 5.1
+ freebsd FreeBSD 4.x, 4.1x, 5.x and [67].x
+ hpux HP-UX 11.00, 11.11 and 11.23, using HP's C
+ Compiler, both /dev/kmem-based and PSTAT-based
+ hpuxgcc HP-UX 11.00, 11.11 and 11.23, using gcc, both
+ /dev/kmem-based and PSTAT-based
+ linux Linux 2.1.72 and above for x86-based systems
+ netbsd NetBSD 1.[456], 2.x and 3.x
+ next NEXTSTEP 3.[13]
+ nextstep NEXTSTEP 3.[13]
+ ns NEXTSTEP 3.[13]
+ nxt NEXTSTEP 3.[13]
+ openbsd OpenBSD 2.[89] and 3.[0-9]
+ openstep OPENSTEP 4.x
+ os OPENSTEP 4.x
+ osr SCO OpenServer Release 5.0.6, using the C compiler
+ from the SCO developer's kit
+ osrgcc SCO OpenServer Release 5.0.6, using gcc
+ osr6 SCO Openserver 6.0.0, using the SCO C compiler
+ sco SCO OpenServer Release 5.0.6, using the C compiler
+ from the SCO developer's kit
+ scogcc SCO OpenServer Release 5.0.6, using gcc
+ solaris Solaris 2.x, 7, 8, 9 and 10 using gcc
+ solariscc Solaris 2.x, 7, 8, 9 and 10 using Sun's cc
+ tru64 Tru64 UNIX, DEC OSF/1, Digital UNIX 4.0 and 5.1
+ unixware SCO|Caldera UnixWare 7.1.4
+ uw SCO|Caldera UnixWare 7.1.4
+
+If you have an earlier version of a dialect not named in the above
+list, lsof may still work on your system. I have no way of testing
+that myself. Try configuring for the named dialect -- e.g., if
+you're using Solaris 2.1, try configuring for Solaris 2.5.1.
+
+After you have configured lsof for your UNIX dialect and have
+selected options via the Customize script (See the The Customize
+Script section.) , use the make command to build lsof -- e.g.,
+
+ $ make
+
+
+Other Configure Script Options
+==============================
+
+There are three other useful options to the Configure script besides
+the dialect abbreviation:
+
+ -clean may be specified to remove all traces of
+ a dialect configuration, including the
+ Makefile, symbolic links, and library files.
+
+ -h may be specified to obtain a list of
+ -help Configure options, including dialect
+ abbreviations.
+
+ -n may be specified to stop the Configure
+ script from calling the Customize and
+ Inventory scripts.
+
+ Caution: -n also suppresses the AFSConfig
+ step.
+
+
+
+Environment Variables
+=====================
+
+Lsof configuration, building, and execution may be affected by
+environment variable settings. See the Definitions That Affect
+Compilation section in the 00PORTING file, the General Environment
+Variables section in the 00XCONFIG file, the Dialect-Specific
+Environment Variables section in the 00XCONFIG file, and the
+Environment Variables Affecting the Configure Script section of
+this file for more information.
+
+Note in the General Environment Variables section of the 00XCONFIG
+file that there are five environment variables that can be used to
+pre-define values in lsof's -v output: LSOF_BLDCMT, LSOF_HOST,
+LSOF_LOGNAME, LSOF_SYSINFO, and LSOF_USER.
+
+
+Security
+========
+
+If the symbol HASSECURITY is defined, a security mode is enabled,
+and lsof will allow only the root user to list all open files.
+Non-root users may list only open files whose processes have the
+same user ID as the real user ID of the lsof process (the one that
+its user logged on with).
+
+However, if HASNOSOCKSECURITY is also defined, anyone may list
+anyone else's open socket files, provided their listing is enabled
+with the "-i" option.
+
+Lsof is distributed with the security mode disabled -- HASSECURITY
+is not defined. (When HASSECURITY is not defined, the definition
+of HASNOSOCKSECURITY has no meaning.) You can enable the security
+mode by defining HASSECURITY in the Makefile or in the machine.h
+header file for the specific dialect you're using -- e.g.
+dialects/aix/machine.h.
+
+The Customize script, run by Configure when it has finished its
+work, gives you the opportunity to define HASSECURITY and
+HASNOSOCKSECURITY. (See the The Customize Script section.)
+
+The lsof -h output indicates the state HASSECURITY and HASNOSOCKSECURITY
+had when lsof was built, reporting:
+
+ "Only root can list all files;"
+ if HASSECURITY was defined and HASNOSOCKSECURITY wasn't
+ defined;
+
+ "Only root can list all files, but anyone can list socket files."
+ if HASSECURITY and HASNOSOCKSECURITY were both defined;
+
+ "Anyone can list all files;"
+ if HASSECURITY wasn't defined. (The definition of
+ HASNOSOCKSECURITY doesn't matter when HASSECURITY isn't
+ defined.)
+
+You should carefully consider the implications of using the default
+security mode. When lsof is compiled in the absence of the
+HASSECURITY definition, anyone who can execute lsof may be able to
+see the presence of all open files. This may allow the lsof user
+to observe open files -- e.g., log files used to track intrusions
+-- whose presence you would rather not disclose.
+
+As distributed, lsof writes a user-readable and user-writable device
+cache file in the home directory of the real user ID executing
+lsof. There are other options for constructing the device cache file
+path, and they each have security implications.
+
+The 00DCACHE file in the lsof distribution discusses device cache
+file path construction in great detail. It tells how to disable
+the various device cache file path options, or how to disable the
+entire device cache file feature by removing the HASDCACHE definition
+from the dialect's machine.h file. There is also information on
+the device cache file feature in the 00FAQ file. (The 00DCACHE
+and 00FAQ files are part of the lsof distribution package.)
+
+The Customize script, run by Configure after it has finished its
+work, gives you the opportunity to change the compile-time options
+related to the device cache file. (See The Customize Script
+section.)
+
+Since lsof may need setgid or setuid-root permission (See the Setgid
+Lsof Dialects and Setuid-root Lsof Dialects sections.), its security
+should always be viewed with skepticism. Lest the setgid and
+setuid-root permissions allow lsof to read kernel name list or
+memory files, declared with the -k and -m options, that the lsof
+user can't normally access, lsof uses access(2) to establish its
+real user's authority to read such files when it can't surrender
+its power before opening them. This change was added at the
+suggestion of Tim Ramsey.
+
+Lsof surrenders setgid permission on most dialects when it has
+gained access to the kernel's memory devices. There are exceptions
+to this rule, and some lsof implementations need to run setuid-root.
+(The Setgid Lsof Dialects and Setuid-root Lsof Dialects sections
+contains a list of lsof implementations and the permissions
+recommended in the distribution's Makefiles.)
+
+The surrendering of setgid permission is controlled by the WILLDROPGID
+definition in the dialect machine.h header files.
+
+In the end you must judge for yourself and your installation the
+risks that lsof presents and restrict access to it according to
+your circumstances and judgement.
+
+
+Run-time Warnings
+=================
+
+Lsof can issue warning messages when it runs -- e.g., about the
+state of the device cache file, about an inability to access an
+NFS file system, etc. Issuance of warnings are enabled by default
+in the lsof distribution.
+
+Issuance or warnings may be disabled by default by defining
+WARNINGSTATE in the dialect's machine.h. The Customize script may
+also be used to change the default warning message issuance state.
+(See The Customize Script section.)
+
+The ``-w'' option description of the ``-h'' option (help) output
+will indicate the default warning issuance state. Whatever the
+state may be, it can be reversed with ``-w''.
+
+
+Device Access Warnings
+======================
+
+When lsof encounters a /dev (or /devices) directory, one of its
+sub-directories, or one of their files that it cannot access with
+opendir(3) or stat(2), it issues a warning message and continues.
+Lsof will be more likely to issue such a warning when it has been
+installed with setgid(<some group name>) permission; it won't have
+trouble if it has been installed with setuid(root) permission or
+is being run under the root login.
+
+The lsof caller can inhibit or enable the warning with the -w
+option, depending on the issuance state of run-time warnings. (See
+the Run-time Warnings section.)
+
+The warning messages do not appear when lsof obtains device
+information from a device cache file that it has built and believes
+to be current or when warning message issuance is disabled by
+default. (See the "Caches -- Name and Device" section for more
+information on the device cache file.)
+
+The lsof builder can inhibit the warning by disabling the definition
+of WARNDEVACCESS in the dialect's machine.h or disable all warnings
+by defining WARNINGSTATE. WARNDEVACCESS is defined by default for
+most dialects. However, some dialects have some device directory
+elements that are private -- e.g., HP-UX -- and it is more convenient
+for the lsof user if warning messages about them are inhibited.
+
+Output from lsof's -h option indicates the status of WARNDEVACCESS.
+If it was defined when lsof was compiled, this message will appear:
+
+ /dev warnings = enabled
+
+If WARNDEVACCESS was not defined when lsof was compiled, this
+message will appear instead:
+
+ /dev warnings = disabled
+
+The Customize script, run by Configure after it has finished its
+work, gives you the opportunity to change the WARNDEVACCESS
+definition. (See The Customize Script section.)
+
+
+NFS Blocks
+==========
+
+Lsof is susceptible to NFS blocks when it tries to lstat() mounted
+file systems and when it does further processing -- lstat() and
+readlink() -- on its optional file and file system arguments.
+
+Lsof tries to avoid being stopped completely by NFS blocks by doing
+the lstat() and readlink() functions in a child process, which
+returns the function response via a pipe. The lsof parent limits
+the wait for data to arrive in the pipe with a SIGALRM, and, if
+the alarm trips, terminates the child process with a SIGINT and a
+SIGKILL.
+
+This is as reliable and portable a method for breaking NFS deadlocks
+as I have found, although it still fails under some combinations
+of NFS version, UNIX dialect, and NFS file system mount options.
+It generally succeeds when the "intr" or "soft" mount options are
+used; it generally fails when the "hard" mount option is used.
+
+When lsof cannot kill the child process, a second timeout causes
+it to stop waiting for the killed child to complete. While the
+second timeout allows lsof to complete, it may leave behind a hung
+child process. Unless warnings are inhibited by default or with
+the -w option, lsof reports the possible hung child.
+
+NFS block handling was updated with suggestions made by Andreas
+Stolcke. Andreas suggested using the alternate device numbers that
+appear in the mount tables of some dialects when it is not possible
+to stat(2) the mount points.
+
+The -b option was added to direct lsof to avoid the stat(2) and
+readlink(2) calls that might block on NFS mount points and always
+use the alternate device numbers. If warning message issuance is
+enabled and you don't want warning messages about what lsof is
+doing, use the -w option, too.
+
+The -O option directs lsof to avoid doing the potentially blocking
+operations in child processes. Instead, when -O is specified, lsof
+does them directly. While this consumes far less system overhead,
+it can cause lsof to hang, so I advise you to use -O sparingly.
+
+
+Caches -- Name and Device
+==========================
+
+Robert Ehrlich suggested that lsof obtain path name components for
+open files from the kernel's name cache. Where possible, lsof
+dialect implementations do that. The -C option inhibits kernel
+name cache examination.
+
+Since AFS apparently does not use the kernel's name cache, where
+lsof supports AFS it is unable to identify AFS files with path name
+components.
+
+Robert also suggested that lsof cache the information it obtains
+via stat(2) for nodes in /dev (or /devices) to reduce subsequent
+running time. Lsof does that, too.
+
+In the default distribution the device cache file is stored in
+.lsof_hostname, mode 0600, in the home directory of the login of
+the user ID that executes lsof. The suffix, hostname, is the first
+component of the host's name returned by gethostname(2). If lsof
+is executed by a user ID whose home directory is NFS-mounted from
+several hosts, the user ID's home directory may collect several
+device cache files, one for each host from which it was executed.
+
+Lsof senses accidental or malicious damage to the device cache file
+with extensive integrity checks, including the use of a 16 bit CRC.
+It also tries to sense changes in /dev (or /devices) that indicate
+the device cache file is out of date.
+
+There are other options for forming the device cache file path.
+Methods the lsof builder can use to control and employ them are
+documented in the separate 00DCACHE file of the lsof distribution.
+
+
+Raw Sockets
+===========
+
+On many UNIX systems raw sockets use a separate network control
+block structure. Display of files for applications using raw
+sockets -- ping, using ICMP, for example -- need special support
+for displaying their information. This support is so dialect-specific
+and information to provide it so difficult to find that not all
+dialect revisions of lsof handle raw sockets completely.
+
+
+Other Compile-time Definitions
+==============================
+
+The machine.h and dlsof.h header files for each dialect contains
+definitions that affect the compilation of lsof. Check the
+Definitions That Affect Compilation section of the 00PORTING file
+of the lsof distribution for their descriptions. (Also see The
+Customize Script section.)
+
+
+The AFSConfig Script
+====================
+
+Lsof supports AFS on some combinations of UNIX dialect and AFS
+version. See the AFS section of this document for a list of
+supported combinations.
+
+When configuring for dialects where AFS is supported, the Configure
+script calls the AFSConfig script to determine the location of AFS
+header files and the AFS version. Configure will not call AFSConfig,
+even for the selected dialects, unless the file /usr/vice/etc/ThisCell
+exists.
+
+The AFS header file location is recorded in the AFSHeaders file;
+version, AFSVersion. Once these values have been recorded, Configure
+can be told to skip the calling of AFSConfig by specifying its
+(Configure's) -n option.
+
+
+The Inventory Script
+====================
+
+The lsof distribution contains a script, called Inventory, that
+checks the distribution for completeness. It uses the file 00MANIFEST
+in the distribution as a reference point.
+
+After the Configure script has accepted the dialect abbreviation,
+it normally calls the Inventory script to make sure the distribution
+is complete.
+
+After Inventory has run, it creates the file ".ck00MAN" in the
+top-level directory to record for itself the fact that the inventory
+has been check. Should Inventory be called again, it senses this
+file and asks the caller if another check is in order, or if the
+check should be skipped.
+
+The -n option may be supplied to Configure to make it bypass the
+calling of the Inventory script. (The option also causes Configure
+to avoid calling the Customize script.)
+
+The lsof power user may want to define (touch) the file ".neverInv".
+Configure avoids calling the Inventory script when ".neverInv"
+exists.
+
+
+The Customize Script
+====================
+
+Normally when the Configure script has finished its work, it calls
+another shell script in the lsof distribution called Customize.
+(You can tell Configure to bypass Customize with its -n option.)
+
+Customize leads you through the specification of these important
+compile-time definitions for the dialect's machine.h header file:
+
+ HASDCACHE device cache file control
+ HASENVDC device cache file environment
+ variable name
+ HASPERSDC personal device cache file path
+ format
+ HASPERSDCPATH name of environment variable that
+ provides an additional component
+ of the personal device cache file
+ path
+ HASSYSDC system-wide device cache file path
+ HASKERNIDCK the build-time to run-time kernel
+ identity check
+ HASSECURITY the security option
+ HASNOSOCKSECURITY the open socket listing option whe
+ HASSECURITY is defined
+ WARNDEVACCESS /dev (or /devices) warning message
+ control
+ WARNINGSTATE warning message issuance state
+
+The Customize script accompanies its prompting for entry of new
+values for these definitions with brief descriptions of each of
+them. More information on these definitions may be found in this
+file or in the 00DCACHE and 00FAQ files of the lsof distribution.
+
+You don't need to run Customize after Configure. You can run it
+later or you can edit machine.h directly.
+
+The -n option may be supplied to Configure to make it bypass the
+calling of the Customize script. (The option also causes Configure
+to avoid calling the Inventory script.)
+
+The lsof power user may want to define (touch) the file ".neverCust".
+Configure avoids calling the Customize script when ".neverCust"
+exists.
+
+Customize CAUTION: the Customize script works best when it is
+applied to a newly configured lsof source base -- i.e., the machine.h
+header file has not been previously modified by the Customize
+script. If you have previously configured lsof, and want to rerun
+the Customize script, I recommend you clean out the previous
+configuration and create a new one:
+
+ $ Configure -clean
+ $ Configure <dialect_abbreviation>
+ ...
+ Customize in response to the Customize script prompts.
+
+
+Cautions
+========
+
+Lsof is a tool that is closely tied to the UNIX operating system
+version. It uses header files that describe kernel structures and
+reads kernel structures that typically change from OS version to
+OS version, and even within a version as vendor patches are applied.
+
+DON'T TRY TO USE AN LSOF BINARY, COMPILED FOR ONE UNIX OS VERSION,
+ON ANOTHER. VENDOR PATCHES INFLUENCE THE VERSION IDENTITY.
+
+On some UNIX dialects lsof versions may be even more restricted by
+architecture type.
+
+The bottom line is use lsof where you built it. If you intend to
+use a common lsof binary on multiple systems, make sure all systems
+run exactly the same OS version and have exactly the same patches.
+
+
+Warranty
+========
+
+Lsof is provided as-is without any warranty of any kind, either
+expressed or implied, including, but not limited to, the implied
+warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose.
+The entire risk as to the quality and performance of lsof is with
+you. Should lsof prove defective, you assume the cost of all
+necessary servicing, repair, or correction.
+
+
+License
+=======
+
+Lsof has no license. Its use and distribution are subject to these
+terms and conditions, found in each lsof source file. (The copyright
+year in or format of the notice may vary slightly.)
+
+ /*
+ * Copyright 2002 Purdue Research Foundation, West Lafayette,
+ * Indiana 47907. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Written by Victor A. Abell
+ *
+ * This software is not subject to any license of the American
+ * Telephone and Telegraph Company or the Regents of the
+ * University of California.
+ *
+ * Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for
+ * any purpose on any computer system, and to alter it and
+ * redistribute it freely, subject to the following
+ * restrictions:
+ *
+ * 1. Neither the authors nor Purdue University are responsible
+ * for any consequences of the use of this software.
+ *
+ * 2. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented,
+ * either by explicit claim or by omission. Credit to the
+ * authors and Purdue University must appear in documentation
+ * and sources.
+ *
+ * 3. Altered versions must be plainly marked as such, and must
+ * not be misrepresented as being the original software.
+ *
+ * 4. This notice may not be removed or altered.
+ */
+
+
+Bug Reports
+===========
+
+Now that the obligatory disclaimer is out of the way, let me hasten to
+add that I accept lsof bug reports and try hard to respond to them. I
+will also consider and discuss requests for new features, ports to new
+dialects, or ports to new OS versions.
+
+PLEASE DON'T SEND BUG REPORTS ABOUT LSOF TO THE UNIX DIALECT OR DIALECT
+OPTION VENDOR.
+
+At worst such bug reports will confuse the vendor; at best, the vendor
+will forward the bug report to me.
+
+PLEASE DON'T SEND BUG REPORTS ABOUT LSOF BINARIES BUILT OR DISTRIBUTED
+BY SOMEONE ELSE, BECAUSE I CAN'T SUPPORT THEM.
+
+Before you send me a bug report, please do these things:
+
+ * Make sure you try the latest lsof revision.
+
+ + Download the latest revision from:
+
+ ftp://lsof.itap.purdue.edu/pub/tools/unix/lsof
+
+ + Verify the signatures of what you have downloaded;
+
+ + While connected to lsof.itap.purdue.edu, check for patches:
+
+ ftp://lsof.itap.purdue.edu/pub/tools/unix/lsof/patches
+
+ + If patches exist, install them in the latest revision
+ you just downloaded. Then build the latest revision and
+ see if it fixes your bug.
+
+ * If you're having trouble compiling lsof with gcc, try the
+ UNIX dialect vendor's compiler. I don't have access to gcc on
+ all test systems, so my support for it is hit-and-miss, and so
+ is my ability to respond to gcc compilation problem reports.
+
+ * Check the lsof frequently asked questions file, 00FAQ,
+ to see if there's a question and answer relevant to your
+ problem.
+
+ * Make sure you're running the lsof you think you are by
+ checking the path to it with which(1). When in doubt, use an
+ absolute path to lsof. Make sure that lsof binary has
+ sufficient permissions to do what you ask, including internal
+ permissions given it (e.g., restrictions on what files lsof may
+ report for whom) during its build.
+
+When you send a bug report, make sure you include output from your
+running of lsof's Configure script. If you were able to compile a
+running lsof, please also include:
+
+ * Output from which(1) that shows the absolute path to the
+ lsof binary in question;
+
+ * Output from running lsof with its -h and -v options at
+ lsof's absolute path;
+
+ * Output from "ls -l" directed to lsof's absolute path.
+
+If you weren't able to compile a running lsof, please send me: the
+compiler error output; identification of the lsof revision you're using
+(contents of the lsof version.c file); identification of your system
+(full uname output or output from whatever other tool identifies the
+system); and compiler identification (e.g., gcc -v output).
+
+Either set of output will help me understand how lsof was configured
+and what UNIX dialect and lsof revision is involved.
+
+Please send all bug reports, requests, etc. to me via e-mail at
+<abe@purdue.edu>. Make sure "lsof" appears in the "Subject:" line so
+my e-mail filter won't classify your letter as Spam.
+
+
+The 00FAQ File
+==============
+
+The lsof distribution contains an extensive frequently asked
+questions file on lsof features and problems. I recommend you
+consult it before sending me e-mail. Use your favorite editor or
+pager to search 00FAQ -- e.g., supplying as a search argument some
+fixed text from an lsof error message.
+
+
+The lsof-l Mailing List
+=======================
+
+Information about lsof, including notices about the availability
+of new revisions, may be found in mailings of the lsof-l listserv.
+For more information about it, including instructions on how to
+subscribe, read the 00LSOF-L file of the lsof distribution.
+
+
+Field Output Example Scripts
+============================
+
+Example AWK and Perl 4 or 5 scripts for post-processing lsof field
+output are locate in the scripts sub-directory of the lsof distribution.
+The scripts sub-directory contains a 00README file with information
+about the scripts.
+
+
+Field Output C Library
+======================
+
+The lsof test suite (See "Testing Lsof."), checks basic lsof
+operations using field output. The test suite has its own library
+of C functions for common test program operations, including
+processing of field output. The library or selections of its
+functions could be adapted for use by C programs that want to
+process lsof field output. See the library in the file LTlib.c
+in the tests/ sub-directory
+
+
+Testing Lsof
+============
+
+Lsof has an automated test suite in the tests/ sub-directory that
+can be used to test some basic lsof features -- once lsof has been
+configured and made. Tests are arranged in three groups: basic
+tests that should run on all dialects; standard tests that should
+run on all dialects; and optional tests that may not run on all
+dialects or may need special resources to run. See 00TEST for more
+information.)
+
+CAUTION!!! Before you attempt to use the test suite make sure that
+the lsof you want to test can access the necessary kernel resources
+-- e.g., /dev/mem, /dev/kmem, /proc, etc. Usually you want to test
+the lsof you just built, so this is an important check. (See
+00TEST.)
+
+To run the basic and standard tests, using the lsof in the parent
+directory of tests/, do this:
+
+ $ cd tests
+ $ make test
+ or $ make std
+ or $ make standard
+
+The basic and standard tests may be run as silently as possible,
+using the lsof in the parent directory of tests/, with:
+
+ $ cd tests
+ $ make auto
+
+This is the "automatic" test mode, designed for use by scripts that
+build lsof. The caller is expected to test the make exit code to
+determine if the tests succeeded. The caller should divert standard
+output and standard error to /dev/null to suppress make's error
+exit message.
+
+The optional tests may be run, using the lsof in the parent directory
+of tests/, with:
+
+ $ cd tests
+ $ make opt
+ or $ make optional
+
+It's possible to excute individual tests, too. See the 00TEST file
+of this distribution for more informaiton on the tests, what they
+do, and how to run and possibly customize each test.
+
+It's possible to run the tests, using an lsof other than the one
+in the parent directory of /tests, too. See 00TEST for information
+about using the LT_LSOF_PATH environment variable to do that.
+
+
+=============
+Dialect Notes
+=============
+
+
+AFS
+===
+
+Lsof recognizes AFS files on the following combinations of UNIX
+dialect and AFS versions:
+
+ AIX 4.1.4 (AFS 3.4a)
+ Linux 1.2.13 (AFS 3.3)
+ NEXTSTEP 3.2 (AFS 3.3) (untested on recent lsof revisions)
+ Solaris 2.6 (AFS 3.4a)
+ Ultrix 4.2 RISC (AFS 3.2b) (no longer available)
+
+Lsof has not been tested under other combinations -- e.g. HP-UX
+10.10 and AFS 3.4a -- and probably won't even compile there. Often
+when a UNIX dialect version or AFS version changes, the new header
+files come into conflict, causing compiler objections.
+
+
+AIX
+===
+
+Specify the aix Configure abbreviation for AIX 4.1.[45], 4.2[.1],
+4.3[.123], 5L, and 5.[123].
+
+Specify aixgcc on AIX above 4.1 to use the gcc compiler. (Gcc can't be
+used to compile lsof on AIX 4.1 and below because of kernel structure
+alignment differences between it and xlc.) Gcc results sometimes
+depend on the version of the gcc compiler that is used.
+
+Compilation of lsof with gcc on AIX 4.3[.123], 5L, and 5.[123] has been
+sparsely tested with varying degrees of success: it has been reported
+to succeed on AIX 4.3.3 and 32 bit Power AIX 5.1; to fail on ia64 AIX
+5.1 and 64 bit Power AIX 5.1; and to succeed on 32 and 64 bit Power AIX
+5.2. Lsof compilation with gcc hasn't been tested on AIX 5.3.
+
+At revision 4.61 and above lsof is configured and built to match the
+bit size of the kernel of Power architecture AIX 5.1 systems. Lsof
+binaries built for 32 and 64 bit kernels are not interchangeable. See
+00FAQ for more information.
+
+The Configure script uses /usr/bin/oslevel to determine the AIX version
+for AIX less than 5 and ``uname -rv'' for AIX 5 and higher. If
+/usr/bin/oslevel isn't executable on AIX less than 5, the Configure
+script issues a warning message and uses ``uname -rv'' to determine the
+AIX version.
+
+When Configure must use ``uname -rv'' on AIX less than 5 to determine
+the AIX version, the result will lack a correct third component --
+e.g., the `4' of ``4.1.4''. If your AIX less than 5 system lacks lacks
+an executable oslevel, I suggest you edit the Configure-produced
+Makefile and complete the _AIXV definition in the CFGF string.
+
+By default lsof avoids using the kernel's readx() function, causing
+it to be unable to report information on some text and library file
+references. The ``-X'' option allows the lsof user to ask for the
+information readx() supplies.
+
+Lsof avoids readx() to avoid the possibility of triggering a kernel
+problem, known as the Stale Segment ID kernel bug. Kevin Ruderman
+reported this bug to me. The bug shows up when the kernel's
+dir_search() function hangs, hanging the application process that
+called it so completely that the application process can neither
+be killed nor stopped. The hang is the consequence of another
+process (perhaps lsof) making legitimate use of the kernel's readx()
+function to access the kernel memory that dir_search() is examining.
+IBM has indicated they have no plans to fix the bug.
+
+A fuller discussion of this bug may be found in the 00FAQ file of
+the lsof distribution. There you will find a description of the
+Stale Segment ID bug, the APAR on it, and a discussion of the
+sequence of events that exposes it.
+
+I added the ``-X'' function so you can tell lsof to use readx(),
+but if you use ``-X'', you should be alert to its possibly serious
+side effects. Although readx() is normally disabled, its state is
+controlled with the HASXOPT, HASXOPT_ROOT, and HASXOPT_VALUE
+definitions in dialects/aix/machine.h, and you can change its
+default state by changing those definitions. You can also change
+HASXOPT_ROOT via the Customize script.
+
+You can also compile lsof with readx() use permanently enabled or
+disabled -- see the comments about the definitions in the
+dialects/aix/machine.h header file. You may want to permanently
+disable lsof's use of readx() if you plan to make lsof publicly
+executable. You can also restrict -X to processes whose real UID
+is root by defining HASXOPT_ROOT.
+
+I have never seen lsof cause the Stale Segment ID bug to occur and
+haven't had a report that it has, but I believe there is a possibility
+it could.
+
+AFS support for AIX was added with help help from Bob Cook and Jan
+Tax who provided test systems.
+
+Henry Grebler and David J. Wilson helped with lsof for AIX 4.2.
+
+Bill Pemberton provided an AIX 4.3 test system. Andrew Kephart
+and Tom Weaver provided AIX 4.3 technical assistance. Niklas
+Edmundsson did 4.3.1 testing. Doug Crabill provided an AIX 4.3.2
+test system. Jeff W. Stewart provided an AIX 4.3.3 test system.
+
+The SMT file type for AIX 4.1.[45], 4.2[.1], and 4.3[.12] is my
+fabrication. See the 00FAQ file more information on it.
+
+Loc Le and Nasser Momtaheni of IBM provided test systems for AIX 5L and
+5.1. Lsof for AIX 5L and 5.1 needs setuid-root permission to process
+the -X option on systems whose architecture type is ia64.
+
+Dale Talcott of Purdue provided AIX 5.1 and 5.2 test systems. Dale and
+John Jackson of Purdue provided an AIX 5.3 test system.
+
+
+Apple Darwin
+============
+
+The Apple Darwin port was provided by Allan Nathanson for version
+1.2. Allan also arranged for access to a test system for maintenance
+and regression testing. Dale Talcott provided a test system, too.
+
+Allan supplied patches for updates to 1.4, 5.x, 6.x, 7.x and 8.x.
+
+
+BSDI BSD/OS
+===========
+
+As of lsof revision 4.77 support for BSDI BSD/OS has been
+discontinued. Lsof revision 4.76 with BSDI BSD/OS support may be found
+on lsof.itap.purdue.edu in pub/tools/unix/lsof/src.
+
+
+DEC OSF/1, Digital UNIX, Tru64 UNIX
+===================================
+
+Robert Benites, Dean Brock, Angel Li, Dwight McKay, Berkley Shands,
+Ron Young and Steve Wilson have kindly provided test systems.
+Jeffrey Mogul has provided technical assistance. Dave Morrison
+and Lawrence MacIntyre did Digital UNIX V3.2 testing.
+
+Lsof supports the ADVFS/MSFS layered file system product. Lsof
+can locate all the open files of an ADVFS/MSFS file system when
+its path is specified, provided the file system is listed in
+/etc/fstab with an ``advfs'' type. (This /etc/fstab caveat applies
+only to Digital UNIX 2.0.) At Digital UNIX 4.0 and Tru64 UNIX,
+using code provided by David Brock, lsof 4.20 and above can locate
+ADVFS file paths.
+
+Testing of lsof on DEC OSF/1 and Digital UNIX 4.0 ended with lsof
+revision 4.74. Hence, the lsof documentation has dropped the claim
+that it works there. For a distribution of lsof 4.74 that was tested
+on DEC OSF/1 and Digital UNIX 4.0, check pub/tools/unix/lsof/OLD/src
+on the lsof ftp home, lsof.itap.purdue.edu.
+
+Lsof revisions past 4.74 have only been tested on Tru64 UNIX 5.1.
+
+
+FreeBSD
+=======
+
+Bill Bormann of Purdue University provided access to several FreeBSD
+test systems. Ade Barkah, John Clear, Ralph Forsythe, Michael
+Haro, Kurt Jaeger, and William McVey have also provided FreeBSD
+test systems.
+
+The FreeBSD distribution header files are augmented by header files
+in the dialects/freebsd/include directory.
+
+David O'Brien maintains the lsof FreeBSD port package.
+
+
+HP-UX
+=====
+
+Lsof has two HP-UX bases: /dev/kmem for HP-UX 11.0 and earlier;
+and PSTAT for HP-UX 11.11 and later. The lsof Configure script
+will pick the appropriate base.
+
+To use the CCITT x.25 socket support for HP-UX, you must have the
+x.25 header files in /etc/conf/x25
+
+Pasi Kaara helped with the HP-UX port, especially with its CCITT
+x.25 socket support.
+
+Richard Allen provided HP-UX 10.x and 11.x test systems, as did
+Mark Bixby, and Elias Halldor Agustsson. Marc Winkler helped test
+the 10.20 port. Richard J. Rauenzahn provided a 64 bit HP-UX 11
+test system and an HP-UX 11.11 development system.
+
+AFS support for HP-UX was added thanks to help from Chaskiel Moses
+Grundman, who provided a test system.
+
+The /dev/kmem-based HP-UX 11.00 support is extremely fragile. It
+depends on privately developed kernel structure definitions. (See
+.../dialects/hpux/hpux11 for the header files making the definitions.)
+Those header files and their definitions will not be updated by
+HP-UX 11.00 patches, making it likely that any patch changing a
+kernel structure critical to lsof will break lsof in some way.
+
+It's possible to build a 64 bit lsof for 64 bit HP-UX 11.00 with
+gcc, but you must have a gcc compiler capable of producing 64 bit
+executables. See the 00FAQ file for more information.
+
+The PSTAT-based lsof for HP-UX 11.11 and later is much more solid.
+I am indebted to the vision of HP for providing an lsof kernel API
+through the PSTAT implementation. Specifically I appreciate the
+help of HP staff members Carl Davidson, Louis Huemiller, Rich
+Rauenzahn, and Sailu Yallapragada that made PSTAT-based HP-UX lsof
+possible.
+
+
+IPv6
+====
+
+Lsof has IPv6 support that has been tested for these UNIX dialects:
+AIX 4.3.x; Apple Darwin 5.[12] and 6.0; the INRIA and KAME FreeBSD IPv6
+implementations; PSTAT-based HP-UX; /proc-based Linux; the INRIA and
+KAME NetBSD implementations; and Solaris 8 and 9. Lsof has IPv6
+support that hasn't been tested for: OpenBSD (KAME); OpenUNIX 8; Tru64
+Unix 5.[01]; and UnixWare 7.1.[34].
+
+Please let me know if your UNIX dialect has IPv6 support and I'll
+see if it can be supported by lsof.
+
+
+Linux
+=====
+
+Tim Korb, Steve Logue, Joseph J. Nuspl Jr., and Jonathan Sergent
+have provided Linux test systems.
+
+Michael Shields helped add and test automatic handling of ELF/COFF
+form names in /System.map, Marty Leisner and Keith Parks have helped
+test many lsof revisions. Marty has provided valuable suggestions,
+Linux hints, and code, too.
+
+The 00FAQ file gives some Linux tips, including information on
+coping with system map file problems.
+
+To determine the state of the Linux 2.1.x C library lseek() function,
+the lsof Configure script runs a test program that must have
+permission to read /dev/kmem. The test determines if the lseek()
+function properly handles kernel offsets, which appear to be negative
+because their high order bit is set. If the lseek() test reveals
+a faulty lseek(), Configure activates the use of a private lseek()
+function for kernel offset positioning. See the Linux problems
+section of the 00FAQ file of the lsof distribution for more
+information.
+
+
+NetBSD
+======
+
+Greg Earle and Paul Kranenburg have assisted with the NetBSD ports.
+Paul has provided test systems. Ray Phillips provided a NetBSA
+Alpha test system. Andrew Brown also provided a test system.
+
+The NetBSD dialect version of lsof is compiled using the dialect
+sources it shares with OpenBSD in the n+obsd dialect sub-directory.
+
+
+NEXTSTEP and OPENSTEP
+=====================
+
+Virtual memory header files that allow lsof to display text references
+were derived from the contents of /usr/include/vm of NEXTSTEP 2.0.
+NeXT did not ship the virtual memory header files with other NEXTSTEP
+or OPENSTEP versions.
+
+You may use the RC_FLAGS environment variable to declare compiler
+options outside the Makefile. A common use of this variable is to
+define the architecture types to be included in a "fat" executable.
+See the comments in dialects/next/Makefile for an example.
+
+
+OpenBSD
+=======
+
+David Mazieres has provided OpenBSD test systems. The OpenBSD
+dialect version of lsof is compiled using the dialect sources it
+shares with NetBSD in the n+obsd dialect sub-directory.
+
+Kenneth Stailey has provided OpenBSD testing and advice.
+
+John Dzubera (Zube) reports, "lsof 4.33 compiles and runs on OpenBSD
+2.3 for the pmax architecture (decstation 3100)."
+
+I have not tested lsof on OpenBSD 3.8, but David Mazieres reports
+revision 4.76 worked on OpenBSD 3.8.
+
+
+Pyramid DC/OSx and Reliant UNIX
+===============================
+
+As of lsof revision 4.52 support for all Pyramid dialects has been
+discontinued. Lsof revision 4.51 with Pyramid support may be
+obtained upon request. Send the request to abe@purdue.edu.
+
+These two UNIX dialects are very similar and share dialect-specific
+source files from the pyramid sub-directory.
+
+The Reliant Unix Pyramid C compiler issues warning messages that
+I haven't found a convenient way to suppress. You can ignore
+warning messages about casts and conversions that lose bits. The
+message "warning: undefining __STDC__" is intentionally caused by
+the lsof MkKernOpts configuration script to suppress warning messages
+about cast and conversion problems in standard system header files,
+such as <stdio.h> and <string.h>.
+
+Bruce Beare and Kevin Smith provided test systems.
+
+
+Caldera OpenUNIX
+================
+
+Larry Rosenman provided an OpenUNIX 8 test system. Matthew Thurmaier
+provided technical assistance, along with these people from Caldera:
+Jack Craig, Robert Lipe, and Bela Lubkin.
+
+Robert Lipe supplied changes to lsof for OpenUNIX 8.0.1. Those
+changes were also incorporated in UnixWare 7.1.3 when it became
+the release name for OpenUNIX 8.0.1.
+
+Support for lsof on OpenUNIX ended at lsof revision 4.74. The last
+lsof revision, 4.74, tested on OpenUNIX, may be found at the lsof
+"home" ftp site, lsof.itap.purdue.edu, in pub/tools/unix/lsof/OLD/src.
+
+
+SCO OpenServer
+==============
+
+Dion Johnson, Bela Lubkin, and Nathan Peterson of SCO gave me copies
+of SCO OpenServer and the SCO OpenServer Development System 3.0
+and provided technical advice for the lsof port.
+
+Hugh Dickins, Bela Lubkin, Craig B. Olofson, and Nathan Peterson
+provided version 5.0 and gave technical advice for porting lsof to
+it. Bela provided the 5.0.4 changes. D. Chris Daniels provided
+a 5.0.4 test system, Lee Penn provided one for 5.0.5, and John
+Dubois for 5.0.6.
+
+The <netdb.h> header file was accidentally omitted from some SCO
+OpenServer Development System releases. The Configure script will
+sense its absence and substitute an equivalent from the BSD
+distribution. The BSD <netdb.h> and the <sys/cdefs.h> header file
+it includes are located in the dialects/os/include sub-directory
+tree.
+
+To compile lsof from its distribution sources you must have the
+TCP/IP and NSF headers in /usr/include. While those are optional
+OpenServer packages, I have access to no system that doesn't have
+them, so I'm unable to build lsof for such a configuration. However,
+it should be possible to modify the lsof Configure script and
+sources so lsof would compile and work without those optional
+packages.
+
+If you have an OpenServer system configured without the TCP/IP and
+NFS packages, and want to tackle the job of building lsof for it,
+contact me via e-mail at <abe@purdue.edu>. I'll identify the
+Configure script, header file, and source file changes you will
+need to make. (Caution: this is not a simple task, or I would have
+already done it.)
+
+The optional osrgcc and scogcc Configure abbreviations construct
+Makefiles for compiling lsof with gcc.
+
+The UnixWare 7.1.4 sources are used for OpenServer Release 6.0.0.
+Hence there is a separate Configure abbreviation for it, "osr6".
+Richard of SCO provided a test system and technical assistance.
+
+
+SCO|Caldera UnixWare
+============
+
+D. Chris Daniels, John Hughes, Ken Laing, Andrew Merril, Lee Penn, and
+Matthew Thurmaier provided test systems. Bela Lubkin provided
+technical assistance. Larry Rosenman provided 7.1.[34] test systems.
+
+
+Solaris 2.x, 7, 8, 9 and 10
+===========================
+
+SEE THE CAUTIONS SECTION OF THIS DOCUMENT.
+
+The latest Solaris revision of lsof 4 might work under Solaris
+2.[1-4] and 2.5[.1] and 7 but hasn't been tested there. I have no
+test systems for those Solaris versions.
+
+Lsof will compile with gcc and the Sun C compiler under Solaris.
+If you want to use the Sun compiler, use the solariscc Configure
+abbreviation. If you use a gcc version less than 2.8 on Solaris,
+make sure the gcc-specific includes have been updated for your
+version of Solaris -- i.e., run the gcc fixincludes script.
+
+Solaris 7, 8, 9 and 10 support for 64 bit kernels depends on a Sun
+WorkShop or Forte C compiler version that supports the "-xarch=v9"
+flag -- usually 5.0 or greater. Gcc versions 2.95 and above *may*
+be configured and built for 64 bit support, but it takes some extra
+work, the resulting compiler may be fragile, and the gcc developers
+discourage it. I've built 64 bit capable gcc compilers for Solaris
+7, 8 and 9 from gcc versions 2.95 through 3.0.1 and produced working
+lsof executables with them. More information on 64 bit gcc for
+Solaris may be found in the 00FAQ file.
+
+Solaris 10 ZFS support is questionable, because Sun does not distribute
+the ZFS kernel structure definition header files. The lsof Configure
+script and source code use some risky work-arounds. ZFS file system
+support was made possible with help from Horst Scheuermann.
+
+Dave Curry and Steve Kirsch provided resources for Solaris 2.x
+ports. Casper Dik and Gerry Singleton consulted and provided
+valuable assistance.
+
+Henry Katz, Joseph Kowalski, Charles Stephens, Mike Sullivan, and
+Mike Tracy provided technical assistance.
+
+AFS support was added to Solaris lsof with help from Curt Freeland,
+Heidi Hornstein, Michael L. Lewis, Terry McCoy, Phillip Moore, and
+Sushila R. Subramanian.
+
+Casper Dik provided valuable assistance for the Solaris 8 support.
+
+Sun has graciously provided me access to BETA versions of Solaris
+2.5, 2.6, 7, 8, and 9.
+
+John Dzubera provided Solaris 7 and 8 test systems.
+
+Mike Miscevic provided Solaris 10 test systems.
+
+
+Ultrix
+======
+
+As of lsof revision 4.52 support for Ultrix is no longer available,
+because I no longer have an Ultrix test system.
+
+Terry Friedrichsen, Dwight McKay, and Jeffrey Mogul helped me with
+this port.
+
+DECnet support was added to Ultrix lsof with the help of John
+Beacom, who kindly provided a test system. The Configure script
+decides that DECnet support is available if /usr/lib/libdnet.a and
+/usr/include/netdnet/dn.h exist and are readable.
+
+
+Veritas VxFS and VxVM
+=====================
+
+Lsof supports some versions of Veritas VxFS and VxVM on some UNIX
+dialects. Consult the lsof Configure script for the specific
+dialect, and consult the lsof dialect-specific source files for
+the UNIX dialect of interest. Veritas support will usually be
+found in a source file named dnode[1-9].c.
+
+Since Veritas rarely has a version number that can be extracted
+with shell commands, lsof doesn't use it. Instead, when lsof
+supports Veritas, the Configure script will form compile-time
+definitions starting with HASVXFS. Check the lsof 00PORTING
+documentation file for more information.
+
+Lsof Veritas support requires that the supporting Veritas header
+files be installed -- e.g., in /usr/include/sys/fs. (The location
+will depend in the dialect's header file conventions.)
+
+Some information on lsof support for Veritas extensions may be
+found in the lsof 00DIST file. (The ChangeLog file points to
+00DIST.)
+
+Chris Kordish and Andy Thomas have provided Solaris VxFS test
+systems.
+
+
+================================
+User-contributed Dialect Support
+================================
+
+There are some user-contributed dialect versions of lsof; more
+information on them can be found at:
+
+ ftp://lsof.itap.purdue.edu/pub/tools/unix/lsof/contrib
+
+Check the 00INDEX file there for details.
+
+
+============================
+Dialects No Longer Supported
+============================
+
+Because I don't have access to test systems, these UNIX dialects
+are no longer supported by lsof:
+
+ CDC EP/IX
+ /dev/kmem-based Linux
+ MIPS RISC/os
+ Motorola V/88
+ Pyramid DC/OSx
+ Pyramid Reliant UNIX
+ Sequent DYNIX
+ SGI IRIX
+ SunOS 4.x
+ Ultrix
+ UnixWare below 7.0
+
+Remnants of the support lsof once provided for these dialects may
+be found in:
+
+ ftp://lsof.itap.purdue.edu/pub/tools/unix/lsof/OLD/dialects
+
+
+===============
+Installing Lsof
+===============
+
+The distributed Makefiles do not have actions that will install
+lsof. I've come to the conclusion there is no standard for installing
+lsof or its man page, so I no longer distribute make rules for
+installing them. You should adjust the Makefile for your local
+preferences.
+
+The Makefile does have an install rule that will cause lsof to
+compile by virtue of its dependency clause. Some Makefiles also
+have a dependency that causes the production of a man page that is
+ready to install. However, the actions of the install rule will
+not cause the lsof executable or its man page to be installed in
+any UNIX system-wide directory.
+
+Instead, after the compilation and optional man page production
+are completed, the install rule will produce a brief description
+of what actions you might add to the install rule. The description
+will suggest the possible modes, ownerships, permissions, and
+destinations your install rule might employ to install the lsof
+executable and man page.
+
+As you form your install rule, keep in mind that lsof usually needs
+some type of special permission to do its job. That may be permission
+to read memory devices such as /dev/kmem, /dev/mem, or /dev/swap,
+or it may be authorization to read entries in the /proc file system.
+
+Memory device access can usually be provided by setting the modes
+of the lsof executable so that it's effective group identifier when
+it runs is the same as the group that has permission to read the
+memory devices -- i.e., it is setgid-group. The privileged group
+is usually kmem, sys, or system.
+
+Don't overlook using ACLs -- e.g., on AIX or Solaris 8 -- to give
+lsof permission to access memory devices. ACLs, coupled to a
+separate group like kmem, can be safer than giving lsof setgid
+authorization to a commonly used system group.
+
+When lsof needs to read /proc file system entries, it must be
+installed with modes that make its effective user identifier root
+when it runs -- i.e., it must be setuid-root. If lsof must be
+installed setuid-root (only the AIX 5L, PSTAT-based HPUX, and
+/proc-based Linux, ports need such power.), then access to memory
+devices is automatic (or not needed in the case of /proc-based
+Linux).
+
+Your choice of permissions for lsof may also be affected by your
+desire to allow anyone to use it or your need to restrict its usage
+to specific individuals. You will have to be guided by local policy
+and convention in this case.
+
+The next two sections, Setgid Lsof Dialect Versions and Setuid-root
+Lsof Dialect Versions, list recommended install permissions.
+
+The system directory where you install the lsof executable is also
+open to choice. A traditional place for a tool like lsof is
+/usr/local/etc, but recent changes in directory structure organization
+suggest that somewhere in /opt may be more suitable.
+
+Bear one other factor in mind when choosing a location for the lsof
+executable -- it usually is a shared executable, requiring access
+to shared libraries. Thus, locations like /sbin or /usr/sbin are
+probably unsuitable.
+
+Once you've chosen a location for the executable you may find that
+the location for the man page follows -- e.g., if the executable
+goes in /usr/local/etc, then the man page goes in /usr/local/man.
+If the executable location doesn't imply a location for the man
+page, you'll have to let local custom guide you.
+
+
+Setuid-root Lsof Dialect Versions
+=================================
+
+These dialect versions should be installed with setuid-root
+permission -- i.e., the lsof binary should be owned by root and
+its setuid execution bit (04000) should be set.
+
+ AIX 5L and above for full use of the -X option
+ Apple Darwin 8.x for Power Macintosh systems
+ PSTAT-based HP-UX 11.11 and 11.23
+ /proc-based Linux (generally 2.1.72 and above)
+
+
+Setgid Lsof Dialect Versions
+============================
+
+These dialect versions should be installed with setgid permission,
+owned by the group that can read kernel memory devices such as
+/dev/drum, /dev/kmem, /dev/ksyms, /dev/mem, /dev/swap. ACLs may
+be another mechanism (e.g., under AIX or Solaris 8) you can use to
+grant read permission to the kernel memory devices.
+
+ AIX 4.1.[45], 4.2[.1], and 4.3[.123]
+ Apple Darwin 7.x for Power Macintosh systems
+ DEC OSF/1, Digital UNIX, Tru64 UNIX 2.0, 3.2, 4.0, and 5.[01]
+ FreeBSD 2.1.6, 2.2[.x], 3.x, 4.x, 5.x and [67].x
+ /dev/kmem-based 11.00
+ NetBSD 1.[456], 2.x and 3.x
+ NEXTSTEP 3.[13]
+ OpenBSD 2.[89] and 3.[0-9]
+ OPENSTEP 4.x
+ Caldera OpenUNIX 8
+ SCO OpenServer 5.0.[46]
+ SCO UnixWare 7.0 and 7.1.[0134]
+ Solaris 2.6, 8, 9 and 10
+ Ultrix 4.2 (no longer available)
+
+====================================
+Porting lsof 4 to a New UNIX Dialect
+====================================
+
+If you're brave enough to consider this, look at the 00PORTING
+file. Please contact me before you start. I might be able to help
+you or even do the port myself.
+
+Don't overlook the contrib/ directory in pub/tools/unix/lsof on my
+ftp server, lsof.itap.purdue.edu. It contains user-contributed ports
+of lsof to dialects I don't distribute, because I can't test new
+revisions of lsof on them.
+
+
+=========================
+Quick Start to Using lsof
+=========================
+
+For information on how to get started quickly using lsof, consult
+the 00QUICKSTART file of the lsof distribution. It cuts past the
+formal density of the lsof man page to provide quick examples of
+using lsof to solve common open file display problems.
+
+
+======================
+Cross-configuring Lsof
+======================
+
+Using environment variables it is possible to Configure (and possibly
+build) lsof for one UNIX dialect on a different one -- e.g., you
+are running Configure on a Linux 2.3 system and you want to Configure
+and build lsof for Linux 2.4.
+
+See the 00XCONFIG file of the lsof distribution for a discussion
+of how to do this.
+
+
+====================================================
+Environment Variables Affecting the Configure Script
+====================================================
+
+Configure script actions can be modified by introducing values to
+the script via environment variables. In many cases the environment
+variable values take the place of test operations the Configure
+script makes.
+
+For more information on environment variables that can affect
+Configure, consult the 00XCONFIG file of the lsof distribution.
+See the General Environment Variables sections for descriptions of
+ones that affect all dialects. Consult the Dialect-Specific
+Environment Variables section for ones that might affect the dialect
+you are trying to configure.
+
+
+Vic Abell <abe@purdue.edu>
+January 2, 2013