Imported Upstream version 1.12.0upstream/1.12.0

author: JinWang An <jinwang.an@samsung.com> 2021-12-01 16:54:37 +0900
committer: JinWang An <jinwang.an@samsung.com> 2021-12-01 16:54:37 +0900
commit: 56c3832bc03cffe24fcca71370b668a6678d0cf9 (patch)
tree: 7d2ccfe8d9c60dbb012bb62d7fcd6820db56dc61 /lang/python
parent: 398648eddb70bc844e1bc5996521e87dea3188e9 (diff)
download: gpgme-56c3832bc03cffe24fcca71370b668a6678d0cf9.tar.gz
gpgme-56c3832bc03cffe24fcca71370b668a6678d0cf9.tar.bz2
gpgme-56c3832bc03cffe24fcca71370b668a6678d0cf9.zip
125 files changed, 25039 insertions, 881 deletions
diff --git a/lang/python/MANIFEST.in b/lang/python/MANIFEST.in
index c34e84a..f4def41 100644
--- a/lang/python/MANIFEST.in
+++ b/lang/python/MANIFEST.in
@@ -1,4 +1,10 @@
-recursive-include examples *.py
+recursive-include doc *.org
+recursive-include doc *.rst
+recursive-include doc *.tex
+recursive-include doc *.texi
+recursive-include doc *.info
+recursive-include examples *.py *.pyx
+include README README.org
 include gpgme.i
 include helpers.c helpers.h private.h
 include version.py
diff --git a/lang/python/Makefile.am b/lang/python/Makefile.am
index 8d74cbd..6988faf 100644
--- a/lang/python/Makefile.am
+++ b/lang/python/Makefile.am
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ EXTRA_DIST = \
 	gpgme.i \
 	helpers.c helpers.h private.h \
 	examples \
+	doc \
 	src
 
 SUBDIRS = . tests
@@ -33,7 +34,7 @@ prepare: copystamp
 # distutils are not VPATH-aware.
 copystamp:
 	ln -sf "$(top_srcdir)/src/data.h" .
-	ln -sf "$(top_builddir)/config.h" .
+	ln -sf "$(top_builddir)/conf/config.h" .
 	ln -sf "$(srcdir)/src" gpg
 	touch $@
 
@@ -54,7 +55,8 @@ python$(PYTHON_VERSION)-gpg/dist/gpg-$(VERSION).tar.gz.asc: copystamp
 	top_builddir="$(top_builddir)" \
 	  $(PYTHON) setup.py sdist --verbose --dist-dir=python$(PYTHON_VERSION)-gpg-dist \
 		--manifest=python$(PYTHON_VERSION)-gpg-dist/MANIFEST
-	gpg2 --detach-sign --armor python$(PYTHON_VERSION)-gpg-dist/gpg-$(VERSION).tar.gz
+	gpgbin=gpgconf --list-components | grep OpenPGP | sed -e 's/gpg:OpenPGP://g'
+	$(gpgbin) --detach-sign --armor python$(PYTHON_VERSION)-gpg-dist/gpg-$(VERSION).tar.gz
 
 .PHONY: sdist
 sdist:	python$(PYTHON_VERSION)-gpg/dist/gpg-$(VERSION).tar.gz.asc
diff --git a/lang/python/Makefile.in b/lang/python/Makefile.in
index ae0334f..95d6e7e 100644
--- a/lang/python/Makefile.in
+++ b/lang/python/Makefile.in
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ am__aclocal_m4_deps = $(top_srcdir)/m4/ax_cxx_compile_stdcxx.m4 \
 am__configure_deps = $(am__aclocal_m4_deps) $(CONFIGURE_DEPENDENCIES) \
 	$(ACLOCAL_M4)
 mkinstalldirs = $(SHELL) $(top_srcdir)/build-aux/mkinstalldirs
-CONFIG_HEADER = $(top_builddir)/config.h
+CONFIG_HEADER = $(top_builddir)/conf/config.h
 CONFIG_CLEAN_FILES = version.py setup.py
 CONFIG_CLEAN_VPATH_FILES =
 AM_V_P = $(am__v_P_@AM_V@)
@@ -398,6 +398,7 @@ EXTRA_DIST = \
 	gpgme.i \
 	helpers.c helpers.h private.h \
 	examples \
+	doc \
 	src
 
 SUBDIRS = . tests
@@ -730,7 +731,7 @@ prepare: copystamp
 # distutils are not VPATH-aware.
 copystamp:
 	ln -sf "$(top_srcdir)/src/data.h" .
-	ln -sf "$(top_builddir)/config.h" .
+	ln -sf "$(top_builddir)/conf/config.h" .
 	ln -sf "$(srcdir)/src" gpg
 	touch $@
 
@@ -751,7 +752,8 @@ python$(PYTHON_VERSION)-gpg/dist/gpg-$(VERSION).tar.gz.asc: copystamp
 	top_builddir="$(top_builddir)" \
 	  $(PYTHON) setup.py sdist --verbose --dist-dir=python$(PYTHON_VERSION)-gpg-dist \
 		--manifest=python$(PYTHON_VERSION)-gpg-dist/MANIFEST
-	gpg2 --detach-sign --armor python$(PYTHON_VERSION)-gpg-dist/gpg-$(VERSION).tar.gz
+	gpgbin=gpgconf --list-components | grep OpenPGP | sed -e 's/gpg:OpenPGP://g'
+	$(gpgbin) --detach-sign --armor python$(PYTHON_VERSION)-gpg-dist/gpg-$(VERSION).tar.gz
 
 .PHONY: sdist
 sdist:	python$(PYTHON_VERSION)-gpg/dist/gpg-$(VERSION).tar.gz.asc
diff --git a/lang/python/README b/lang/python/README
index 99da4dd..a13345f 100644
--- a/lang/python/README
+++ b/lang/python/README
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Table of Contents
 
 
 The "gpg" module is a python interface to the GPGME library:
-[https://www.gnupg.org/software/gpgme/]
+<https://www.gnupg.org/software/gpgme/>
 
 "gpg" offers two interfaces, one is a high-level, curated, and idiomatic
 interface that is implemented as a shim on top of the low-level
@@ -27,16 +27,16 @@ functionality of the underlying library.
 ══════════════
 
   For general discussion and help see the gnupg-users mailing list:
-  [https://lists.gnupg.org/mailman/listinfo/gnupg-users]
+  <https://lists.gnupg.org/mailman/listinfo/gnupg-users>
 
   For development see the gnupg-devel mailing list:
-  [https://lists.gnupg.org/mailman/listinfo/gnupg-devel]
+  <https://lists.gnupg.org/mailman/listinfo/gnupg-devel>
 
 
 2 Bugs
 ══════
 
-  Please report bugs using our bug tracker [https://bugs.gnupg.org] with
+  Please report bugs using our bug tracker <https://bugs.gnupg.org> with
   tag (aka project) 'gpgme'.
 
 
@@ -44,8 +44,8 @@ functionality of the underlying library.
 ═════════
 
   PyME was created by John Goerzen, and maintained, developed, and
-  cherished by Igor Belyi, Martin Albrecht, Ben McGinnes, and everyone
-  who contributed to it in any way.
+  cherished by Igor Belyi, Martin Albrecht, Ben McGinnes, Justus
+  Winter, and everyone who contributed to it in any way.
 
   In 2016 we merged a port of PyME to into the GPGME repository, and
   development will continue there.  Please see the VCS history for the
@@ -64,14 +64,14 @@ functionality of the underlying library.
   • The bindings have been merged into the GPGME repository in 2016.
 
   • The latest version of PyME for Python 3.2 and above (as of May,
-    2015) is v0.9.1.  [https://git.gnupg.org/gpgme.git/lang/py3-pyme]
+    2015) is v0.9.1.  <https://git.gnupg.org/gpgme.git/lang/py3-pyme>
 
   • The latest version of PyME for Python 2.6 and 2.7 (as of this
-    writing) is v0.9.0.  [https://bitbucket.org/malb/pyme]
+    writing) is v0.9.0.  <https://bitbucket.org/malb/pyme>
 
   • A previous version of PyME v0.8.0 can be found on sourceforge:
-    [http://pyme.sourceforge.net/]
+    <http://pyme.sourceforge.net/>
 
   • A previous version of PyME v0.5.1 which works with GPGME v0.3.15 can
-    be found on John Goerzen's PyME page: [http://quux.org/devel/pyme/]
-    [http://www.complete.org/JohnGoerzen]
+    be found on John Goerzen's PyME page: <http://quux.org/devel/pyme/>
+    <http://www.complete.org/JohnGoerzen>
diff --git a/lang/python/doc/README b/lang/python/doc/README
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a14e1ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lang/python/doc/README
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+GPGME Python Bindings Documentation
+===================================
+
+As the GPGME Python bindings exist in two worlds within the FOSS
+universe, it's always had a little issue with regards to its
+documentation and specifically to the format of it.  The GnuPG
+Project, like much of the rest of the GNU Project, uses Texinfo to
+build its documentation.  While the actual format used to write and
+edit that documentation is Org mode.  Largely because most, if not
+all, of the GnuPG developers use GNU Emacs for much of their work.
+
+The Python world, however, utilises reStructuredText almost
+universally.  This in turn is used by Sphinx or Docutils directly to
+build the documentation.
+
+Each has various advantages for their own ecisystems, but this part of
+the GnuPG effort is aimed at both sides.  So, long story short, this
+documentation is provided as both Texinfo and reStructuredText files.
+
+This docs directory contains four main subdirectories:
+
+ 1. meta
+ 2. src
+ 3. rst
+ 4. texinfo
+
+The Meta directory is for docs that are not intended for distribution
+or are about the docs themselves.  The sole exception being this RDME
+file.
+
+The Src directory is where the original edited files are, from which
+the following two formats are generated initially.  Most, if not all,
+of these are written in Org Mode.
+
+The ReST directory contains reStructuredText files ehich have been
+converted to that format from the Org Mode files via Pandoc.
+
+The Texinfo directory contains Texinfo files which have been exported
+to that format from the Org Mode files by Org Mode itself within GNU
+Emacs.
+
+Those latter two directories should then be used by their respective
+build systems to produce the various output file formats they normally
+do.  They should not spill out into this parent directory.
+Particularly since it is quite possible, perhaps even likely, that
+alternatives to both of them may be added to this parent documentation
+directory at some future point.
diff --git a/lang/python/doc/meta/TODO.org b/lang/python/doc/meta/TODO.org
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0be99b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lang/python/doc/meta/TODO.org
@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+#+TITLE: Stuff To Do
+#+LATEX_COMPILER: xelatex
+#+LATEX_CLASS: article
+#+LATEX_CLASS_OPTIONS: [12pt]
+#+LATEX_HEADER: \usepackage{xltxtra}
+#+LATEX_HEADER: \usepackage[margin=1in]{geometry}
+#+LATEX_HEADER: \setmainfont[Ligatures={Common}]{Latin Modern Roman}
+
+* Project Task List
+  :PROPERTIES:
+  :CUSTOM_ID: task-list
+  :END:
+
+** DONE Documentation default format
+   CLOSED: [2018-02-15 Thu 21:29]
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: todo-docs-default
+   :END:
+
+   Decide on a default file format for documentation.  The two main
+   contenders being Org Mode, the default for the GnuPG Project and
+   reStructuredText, the default for Python projects.  A third option
+   of DITA XML was considered due to a number of beneficial features
+   it provides.
+
+   The decision was made to use Org Mode in order to fully integrate
+   with the rest of the GPGME and GnuPG documentation.  It is possible
+   to produce reST versions via Pandoc and DITA XML can be reached
+   through converting to either Markdown or XHTML first.
+
+
+** TODO Documentation build systems
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: todo-docs-build-systems
+   :END:
+
+Though Org Mode is being used for the default documentation format, it
+still needs to end up as usable by end users.  So the Org Mode files
+are used to produce the "source" files used by the two main contenders
+for documenting the bindings: Texinfo and ReStructuredText/Docutils.
+
+
+*** TODO Texinfo documentation
+    :PROPERTIES:
+    :CUSTOM_ID: todo-docs-build-texinfo
+    :END:
+
+Need to add all of Texinfo's ... special systems to make it do its
+things.
+
+
+*** TODO ReStructuredText documentation
+    :PROPERTIES:
+    :CUSTOM_ID: todo-docs-build-docutils
+    :END:
+
+Need to run Sphinx's quick start, add it to the requirements and tweak
+the index page for the rst files to point to the HOWTO and other files.
+
+It might just be easier to do all that in Org Mode and convert the
+lot, then the Sphinx bits can be automated.
+
+
+** STARTED Documentation HOWTO
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: todo-docs-howto
+   :END:
+
+   - State "STARTED"    from "TODO"       [2018-03-08 Thu 13:59] \\
+     Started yesterday.
+   Write a HOWTO style guide for the current Python bindings.
+
+*** DONE Start python bindings HOWTO
+    CLOSED: [2018-03-07 Wed 18:14]
+    :PROPERTIES:
+    :CUSTOM_ID: howto-start
+    :END:
+
+
+*** STARTED Include certain specific instructions in the HOWTO
+    :PROPERTIES:
+    :CUSTOM_ID: howto-requests
+    :END:
+
+    Note: moved the S/MIME bits out to their own section of the TODO
+    list and may be served better by separate HOWTO documentation
+    anyway.
+
+    - State "STARTED"    from "TODO"       [2018-03-09 Fri 15:27]
+    Some functions can be worked out from the handful of examples
+    available, but many more can't and I've already begun receiving
+    requests for certain functions to be explained.
+
+
+**** DONE Standard scenarios
+     CLOSED: [2018-03-19 Mon 12:34]
+     :PROPERTIES:
+     :CUSTOM_ID: howto-the-basics
+     :END:
+
+     - State "DONE"       from "STARTED"    [2018-03-19 Mon 12:34] \\
+       All four of those are done.
+     - State "STARTED"    from "TODO"       [2018-03-09 Fri 15:26] \\
+       Began with the example code, now to add the text.
+     What everyone expects: encryption, decryption, signing and verifying.
+
+
+**** STARTED Key control
+     :PROPERTIES:
+     :CUSTOM_ID: howto-key-control
+     :END:
+
+     - State "STARTED"    from "TODO"       [2018-03-19 Mon 12:35] \\
+       Generating keys and subkeys are done, but revocation is still to be done.
+     Generating keys, adding subkeys, revoking subkeys (and keeping
+     the cert key), adding and revoking UIDs, signing/certifying keys.
+
+
+**** DONE More key control
+     CLOSED: [2018-03-19 Mon 12:36]
+     :PROPERTIES:
+     :CUSTOM_ID: howto-key-selection
+     :END:
+
+     - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2018-03-19 Mon 12:36] \\
+       Key selection, searching, matching and counting is done.
+     Selecting keys to encrypt to or manipulate in other ways (e.g. as
+     with key control or the basics).
+
+
+** TODO Documentation SWIG
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: todo-docs-swig
+   :END:
+
+   Write documentation for the complete SWIG bindings demonstrating
+   the correspondence with GPGME itself.
+
+   Note: it is likely that this will be more in the nature of
+   something to be used in conjunction with the existing GPGME
+   documentation which makes it easier for Python developers to use.
+
+
+** TODO GUI examples
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: todo-gui-examples
+   :END:
+
+   Create some examples of using Python bindings in a GUI application
+   to either match or be similar to the old GTK2 examples available
+   with PyME.
+
+
+** TODO Replace SWIG
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: todo-replace-swig
+   :END:
+
+   Selecting SWIG for this project in 2002 was understandable and
+   effectively the only viable option.  The options available now,
+   however, are significantly improved and some of those would resolve
+   a number of existing problems with using SWIG, particularly when
+   running code on both POSIX compliant and Windows platforms.
+
+   The long term goal is to replace SWIG by reimplementing the Python
+   bindings using a more suitable means of interfacing with the GPGME
+   C source code.
+
+
+*** TODO Replacement for SWIG
+    :PROPERTIES:
+    :CUSTOM_ID: todo-replace-swig-replacement
+    :END:
+
+    Decide on a replacement for SWIG.  Currently CFFI is looking like
+    the most viable candidate, but some additional testing and checks
+    are yet to be completed.
+
+
+** TODO API for an API
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: todo-api-squared
+   :END:
+
+   A C API like GPGME is not what most modern developers think of when
+   they hear the term API. Normally they think of something they can
+   interact with like a RESTful web API.  Though RESTful is unlikely
+   given the nature of GPGME and the process of encryption, it may be
+   possible to provide a more familiar interface which can be utilised
+   by developers of other languages for which bindings are not
+   available or for which it is too difficult to create proper
+   bindings.
+
+
+** TODO S/MIME
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: s-mime
+   :END:
+
+   Eventually add some of this, but the OpenPGP details are far more
+   important at the moment.
+
+
+* Project Task Details
+  :PROPERTIES:
+  :CUSTOM_ID: detailed-tasks
+  :END:
+
+** Working examples
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: working-examples
+   :END:
+
+   The old GUI examples were unable to be retained since they depended
+   on GTK2 and Python 2's integration with GTK2.
+
+   Current GPGME examples so far only include command line tools or
+   basic Python code for use with either Python 2.7 or Python 3.4 and
+   above.
+
+   Future GUI examples ought to utilise available GUI modules and
+   libraries supported by Python 3.  This may include Qt frameworks,
+   Tkinter, GTK3 or something else entirely.
+
+** Documentation
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: documentation
+   :END:
+
+   The legacy documentation which no longer applies to the Python
+   bindings has been removed.
+
+   Current and future documentation will adhere to the GnuPG standard
+   of using Org Mode and not use the reStructuredText (reST) format
+   more commonly associated with Python documentation.  The reasons
+   for this are that this project is best served as shipping with the
+   rest of GPGME and the documentation ought to match that.  There are
+   also aspects of Org Mode's publishing features which are superior
+   to the defaults of reST, including the capacity to generate fully
+   validating strict XHTML output.
+
+   If reST files are required at a later point for future inclusion
+   with other Python packages, then that format can be generated from
+   the .org files with Pandoc before being leveraged by either
+   Docutils, Sphinx or something else.
+
+   While there are some advanced typesetting features of reST which
+   are not directly available to Org Mode, more often than not those
+   features are best implemented with either HTML and CSS, with LaTeX
+   to produce a PDF or via a number of XML solutions.  Both reST and
+   Org Mode have multiple paths by which to achieve all of these.
diff --git a/lang/python/doc/meta/old-commits.log b/lang/python/doc/meta/old-commits.log
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..93661e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lang/python/doc/meta/old-commits.log
@@ -0,0 +1,2445 @@
+commit 2145348ec54c6027f2ea20f695de0277e2871405
+Merge: 348ba88 2036f1a
+Author: Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
+Date:   Wed May 6 03:04:19 2015 +1000
+
+    Merge pull request #4 from Hasimir/master
+
+    history
+
+commit 2036f1a0a670a0561993e195c458059220b36114
+Merge: dbabf0c 348ba88
+Author: Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
+Date:   Wed May 6 02:57:44 2015 +1000
+
+    Merge branch 'master' of github:adversary-org/pyme3
+
+commit dbabf0cf1f2985755c2293b619011832e34faa9c
+Author: Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
+Date:   Wed May 6 02:52:23 2015 +1000
+
+    Added a short history
+
+    * A (very) brief summary of the project's history since 2002.
+    * Deals with why the commit log in the GPGME repo does not include the
+      history of PyME.
+    * Mentions that intact git repos will be maintained, but not where they
+      are (one will be on github, another will be in a user directory on
+      playfair.gnupg.org).
+
+ docs/Short_History.rst | 57 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ 1 file changed, 57 insertions(+)
+
+commit 348ba883424778c711c04ae9b66035ccdb36eb8c
+Merge: 127d0a5 7c37a27
+Author: Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
+Date:   Wed May 6 02:21:34 2015 +1000
+
+    Merge pull request #3 from Hasimir/master
+
+    Version release preparation
+
+commit 7c37a27a6845c58222d4d947c2efbe38e955b612
+Merge: f692cff 127d0a5
+Author: Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
+Date:   Wed May 6 02:17:14 2015 +1000
+
+    Merge branch 'master' of github:adversary-org/pyme3
+
+commit f692cff50a89c2c61acdbd3d7dd60f5ce3cd15af
+Author: Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
+Date:   Wed May 6 02:09:44 2015 +1000
+
+    TODO update
+
+    * Removed reference to GitHub, replaced with impending new home at gnupg.org.
+
+ docs/TODO.rst | 4 ++--
+ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
+
+commit bd5ccf9e3bfe69fa681613757577e87b72ca08ec
+Author: Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
+Date:   Wed May 6 02:00:44 2015 +1000
+
+    Version bump
+
+    * Bumped version number to 0.9.1 to keep it somewhat in line with the
+      existing PyME project, even though there will be some divergence at
+      some point (or even re-merging, depending on how many of the Python 3
+      modifications can be back-ported to the Python 2 version).
+    * Updated the author and copyright information to reflect the two
+      current authors (Martin and I).
+    * Replaced Igor's contact details with mine.
+    * Replaced project home page with the GnuPG one.
+
+ pyme/version.py | 16 +++++++++-------
+ 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)
+
+commit ec167512f4ca88d8f6e89e2ae831798c8283b4df
+Author: Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
+Date:   Wed May 6 01:48:01 2015 +1000
+
+    README preparation.
+
+    * Changes in preparation for impending move of code to the GnuPG git
+      server as a part of GPGME.
+
+ README.rst | 14 +++++++-------
+ 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)
+
+commit 8a48515e884c36b5bdb24a13cb4d2e49f4ee6f17
+Author: Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
+Date:   Wed May 6 01:43:53 2015 +1000
+
+    TODO moved to docs
+
+    * As it says.
+
+ TODO.rst      | 25 -------------------------
+ docs/TODO.rst | 25 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ 2 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)
+
+commit f968c777472f01f308f6e57eac1740bf5c76c205
+Author: Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
+Date:   Sun May 3 16:52:13 2015 +1000
+
+    Started another TODO file.
+
+ TODO.rst | 25 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+)
+
+commit 127d0a56fa9f7ad1d4fb39d0b529b890a8d67365
+Merge: db72dea 44837f6
+Author: Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
+Date:   Sun May 3 14:59:44 2015 +1000
+
+    Merge pull request #2 from Hasimir/master
+
+    Minor editing.
+
+commit 44837f6e50fc539c86aef1f75a6a3538b02029ea
+Author: Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
+Date:   Sun May 3 14:56:55 2015 +1000
+
+    Minor editing.
+
+    * Fixed another URL.
+    * Changed Py3 version's version number to v0.9.1-beta0.
+
+ README.rst | 4 ++--
+ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
+
+commit db72deaae19c3513391df040bcaf66a88d9213af
+Merge: db34286 48eb185
+Author: Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
+Date:   Sun May 3 14:26:11 2015 +1000
+
+    Merge pull request #1 from Hasimir/master
+
+    Links
+
+commit 48eb1856cb0739cc9f0b9084da9d965e1fc7fddd
+Author: Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
+Date:   Sun May 3 14:22:30 2015 +1000
+
+    Links
+
+    * Fixed URLs for authors.
+    * Updated my entry to point to github location.
+    ** I strongly suspect the result of this work will be concurrent
+       projects, so preparing for that eventuality with this repo.
+
+ README.rst | 8 ++++----
+ 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
+
+commit db3428659783f30b9a76204403daedf9fc4cf7cf
+Author: Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
+Date:   Sun May 3 11:29:00 2015 +1000
+
+    Explicit over Implicit ...
+
+    ... isn't just for code.
+
+    * Removed the 2to3 working directory and its contents.
+    * Made the README.rst file a little more clear that this branch is for
+      Python 3 (set Python 3.2 as a fairly arbitrary requirement for the
+      moment, but will probably raise this to 3.3).
+
+ 2to3/2to3-output-remaining.log |  60 ---
+ 2to3/2to3-output-setup.log     |  35 --
+ 2to3/2to3-output.log           | 950 -----------------------------------------
+ README.rst                     |  10 +-
+ 4 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 1048 deletions(-)
+
+commit 3edf07a4ba8a86af3a33246234d6e133074862af
+Author: Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
+Date:   Sun May 3 11:19:41 2015 +1000
+
+    Added authors.
+
+    * In alphabetical order.
+    * Mine will need updating once Martin and I have decided what to do
+      regarding the two main branches.
+
+ README.rst | 12 ++++++++++++
+ 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+)
+
+commit 811eb14b53e8856312d99f46b77215f7f9bd672c
+Author: Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
+Date:   Sun May 3 10:23:00 2015 +1000
+
+    Docs and other things.
+
+    * Now able to import pyme.core without error, indicates port process is
+      successful.
+    * Code is *not* compatible with the Python 2 version.
+    * Will need to consider making this a parallel project with the master
+      branch.
+    * Got rid of the .org TODO file.
+    * Changed the README to use the reST file extension since it's full of
+      reST anyway.
+
+ 2to3/TODO.org |  5 -----
+ README.rst    | 32 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ README.txt    | 32 --------------------------------
+ 3 files changed, 32 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-)
+
+commit 79e784bdcce1de6f7856921b5431044c62c6f015
+Author: Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
+Date:   Sun May 3 10:18:40 2015 +1000
+
+    Fixed another implicit import by making it explicit.  Hopefully this is the last one.
+
+ pyme/util.py | 2 +-
+ 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
+
+commit 2b52b46ccda3e7abcc50eed0745062259d698661
+Author: Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
+Date:   Sun May 3 10:16:01 2015 +1000
+
+    Fixed another implicit import by making it explicit.
+
+ pyme/errors.py | 2 +-
+ 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
+
+commit 409c8fd565e21f23cd41daaeffc867e6d23a0863
+Author: Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
+Date:   Sun May 3 10:08:22 2015 +1000
+
+    Bytes vs. Unicode
+
+    * Trying PyBytes instead of PyUnicode.
+
+ gpgme.i   | 14 +++++++-------
+ helpers.c |  8 ++++----
+ 2 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)
+
+commit d8164aa2ae98bf8c807c16e2d9be12c5fbea7cfd
+Author: Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
+Date:   Sun May 3 09:22:58 2015 +1000
+
+    String to Unicode
+
+    * Replaced all instances of PyString with PyUnicode (and hoping there's
+      no byte data in there).
+
+ gpgme.i   | 14 +++++++-------
+ helpers.c |  8 ++++----
+ 2 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)
+
+commit bd99b7865656e559b17c419c6b64b412a22c6c44
+Author: Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
+Date:   Sun May 3 09:17:06 2015 +1000
+
+    PyInt_AsLong
+
+    * Replaced all instances of PyInt with PyLong, as per C API docs.
+
+ gpgme.i   | 4 ++--
+ helpers.c | 8 ++++----
+ 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)
+
+commit 3c91e2ccf8ca788b51e3308e292c6b64888fdb15
+Author: Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
+Date:   Sun May 3 05:59:36 2015 +1000
+
+    Import correction
+
+    * Once pygpgme.py is generated and moved, it will be in the right
+      directory for the explicit "from . import pygpgme" to be correct.
+
+ pyme/core.py | 2 +-
+ 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
+
+commit 23a49e7070812ff1ce138d8d4cc46d0b80328897
+Author: Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
+Date:   Sun May 3 05:38:29 2015 +1000
+
+    The -py3 flag.
+
+ Makefile | 2 +-
+ 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
+
+commit b1549587d6db5e33081b9c20f75d1348a1d25938
+Author: Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
+Date:   Sun May 3 05:01:42 2015 +1000
+
+    Fixed indentation - 4.
+
+ pyme/core.py | 2 +-
+ 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
+
+commit a685142ce46761ee6f5176e90717176e38e0d24f
+Author: Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
+Date:   Sun May 3 05:00:16 2015 +1000
+
+    Fixed indentation - 3.
+
+ pyme/core.py | 5 ++---
+ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
+
+commit 488a70b490cc64eb1c47d2483cb2f4079c6767f7
+Author: Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
+Date:   Sun May 3 04:53:21 2015 +1000
+
+    Pet Peeve
+
+    def pet_peeve(self):
+        peeve = print("people who don't press return after a colon!")
+
+    FFS!
+
+ pyme/core.py | 5 +++--
+ 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
+
+commit a5d38eb47d64bb17bb609fe594dae2aca480bac9
+Author: Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
+Date:   Sun May 3 04:47:54 2015 +1000
+
+    Fixed indentation - 2.
+
+ pyme/core.py | 2 +-
+ 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
+
+commit 476a207f732b8559abb1ea3c23147c0e34804730
+Author: Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
+Date:   Sun May 3 04:46:01 2015 +1000
+
+    Fixed indentation.
+
+ pyme/core.py | 4 ++--
+ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
+
+commit 0572900eba9bcd9b0283c7d8e022e8972f06f9f8
+Author: Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
+Date:   Sun May 3 04:43:49 2015 +1000
+
+    Replaced all tabs with 4 spaces.
+
+ pyme/core.py | 18 +++++++++---------
+ 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)
+
+commit 78c0b7677e94ce1e11b8cdb833a9064527187330
+Author: Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
+Date:   Sun May 3 04:39:07 2015 +1000
+
+    SWIG flags in the wrong place.
+
+ Makefile | 4 ++--
+ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
+
+commit dfa7f2589963494a8f89277560d8c1116604a3c8
+Author: Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
+Date:   Sun May 3 04:35:09 2015 +1000
+
+    Fixed subprocess call for swig (again).
+
+ setup.py | 2 +-
+ 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
+
+commit 249bfd8c714dcda53127b99b6cc8a6c7c4a99f20
+Author: Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
+Date:   Sun May 3 04:32:40 2015 +1000
+
+    Fixed subprocess call for swig.
+
+ setup.py | 2 +-
+ 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
+
+commit 6fd7e719cf4c975f466ceb39835db7007df36fb2
+Author: Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
+Date:   Sun May 3 03:51:48 2015 +1000
+
+    Linking swig to py3
+
+    * Changed the swig invocations to run with the -python -py3 flags explicitly.
+
+ Makefile | 4 ++--
+ setup.py | 2 +-
+ 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
+
+commit 7a6b584f50ed6ddc8617a642185eea1f24ff791a
+Author: Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
+Date:   Sat May 2 11:12:00 2015 +1000
+
+    String fun
+
+    * streamlined confdata details, including decoding strom binary to string.
+
+ setup.py | 4 +---
+ 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 3 deletions(-)
+
+commit f7fd3f270592021a95a8f779bfe85ac18f4e390b
+Author: Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
+Date:   Sat May 2 10:46:59 2015 +1000
+
+    Open File
+
+    * Removed deprecated file() and replaced with open().
+
+ examples/PyGtkGpgKeys.py | 2 +-
+ examples/pygpa.py        | 6 +++---
+ gpgme-h-clean.py         | 2 +-
+ 3 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)
+
+commit 4227d486f9558015e7e548d71085e58e1b50ec08
+Author: Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
+Date:   Sat May 2 10:36:15 2015 +1000
+
+    print() fix
+
+    * Makefile includes a python print, changed from statement to function.
+
+ Makefile | 2 +-
+ 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
+
+commit 406f7f2567b701502186fe0a325dc2a3491ff7f8
+Author: Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
+Date:   Sat May 2 10:28:42 2015 +1000
+
+    Updated Makefile
+
+    * set make to use python3 instead.
+    * This will mean a successful port may need to be maintained seperately
+      from the original python2 code instead of merged, but ought to be able
+      to share most things.  So maybe merge with separated make files or a
+      pre-make script to set python2 or python3 prior to building ... decide
+      later, after it works.
+
+ Makefile | 6 +++---
+ 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
+
+commit 90b3efa5b193d37e08dc9b4ee766ba9ebc9412af
+Author: Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
+Date:   Sat May 2 10:15:20 2015 +1000
+
+    Env and a little license issue
+
+    * Updated all the /usr/bin/env paths to point to python3.
+    * Also fixed the hard coded /usr/bin/python paths.
+    * Updated part of setup.py which gave the impression this package was
+      only licensed under the GPL (it's actually licensed under the LGPL as
+      well, essentially the same dual licensing as the GPGME library).
+
+ examples/PyGtkGpgKeys.py   | 2 +-
+ examples/delkey.py         | 2 +-
+ examples/encrypt-to-all.py | 2 +-
+ examples/exportimport.py   | 2 +-
+ examples/genkey.py         | 2 +-
+ examples/inter-edit.py     | 2 +-
+ examples/pygpa.py          | 2 +-
+ examples/sign.py           | 2 +-
+ examples/signverify.py     | 2 +-
+ examples/simple.py         | 2 +-
+ examples/t-edit.py         | 2 +-
+ examples/testCMSgetkey.py  | 2 +-
+ examples/verifydetails.py  | 2 +-
+ gpgme-h-clean.py           | 2 +-
+ setup.py                   | 4 ++--
+ 15 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)
+
+commit 1a4b55dbccd2774344352e579130bf494bc5fa4b
+Author: Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
+Date:   Sat May 2 08:50:54 2015 +1000
+
+    Removed extraneous files.
+
+    * The two .bak files.
+
+ pyme/errors.py.bak |  46 ---------------------
+ setup.py.bak       | 116 -----------------------------------------------------
+ 2 files changed, 162 deletions(-)
+
+commit 208879d4f2a6d0514c3f8ee2fc0da8bba42350de
+Author: Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
+Date:   Sat May 2 08:19:37 2015 +1000
+
+    Added TODO.org
+
+    * TODO list in Emacs org-mode.
+    * Will eventually be removed along with this entire directory when the
+      porting process is complete.
+
+ 2to3/TODO.org | 5 +++++
+ 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)
+
+commit 1548bf201059638675c5387c6f124d4b703363a9
+Author: Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
+Date:   Sat May 2 07:58:40 2015 +1000
+
+    2to3 conversion of remaining files
+
+    * Ran the extended version against all the unmodified python files.
+    * Only pyme/errors.py required additional work.
+
+ 2to3/2to3-output-remaining.log | 60 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ pyme/errors.py                 |  2 +-
+ pyme/errors.py.bak             | 46 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ 3 files changed, 107 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
+
+commit 1230650bc6bbe4c14d1284f7877aa932f3e86eb4
+Author: Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
+Date:   Sat May 2 07:50:39 2015 +1000
+
+    2to3 conversion of setup.py
+
+    * Ran extended 2to3 command to produce python 3 code for setup.py.
+    * Effectively testing for what to run against the other originally
+      unmodified py2 files.
+
+ 2to3/2to3-output-setup.log |  35 ++++++++++++++
+ setup.py                   |   7 ++-
+ setup.py.bak               | 116 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ 3 files changed, 154 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
+
+commit edad44955f59aa879e95a369591717fb19eec6b7
+Author: Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
+Date:   Fri May 1 21:50:07 2015 +1000
+
+    Removing 2to3 generated .bak files.
+
+    * Not really needed with a real VCS, but couldn't hurt to have them for
+      a couple of revisions.  ;)
+
+ examples/PyGtkGpgKeys.py.bak           |  663 ---------------
+ examples/encrypt-to-all.py.bak         |   65 --
+ examples/exportimport.py.bak           |   75 --
+ examples/genkey.py.bak                 |   45 -
+ examples/inter-edit.py.bak             |   57 --
+ examples/pygpa.py.bak                  | 1457 --------------------------------
+ examples/sign.py.bak                   |   31 -
+ examples/signverify.py.bak             |   78 --
+ examples/simple.py.bak                 |   52 --
+ examples/t-edit.py.bak                 |   59 --
+ examples/testCMSgetkey.py.bak          |   45 -
+ examples/verifydetails.py.bak          |  100 ---
+ gpgme-h-clean.py.bak                   |   42 -
+ pyme/callbacks.py.bak                  |   47 --
+ pyme/constants/data/__init__.py.bak    |    4 -
+ pyme/constants/keylist/__init__.py.bak |    4 -
+ pyme/constants/sig/__init__.py.bak     |    4 -
+ pyme/core.py.bak                       |  463 ----------
+ pyme/util.py.bak                       |   72 --
+ pyme/version.py.bak                    |   41 -
+ 20 files changed, 3404 deletions(-)
+
+commit 1cfc3c969f885ed191610bffbbd60ac23fdd349e
+Author: Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
+Date:   Fri May 1 21:45:50 2015 +1000
+
+    2to3 conversion log
+
+    * The output of the command to convert the code from Python 2 to 3.
+    * Note: this contains the list of files which were not modified and
+      which will or may need to be modified.
+
+ 2to3/2to3-output.log | 950 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ 1 file changed, 950 insertions(+)
+
+commit 078f6cf878aa62d12704fab424198a613a24cc8c
+Author: Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
+Date:   Fri May 1 21:36:58 2015 +1000
+
+    2to3 conversion of pyme master
+
+    * Branch from commit 459f3eca659b4949e394c4a032d9ce2053e6c721
+    * Ran this: or x in `find . | egrep .py$` ; do 2to3 -w $x; done ;
+    * Multiple files not modified, will record elsewhere (see next commit).
+
+ examples/PyGtkGpgKeys.py               |   10 +-
+ examples/PyGtkGpgKeys.py.bak           |  663 +++++++++++++++
+ examples/encrypt-to-all.py             |   12 +-
+ examples/encrypt-to-all.py.bak         |   65 ++
+ examples/exportimport.py               |   20 +-
+ examples/exportimport.py.bak           |   75 ++
+ examples/genkey.py                     |    2 +-
+ examples/genkey.py.bak                 |   45 +
+ examples/inter-edit.py                 |    8 +-
+ examples/inter-edit.py.bak             |   57 ++
+ examples/pygpa.py                      |   40 +-
+ examples/pygpa.py.bak                  | 1457 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ examples/sign.py                       |    2 +-
+ examples/sign.py.bak                   |   31 +
+ examples/signverify.py                 |   18 +-
+ examples/signverify.py.bak             |   78 ++
+ examples/simple.py                     |    8 +-
+ examples/simple.py.bak                 |   52 ++
+ examples/t-edit.py                     |   12 +-
+ examples/t-edit.py.bak                 |   59 ++
+ examples/testCMSgetkey.py              |    8 +-
+ examples/testCMSgetkey.py.bak          |   45 +
+ examples/verifydetails.py              |   34 +-
+ examples/verifydetails.py.bak          |  100 +++
+ gpgme-h-clean.py                       |    2 +-
+ gpgme-h-clean.py.bak                   |   42 +
+ pyme/callbacks.py                      |    6 +-
+ pyme/callbacks.py.bak                  |   47 ++
+ pyme/constants/data/__init__.py        |    2 +-
+ pyme/constants/data/__init__.py.bak    |    4 +
+ pyme/constants/keylist/__init__.py     |    2 +-
+ pyme/constants/keylist/__init__.py.bak |    4 +
+ pyme/constants/sig/__init__.py         |    2 +-
+ pyme/constants/sig/__init__.py.bak     |    4 +
+ pyme/core.py                           |   26 +-
+ pyme/core.py.bak                       |  463 ++++++++++
+ pyme/util.py                           |    6 +-
+ pyme/util.py.bak                       |   72 ++
+ pyme/version.py                        |    2 +-
+ pyme/version.py.bak                    |   41 +
+ 40 files changed, 3515 insertions(+), 111 deletions(-)
+
+commit 459f3eca659b4949e394c4a032d9ce2053e6c721
+Merge: c5966ab dae7f14
+Author: Martin Albrecht <martinralbrecht@googlemail.com>
+Date:   Wed Jul 9 10:48:33 2014 +0100
+
+    Merged in jerrykan/pyme/fix_setup_26 (pull request #1)
+
+    Provide support for using setup.py with Python v2.6
+
+commit dae7f14a54e6c2bde0ad4da7308cc7fc0d0c0469
+Author: John Kristensen <john.kristensen@dpipwe.tas.gov.au>
+Date:   Wed Jul 9 15:54:39 2014 +1000
+
+    Provide support for using setup.py with Python v2.6
+
+    The setup.py script uses subprocess.check_output() which was introduced
+    in Python v2.7. The equivalent functionality can be achieved without
+    adding much extra code and provide support for Python v2.6.
+
+ setup.py | 4 +++-
+ 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
+
+commit c5966abec9d772b3922d32650da288fd50a217be
+Author: Martin Albrecht <martinralbrecht@googlemail.com>
+Date:   Thu May 15 19:43:00 2014 +0100
+
+    README.txt in ReST, including headlines
+
+ README.txt | 8 ++++++--
+ 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
+
+commit 43ee8c6f34fa9b6d3975aa6ea60b3d4a741fa721
+Author: Martin Albrecht <martinralbrecht@googlemail.com>
+Date:   Thu May 15 19:37:15 2014 +0100
+
+    README.txt in ReST
+
+ README.txt | 25 +++++++++++++------------
+ 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)
+
+commit f71a369484cba8801df23ccc5842335fa496c0df
+Author: Martin Albrecht <martinralbrecht@googlemail.com>
+Date:   Thu May 15 19:28:12 2014 +0100
+
+    added MANIFEST.in and README.txt (instead of .md)
+
+ MANIFEST.in |  6 ++++++
+ README.md   | 27 ---------------------------
+ README.txt  | 27 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ 3 files changed, 33 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)
+
+commit d0d6755229f920b0bed043e9c2731de2d57c096c
+Author: Martin Albrecht <martinralbrecht@googlemail.com>
+Date:   Tue May 13 09:52:44 2014 +0100
+
+    added mailing list to README
+
+ README.md | 19 ++++++++++++++++---
+ 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
+
+commit 30ca60ddf92df684de261cb24c83c68089be0adc
+Author: Martin Albrecht <martinralbrecht@googlemail.com>
+Date:   Sun May 11 13:34:28 2014 +0100
+
+    we don't need a separate out of date ChangeLog file
+
+ ChangeLog | 802 --------------------------------------------------------------
+ 1 file changed, 802 deletions(-)
+
+commit 8263f1a6d38fdb7f5f3dd5c7e28f83caa7528a08
+Author: Martin Albrecht <martinralbrecht@googlemail.com>
+Date:   Sun May 11 13:32:31 2014 +0100
+
+    adding README.md
+
+ README.md | 14 ++++++++++++++
+ 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+)
+
+commit 3fc71b47e9e14b0b984801c28d722723baa4b406
+Author: Martin Albrecht <martinralbrecht@googlemail.com>
+Date:   Sat May 10 15:43:06 2014 +0100
+
+    ValueError -> RuntimeError
+
+ setup.py | 4 ++--
+ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
+
+commit eec432abea56296b9fa36aac0d10926a2335b739
+Merge: eea6537 d2738b3
+Author: Martin Albrecht <martinralbrecht@googlemail.com>
+Date:   Sat May 10 15:41:02 2014 +0100
+
+    Merge branch 'master' of bitbucket.org:malb/pyme
+
+    Conflicts:
+        setup.py
+
+commit eea6537921061b4dcfc54e00a99d3fa110e71433
+Author: Martin Albrecht <martinralbrecht@googlemail.com>
+Date:   Sat May 10 15:39:51 2014 +0100
+
+    check for swig
+
+ setup.py | 8 ++++++++
+ 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+)
+
+commit 53867bf9715ee1b4ea873bf5e2fbb7d9740a2b4a
+Author: Martin Albrecht <martinralbrecht@googlemail.com>
+Date:   Sat May 10 15:35:04 2014 +0100
+
+    more friendly error message if gpgme is missing
+
+ setup.py | 8 +++++++-
+ 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
+
+commit d2738b35d63b1492d69641c5466103685f2d3a30
+Author: Martin Albrecht <martinralbrecht@googlemail.com>
+Date:   Sat May 10 15:35:04 2014 +0100
+
+    more friendly error message if gpgme is missing
+
+ setup.py | 8 +++++++-
+ 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
+
+commit c0b01240becf8ba6cf1d4c1f64b2cb4c056f5163
+Author: Martin Albrecht <martinralbrecht@googlemail.com>
+Date:   Fri May 9 15:20:24 2014 +0100
+
+    version number should have three digits
+
+ pyme/version.py | 2 +-
+ 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
+
+commit 6672bb60b9bec60d38e854016c48658b57774578
+Author: Martin Albrecht <martinralbrecht@googlemail.com>
+Date:   Wed May 7 15:11:08 2014 +0100
+
+    bump version number for upcoming release
+
+ pyme/version.py | 2 +-
+ 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
+
+commit 7bd6de700f33ca5d1f27bc16ebbd401f21d2e788
+Author: Martin Albrecht <martinralbrecht@googlemail.com>
+Date:   Sat May 3 19:36:25 2014 +0100
+
+    bump version number to indicate changes
+
+ pyme/version.py | 2 +-
+ 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
+
+commit 4fb6bd9b3f47c1a343242ac83b326cacd12a136e
+Author: Martin Albrecht <martinralbrecht@googlemail.com>
+Date:   Sat May 3 19:34:07 2014 +0100
+
+    pyme instead of pygpgme
+
+ setup.py | 2 +-
+ 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
+
+commit 9548973138d78241a45ccb82333b25f2cf36ce7d
+Author: Martin Albrecht <martinralbrecht@googlemail.com>
+Date:   Sat May 3 19:31:10 2014 +0100
+
+    dirty hack to make 'python setup.py install' work
+
+ setup.py | 7 ++++---
+ 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
+
+commit a961d7eab9db478b7e603324bc5d243bd3c84bad
+Author: Martin Albrecht <martinralbrecht@googlemail.com>
+Date:   Sat May 3 19:05:44 2014 +0100
+
+    moved everything down to the toplevel directory
+
+ COPYING                                 |  340 ++
+ COPYING.LESSER                          |  510 +++
+ ChangeLog                               |  802 +++++
+ INSTALL                                 |   15 +
+ Makefile                                |  104 +
+ debian/README.Debian                    |    6 +
+ debian/changelog                        |   93 +
+ debian/control                          |   34 +
+ debian/copyright                        |   25 +
+ debian/docs                             |    2 +
+ debian/examples                         |    2 +
+ debian/rules                            |   99 +
+ examples/PyGtkGpgKeys.glade             | 1394 ++++++++
+ examples/PyGtkGpgKeys.gladep            |    8 +
+ examples/PyGtkGpgKeys.py                |  663 ++++
+ examples/delkey.py                      |   34 +
+ examples/encrypt-to-all.py              |   65 +
+ examples/exportimport.py                |   75 +
+ examples/genkey.py                      |   45 +
+ examples/inter-edit.py                  |   57 +
+ examples/pygpa.glade                    | 5546 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ examples/pygpa.py                       | 1457 ++++++++
+ examples/sign.py                        |   31 +
+ examples/signverify.py                  |   78 +
+ examples/simple.py                      |   52 +
+ examples/t-edit.py                      |   59 +
+ examples/testCMSgetkey.py               |   45 +
+ examples/verifydetails.py               |  100 +
+ gpgme-h-clean.py                        |   42 +
+ gpgme.i                                 |  267 ++
+ helpers.c                               |  154 +
+ helpers.h                               |   36 +
+ pyme/COPYING                            |  340 --
+ pyme/COPYING.LESSER                     |  510 ---
+ pyme/ChangeLog                          |  802 -----
+ pyme/INSTALL                            |   15 -
+ pyme/Makefile                           |  104 -
+ pyme/__init__.py                        |  137 +
+ pyme/callbacks.py                       |   47 +
+ pyme/constants/__init__.py              |    7 +
+ pyme/constants/data/__init__.py         |    4 +
+ pyme/constants/data/encoding.py         |   20 +
+ pyme/constants/event.py                 |   20 +
+ pyme/constants/import.py                |   20 +
+ pyme/constants/keylist/__init__.py      |    4 +
+ pyme/constants/keylist/mode.py          |   20 +
+ pyme/constants/md.py                    |   20 +
+ pyme/constants/pk.py                    |   20 +
+ pyme/constants/protocol.py              |   20 +
+ pyme/constants/sig/__init__.py          |    4 +
+ pyme/constants/sig/mode.py              |   20 +
+ pyme/constants/sigsum.py                |   20 +
+ pyme/constants/status.py                |   20 +
+ pyme/constants/validity.py              |   20 +
+ pyme/core.py                            |  463 +++
+ pyme/debian/README.Debian               |    6 -
+ pyme/debian/changelog                   |   93 -
+ pyme/debian/control                     |   34 -
+ pyme/debian/copyright                   |   25 -
+ pyme/debian/docs                        |    2 -
+ pyme/debian/examples                    |    2 -
+ pyme/debian/rules                       |   99 -
+ pyme/errors.py                          |   46 +
+ pyme/examples/PyGtkGpgKeys.glade        | 1394 --------
+ pyme/examples/PyGtkGpgKeys.gladep       |    8 -
+ pyme/examples/PyGtkGpgKeys.py           |  663 ----
+ pyme/examples/delkey.py                 |   34 -
+ pyme/examples/encrypt-to-all.py         |   65 -
+ pyme/examples/exportimport.py           |   75 -
+ pyme/examples/genkey.py                 |   45 -
+ pyme/examples/inter-edit.py             |   57 -
+ pyme/examples/pygpa.glade               | 5546 -------------------------------
+ pyme/examples/pygpa.py                  | 1457 --------
+ pyme/examples/sign.py                   |   31 -
+ pyme/examples/signverify.py             |   78 -
+ pyme/examples/simple.py                 |   52 -
+ pyme/examples/t-edit.py                 |   59 -
+ pyme/examples/testCMSgetkey.py          |   45 -
+ pyme/examples/verifydetails.py          |  100 -
+ pyme/gpgme-h-clean.py                   |   42 -
+ pyme/gpgme.i                            |  267 --
+ pyme/helpers.c                          |  154 -
+ pyme/helpers.h                          |   36 -
+ pyme/pyme/__init__.py                   |  137 -
+ pyme/pyme/callbacks.py                  |   47 -
+ pyme/pyme/constants/__init__.py         |    7 -
+ pyme/pyme/constants/data/__init__.py    |    4 -
+ pyme/pyme/constants/data/encoding.py    |   20 -
+ pyme/pyme/constants/event.py            |   20 -
+ pyme/pyme/constants/import.py           |   20 -
+ pyme/pyme/constants/keylist/__init__.py |    4 -
+ pyme/pyme/constants/keylist/mode.py     |   20 -
+ pyme/pyme/constants/md.py               |   20 -
+ pyme/pyme/constants/pk.py               |   20 -
+ pyme/pyme/constants/protocol.py         |   20 -
+ pyme/pyme/constants/sig/__init__.py     |    4 -
+ pyme/pyme/constants/sig/mode.py         |   20 -
+ pyme/pyme/constants/sigsum.py           |   20 -
+ pyme/pyme/constants/status.py           |   20 -
+ pyme/pyme/constants/validity.py         |   20 -
+ pyme/pyme/core.py                       |  463 ---
+ pyme/pyme/errors.py                     |   46 -
+ pyme/pyme/util.py                       |   72 -
+ pyme/pyme/version.py                    |   41 -
+ pyme/setup.py                           |   99 -
+ pyme/util.py                            |   72 +
+ pyme/version.py                         |   41 +
+ setup.py                                |   99 +
+ 108 files changed, 13384 insertions(+), 13384 deletions(-)
+
+commit 8148cdd424c434e833ce427612ea8c89abc6e41c
+Author: Martin Albrecht <martinralbrecht@googlemail.com>
+Date:   Sat May 3 18:58:52 2014 +0100
+
+    removing pyme-web
+
+ pyme-web/Makefile                                  |  15 -
+ pyme-web/default.css                               |  37 --
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/ASCII-Armor.html                |  57 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Advanced-Key-Editing.html       |  98 ----
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Algorithms.html                 |  47 --
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Building-the-Source.html        |  82 ----
+ .../doc/gpgme/Callback-Based-Data-Buffers.html     | 148 ------
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Cancellation.html               |  67 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Concept-Index.html              | 186 -------
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Context-Attributes.html         |  52 --
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Contexts.html                   |  61 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Creating-Contexts.html          |  49 --
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Creating-Data-Buffers.html      |  47 --
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Creating-a-Signature.html       | 143 ------
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Crypto-Engine.html              |  79 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Crypto-Operations.html          |  67 ---
+ .../doc/gpgme/Cryptographic-Message-Syntax.html    |  42 --
+ .../doc/gpgme/Data-Buffer-I_002fO-Operations.html  | 104 ----
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Data-Buffer-Meta_002dData.html  | 100 ----
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Decrypt-and-Verify.html         |  79 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Decrypt.html                    | 123 -----
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Deleting-Keys.html              |  67 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Destroying-Contexts.html        |  46 --
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Destroying-Data-Buffers.html    |  70 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Encrypt.html                    |  45 --
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Encrypting-a-Plaintext.html     | 147 ------
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Engine-Configuration.html       |  65 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Engine-Information.html         | 119 -----
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Engine-Version-Check.html       |  48 --
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Error-Codes.html                | 133 -----
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Error-Handling.html             |  72 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Error-Sources.html              |  89 ----
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Error-Strings.html              |  80 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Error-Values.html               | 159 ------
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Exchanging-Data.html            |  58 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Exporting-Keys.html             | 101 ----
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Features.html                   |  59 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/File-Based-Data-Buffers.html    |  74 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Function-and-Data-Index.html    | 229 ---------
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Generating-Keys.html            | 144 ------
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Getting-Started.html            |  55 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Hash-Algorithms.html            |  59 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Header.html                     |  53 --
+ .../doc/gpgme/I_002fO-Callback-Example-GDK.html    |  85 ----
+ .../gpgme/I_002fO-Callback-Example-GTK_002b.html   |  86 ----
+ .../doc/gpgme/I_002fO-Callback-Example-Qt.html     |  99 ----
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/I_002fO-Callback-Example.html   | 259 ----------
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/I_002fO-Callback-Interface.html | 142 ------
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Importing-Keys.html             | 171 -------
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Included-Certificates.html      |  70 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Information-About-Keys.html     | 207 --------
+ .../doc/gpgme/Information-About-Trust-Items.html   |  75 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Introduction.html               |  53 --
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Key-Listing-Mode.html           |  99 ----
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Key-Management.html             | 260 ----------
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Key-Signatures.html             | 130 -----
+ .../doc/gpgme/Largefile-Support-_0028LFS_0029.html | 110 -----
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Library-Copying.html            | 542 ---------------------
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Library-Version-Check.html      |  97 ----
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Listing-Keys.html               | 204 --------
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Listing-Trust-Items.html        |  88 ----
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Locale.html                     |  69 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Manipulating-Data-Buffers.html  |  45 --
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Manipulating-Keys.html          |  63 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Manipulating-Trust-Items.html   |  62 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Memory-Based-Data-Buffers.html  | 107 ----
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Multi-Threading.html            |  93 ----
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/OpenPGP.html                    |  44 --
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Overview.html                   |  57 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Passphrase-Callback.html        | 101 ----
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Preparation.html                |  54 --
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Progress-Meter-Callback.html    |  80 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Protocol-Selection.html         |  60 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Protocols-and-Engines.html      |  82 ----
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Public-Key-Algorithms.html      |  74 ---
+ .../doc/gpgme/Registering-I_002fO-Callbacks.html   |  81 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Run-Control.html                |  53 --
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Selecting-Signers.html          |  64 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Sign.html                       |  50 --
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Signal-Handling.html            |  61 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Signature-Notation-Data.html    |  85 ----
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Text-Mode.html                  |  63 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Trust-Item-Management.html      |  68 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Using-Automake.html             |  74 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Using-External-Event-Loops.html |  74 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Using-Libtool.html              |  44 --
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Verify.html                     | 492 -------------------
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Waiting-For-Completion.html     |  77 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/index.html                      | 169 -------
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/index.html                       | 164 -------
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.callbacks.html              |  42 --
+ .../doc/pyme/pyme.constants.data.encoding.html     |  48 --
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.constants.data.html         |  29 --
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.constants.event.html        |  48 --
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.constants.html              |  39 --
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.constants.import.html       |  49 --
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.constants.keylist.html      |  29 --
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.constants.keylist.mode.html |  49 --
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.constants.md.html           |  58 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.constants.pk.html           |  50 --
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.constants.protocol.html     |  48 --
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.constants.sig.html          |  29 --
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.constants.sig.mode.html     |  47 --
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.constants.sigsum.html       |  55 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.constants.status.html       | 126 -----
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.constants.validity.html     |  50 --
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.core.html                   | 277 -----------
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.errors.html                 |  82 ----
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.html                        | 164 -------
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.util.html                   |  81 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.version.html                |  37 --
+ pyme-web/index.html                                |  72 ---
+ 112 files changed, 10551 deletions(-)
+
+commit 684d95feb7e10e538a56fb1b27f1456111bacb60
+Author: Martin Albrecht <martinralbrecht@googlemail.com>
+Date:   Mon Jan 6 17:44:20 2014 +0100
+
+    fixing op_export_keys()
+
+    the conversion of gpgme_key_t [] was restricted to gpgme_key_t [] with the
+    name recv, i.e. only the use-cases of encryption were covered.
+
+    see: http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/forum.php?forum_name=pyme-help&max_rows=25&style=nested&viewmonth=201309
+
+ pyme/gpgme.i | 6 +++---
+ 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
+
+commit 658d23b95110d21eeb50abf4e74701a667521a88
+Author: Martin Albrecht <martinralbrecht@googlemail.com>
+Date:   Mon Jan 6 17:41:33 2014 +0100
+
+    deleting CVSROOT
+
+ CVSROOT/checkoutlist | 13 -------------
+ CVSROOT/commitinfo   | 15 ---------------
+ CVSROOT/config       | 21 ---------------------
+ CVSROOT/cvswrappers  | 19 -------------------
+ CVSROOT/editinfo     | 21 ---------------------
+ CVSROOT/loginfo      | 26 --------------------------
+ CVSROOT/modules      | 26 --------------------------
+ CVSROOT/notify       | 12 ------------
+ CVSROOT/rcsinfo      | 13 -------------
+ CVSROOT/taginfo      | 20 --------------------
+ CVSROOT/verifymsg    | 21 ---------------------
+ 11 files changed, 207 deletions(-)
+
+commit 576b555499c094c4786d42de9e59aa9826009b89
+Author: convert-repo <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Mon Jan 6 15:22:44 2014 +0000
+
+    update tags
+
+commit 2dcf0c5b702eb5a18c66ff1e42a72eaa7427af1d
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Wed Nov 26 02:38:33 2008 +0000
+
+    Move Windows specific fix from helpers.c to helpers.h so that it works
+    for edit callback as well as for the passphrase one.
+
+ pyme/helpers.c | 5 -----
+ pyme/helpers.h | 5 +++++
+ 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)
+
+commit 42a035f2ef62470fea7a7f8ee33a1297fa90a603
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Mon Nov 24 21:44:30 2008 +0000
+
+    Update the way build directives are constructed on MinGW to have a bit
+    more robust. Update PyMe build version to 0.8.1 in version.py
+
+ pyme/pyme/version.py |  2 +-
+ pyme/setup.py        | 10 ++++++++--
+ 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
+
+commit 3aaa20fbcba17066c9ffd580f5209946022793a2
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Mon Nov 24 06:57:11 2008 +0000
+
+    Update changelog
+
+ pyme/debian/changelog | 5 ++++-
+ 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
+
+commit 689ff46b2550547e3883f809a6dc40c22c3e137e
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Mon Nov 24 06:50:41 2008 +0000
+
+    Fix hang problem on Windows when password is written to a filehandle.
+    Fix the way path is constructed on MinGW platform.
+
+ pyme/helpers.c | 5 +++++
+ pyme/setup.py  | 4 ++--
+ 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
+
+commit 852a60d541d66cb56f40378182b976fd87a02c46
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Sun Nov 23 04:31:31 2008 +0000
+
+    Add Bernard's example testCMSgetkey.py and his updates for
+    verifydetails.py
+
+ pyme/examples/testCMSgetkey.py | 45 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ pyme/examples/verifydetails.py | 43 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------
+ 2 files changed, 77 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)
+
+commit f080527d9184f3360f0a8ef6136b9a188d8e7d2a
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Thu May 29 18:29:37 2008 +0000
+
+    Remove debian packaging for python2.3 since it is removed from both
+    testing and unstable dists.
+    Update docs build target to have correct PYTHONPATH set.
+
+ pyme/Makefile         | 2 +-
+ pyme/debian/changelog | 4 +++-
+ pyme/debian/control   | 4 ++--
+ pyme/debian/rules     | 2 --
+ 4 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)
+
+commit c25d133fcbadf3c7f6e655586b4a05d6e3cf6f0b
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Thu Apr 3 13:37:12 2008 +0000
+
+    Forgot to adjust mainText margin. Doing it now.
+
+ pyme-web/default.css | 2 +-
+ 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
+
+commit 897286a54a32336d060cd03305cdecb7905f34f1
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Thu Apr 3 13:00:11 2008 +0000
+
+    Fix an error in default.css and make index.html "Standards Compliant".
+
+ pyme-web/default.css | 2 +-
+ pyme-web/index.html  | 7 ++++---
+ 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
+
+commit 4e049212bd214449cc0ba1ce06e00782783f328a
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Thu Apr 3 12:38:42 2008 +0000
+
+    Adjust spacing between links.
+
+ pyme-web/default.css | 9 ++++++---
+ 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
+
+commit cb2bddfbd77483b1deb14f2eab0715a03dd33fcd
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Wed Apr 2 22:50:21 2008 +0000
+
+    Make style a big more IE friendly.
+
+ pyme-web/default.css | 15 +++++++++++----
+ 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
+
+commit ad66f0a1bb01b46baac328e9fee439b35a60c232
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Wed Apr 2 11:58:32 2008 +0000
+
+    Make GPGME documentation a bit more web friendly on the index.html page.
+
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Algorithms.html              |   2 +-
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Concept-Index.html           |   2 +-
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Contexts.html                |   2 +-
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Error-Handling.html          |   2 +-
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Exchanging-Data.html         |   2 +-
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Function-and-Data-Index.html |   2 +-
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Introduction.html            |   4 +-
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Library-Copying.html         |   2 +-
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Preparation.html             |   2 +-
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Protocols-and-Engines.html   |   2 +-
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/index.html                   | 229 +-----------------------
+ 11 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 239 deletions(-)
+
+commit 4f57c0ccb049d4442e7732e2d1d05dabffd2a21d
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Wed Apr 2 06:12:57 2008 +0000
+
+    Add missing core.set_locale() to set default locale for contexts.
+
+ pyme/debian/changelog | 2 +-
+ pyme/pyme/core.py     | 4 ++++
+ 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
+
+commit acf7ead3dea8590cf9fe86b67bb125837ad6ed4f
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Wed Apr 2 05:50:24 2008 +0000
+
+    Avoid leaks caused by keys.
+    Add set/get methods for engine info.
+
+ pyme/debian/changelog | 10 ++++++++++
+ pyme/pyme/core.py     | 24 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ 2 files changed, 34 insertions(+)
+
+commit df4a2fb518adbb6420d95ce74af212c87abff7e7
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Wed Apr 2 04:04:41 2008 +0000
+
+    Update index.html to reflect new versions on the web.
+
+ pyme-web/Makefile             | 3 ++-
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/index.html | 4 +---
+ pyme-web/index.html           | 4 ++--
+ 3 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)
+
+commit bd3ffc9bdf98d6aafde6b689c6c8215fa468612d
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Wed Apr 2 04:01:04 2008 +0000
+
+    Update PyMe documentation to match 0.8.0 version of the package.
+
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/index.html                       | 14 ++++-----
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.constants.keylist.mode.html |  1 +
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.constants.protocol.html     |  4 ++-
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.constants.status.html       |  9 ++++++
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.core.html                   | 36 ++++++++++++++++++----
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.errors.html                 |  8 ++---
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.html                        | 14 ++++-----
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.util.html                   | 17 ++++++++--
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.version.html                | 14 ++++-----
+ 9 files changed, 82 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-)
+
+commit 6973a69a317608a0d0661590d701f4e3f3a21b32
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Wed Apr 2 02:35:24 2008 +0000
+
+    Have a fix for Contents being put onto 'Function and Data Index' page.
+
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Concept-Index.html           |   2 +-
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Function-and-Data-Index.html | 153 +----------------------
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/index.html                   | 154 +++++++++++++++++++++++-
+ 3 files changed, 155 insertions(+), 154 deletions(-)
+
+commit 086315964cbc2abad1187f306dcb9c72ac3257f3
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Wed Apr 2 01:00:29 2008 +0000
+
+    Update GPGME documentation. It's for v1.1.6 now.
+
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/ASCII-Armor.html                |  57 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Advanced-Key-Editing.html       |  98 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Algorithms.html                 |  47 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Building-the-Source.html        |  82 +++
+ .../doc/gpgme/Callback-Based-Data-Buffers.html     | 148 +++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Cancellation.html               |  67 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Concept-Index.html              | 186 ++++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Context-Attributes.html         |  52 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Contexts.html                   |  61 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Creating-Contexts.html          |  49 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Creating-Data-Buffers.html      |  47 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Creating-a-Signature.html       | 143 +++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Crypto-Engine.html              |  79 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Crypto-Operations.html          |  67 ++
+ .../doc/gpgme/Cryptographic-Message-Syntax.html    |  42 ++
+ .../doc/gpgme/Data-Buffer-I_002fO-Operations.html  | 104 ++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Data-Buffer-Meta_002dData.html  | 100 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Decrypt-and-Verify.html         |  79 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Decrypt.html                    | 123 ++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Deleting-Keys.html              |  67 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Destroying-Contexts.html        |  46 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Destroying-Data-Buffers.html    |  70 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Encrypt.html                    |  45 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Encrypting-a-Plaintext.html     | 147 +++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Engine-Configuration.html       |  65 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Engine-Information.html         | 119 ++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Engine-Version-Check.html       |  48 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Error-Codes.html                | 133 ++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Error-Handling.html             |  72 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Error-Sources.html              |  89 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Error-Strings.html              |  80 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Error-Values.html               | 159 +++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Exchanging-Data.html            |  58 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Exporting-Keys.html             | 101 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Features.html                   |  59 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/File-Based-Data-Buffers.html    |  74 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Function-and-Data-Index.html    | 380 ++++++++++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Generating-Keys.html            | 144 +++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Getting-Started.html            |  55 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Hash-Algorithms.html            |  59 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Header.html                     |  53 ++
+ .../doc/gpgme/I_002fO-Callback-Example-GDK.html    |  85 +++
+ .../gpgme/I_002fO-Callback-Example-GTK_002b.html   |  86 +++
+ .../doc/gpgme/I_002fO-Callback-Example-Qt.html     |  99 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/I_002fO-Callback-Example.html   | 259 ++++++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/I_002fO-Callback-Interface.html | 142 +++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Importing-Keys.html             | 171 +++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Included-Certificates.html      |  70 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Information-About-Keys.html     | 207 +++++++
+ .../doc/gpgme/Information-About-Trust-Items.html   |  75 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Introduction.html               |  53 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Key-Listing-Mode.html           |  99 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Key-Management.html             | 260 ++++++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Key-Signatures.html             | 130 ++++
+ .../doc/gpgme/Largefile-Support-_0028LFS_0029.html | 110 ++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Library-Copying.html            | 542 ++++++++++++++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Library-Version-Check.html      |  97 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Listing-Keys.html               | 204 ++++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Listing-Trust-Items.html        |  88 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Locale.html                     |  69 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Manipulating-Data-Buffers.html  |  45 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Manipulating-Keys.html          |  63 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Manipulating-Trust-Items.html   |  62 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Memory-Based-Data-Buffers.html  | 107 ++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Multi-Threading.html            |  93 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/OpenPGP.html                    |  44 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Overview.html                   |  57 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Passphrase-Callback.html        | 101 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Preparation.html                |  54 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Progress-Meter-Callback.html    |  80 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Protocol-Selection.html         |  60 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Protocols-and-Engines.html      |  82 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Public-Key-Algorithms.html      |  74 +++
+ .../doc/gpgme/Registering-I_002fO-Callbacks.html   |  81 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Run-Control.html                |  53 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Selecting-Signers.html          |  64 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Sign.html                       |  50 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Signal-Handling.html            |  61 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Signature-Notation-Data.html    |  85 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Text-Mode.html                  |  63 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Trust-Item-Management.html      |  68 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Using-Automake.html             |  74 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Using-External-Event-Loops.html |  74 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Using-Libtool.html              |  44 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Verify.html                     | 492 +++++++++++++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/Waiting-For-Completion.html     |  77 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme.html                      | 251 --------
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_1.html                    |  76 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_10.html                   |  61 --
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_11.html                   | 130 ----
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_12.html                   |  82 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_13.html                   | 130 ----
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_14.html                   | 108 ----
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_15.html                   |  69 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_16.html                   | 169 -----
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_17.html                   |  63 --
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_18.html                   |  63 --
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_19.html                   |  66 --
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_2.html                    |  79 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_20.html                   | 120 ----
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_21.html                   | 102 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_22.html                   | 108 ----
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_23.html                   | 237 -------
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_24.html                   | 154 -----
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_25.html                   | 248 --------
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_26.html                   | 107 ----
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_27.html                   |  80 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_28.html                   |  67 --
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_29.html                   | 164 -----
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_3.html                    |  86 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_30.html                   | 106 ----
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_31.html                   | 232 -------
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_32.html                   |  85 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_33.html                   | 223 -------
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_34.html                   |  83 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_35.html                   |  70 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_36.html                   |  63 --
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_37.html                   |  66 --
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_38.html                   |  86 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_39.html                   |  79 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_4.html                    |  83 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_40.html                   |  89 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_41.html                   |  99 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_42.html                   | 144 -----
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_43.html                   | 152 -----
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_44.html                   | 112 ----
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_45.html                   | 101 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_46.html                   | 459 --------------
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_47.html                   | 292 ---------
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_48.html                   | 363 -----------
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_49.html                   | 209 -------
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_5.html                    |  74 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_50.html                   |  88 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_51.html                   | 208 -------
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_52.html                   | 154 -----
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_53.html                   | 291 ---------
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_54.html                   |  91 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_55.html                   | 107 ----
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_56.html                   | 140 -----
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_57.html                   | 106 ----
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_58.html                   |  89 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_59.html                   |  97 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_6.html                    |  77 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_60.html                   | 142 -----
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_61.html                   | 626 -------------------
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_62.html                   | 107 ----
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_63.html                   |  67 --
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_64.html                   |  95 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_65.html                   | 233 -------
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_66.html                   |  65 --
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_67.html                   | 220 -------
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_68.html                   |  75 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_69.html                   | 119 ----
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_7.html                    | 123 ----
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_70.html                   | 107 ----
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_71.html                   | 218 -------
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_72.html                   | 134 ----
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_73.html                   | 299 ---------
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_74.html                   | 103 ----
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_75.html                   | 104 ----
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_76.html                   | 118 ----
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_77.html                   |  95 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_78.html                   |  71 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_79.html                   | 686 ---------------------
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_8.html                    | 155 -----
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_80.html                   | 120 ----
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_81.html                   | 278 ---------
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_82.html                   | 272 --------
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_83.html                   | 180 ------
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_84.html                   |  99 ---
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_9.html                    | 104 ----
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_abt.html                  | 206 -------
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_fot.html                  |  53 --
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_ovr.html                  |  68 --
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_toc.html                  | 247 --------
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/index.html                      | 497 ++++++++-------
+ 176 files changed, 9054 insertions(+), 13378 deletions(-)
+
+commit 163c1053dc761682f5a4231da163bdd0ff7162d7
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Tue Apr 1 21:14:29 2008 +0000
+
+    Update Home page to be a bit more visitor friendly.
+
+ pyme-web/Makefile    |  2 +-
+ pyme-web/default.css | 27 ++++++++++++++++++++
+ pyme-web/index.html  | 70 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------
+ 3 files changed, 75 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)
+
+commit 05db2d17d8fda0ab8c948bbdc0643dfc1466830d
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Sun Mar 30 21:27:38 2008 +0000
+
+    Add a rule to build binary distribution for Windows.
+
+ pyme/Makefile | 16 ++++++++++++++--
+ 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
+
+commit 57acb1089f5f8c24323ee62fc0a7f492a496b9c0
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Sat Mar 29 22:50:11 2008 +0000
+
+    Switch to using central location for python files (pycentral)
+    Update docs rule to fix location of the python source files.
+
+ pyme/Makefile             |  5 +++-
+ pyme/debian/changelog     |  4 ++-
+ pyme/debian/control       | 74 +++++------------------------------------------
+ pyme/debian/dirs          |  2 --
+ pyme/debian/docs          |  1 +
+ pyme/debian/postinst.ex   | 48 ------------------------------
+ pyme/debian/postrm.ex     | 38 ------------------------
+ pyme/debian/preinst.ex    | 44 ----------------------------
+ pyme/debian/prerm.ex      | 39 -------------------------
+ pyme/debian/rules         | 50 ++++++--------------------------
+ pyme/debian/setup.cfg-2.2 |  8 -----
+ pyme/debian/setup.cfg-2.3 |  8 -----
+ pyme/debian/setup.cfg-2.4 |  8 -----
+ pyme/gpgme-h-clean.py     |  2 +-
+ pyme/pyme/core.py         |  2 +-
+ pyme/pyme/util.py         |  2 +-
+ 16 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 307 deletions(-)
+
+commit 2b56fd10517cfbcffaa4ba98d8ea42f40f0d38a9
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Sun Mar 23 02:01:12 2008 +0000
+
+    Turn SWIG's autodoc feature on. Ignore 'next' in the types which are lists now.
+    Use new style for class declarations. Specify None as a default value for
+    core.check_version() method. Update version.py for 0.8.0 version.
+
+ pyme/examples/pygpa.py | 2 +-
+ pyme/gpgme.i           | 5 +++++
+ pyme/pyme/core.py      | 2 +-
+ pyme/pyme/util.py      | 5 +++--
+ pyme/pyme/version.py   | 6 +++---
+ 5 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)
+
+commit df5e25d7ee4dc0aa0d429f9d009322dd8ac33bb8
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Thu Mar 20 19:07:00 2008 +0000
+
+    Improve matching for DEPRECATED typedefs
+
+ pyme/gpgme-h-clean.py | 4 ++--
+ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
+
+commit 78d8fc732848ac267ec65e9069265cd500587cdf
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Wed Mar 19 19:28:40 2008 +0000
+
+    Update API to use list when types containing 'next' field are return.
+    Update examples accordingly
+    Add verifydetails.py example
+    Start adding bullets for 0.8.0 version.
+
+ pyme/Makefile                   |  2 +-
+ pyme/debian/changelog           | 14 +++++++-
+ pyme/examples/PyGtkGpgKeys.py   | 53 +++++++++++++--------------
+ pyme/examples/delkey.py         |  7 ++--
+ pyme/examples/encrypt-to-all.py |  7 ++--
+ pyme/examples/exportimport.py   |  7 ++--
+ pyme/examples/pygpa.py          | 70 ++++++++++++++++--------------------
+ pyme/examples/signverify.py     | 11 +++---
+ pyme/examples/verifydetails.py  | 79 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ pyme/gpgme.i                    | 19 +++++++++-
+ 10 files changed, 180 insertions(+), 89 deletions(-)
+
+commit 342d85b07475e7360bcd62804bf5facda039494f
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Mon Mar 10 01:14:16 2008 +0000
+
+    Change references to source files so that they point to the WebCVS browse
+    location.
+
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/index.html                        | 2 +-
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.callbacks.html               | 2 +-
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.constants.data.encoding.html | 2 +-
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.constants.data.html          | 2 +-
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.constants.event.html         | 2 +-
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.constants.html               | 2 +-
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.constants.import.html        | 2 +-
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.constants.keylist.html       | 2 +-
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.constants.keylist.mode.html  | 2 +-
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.constants.md.html            | 2 +-
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.constants.pk.html            | 2 +-
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.constants.protocol.html      | 2 +-
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.constants.sig.html           | 2 +-
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.constants.sig.mode.html      | 2 +-
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.constants.sigsum.html        | 2 +-
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.constants.status.html        | 2 +-
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.constants.validity.html      | 2 +-
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.core.html                    | 2 +-
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.errors.html                  | 2 +-
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.html                         | 2 +-
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.util.html                    | 2 +-
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.version.html                 | 2 +-
+ 22 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)
+
+commit 4139dd1d066c1a6c892d84fe45dc3e6c4aa1b803
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Sat Mar 8 18:21:08 2008 +0000
+
+    Add core.check_version(None) to all examples since this function is used by
+    Gpgme to do internal initialization. Update debian/rules to use dh_pysupport
+    instead of deprecated dh_python.
+
+ pyme/debian/rules               | 8 +++-----
+ pyme/examples/PyGtkGpgKeys.py   | 7 ++++++-
+ pyme/examples/delkey.py         | 2 ++
+ pyme/examples/encrypt-to-all.py | 3 +++
+ pyme/examples/exportimport.py   | 2 ++
+ pyme/examples/genkey.py         | 1 +
+ pyme/examples/inter-edit.py     | 3 +++
+ pyme/examples/pygpa.py          | 5 +++++
+ pyme/examples/sign.py           | 2 ++
+ pyme/examples/signverify.py     | 2 ++
+ pyme/examples/simple.py         | 2 ++
+ pyme/examples/t-edit.py         | 3 +++
+ 12 files changed, 34 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)
+
+commit ae76c6176457dd38e0634cbc17d794294a3a81d2
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Wed Apr 12 22:20:38 2006 +0000
+
+    Change name of internal package name from 'gpgme' to 'pygpgme' to avoid
+    conflict with gpgme.dll on Windows.
+    Fix build with SWIG 1.3.28.
+    Change version to 0.7.1 in a preparation for new release.
+
+ pyme/Makefile          |   3 +-
+ pyme/debian/changelog  |  12 ++++
+ pyme/gpgme.i           |  19 +++---
+ pyme/pyme/callbacks.py |   1 -
+ pyme/pyme/core.py      | 153 +++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------------
+ pyme/pyme/errors.py    |  12 ++--
+ pyme/pyme/util.py      |  10 ++--
+ pyme/pyme/version.py   |   2 +-
+ pyme/setup.py          |   4 +-
+ 9 files changed, 116 insertions(+), 100 deletions(-)
+
+commit d644383a76e9f83bc2d426628319e3c4a989dc2d
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Sat Dec 17 01:34:53 2005 +0000
+
+    Put all constants into pyme.constants package to avoid stepping on python
+    reserved words.
+    Add build rules for Mingw32 and Cygwin on Windows. Rules for Mingw under
+    Debian are still to come.
+    Fixed a small bug in pygpa.py example.
+
+ pyme/Makefile                   | 11 ++++++++---
+ pyme/examples/pygpa.py          |  3 ++-
+ pyme/pyme/__init__.py           |  2 +-
+ pyme/pyme/constants/__init__.py |  3 +++
+ pyme/setup.py                   | 42 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----
+ 5 files changed, 51 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)
+
+commit 89eb370fcaa8adc9d219eadbaa579dde7bf06329
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Mon Aug 1 03:08:32 2005 +0000
+
+    Imported changes provided by Joost van Baal:
+    Use dh_python in debian/rules and change the Section pyme belongs to from
+    'libs' to 'python'.
+
+ pyme/debian/control | 6 +++---
+ pyme/debian/rules   | 2 ++
+ 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
+
+commit ad76d10c2a77b45b7459c62131279e946b860891
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Fri Jun 10 03:01:22 2005 +0000
+
+    Update 'docs' rule in Makefile to build packages first to ensure that
+    documentation is build for the current version of pyme and not for the
+    installed one.
+
+    Added 'callbacks' into the list of visible pyme modules (__all__ var.)
+
+    Slightly updated INSTALL file.
+
+ pyme/INSTALL          | 11 ++++++++---
+ pyme/Makefile         |  4 ++--
+ pyme/pyme/__init__.py |  2 +-
+ 3 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)
+
+commit 2fe1a81e00721698bfa6850b3db2eb85e43d1724
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Wed Jun 8 16:16:18 2005 +0000
+
+    Update pyme documentation to remove dead links to pyme.gpgme.html and
+    pyme._gpgme.html
+    Added reference to the installed GPGME and PyMe documentation to the head
+    web page.
+    Updated Makefile to install all *.html files and to clean *~ files in all
+    subdirectories
+
+ pyme-web/Makefile                     | 10 ++++++----
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/index.html          |  8 +++-----
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.callbacks.html |  8 --------
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.core.html      |  1 -
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.errors.html    |  8 --------
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.html           |  8 +++-----
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.util.html      |  8 --------
+ pyme-web/index.html                   |  9 +++++++--
+ 8 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 41 deletions(-)
+
+commit 6aa34cce4ea0099e50b4936dfee59778157b8ca8
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Wed Jun 8 15:18:20 2005 +0000
+
+    Added pyme and gpgme documentation.
+
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme.html                      | 251 ++++++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_1.html                    |  76 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_10.html                   |  61 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_11.html                   | 130 ++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_12.html                   |  82 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_13.html                   | 130 ++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_14.html                   | 108 ++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_15.html                   |  69 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_16.html                   | 169 +++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_17.html                   |  63 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_18.html                   |  63 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_19.html                   |  66 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_2.html                    |  79 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_20.html                   | 120 ++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_21.html                   | 102 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_22.html                   | 108 ++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_23.html                   | 237 +++++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_24.html                   | 154 +++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_25.html                   | 248 ++++++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_26.html                   | 107 ++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_27.html                   |  80 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_28.html                   |  67 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_29.html                   | 164 +++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_3.html                    |  86 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_30.html                   | 106 ++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_31.html                   | 232 +++++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_32.html                   |  85 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_33.html                   | 223 +++++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_34.html                   |  83 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_35.html                   |  70 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_36.html                   |  63 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_37.html                   |  66 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_38.html                   |  86 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_39.html                   |  79 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_4.html                    |  83 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_40.html                   |  89 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_41.html                   |  99 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_42.html                   | 144 +++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_43.html                   | 152 +++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_44.html                   | 112 ++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_45.html                   | 101 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_46.html                   | 459 ++++++++++++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_47.html                   | 292 +++++++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_48.html                   | 363 +++++++++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_49.html                   | 209 +++++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_5.html                    |  74 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_50.html                   |  88 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_51.html                   | 208 +++++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_52.html                   | 154 +++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_53.html                   | 291 +++++++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_54.html                   |  91 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_55.html                   | 107 ++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_56.html                   | 140 +++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_57.html                   | 106 ++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_58.html                   |  89 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_59.html                   |  97 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_6.html                    |  77 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_60.html                   | 142 +++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_61.html                   | 626 +++++++++++++++++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_62.html                   | 107 ++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_63.html                   |  67 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_64.html                   |  95 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_65.html                   | 233 +++++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_66.html                   |  65 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_67.html                   | 220 +++++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_68.html                   |  75 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_69.html                   | 119 ++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_7.html                    | 123 ++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_70.html                   | 107 ++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_71.html                   | 218 +++++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_72.html                   | 134 ++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_73.html                   | 299 +++++++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_74.html                   | 103 ++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_75.html                   | 104 ++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_76.html                   | 118 ++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_77.html                   |  95 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_78.html                   |  71 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_79.html                   | 686 +++++++++++++++++++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_8.html                    | 155 +++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_80.html                   | 120 ++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_81.html                   | 278 +++++++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_82.html                   | 272 ++++++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_83.html                   | 180 ++++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_84.html                   |  99 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_9.html                    | 104 ++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_abt.html                  | 206 +++++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_fot.html                  |  53 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_ovr.html                  |  68 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/gpgme_toc.html                  | 247 ++++++++
+ pyme-web/doc/gpgme/index.html                      | 251 ++++++++
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/index.html                       | 166 +++++
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.callbacks.html              |  50 ++
+ .../doc/pyme/pyme.constants.data.encoding.html     |  48 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.constants.data.html         |  29 +
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.constants.event.html        |  48 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.constants.html              |  39 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.constants.import.html       |  49 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.constants.keylist.html      |  29 +
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.constants.keylist.mode.html |  48 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.constants.md.html           |  58 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.constants.pk.html           |  50 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.constants.protocol.html     |  46 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.constants.sig.html          |  29 +
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.constants.sig.mode.html     |  47 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.constants.sigsum.html       |  55 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.constants.status.html       | 117 ++++
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.constants.validity.html     |  50 ++
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.core.html                   | 254 ++++++++
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.errors.html                 |  90 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.html                        | 166 +++++
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.util.html                   |  78 +++
+ pyme-web/doc/pyme/pyme.version.html                |  37 ++
+ pyme-web/index.html                                |   6 +-
+ 113 files changed, 14966 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
+
+commit 2d6fe54479f042644f7b0f3d2fe35877d2056144
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Thu May 19 02:06:09 2005 +0000
+
+    Added INSTALL file.
+
+ pyme/INSTALL | 10 ++++++++++
+ 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+)
+
+commit d6892fff0c3cedf41dba4c25ab8608e7f2bc039c
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Tue May 17 16:49:28 2005 +0000
+
+    Update copyright note on simple.py
+
+ pyme/examples/simple.py | 4 ++--
+ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
+
+commit c2cd9cdf5995843aad7b200b929db2969effc9d2
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Tue May 17 15:03:58 2005 +0000
+
+    Update simple.py to catch errors.
+
+ pyme/examples/simple.py | 17 +++++++++++------
+ 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)
+
+commit eaedae7c6a0ea993caab067efe781a59b6769c44
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Tue May 17 01:18:23 2005 +0000
+
+    Added 'PYTHON = python' into Makefile for bug #1199122
+
+ pyme/Makefile               | 1 +
+ pyme/examples/signverify.py | 1 +
+ 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+)
+
+commit 56fd244bb2636a4d58629899ea3cde1d96428198
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Wed Apr 27 21:37:06 2005 +0000
+
+    Added pygpa example.
+
+ pyme/debian/changelog     |    3 +-
+ pyme/examples/pygpa.glade | 5546 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ pyme/examples/pygpa.py    | 1459 ++++++++++++
+ 3 files changed, 7007 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
+
+commit 2d9a2a91a59ac3fee5410c953b7e0859e9e7cd35
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Thu Apr 21 15:17:51 2005 +0000
+
+    Change version to 0.7.0 due to the change in license.
+
+ pyme/debian/changelog | 2 +-
+ pyme/pyme/version.py  | 2 +-
+ 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
+
+commit 94e34e38d742f145385bd235825b6ba1e30d8339
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Thu Apr 21 03:53:12 2005 +0000
+
+    Changed license on PyMe from GPL to LGPL.
+    PyMe examples keep GPL license.
+
+ pyme/COPYING.LESSER                  | 510 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ pyme/Makefile                        |  20 +-
+ pyme/debian/changelog                |   4 +-
+ pyme/debian/copyright                |  22 +-
+ pyme/gpgme-h-clean.py                |  16 ++
+ pyme/gpgme.i                         |  20 +-
+ pyme/helpers.c                       |  20 +-
+ pyme/helpers.h                       |  20 +-
+ pyme/pyme/__init__.py                |  20 +-
+ pyme/pyme/callbacks.py               |  20 +-
+ pyme/pyme/constants/data/encoding.py |  20 +-
+ pyme/pyme/constants/event.py         |  20 +-
+ pyme/pyme/constants/import.py        |  20 +-
+ pyme/pyme/constants/keylist/mode.py  |  20 +-
+ pyme/pyme/constants/md.py            |  20 +-
+ pyme/pyme/constants/pk.py            |  20 +-
+ pyme/pyme/constants/protocol.py      |  20 +-
+ pyme/pyme/constants/sig/mode.py      |  20 +-
+ pyme/pyme/constants/sigsum.py        |  20 +-
+ pyme/pyme/constants/status.py        |  20 +-
+ pyme/pyme/constants/validity.py      |  20 +-
+ pyme/pyme/core.py                    |  20 +-
+ pyme/pyme/errors.py                  |  20 +-
+ pyme/pyme/util.py                    |  20 +-
+ pyme/pyme/version.py                 |  22 +-
+ pyme/setup.py                        |  20 +-
+ 26 files changed, 761 insertions(+), 233 deletions(-)
+
+commit 0d8aa0f6335cb1506a37085095ed45173b099a02
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Tue Apr 19 01:46:06 2005 +0000
+
+    Added __hash__ and __eq__ methods to GpgmeWrapper to allow both Context()
+    and Data() to be used as a dictionary key.
+    Changed core.wait() function to always return a tuple. On timeout now it
+    returns (0, None) instead of just None. Plus, return context is now a
+    Context() object instead of a wrapper return by underlying gpgme.
+
+ pyme/helpers.c    |  1 -
+ pyme/pyme/core.py | 25 +++++++++++++++----------
+ pyme/pyme/util.py |  9 +++++++++
+ 3 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)
+
+commit 63ff6d10637be1dcbcd78c939ac1ef1ac30b1024
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Wed Apr 6 04:58:40 2005 +0000
+
+    Made hook parameter optional in passphrase_cb and progress_cb.
+    Allowed None for callbacks to unset ones set previously.
+    Removed cleanup of exception in callbacks - now just retrieve the error code.
+    Added prev_bad parameter in passphrase_cb since it can be used in
+    change password protocols.
+    Updated examples to follow new sets of arguments in callbacks
+    Updated op_edit to check if passed key is None (otherwise gpgme dumps core)
+    God rid of annoying warning "function declaration isn't a prototype" in
+    helpers.c and helpers.h by changing from () to (void) list of arguments.
+
+ pyme/debian/changelog       | 10 +++++---
+ pyme/examples/signverify.py |  2 +-
+ pyme/examples/t-edit.py     |  2 +-
+ pyme/gpgme.i                | 18 +++++++++-----
+ pyme/helpers.c              | 60 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------
+ pyme/helpers.h              |  4 +--
+ pyme/pyme/callbacks.py      |  6 +++--
+ pyme/pyme/core.py           | 47 +++++++++++++++++++++--------------
+ pyme/pyme/errors.py         |  2 +-
+ 9 files changed, 96 insertions(+), 55 deletions(-)
+
+commit 8f0ab8138c7aa190936376ccbbf33bb09c64d6f1
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Thu Mar 31 23:50:59 2005 +0000
+
+    Added exception handling in passphrase_cb and edit_cb. If GPGMEError
+    exception is thrown in those callbacks it will be converted into its
+    core representation and return as an error code to the caller.
+    On all other exceptions error code will be GPG_ERR_GENERAL.
+
+ pyme/Makefile         |  1 +
+ pyme/debian/changelog |  8 ++++++++
+ pyme/gpgme.i          | 20 ++++++++++++++------
+ pyme/helpers.c        | 51 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------
+ pyme/helpers.h        |  3 +++
+ 5 files changed, 71 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)
+
+commit 9903d1fb11231e7e3d920e58d1ecb674c5988b07
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Thu Mar 31 05:12:15 2005 +0000
+
+    Remove workaround from Context.wait() method since the bug report and
+    patch fixing gpgme_wait's behavior is sent to GPMGE developers already.
+    Added errorcheck into op_edit() so that it can report an error.
+
+ pyme/pyme/core.py | 10 +++++-----
+ 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)
+
+commit 45e8a5f4e13d3ca797ec3b0037242874a6be5562
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Sat Mar 26 19:44:18 2005 +0000
+
+    Updated verion number to 0.6.2 in version.py
+    Added examples/*.glade files into documentation package.
+
+ pyme/debian/examples | 1 +
+ pyme/pyme/version.py | 2 +-
+ 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
+
+commit 270b87bb40e180cb6e8f1de9a0e8161525ffa4ab
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Sat Mar 26 19:31:14 2005 +0000
+
+    Updated debian/changelog regarding PyGtkGpgKeys example and a fix in errors.
+
+ pyme/debian/changelog | 5 ++++-
+ 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
+
+commit ea4682009a506db91e5174ffd038fe7e4406b591
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Sat Mar 26 19:25:36 2005 +0000
+
+    Added handling of right mouse button click.
+    Changed reporting a string instead of a number on key generation failure.
+
+ pyme/examples/PyGtkGpgKeys.glade |  2 ++
+ pyme/examples/PyGtkGpgKeys.py    | 30 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
+ 2 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
+
+commit f65ad1a703d0098a3204fb8527a54d253e5847e7
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Sat Mar 26 18:11:11 2005 +0000
+
+    Added another column indicating if a key has a secret part.
+    Automated generation of the View menu from the view field of the KeyColumn
+    class.
+
+ pyme/examples/PyGtkGpgKeys.glade | 93 ++--------------------------------------
+ pyme/examples/PyGtkGpgKeys.py    | 74 +++++++++++++++++---------------
+ 2 files changed, 44 insertions(+), 123 deletions(-)
+
+commit b54e83a7a7a5785502f3c7e8b95f15e23b40e65a
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Sat Mar 26 16:45:13 2005 +0000
+
+    Small change to the way gtk.TreeModel object is used.
+
+ pyme/examples/PyGtkGpgKeys.py | 21 ++++++++++-----------
+ 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)
+
+commit 7078db75cef4c1fd70cf03e37172bdb4f933fd1b
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Fri Mar 25 23:33:06 2005 +0000
+
+    Use more comprehansible error reporting since gpgme_strerror_r returns None
+    all the time.
+
+ pyme/pyme/errors.py | 6 +++---
+ 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
+
+commit 151213f4344d9984975721440af07de09e3df61c
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Fri Mar 25 04:30:17 2005 +0000
+
+    Improved PyGtkGpgKeys example to manage owner_trust on keys.
+    Added another example inter-edit.py which is just a hepler to write
+    scripts for Context.op_edit() command.
+
+ pyme/examples/PyGtkGpgKeys.glade | 78 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ pyme/examples/PyGtkGpgKeys.py    | 68 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----
+ pyme/examples/inter-edit.py      | 54 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ pyme/examples/t-edit.py          | 18 ++++++++++
+ 4 files changed, 212 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)
+
+commit fc7235af217bcee5231ce7fbd7f234712d5ad3b0
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Fri Mar 25 00:30:39 2005 +0000
+
+    Updated PyGtkGpgKeys example to include import, export and reload
+    functionality. Also added ability to remove number of keys simultanously.
+    Rearanged how KeyColumn is used to avoid unnecessary sorts and duplication
+    of information in different parts of the code.
+
+ pyme/examples/PyGtkGpgKeys.glade |  86 +++++++++-
+ pyme/examples/PyGtkGpgKeys.py    | 332 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------
+ 2 files changed, 325 insertions(+), 93 deletions(-)
+
+commit 9f65749ccb1b7cab562e19c03f4371d5f7d94912
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Thu Mar 24 05:51:03 2005 +0000
+
+    Added example of PyGTK+ and PyMe integration.
+    For now it does only simple things - listing, deleting, and generating keys.
+
+ pyme/examples/PyGtkGpgKeys.glade  | 1321 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ pyme/examples/PyGtkGpgKeys.gladep |    8 +
+ pyme/examples/PyGtkGpgKeys.py     |  424 ++++++++++++
+ 3 files changed, 1753 insertions(+)
+
+commit 59e23f32c3b46413c9ec09e23e1a385a110fb103
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Thu Mar 24 05:44:58 2005 +0000
+
+    Added wait method Context class which handles asynchornous calls a little
+    bit better than the one generated by SWIG.
+
+ pyme/debian/changelog |  7 +++++++
+ pyme/gpgme.i          |  1 +
+ pyme/pyme/core.py     | 40 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ 3 files changed, 48 insertions(+)
+
+commit 4c1b5259e4985df2cba0ae4fc09f12cd94603a75
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Tue Mar 22 18:29:31 2005 +0000
+
+    Added correct handling of Context.op_edit() method.
+    Added example/t-edit.py showing usage for this method.
+    Output of this example should match output of the  tests/gpg/t-edit
+    from the GPGME test suite.
+    Remove unused static function from helpers.c
+
+ pyme/examples/t-edit.py | 38 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ pyme/gpgme.i            | 36 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ pyme/helpers.c          | 36 ------------------------------------
+ pyme/pyme/core.py       |  5 ++++-
+ 4 files changed, 78 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-)
+
+commit dc587e215283bfef2dd594f86a7b2945f74f5155
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Sat Mar 19 01:43:59 2005 +0000
+
+    Update changelog to include note about deprecated function in 0.6.1 release
+
+ pyme/debian/changelog           | 3 ++-
+ pyme/examples/encrypt-to-all.py | 3 +--
+ 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
+
+commit 86de4b3ad777f980ccf7ba3462c85bbe1787d1fd
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Sat Mar 19 01:40:07 2005 +0000
+
+    Remove deprecated functions from helpers.[ch]
+    Use gpgme-h-clean.py to remove deprecated functions and typedefs from
+    the GPGME header file. This will reduce the number of unused methods.
+
+ pyme/Makefile         |  4 ++--
+ pyme/gpgme-h-clean.py | 26 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ pyme/helpers.c        |  8 --------
+ pyme/helpers.h        |  2 --
+ 4 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)
+
+commit 2483efcbd0d73c628c4d7717928a766c3b58f0aa
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Fri Mar 18 22:15:52 2005 +0000
+
+    Update copyright and author values in pyme/version.py
+    Create rules to build distribution files - one full and one without
+    debian bits.
+
+ pyme/Makefile        | 28 ++++++++++++++++++++++------
+ pyme/pyme/version.py | 12 ++++++------
+ 2 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)
+
+commit 168593285380f5a7805f3dd08657d429a72d3621
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Fri Mar 18 19:09:33 2005 +0000
+
+    Added package building for python2.4
+
+    Updated copyright notes to include myslef and avoid confusion who's the
+    maintainer. In John's own words: "I'd prefer to just step out of the picture".
+    Jonh's copyright notice left intact.
+
+ pyme/Makefile                        |  6 +++---
+ pyme/debian/changelog                |  7 +++++++
+ pyme/debian/control                  | 30 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
+ pyme/debian/copyright                | 10 ++++------
+ pyme/debian/rules                    |  4 ++++
+ pyme/debian/setup.cfg-2.4            |  8 ++++++++
+ pyme/examples/genkey.py              |  4 ++--
+ pyme/gpgme.i                         |  4 ++--
+ pyme/helpers.c                       |  4 ++--
+ pyme/helpers.h                       |  4 ++--
+ pyme/pyme/__init__.py                |  4 ++--
+ pyme/pyme/callbacks.py               |  4 ++--
+ pyme/pyme/constants/data/encoding.py |  4 ++--
+ pyme/pyme/constants/event.py         |  4 ++--
+ pyme/pyme/constants/import.py        |  4 ++--
+ pyme/pyme/constants/keylist/mode.py  |  4 ++--
+ pyme/pyme/constants/md.py            |  4 ++--
+ pyme/pyme/constants/pk.py            |  4 ++--
+ pyme/pyme/constants/protocol.py      |  4 ++--
+ pyme/pyme/constants/sig/mode.py      |  4 ++--
+ pyme/pyme/constants/sigsum.py        |  4 ++--
+ pyme/pyme/constants/status.py        |  4 ++--
+ pyme/pyme/constants/validity.py      |  4 ++--
+ pyme/pyme/core.py                    |  4 ++--
+ pyme/pyme/errors.py                  |  4 ++--
+ pyme/pyme/util.py                    |  4 ++--
+ pyme/pyme/version.py                 |  2 +-
+ pyme/setup.py                        |  3 ++-
+ 28 files changed, 96 insertions(+), 54 deletions(-)
+
+commit 6dbbb252771133724b2879ed6d767cd708196dae
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Fri Mar 18 18:04:35 2005 +0000
+
+    Remove the note about gpgme.i to be generated - it's been the primary source
+    for some time.
+
+ pyme/gpgme.i | 6 ------
+ 1 file changed, 6 deletions(-)
+
+commit 9d449fa4889c6bda6d14583c0625b8d5c4ffe759
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Fri May 7 18:31:22 2004 +0000
+
+    Added my copyright in genkey.py since there's enough changes made.
+    Updated signverify to use only keys generated by genkey.py, to check
+      that keys added to singers are able to sign and to check that the
+      list of signers is not empty. The last check is necessary to prevent
+      signing with the key of the user running signverify.py script.
+    Added delkey.py script to delete keys generated by genkey.py
+    Added exportimport.py example for key export/import.
+
+ pyme/examples/delkey.py       | 29 +++++++++++++++++
+ pyme/examples/exportimport.py | 76 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ pyme/examples/genkey.py       |  6 ++--
+ pyme/examples/signverify.py   | 18 ++++++----
+ 4 files changed, 119 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)
+
+commit df98c8d28245ad2c14b0ab50fc8f8932853bec8b
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Tue May 4 17:34:15 2004 +0000
+
+    Added examples/signverify.py for unattended sing/verify.
+    Updated examples/genkey.py to work correctly.
+    Updated gpgme.i to allow None as a value for gpgme_data_t
+
+ pyme/examples/genkey.py     | 14 ++-------
+ pyme/examples/signverify.py | 72 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ pyme/gpgme.i                | 21 ++++++++-----
+ 3 files changed, 87 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)
+
+commit ba45931abf530ab89ead46d7233ff1b62b629a18
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Thu Apr 8 16:15:09 2004 +0000
+
+    Ensure that we support only python2.2 and up. :-)
+    Use generators in core.Context class which makes pyme.aux obsolete
+    Remove importing future nested_scopes since they are standart starting
+    with python2.2
+
+ pyme/pyme/__init__.py |  5 ++---
+ pyme/pyme/aux.py      | 56 ---------------------------------------------------
+ pyme/pyme/core.py     | 15 +++++++++++---
+ pyme/pyme/errors.py   |  1 -
+ pyme/pyme/util.py     |  2 +-
+ 5 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 64 deletions(-)
+
+commit 4e9be5a55ecffa4da7ad5c192cc892eddaaa9586
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Sun Mar 21 03:53:30 2004 +0000
+
+    Small change to index.html
+    Added clean: rule to the Makefile
+
+ pyme-web/Makefile   | 3 +++
+ pyme-web/index.html | 6 +++---
+ 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
+
+commit 2efb95176f4edf56ed61c9ac0c3aa09c56534df0
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Sun Mar 21 03:00:32 2004 +0000
+
+    Added Makefile rules for pyme module installation.
+
+ pyme/Makefile | 5 ++++-
+ 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
+
+commit 2b83d5d8b513029cc3e54f2fa502ccc85618104b
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Sun Mar 21 02:29:54 2004 +0000
+
+    Decorative change.
+
+ pyme/pyme/aux.py | 2 +-
+ 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
+
+commit e3478015d763a036c1d806ae01433fce59712204
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Sun Mar 21 02:25:55 2004 +0000
+
+    Added RCS Id: tags
+
+ pyme/Makefile                           | 1 +
+ pyme/examples/encrypt-to-all.py         | 3 ++-
+ pyme/examples/genkey.py                 | 3 ++-
+ pyme/examples/sign.py                   | 3 ++-
+ pyme/examples/simple.py                 | 3 ++-
+ pyme/gpgme.i                            | 1 +
+ pyme/helpers.c                          | 1 +
+ pyme/helpers.h                          | 1 +
+ pyme/pyme/__init__.py                   | 1 +
+ pyme/pyme/aux.py                        | 1 +
+ pyme/pyme/callbacks.py                  | 1 +
+ pyme/pyme/constants/__init__.py         | 2 ++
+ pyme/pyme/constants/data/__init__.py    | 2 ++
+ pyme/pyme/constants/data/encoding.py    | 1 +
+ pyme/pyme/constants/event.py            | 1 +
+ pyme/pyme/constants/import.py           | 1 +
+ pyme/pyme/constants/keylist/__init__.py | 2 ++
+ pyme/pyme/constants/keylist/mode.py     | 1 +
+ pyme/pyme/constants/md.py               | 1 +
+ pyme/pyme/constants/pk.py               | 1 +
+ pyme/pyme/constants/protocol.py         | 1 +
+ pyme/pyme/constants/sig/__init__.py     | 2 ++
+ pyme/pyme/constants/sig/mode.py         | 1 +
+ pyme/pyme/constants/sigsum.py           | 1 +
+ pyme/pyme/constants/status.py           | 1 +
+ pyme/pyme/constants/validity.py         | 1 +
+ pyme/pyme/core.py                       | 1 +
+ pyme/pyme/errors.py                     | 1 +
+ pyme/pyme/util.py                       | 1 +
+ pyme/pyme/version.py                    | 2 ++
+ 30 files changed, 39 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
+
+commit b3b3712645332c5bc3e8d9d557aab21d48ff0f86
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Sun Mar 21 02:07:36 2004 +0000
+
+    Added Id: RCS tags to all files.
+
+ pyme-web/Makefile   | 2 ++
+ pyme-web/index.html | 3 ++-
+ 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
+
+commit 6aea2426beaaa8c43e6f2310a37a2737c0c3a1b5
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Sun Mar 21 01:50:55 2004 +0000
+
+    Update example on the init pyme.html page to match simple.py example.
+    Fix core.py to use getcode() instead of getvalue() method of the exception.
+
+ pyme/pyme/__init__.py | 22 ++++++++++++++--------
+ pyme/pyme/core.py     |  4 ++--
+ 2 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)
+
+commit dee337455ffd624d3f83e1c159c4bb2cefc692c9
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Sat Mar 20 20:32:29 2004 +0000
+
+    Added Makefile to simplify publishing web files.
+
+ pyme-web/Makefile | 7 +++++++
+ 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+)
+
+commit af7129baa8260697d85c2ddb434562e8a80b62d8
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Sat Mar 20 20:15:53 2004 +0000
+
+    Added minimum of formating and SF icon.
+
+ pyme-web/index.html | 18 +++++++++++-------
+ 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)
+
+commit 2e64dcbf99cee796b51667b04d8961e390edde87
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Sat Mar 20 18:30:09 2004 +0000
+
+    Initial revision
+
+ pyme-web/index.html | 33 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ 1 file changed, 33 insertions(+)
+
+commit 1c51644b3d0b6611422d971758e35f303d2ad5df
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Sat Mar 20 05:10:46 2004 +0000
+
+    Update examples and package information on the initial pyme doc page.
+
+ pyme/pyme/__init__.py | 27 ++++++++++++---------------
+ 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)
+
+commit b2d31b0bfbffdff5247d6db4e3c95140cc1b1f19
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Sat Mar 20 04:47:42 2004 +0000
+
+    Deleted unnecessary files.
+    Updated debian/control to remove dependency on python-xml package since there's
+    none now.
+    Move example files from 'doc' into separate control file.
+    Update debian/rules to build documentation from *.py files and to exclude
+    CVS directories from the installation.
+
+ pyme/Makefile                   |  26 ++-----
+ pyme/debian/control             |   8 +--
+ pyme/debian/docs                |   1 -
+ pyme/debian/ex.package.doc-base |  22 ------
+ pyme/debian/examples            |   1 +
+ pyme/debian/manpage.1.ex        |  60 ----------------
+ pyme/debian/manpage.sgml.ex     | 152 ----------------------------------------
+ pyme/debian/rules               |  12 ++--
+ 8 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 267 deletions(-)
+
+commit 1b517dd9b82a433499b4696b06d94d756cd36e53
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Sat Mar 20 02:59:15 2004 +0000
+
+    Remove doc/gpgme directory containing GPGME documentation since this belongs
+    to a different project. Need to add reference in our documentation.
+
+ pyme/doc/gpgme/fdl.texi     |  402 ------
+ pyme/doc/gpgme/gpgme.texi   | 3372 -------------------------------------------
+ pyme/doc/gpgme/gpl.texi     |  397 -----
+ pyme/doc/gpgme/version.texi |    4 -
+ 4 files changed, 4175 deletions(-)
+
+commit 95d7d171da115a0fedfe2a4a7e5acc8aa408f673
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Sat Mar 20 02:45:03 2004 +0000
+
+    Change debian/rules to generate files by swig during build and to cleanup
+    those files on 'clean' rule.
+    Plus, leave generated gpgme_wrap.c in the root directory instead of moving
+    it into subdirectory 'generated'.
+
+ pyme/Makefile     | 8 +++-----
+ pyme/debian/rules | 3 ++-
+ pyme/setup.py     | 2 +-
+ 3 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)
+
+commit 545b3d90d445c5c78e8d72b2c1780863e02c789a
+Author: belyi <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Sat Mar 20 02:18:01 2004 +0000
+
+    Initial revision
+
+ pyme/COPYING                            |  340 ++++
+ pyme/ChangeLog                          |  802 ++++++++
+ pyme/Makefile                           |   79 +
+ pyme/debian/README.Debian               |    6 +
+ pyme/debian/changelog                   |   19 +
+ pyme/debian/control                     |   68 +
+ pyme/debian/copyright                   |   27 +
+ pyme/debian/dirs                        |    2 +
+ pyme/debian/docs                        |    2 +
+ pyme/debian/ex.package.doc-base         |   22 +
+ pyme/debian/manpage.1.ex                |   60 +
+ pyme/debian/manpage.sgml.ex             |  152 ++
+ pyme/debian/postinst.ex                 |   48 +
+ pyme/debian/postrm.ex                   |   38 +
+ pyme/debian/preinst.ex                  |   44 +
+ pyme/debian/prerm.ex                    |   39 +
+ pyme/debian/rules                       |  130 ++
+ pyme/debian/setup.cfg-2.2               |    8 +
+ pyme/debian/setup.cfg-2.3               |    8 +
+ pyme/doc/gpgme/fdl.texi                 |  402 ++++
+ pyme/doc/gpgme/gpgme.texi               | 3372 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ pyme/doc/gpgme/gpl.texi                 |  397 ++++
+ pyme/doc/gpgme/version.texi             |    4 +
+ pyme/examples/encrypt-to-all.py         |   63 +
+ pyme/examples/genkey.py                 |   55 +
+ pyme/examples/sign.py                   |   28 +
+ pyme/examples/simple.py                 |   44 +
+ pyme/gpgme.i                            |  191 ++
+ pyme/helpers.c                          |  139 ++
+ pyme/helpers.h                          |   29 +
+ pyme/pyme/__init__.py                   |  134 ++
+ pyme/pyme/aux.py                        |   55 +
+ pyme/pyme/callbacks.py                  |   45 +
+ pyme/pyme/constants/__init__.py         |    2 +
+ pyme/pyme/constants/data/__init__.py    |    2 +
+ pyme/pyme/constants/data/encoding.py    |   19 +
+ pyme/pyme/constants/event.py            |   19 +
+ pyme/pyme/constants/import.py           |   19 +
+ pyme/pyme/constants/keylist/__init__.py |    2 +
+ pyme/pyme/constants/keylist/mode.py     |   19 +
+ pyme/pyme/constants/md.py               |   19 +
+ pyme/pyme/constants/pk.py               |   19 +
+ pyme/pyme/constants/protocol.py         |   19 +
+ pyme/pyme/constants/sig/__init__.py     |    2 +
+ pyme/pyme/constants/sig/mode.py         |   19 +
+ pyme/pyme/constants/sigsum.py           |   19 +
+ pyme/pyme/constants/status.py           |   19 +
+ pyme/pyme/constants/validity.py         |   19 +
+ pyme/pyme/core.py                       |  367 ++++
+ pyme/pyme/errors.py                     |   46 +
+ pyme/pyme/util.py                       |   61 +
+ pyme/pyme/version.py                    |   39 +
+ pyme/setup.py                           |   60 +
+ 53 files changed, 7642 insertions(+)
+
+commit a3d5a442dc713b6c4d6fc4134db5b47e379dc41d
+Author: root <devnull@localhost>
+Date:   Fri Mar 19 14:12:30 2004 +0000
+
+    initial checkin
+
+ CVSROOT/checkoutlist | 13 +++++++++++++
+ CVSROOT/commitinfo   | 15 +++++++++++++++
+ CVSROOT/config       | 21 +++++++++++++++++++++
+ CVSROOT/cvswrappers  | 19 +++++++++++++++++++
+ CVSROOT/editinfo     | 21 +++++++++++++++++++++
+ CVSROOT/loginfo      | 26 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ CVSROOT/modules      | 26 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ CVSROOT/notify       | 12 ++++++++++++
+ CVSROOT/rcsinfo      | 13 +++++++++++++
+ CVSROOT/taginfo      | 20 ++++++++++++++++++++
+ CVSROOT/verifymsg    | 21 +++++++++++++++++++++
+ 11 files changed, 207 insertions(+)
diff --git a/lang/python/doc/rst/gpgme-python-howto.rst b/lang/python/doc/rst/gpgme-python-howto.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9181491
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lang/python/doc/rst/gpgme-python-howto.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,2998 @@
+.. _intro:
+
+Introduction
+============
+
++-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
+| Version:                          | 0.1.4                             |
++-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
+| GPGME Version:                    | 1.12.0                            |
++-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
+| Author:                           | `Ben                              |
+|                                   | McGinnes <https://gnupg.org/peopl |
+|                                   | e/index.html#sec-1-5>`__          |
+|                                   | <ben@gnupg.org>                   |
++-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
+| Author GPG Key:                   | DB4724E6FA4286C92B4E55C4321E4E237 |
+|                                   | 3590E5D                           |
++-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
+| Language:                         | Australian English, British       |
+|                                   | English                           |
++-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
+| xml:lang:                         | en-AU, en-GB, en                  |
++-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
+
+This document provides basic instruction in how to use the GPGME Python
+bindings to programmatically leverage the GPGME library.
+
+.. _py2-vs-py3:
+
+Python 2 versus Python 3
+------------------------
+
+Though the GPGME Python bindings themselves provide support for both
+Python 2 and 3, the focus is unequivocally on Python 3 and specifically
+from Python 3.4 and above. As a consequence all the examples and
+instructions in this guide use Python 3 code.
+
+Much of it will work with Python 2, but much of it also deals with
+Python 3 byte literals, particularly when reading and writing data.
+Developers concentrating on Python 2.7, and possibly even 2.6, will need
+to make the appropriate modifications to support the older string and
+unicode types as opposed to bytes.
+
+There are multiple reasons for concentrating on Python 3; some of which
+relate to the immediate integration of these bindings, some of which
+relate to longer term plans for both GPGME and the python bindings and
+some of which relate to the impending EOL period for Python 2.7.
+Essentially, though, there is little value in tying the bindings to a
+version of the language which is a dead end and the advantages offered
+by Python 3 over Python 2 make handling the data types with which GPGME
+deals considerably easier.
+
+.. _howto-python3-examples:
+
+Examples
+--------
+
+All of the examples found in this document can be found as Python 3
+scripts in the ``lang/python/examples/howto`` directory.
+
+Unofficial Drafts
+-----------------
+
+In addition to shipping with each release of GPGME, there is a section
+on locations to read or download `draft editions <#draft-editions>`__ of
+this document from at the end of it. These are unofficial versions
+produced in between major releases.
+
+.. _new-stuff:
+
+What\'s New
+-----------
+
+The most obviously new point for those reading this guide is this
+section on other new things, but that\'s hardly important. Not given all
+the other things which spurred the need for adding this section and its
+subsections.
+
+.. _new-stuff-1-12-0:
+
+New in GPGME 1·12·0
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+There have been quite a number of additions to GPGME and the Python
+bindings to it since the last release of GPGME with versions 1.11.0 and
+1.11.1 in April, 2018.
+
+The bullet points of new additiions are:
+
+-  an expanded section on `installing <#installation>`__ and
+   `troubleshooting <#snafu>`__ the Python bindings.
+-  The release of Python 3.7.0; which appears to be working just fine
+   with our bindings, in spite of intermittent reports of problems for
+   many other Python projects with that new release.
+-  Python 3.7 has been moved to the head of the specified python
+   versions list in the build process.
+-  In order to fix some other issues, there are certain underlying
+   functions which are more exposed through the
+   `gpg.Context() <#howto-get-context>`__, but ongoing documentation
+   ought to clarify that or otherwise provide the best means of using
+   the bindings. Some additions to ``gpg.core`` and the ``Context()``,
+   however, were intended (see below).
+-  Continuing work in identifying and confirming the cause of
+   oft-reported `problems installing the Python bindings on
+   Windows <#snafu-runtime-not-funtime>`__.
+-  GSOC: Google\'s Surreptitiously Ordered Conscription ... erm ... oh,
+   right; Google\'s Summer of Code. Though there were two hopeful
+   candidates this year; only one ended up involved with the GnuPG
+   Project directly, the other concentrated on an unrelated third party
+   project with closer ties to one of the GNU/Linux distributions than
+   to the GnuPG Project. Thus the Python bindings benefited from GSOC
+   participant Jacob Adams, who added the key\ :sub:`import` function;
+   building on prior work by Tobias Mueller.
+-  Several new methods functions were added to the gpg.Context(),
+   including: `key\ import <#howto-import-key>`__,
+   `key\ export <#howto-export-key>`__,
+   `key\ exportminimal <#howto-export-public-key>`__ and
+   `key\ exportsecret <#howto-export-secret-key>`__.
+-  Importing and exporting examples include versions integrated with
+   Marcel Fest\'s recently released `HKP for
+   Python <https://github.com/Selfnet/hkp4py>`__ module. Some
+   `additional notes on this module <#hkp4py>`__ are included at the end
+   of the HOWTO.
+-  Instructions for dealing with semi-walled garden implementations like
+   ProtonMail are also included. This is intended to make things a
+   little easier when communicating with users of ProtonMail\'s services
+   and should not be construed as an endorsement of said service. The
+   GnuPG Project neither favours, nor disfavours ProtonMail and the
+   majority of this deals with interacting with the ProtonMail
+   keyserver.
+-  Semi-formalised the location where `draft
+   versions <#draft-editions>`__ of this HOWTO may periodically be
+   accessible. This is both for the reference of others and testing the
+   publishing of the document itself. Renamed this file at around the
+   same time.
+-  The Texinfo documentation build configuration has been replicated
+   from the parent project in order to make to maintain consistency with
+   that project (and actually ship with each release).
+-  a reStructuredText (``.rst``) version is also generated for Python
+   developers more used to and comfortable with that format as it is the
+   standard Python documentation format and Python developers may wish
+   to use it with Sphinx. Please note that there has been no testing of
+   the reStructuredText version with Sphinx at all. The reST file was
+   generated by the simple expedient of using
+   `Pandoc <https://pandoc.org/>`__.
+-  Added a new section for `advanced or experimental
+   use <#advanced-use>`__.
+-  Began the advanced use cases with `a section <#cython>`__ on using
+   the module with `Cython <http://cython.org/>`__.
+-  Added a number of new scripts to the ``example/howto/`` directory;
+   some of which may be in advance of their planned sections of the
+   HOWTO (and some are just there because it seemed like a good idea at
+   the time).
+-  Cleaned up a lot of things under the hood.
+
+GPGME Concepts
+==============
+
+.. _gpgme-c-api:
+
+A C API
+-------
+
+Unlike many modern APIs with which programmers will be more familiar
+with these days, the GPGME API is a C API. The API is intended for use
+by C coders who would be able to access its features by including the
+``gpgme.h`` header file with their own C source code and then access its
+functions just as they would any other C headers.
+
+This is a very effective method of gaining complete access to the API
+and in the most efficient manner possible. It does, however, have the
+drawback that it cannot be directly used by other languages without some
+means of providing an interface to those languages. This is where the
+need for bindings in various languages stems.
+
+.. _gpgme-python-bindings:
+
+Python bindings
+---------------
+
+The Python bindings for GPGME provide a higher level means of accessing
+the complete feature set of GPGME itself. It also provides a more
+pythonic means of calling these API functions.
+
+The bindings are generated dynamically with SWIG and the copy of
+``gpgme.h`` generated when GPGME is compiled.
+
+This means that a version of the Python bindings is fundamentally tied
+to the exact same version of GPGME used to generate that copy of
+``gpgme.h``.
+
+.. _gpgme-python-bindings-diffs:
+
+Difference between the Python bindings and other GnuPG Python packages
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+There have been numerous attempts to add GnuPG support to Python over
+the years. Some of the most well known are listed here, along with what
+differentiates them.
+
+.. _diffs-python-gnupg:
+
+The python-gnupg package maintained by Vinay Sajip
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This is arguably the most popular means of integrating GPG with Python.
+The package utilises the ``subprocess`` module to implement wrappers for
+the ``gpg`` and ``gpg2`` executables normally invoked on the command
+line (``gpg.exe`` and ``gpg2.exe`` on Windows).
+
+The popularity of this package stemmed from its ease of use and
+capability in providing the most commonly required features.
+
+Unfortunately it has been beset by a number of security issues in the
+past; most of which stemmed from using unsafe methods of accessing the
+command line via the ``subprocess`` calls. While some effort has been
+made over the last two to three years (as of 2018) to mitigate this,
+particularly by no longer providing shell access through those
+subprocess calls, the wrapper is still somewhat limited in the scope of
+its GnuPG features coverage.
+
+The python-gnupg package is available under the MIT license.
+
+.. _diffs-isis-gnupg:
+
+The gnupg package created and maintained by Isis Lovecruft
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+In 2015 Isis Lovecruft from the Tor Project forked and then
+re-implemented the python-gnupg package as just gnupg. This new package
+also relied on subprocess to call the ``gpg`` or ``gpg2`` binaries, but
+did so somewhat more securely.
+
+The naming and version numbering selected for this package, however,
+resulted in conflicts with the original python-gnupg and since its
+functions were called in a different manner to python-gnupg, the release
+of this package also resulted in a great deal of consternation when
+people installed what they thought was an upgrade that subsequently
+broke the code relying on it.
+
+The gnupg package is available under the GNU General Public License
+version 3.0 (or any later version).
+
+.. _diffs-pyme:
+
+The PyME package maintained by Martin Albrecht
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This package is the origin of these bindings, though they are somewhat
+different now. For details of when and how the PyME package was folded
+back into GPGME itself see the `Short History <short-history.org>`__
+document. [1]_
+
+The PyME package was first released in 2002 and was also the first
+attempt to implement a low level binding to GPGME. In doing so it
+provided access to considerably more functionality than either the
+``python-gnupg`` or ``gnupg`` packages.
+
+The PyME package is only available for Python 2.6 and 2.7.
+
+Porting the PyME package to Python 3.4 in 2015 is what resulted in it
+being folded into the GPGME project and the current bindings are the end
+result of that effort.
+
+The PyME package is available under the same dual licensing as GPGME
+itself: the GNU General Public License version 2.0 (or any later
+version) and the GNU Lesser General Public License version 2.1 (or any
+later version).
+
+.. _gpgme-python-install:
+
+GPGME Python bindings installation
+==================================
+
+.. _do-not-use-pypi:
+
+No PyPI
+-------
+
+Most third-party Python packages and modules are available and
+distributed through the Python Package Installer, known as PyPI.
+
+Due to the nature of what these bindings are and how they work, it is
+infeasible to install the GPGME Python bindings in the same way.
+
+This is because the bindings use SWIG to dynamically generate C bindings
+against ``gpgme.h`` and ``gpgme.h`` is generated from ``gpgme.h.in`` at
+compile time when GPGME is built from source. Thus to include a package
+in PyPI which actually built correctly would require either statically
+built libraries for every architecture bundled with it or a full
+implementation of C for each architecture.
+
+See the additional notes regarding `CFFI and SWIG <#snafu-cffi>`__ at
+the end of this section for further details.
+
+.. _gpgme-python-requirements:
+
+Requirements
+------------
+
+The GPGME Python bindings only have three requirements:
+
+#. A suitable version of Python 2 or Python 3. With Python 2 that means
+   CPython 2.7 and with Python 3 that means CPython 3.4 or higher.
+#. `SWIG <https://www.swig.org>`__.
+#. GPGME itself. Which also means that all of GPGME\'s dependencies must
+   be installed too.
+
+.. _gpgme-python-recommendations:
+
+Recommended Additions
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Though none of the following are absolute requirements, they are all
+recommended for use with the Python bindings. In some cases these
+recommendations refer to which version(s) of CPython to use the bindings
+with, while others refer to third party modules which provide a
+significant advantage in some way.
+
+#. If possible, use Python 3 instead of 2.
+#. Favour a more recent version of Python since even 3.4 is due to reach
+   EOL soon. In production systems and services, Python 3.6 should be
+   robust enough to be relied on.
+#. If possible add the following Python modules which are not part of
+   the standard library:
+   `Requests <http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/index.html>`__,
+   `Cython <http://cython.org/>`__ and
+   `hkp4py <https://github.com/Selfnet/hkp4py>`__. Chances are quite
+   high that at least the first one and maybe two of those will already
+   be installed.
+
+Note that, as with Cython, some of the planned additions to the
+`Advanced <#advanced-use>`__ section, will bring with them additional
+requirements. Most of these will be fairly well known and commonly
+installed ones, however, which are in many cases likely to have already
+been installed on many systems or be familiar to Python programmers.
+
+Installation
+------------
+
+Installing the Python bindings is effectively achieved by compiling and
+installing GPGME itself.
+
+Once SWIG is installed with Python and all the dependencies for GPGME
+are installed you only need to confirm that the version(s) of Python you
+want the bindings installed for are in your ``$PATH``.
+
+By default GPGME will attempt to install the bindings for the most
+recent or highest version number of Python 2 and Python 3 it detects in
+``$PATH``. It specifically checks for the ``python`` and ``python3``
+executables first and then checks for specific version numbers.
+
+For Python 2 it checks for these executables in this order: ``python``,
+``python2`` and ``python2.7``.
+
+For Python 3 it checks for these executables in this order: ``python3``,
+``python3.7``, ``python3.6``, ``python3.5`` and ``python3.4``. [2]_
+
+On systems where ``python`` is actually ``python3`` and not ``python2``
+it may be possible that ``python2`` may be overlooked, but there have
+been no reports of that actually occurring as yet.
+
+In the three months or so since the release of Python 3.7.0 there has
+been extensive testing and work with these bindings with no issues
+specifically relating to the new version of Python or any of the new
+features of either the language or the bindings. This has also been the
+case with Python 3.7.1rc1. With that in mind and given the release of
+Python 3.7.1 is scheduled for around the same time as GPGME 1.12.0, the
+order of preferred Python versions has been changed to move Python 3.7
+ahead of Python 3.6.
+
+.. _install-gpgme:
+
+Installing GPGME
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+See the GPGME ``README`` file for details of how to install GPGME from
+source.
+
+.. _snafu:
+
+Known Issues
+------------
+
+There are a few known issues with the current build process and the
+Python bindings. For the most part these are easily addressed should
+they be encountered.
+
+.. _snafu-a-swig-of-this-builds-character:
+
+Breaking Builds
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Occasionally when installing GPGME with the Python bindings included it
+may be observed that the ``make`` portion of that process induces a
+large very number of warnings and, eventually errors which end that part
+of the build process. Yet following that with ``make check`` and
+``make install`` appears to work seamlessly.
+
+The cause of this is related to the way SWIG needs to be called to
+dynamically generate the C bindings for GPGME in the first place. So the
+entire process will always produce ``lang/python/python2-gpg/`` and
+``lang/python/python3-gpg/`` directories. These should contain the build
+output generated during compilation, including the complete bindings and
+module installed into ``site-packages``.
+
+Occasionally the errors in the early part or some other conflict (e.g.
+not installing as **root** or **su**) may result in nothing being
+installed to the relevant ``site-packages`` directory and the build
+directory missing a lot of expected files. Even when this occurs, the
+solution is actually quite simple and will always work.
+
+That solution is simply to run the following commands as either the
+**root** user or prepended with ``sudo -H``\  [3]_ in the
+``lang/python/`` directory:
+
+.. code:: shell
+
+   /path/to/pythonX.Y setup.py build
+   /path/to/pythonX.Y setup.py build
+   /path/to/pythonX.Y setup.py install
+
+Yes, the build command does need to be run twice. Yes, you still need to
+run the potentially failing or incomplete steps during the
+``configure``, ``make`` and ``make install`` steps with installing
+GPGME. This is because those steps generate a lot of essential files
+needed, both by and in order to create, the bindings (including both the
+``setup.py`` and ``gpgme.h`` files).
+
+#. IMPORTANT Note
+
+   If specifying a selected number of languages to create bindings for,
+   try to leave Python last. Currently the majority of the other
+   language bindings are also preceding Python of either version when
+   listed alphabetically and so that just happens by default currently.
+
+   If Python is set to precede one of the other languages then it is
+   possible that the errors described here may interrupt the build
+   process before generating bindings for those other languages. In
+   these cases it may be preferable to configure all preferred language
+   bindings separately with alternative ``configure`` steps for GPGME
+   using the ``--enable-languages=$LANGUAGE`` option.
+
+.. _snafu-lessons-for-the-lazy:
+
+Reinstalling Responsibly
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Regardless of whether you\'re installing for one version of Python or
+several, there will come a point where reinstallation is required. With
+most Python module installations, the installed files go into the
+relevant site-packages directory and are then forgotten about. Then the
+module is upgraded, the new files are copied over the old and that\'s
+the end of the matter.
+
+While the same is true of these bindings, there have been intermittent
+issues observed on some platforms which have benefited significantly
+from removing all the previous installations of the bindings before
+installing the updated versions.
+
+Removing the previous version(s) is simply a matter of changing to the
+relevant ``site-packages`` directory for the version of Python in
+question and removing the ``gpg/`` directory and any accompanying
+egg-info files for that module.
+
+In most cases this will require root or administration privileges on the
+system, but the same is true of installing the module in the first
+place.
+
+.. _snafu-the-full-monty:
+
+Multiple installations
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+For a veriety of reasons it may be either necessary or just preferable
+to install the bindings to alternative installed Python versions which
+meet the requirements of these bindings.
+
+On POSIX systems this will generally be most simply achieved by running
+the manual installation commands (build, build, install) as described in
+the previous section for each Python installation the bindings need to
+be installed to.
+
+As per the SWIG documentation: the compilers, libraries and runtime used
+to build GPGME and the Python Bindings **must** match those used to
+compile Python itself, including the version number(s) (at least going
+by major version numbers and probably minor numbers too).
+
+On most POSIX systems, including OS X, this will very likely be the case
+in most, if not all, cases.
+
+.. _snafu-runtime-not-funtime:
+
+Won\'t Work With Windows
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+There are semi-regular reports of Windows users having considerable
+difficulty in installing and using the Python bindings at all. Very
+often, possibly even always, these reports come from Cygwin users and/or
+MinGW users and/or Msys2 users. Though not all of them have been
+confirmed, it appears that these reports have also come from people who
+installed Python using the Windows installer files from the `Python
+website <https://python.org>`__ (i.e. mostly MSI installers, sometimes
+self-extracting ``.exe`` files).
+
+The Windows versions of Python are not built using Cygwin, MinGW or
+Msys2; they\'re built using Microsoft Visual Studio. Furthermore the
+version used is *considerably* more advanced than the version which
+MinGW obtained a small number of files from many years ago in order to
+be able to compile anything at all. Not only that, but there are changes
+to the version of Visual Studio between some micro releases, though that
+is is particularly the case with Python 2.7, since it has been kept
+around far longer than it should have been.
+
+There are two theoretical solutions to this issue:
+
+#. Compile and install the GnuPG stack, including GPGME and the Python
+   bibdings using the same version of Microsoft Visual Studio used by
+   the Python Foundation to compile the version of Python installed.
+
+   If there are multiple versions of Python then this will need to be
+   done with each different version of Visual Studio used.
+
+#. Compile and install Python using the same tools used by choice, such
+   as MinGW or Msys2.
+
+Do **not** use the official Windows installer for Python unless
+following the first method.
+
+In this type of situation it may even be for the best to accept that
+there are less limitations on permissive software than free software and
+simply opt to use a recent version of the Community Edition of Microsoft
+Visual Studio to compile and build all of it, no matter what.
+
+Investigations into the extent or the limitations of this issue are
+ongoing.
+
+.. _snafu-cffi:
+
+CFFI is the Best™ and GPGME should use it instead of SWIG
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+There are many reasons for favouring
+`CFFI <https://cffi.readthedocs.io/en/latest/overview.html>`__ and
+proponents of it are quite happy to repeat these things as if all it
+would take to switch from SWIG to CFFI is repeating that list as if it
+were a new concept.
+
+The fact is that there are things which Python\'s CFFI implementation
+cannot handle in the GPGME C code. Beyond that there are features of
+SWIG which are simply not available with CFFI at all. SWIG generates the
+bindings to Python using the ``gpgme.h`` file, but that file is not a
+single version shipped with each release, it too is generated when GPGME
+is compiled.
+
+CFFI is currently unable to adapt to such a potentially mutable
+codebase. If there were some means of applying SWIG\'s dynamic code
+generation to produce the Python/CFFI API modes of accessing the GPGME
+libraries (or the source source code directly), but such a thing does
+not exist yet either and it currently appears that work is needed in at
+least one of CFFI\'s dependencies before any of this can be addressed.
+
+So if you\'re a massive fan of CFFI; that\'s great, but if you want this
+project to switch to CFFI then rather than just insisting that it
+should, I\'d suggest you volunteer to bring CFFI up to the level this
+project needs.
+
+If you\'re actually seriously considering doing so, then I\'d suggest
+taking the ``gpgme-tool.c`` file in the GPGME ``src/`` directory and
+getting that to work with any of the CFFI API methods (not the ABI
+methods, they\'ll work with pretty much anything). When you start
+running into trouble with \"ifdefs\" then you\'ll know what sort of
+things are lacking. That doesn\'t even take into account the amount of
+work saved via SWIG\'s code generation techniques either.
+
+.. _snafu-venv:
+
+Virtualised Environments
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+It is fairly common practice amongst Python developers to, as much as
+possible, use packages like virtualenv to keep various things that are
+to be installed from interfering with each other. Given how much of the
+GPGME bindings is often at odds with the usual pythonic way of doing
+things, it stands to reason that this would be called into question too.
+
+As it happens the answer as to whether or not the bindings can be used
+with virtualenv, the answer is both yes and no.
+
+In general we recommend installing to the relevant path and matching
+prefix of GPGME itself. Which means that when GPGME, and ideally the
+rest of the GnuPG stack, is installed to a prefix like ``/usr/local`` or
+``/opt/local`` then the bindings would need to be installed to the main
+Python installation and not a virtualised abstraction. Attempts to
+separate the two in the past have been known to cause weird and
+intermittent errors ranging from minor annoyances to complete failures
+in the build process.
+
+As a consequence we only recommend building with and installing to the
+main Python installations within the same prefix as GPGME is installed
+to or which are found by GPGME\'s configuration stage immediately prior
+to running the make commands. Which is exactly what the compiling and
+installing process of GPGME does by default.
+
+Once that is done, however, it appears that a copy the compiled module
+may be installed into a virtualenv of the same major and minor version
+matching the build. Alternatively it is possible to utilise a
+``sites.pth`` file in the ``site-packages/`` directory of a viertualenv
+installation, which links back to the system installations corresponding
+directory in order to import anything installed system wide. This may or
+may not be appropriate on a case by case basis.
+
+Though extensive testing of either of these options is not yet complete,
+preliminary testing of them indicates that both are viable as long as
+the main installation is complete. Which means that certain other
+options normally restricted to virtual environments are also available,
+including integration with pythonic test suites (e.g.
+`pytest <https://docs.pytest.org/en/latest/index.html>`__) and other
+large projects.
+
+That said, it is worth reiterating the warning regarding non-standard
+installations. If one were to attempt to install the bindings only to a
+virtual environment without somehow also including the full GnuPG stack
+(or enough of it as to include GPGME) then it is highly likely that
+errors would be encountered at some point and more than a little likely
+that the build process itself would break.
+
+If a degree of separation from the main operating system is still
+required in spite of these warnings, then consider other forms of
+virtualisation. Either a virtual machine (e.g.
+`VirtualBox <https://www.virtualbox.org/>`__), a hardware emulation
+layer (e.g. `QEMU <https://www.qemu.org/>`__) or an application
+container (e.g. `Docker <https://www.docker.com/why-docker>`__).
+
+Finally it should be noted that the limited tests conducted thus far
+have been using the ``virtualenv`` command in a new directory to create
+the virtual python environment. As opposed to the standard ``python3
+-m venv`` and it is possible that this will make a difference depending
+on the system and version of Python in use. Another option is to run the
+command ``python3 -m virtualenv /path/to/install/virtual/thingy``
+instead.
+
+.. _howto-fund-a-mental:
+
+Fundamentals
+============
+
+Before we can get to the fun stuff, there are a few matters regarding
+GPGME\'s design which hold true whether you\'re dealing with the C code
+directly or these Python bindings.
+
+.. _no-rest-for-the-wicked:
+
+No REST
+-------
+
+The first part of which is or will be fairly blatantly obvious upon
+viewing the first example, but it\'s worth reiterating anyway. That
+being that this API is **not** a REST API. Nor indeed could it ever be
+one.
+
+Most, if not all, Python programmers (and not just Python programmers)
+know how easy it is to work with a RESTful API. In fact they\'ve become
+so popular that many other APIs attempt to emulate REST-like behaviour
+as much as they are able. Right down to the use of JSON formatted output
+to facilitate the use of their API without having to retrain developers.
+
+This API does not do that. It would not be able to do that and also
+provide access to the entire C API on which it\'s built. It does,
+however, provide a very pythonic interface on top of the direct bindings
+and it\'s this pythonic layer that this HOWTO deals with.
+
+.. _howto-get-context:
+
+Context
+-------
+
+One of the reasons which prevents this API from being RESTful is that
+most operations require more than one instruction to the API to perform
+the task. Sure, there are certain functions which can be performed
+simultaneously, particularly if the result known or strongly anticipated
+(e.g. selecting and encrypting to a key known to be in the public
+keybox).
+
+There are many more, however, which cannot be manipulated so readily:
+they must be performed in a specific sequence and the result of one
+operation has a direct bearing on the outcome of subsequent operations.
+Not merely by generating an error either.
+
+When dealing with this type of persistent state on the web, full of both
+the RESTful and REST-like, it\'s most commonly referred to as a session.
+In GPGME, however, it is called a context and every operation type has
+one.
+
+.. _howto-keys:
+
+Working with keys
+=================
+
+.. _howto-keys-selection:
+
+Key selection
+-------------
+
+Selecting keys to encrypt to or to sign with will be a common occurrence
+when working with GPGMe and the means available for doing so are quite
+simple.
+
+They do depend on utilising a Context; however once the data is recorded
+in another variable, that Context does not need to be the same one which
+subsequent operations are performed.
+
+The easiest way to select a specific key is by searching for that key\'s
+key ID or fingerprint, preferably the full fingerprint without any
+spaces in it. A long key ID will probably be okay, but is not advised
+and short key IDs are already a problem with some being generated to
+match specific patterns. It does not matter whether the pattern is upper
+or lower case.
+
+So this is the best method:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   import gpg
+
+   k = gpg.Context().keylist(pattern="258E88DCBD3CD44D8E7AB43F6ECB6AF0DEADBEEF")
+   keys = list(k)
+
+This is passable and very likely to be common:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   import gpg
+
+   k = gpg.Context().keylist(pattern="0x6ECB6AF0DEADBEEF")
+   keys = list(k)
+
+And this is a really bad idea:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   import gpg
+
+   k = gpg.Context().keylist(pattern="0xDEADBEEF")
+   keys = list(k)
+
+Alternatively it may be that the intention is to create a list of keys
+which all match a particular search string. For instance all the
+addresses at a particular domain, like this:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   import gpg
+
+   ncsc = gpg.Context().keylist(pattern="ncsc.mil")
+   nsa = list(ncsc)
+
+.. _howto-keys-counting:
+
+Counting keys
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Counting the number of keys in your public keybox (``pubring.kbx``), the
+format which has superseded the old keyring format (``pubring.gpg`` and
+``secring.gpg``), or the number of secret keys is a very simple task.
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   import gpg
+
+   c = gpg.Context()
+   seckeys = c.keylist(pattern=None, secret=True)
+   pubkeys = c.keylist(pattern=None, secret=False)
+
+   seclist = list(seckeys)
+   secnum = len(seclist)
+
+   publist = list(pubkeys)
+   pubnum = len(publist)
+
+   print("""
+     Number of secret keys:  {0}
+     Number of public keys:  {1}
+   """.format(secnum, pubnum))
+
+NOTE: The `Cython <#cython>`__ introduction in the `Advanced and
+Experimental <#advanced-use>`__ section uses this same key counting code
+with Cython to demonstrate some areas where Cython can improve
+performance even with the bindings. Users with large public keyrings or
+keyboxes, for instance, should consider these options if they are
+comfortable with using Cython.
+
+.. _howto-get-key:
+
+Get key
+-------
+
+An alternative method of getting a single key via its fingerprint is
+available directly within a Context with ``Context().get_key``. This is
+the preferred method of selecting a key in order to modify it, sign or
+certify it and for obtaining relevant data about a single key as a part
+of other functions; when verifying a signature made by that key, for
+instance.
+
+By default this method will select public keys, but it can select secret
+keys as well.
+
+This first example demonstrates selecting the current key of Werner
+Koch, which is due to expire at the end of 2018:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   import gpg
+
+   fingerprint = "80615870F5BAD690333686D0F2AD85AC1E42B367"
+   key = gpg.Context().get_key(fingerprint)
+
+Whereas this example demonstrates selecting the author\'s current key
+with the ``secret`` key word argument set to ``True``:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   import gpg
+
+   fingerprint = "DB4724E6FA4286C92B4E55C4321E4E2373590E5D"
+   key = gpg.Context().get_key(fingerprint, secret=True)
+
+It is, of course, quite possible to select expired, disabled and revoked
+keys with this function, but only to effectively display information
+about those keys.
+
+It is also possible to use both unicode or string literals and byte
+literals with the fingerprint when getting a key in this way.
+
+.. _howto-import-key:
+
+Importing keys
+--------------
+
+Importing keys is possible with the ``key_import()`` method and takes
+one argument which is a bytes literal object containing either the
+binary or ASCII armoured key data for one or more keys.
+
+The following example retrieves one or more keys from the SKS keyservers
+via the web using the requests module. Since requests returns the
+content as a bytes literal object, we can then use that directly to
+import the resulting data into our keybox.
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   import gpg
+   import os.path
+   import requests
+
+   c = gpg.Context()
+   url = "https://sks-keyservers.net/pks/lookup"
+   pattern = input("Enter the pattern to search for key or user IDs: ")
+   payload = {"op": "get", "search": pattern}
+
+   r = requests.get(url, verify=True, params=payload)
+   result = c.key_import(r.content)
+
+   if result is not None and hasattr(result, "considered") is False:
+       print(result)
+   elif result is not None and hasattr(result, "considered") is True:
+       num_keys = len(result.imports)
+       new_revs = result.new_revocations
+       new_sigs = result.new_signatures
+       new_subs = result.new_sub_keys
+       new_uids = result.new_user_ids
+       new_scrt = result.secret_imported
+       nochange = result.unchanged
+       print("""
+     The total number of keys considered for import was:  {0}
+
+        Number of keys revoked:  {1}
+      Number of new signatures:  {2}
+         Number of new subkeys:  {3}
+        Number of new user IDs:  {4}
+     Number of new secret keys:  {5}
+      Number of unchanged keys:  {6}
+
+     The key IDs for all considered keys were:
+   """.format(num_keys, new_revs, new_sigs, new_subs, new_uids, new_scrt,
+              nochange))
+       for i in range(num_keys):
+           print("{0}\n".format(result.imports[i].fpr))
+   else:
+       pass
+
+NOTE: When searching for a key ID of any length or a fingerprint
+(without spaces), the SKS servers require the the leading ``0x``
+indicative of hexadecimal be included. Also note that the old short key
+IDs (e.g. ``0xDEADBEEF``) should no longer be used due to the relative
+ease by which such key IDs can be reproduced, as demonstrated by the
+Evil32 Project in 2014 (which was subsequently exploited in 2016).
+
+.. _import-protonmail:
+
+Working with ProtonMail
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Here is a variation on the example above which checks the constrained
+ProtonMail keyserver for ProtonMail public keys.
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   import gpg
+   import requests
+   import sys
+
+   print("""
+   This script searches the ProtonMail key server for the specified key and
+   imports it.
+   """)
+
+   c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+   url = "https://api.protonmail.ch/pks/lookup"
+   ksearch = []
+
+   if len(sys.argv) >= 2:
+       keyterm = sys.argv[1]
+   else:
+       keyterm = input("Enter the key ID, UID or search string: ")
+
+   if keyterm.count("@") == 2 and keyterm.startswith("@") is True:
+       ksearch.append(keyterm[1:])
+       ksearch.append(keyterm[1:])
+       ksearch.append(keyterm[1:])
+   elif keyterm.count("@") == 1 and keyterm.startswith("@") is True:
+       ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.com".format(keyterm[1:]))
+       ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.ch".format(keyterm[1:]))
+       ksearch.append("{0}@pm.me".format(keyterm[1:]))
+   elif keyterm.count("@") == 0:
+       ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.com".format(keyterm))
+       ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.ch".format(keyterm))
+       ksearch.append("{0}@pm.me".format(keyterm))
+   elif keyterm.count("@") == 2 and keyterm.startswith("@") is False:
+       uidlist = keyterm.split("@")
+       for uid in uidlist:
+           ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.com".format(uid))
+           ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.ch".format(uid))
+           ksearch.append("{0}@pm.me".format(uid))
+   elif keyterm.count("@") > 2:
+       uidlist = keyterm.split("@")
+       for uid in uidlist:
+           ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.com".format(uid))
+           ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.ch".format(uid))
+           ksearch.append("{0}@pm.me".format(uid))
+   else:
+       ksearch.append(keyterm)
+
+   for k in ksearch:
+       payload = {"op": "get", "search": k}
+       try:
+           r = requests.get(url, verify=True, params=payload)
+           if r.ok is True:
+               result = c.key_import(r.content)
+           elif r.ok is False:
+               result = r.content
+       except Exception as e:
+           result = None
+
+       if result is not None and hasattr(result, "considered") is False:
+           print("{0} for {1}".format(result.decode(), k))
+       elif result is not None and hasattr(result, "considered") is True:
+           num_keys = len(result.imports)
+           new_revs = result.new_revocations
+           new_sigs = result.new_signatures
+           new_subs = result.new_sub_keys
+           new_uids = result.new_user_ids
+           new_scrt = result.secret_imported
+           nochange = result.unchanged
+           print("""
+   The total number of keys considered for import was:  {0}
+
+   With UIDs wholely or partially matching the following string:
+
+           {1}
+
+      Number of keys revoked:  {2}
+    Number of new signatures:  {3}
+       Number of new subkeys:  {4}
+      Number of new user IDs:  {5}
+   Number of new secret keys:  {6}
+    Number of unchanged keys:  {7}
+
+   The key IDs for all considered keys were:
+   """.format(num_keys, k, new_revs, new_sigs, new_subs, new_uids, new_scrt,
+              nochange))
+           for i in range(num_keys):
+               print(result.imports[i].fpr)
+           print("")
+       elif result is None:
+           print(e)
+
+Both the above example,
+`pmkey-import.py <../examples/howto/pmkey-import.py>`__, and a version
+which prompts for an alternative GnuPG home directory,
+`pmkey-import-alt.py <../examples/howto/pmkey-import-alt.py>`__, are
+available with the other examples and are executable scripts.
+
+Note that while the ProtonMail servers are based on the SKS servers,
+their server is related more to their API and is not feature complete by
+comparison to the servers in the SKS pool. One notable difference being
+that the ProtonMail server does not permit non ProtonMail users to
+update their own keys, which could be a vector for attacking ProtonMail
+users who may not receive a key\'s revocation if it had been
+compromised.
+
+.. _import-hkp4py:
+
+Importing with HKP for Python
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Performing the same tasks with the `hkp4py
+module <https://github.com/Selfnet/hkp4py>`__ (available via PyPI) is
+not too much different, but does provide a number of options of benefit
+to end users. Not least of which being the ability to perform some
+checks on a key before importing it or not. For instance it may be the
+policy of a site or project to only import keys which have not been
+revoked. The hkp4py module permits such checks prior to the importing of
+the keys found.
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   import gpg
+   import hkp4py
+   import sys
+
+   c = gpg.Context()
+   server = hkp4py.KeyServer("hkps://hkps.pool.sks-keyservers.net")
+   results = []
+
+   if len(sys.argv) > 2:
+       pattern = " ".join(sys.argv[1:])
+   elif len(sys.argv) == 2:
+       pattern = sys.argv[1]
+   else:
+       pattern = input("Enter the pattern to search for keys or user IDs: ")
+
+   try:
+       keys = server.search(pattern)
+       print("Found {0} key(s).".format(len(keys)))
+   except Exception as e:
+       keys = []
+       for logrus in pattern.split():
+           if logrus.startswith("0x") is True:
+               key = server.search(logrus)
+           else:
+               key = server.search("0x{0}".format(logrus))
+           keys.append(key[0])
+       print("Found {0} key(s).".format(len(keys)))
+
+   for key in keys:
+       import_result = c.key_import(key.key_blob)
+       results.append(import_result)
+
+   for result in results:
+       if result is not None and hasattr(result, "considered") is False:
+           print(result)
+       elif result is not None and hasattr(result, "considered") is True:
+           num_keys = len(result.imports)
+           new_revs = result.new_revocations
+           new_sigs = result.new_signatures
+           new_subs = result.new_sub_keys
+           new_uids = result.new_user_ids
+           new_scrt = result.secret_imported
+           nochange = result.unchanged
+           print("""
+   The total number of keys considered for import was:  {0}
+
+      Number of keys revoked:  {1}
+    Number of new signatures:  {2}
+       Number of new subkeys:  {3}
+      Number of new user IDs:  {4}
+   Number of new secret keys:  {5}
+    Number of unchanged keys:  {6}
+
+   The key IDs for all considered keys were:
+   """.format(num_keys, new_revs, new_sigs, new_subs, new_uids, new_scrt,
+              nochange))
+           for i in range(num_keys):
+               print(result.imports[i].fpr)
+           print("")
+       else:
+           pass
+
+Since the hkp4py module handles multiple keys just as effectively as one
+(``keys`` is a list of responses per matching key), the example above is
+able to do a little bit more with the returned data before anything is
+actually imported.
+
+.. _import-protonmail-hkp4py:
+
+Importing from ProtonMail with HKP for Python
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Though this can provide certain benefits even when working with
+ProtonMail, the scope is somewhat constrained there due to the
+limitations of the ProtonMail keyserver.
+
+For instance, searching the SKS keyserver pool for the term \"gnupg\"
+produces hundreds of results from any time the word appears in any part
+of a user ID. Performing the same search on the ProtonMail keyserver
+returns zero results, even though there are at least two test accounts
+which include it as part of the username.
+
+The cause of this discrepancy is the deliberate configuration of that
+server by ProtonMail to require an exact match of the full email address
+of the ProtonMail user whose key is being requested. Presumably this is
+intended to reduce breaches of privacy of their users as an email
+address must already be known before a key for that address can be
+obtained.
+
+#. Import from ProtonMail via HKP for Python Example no. 1
+
+   The following script is avalable with the rest of the examples under
+   the somewhat less than original name, ``pmkey-import-hkp.py``.
+
+   .. code:: python
+
+      import gpg
+      import hkp4py
+      import os.path
+      import sys
+
+      print("""
+      This script searches the ProtonMail key server for the specified key and
+      imports it.
+
+      Usage:  pmkey-import-hkp.py [search strings]
+      """)
+
+      c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+      server = hkp4py.KeyServer("hkps://api.protonmail.ch")
+      keyterms = []
+      ksearch = []
+      allkeys = []
+      results = []
+      paradox = []
+      homeless = None
+
+      if len(sys.argv) > 2:
+          keyterms = sys.argv[1:]
+      elif len(sys.argv) == 2:
+          keyterm = sys.argv[1]
+          keyterms.append(keyterm)
+      else:
+          key_term = input("Enter the key ID, UID or search string: ")
+          keyterms = key_term.split()
+
+      for keyterm in keyterms:
+          if keyterm.count("@") == 2 and keyterm.startswith("@") is True:
+              ksearch.append(keyterm[1:])
+              ksearch.append(keyterm[1:])
+              ksearch.append(keyterm[1:])
+          elif keyterm.count("@") == 1 and keyterm.startswith("@") is True:
+              ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.com".format(keyterm[1:]))
+              ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.ch".format(keyterm[1:]))
+              ksearch.append("{0}@pm.me".format(keyterm[1:]))
+          elif keyterm.count("@") == 0:
+              ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.com".format(keyterm))
+              ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.ch".format(keyterm))
+              ksearch.append("{0}@pm.me".format(keyterm))
+          elif keyterm.count("@") == 2 and keyterm.startswith("@") is False:
+              uidlist = keyterm.split("@")
+              for uid in uidlist:
+                  ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.com".format(uid))
+                  ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.ch".format(uid))
+                  ksearch.append("{0}@pm.me".format(uid))
+          elif keyterm.count("@") > 2:
+              uidlist = keyterm.split("@")
+              for uid in uidlist:
+                  ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.com".format(uid))
+                  ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.ch".format(uid))
+                  ksearch.append("{0}@pm.me".format(uid))
+          else:
+              ksearch.append(keyterm)
+
+      for k in ksearch:
+          print("Checking for key for: {0}".format(k))
+          try:
+              keys = server.search(k)
+              if isinstance(keys, list) is True:
+                  for key in keys:
+                      allkeys.append(key)
+                      try:
+                          import_result = c.key_import(key.key_blob)
+                      except Exception as e:
+                          import_result = c.key_import(key.key)
+              else:
+                  paradox.append(keys)
+                  import_result = None
+          except Exception as e:
+              import_result = None
+          results.append(import_result)
+
+      for result in results:
+          if result is not None and hasattr(result, "considered") is False:
+              print("{0} for {1}".format(result.decode(), k))
+          elif result is not None and hasattr(result, "considered") is True:
+              num_keys = len(result.imports)
+              new_revs = result.new_revocations
+              new_sigs = result.new_signatures
+              new_subs = result.new_sub_keys
+              new_uids = result.new_user_ids
+              new_scrt = result.secret_imported
+              nochange = result.unchanged
+              print("""
+      The total number of keys considered for import was:  {0}
+
+      With UIDs wholely or partially matching the following string:
+
+              {1}
+
+         Number of keys revoked:  {2}
+       Number of new signatures:  {3}
+          Number of new subkeys:  {4}
+         Number of new user IDs:  {5}
+      Number of new secret keys:  {6}
+       Number of unchanged keys:  {7}
+
+      The key IDs for all considered keys were:
+      """.format(num_keys, k, new_revs, new_sigs, new_subs, new_uids, new_scrt,
+                 nochange))
+              for i in range(num_keys):
+                  print(result.imports[i].fpr)
+              print("")
+          elif result is None:
+              pass
+
+#. Import from ProtonMail via HKP for Python Example no. 2
+
+   Like its counterpart above, this script can also be found with the
+   rest of the examples, by the name pmkey-import-hkp-alt.py.
+
+   With this script a modicum of effort has been made to treat anything
+   passed as a ``homedir`` which either does not exist or which is not a
+   directory, as also being a pssible user ID to check for. It\'s not
+   guaranteed to pick up on all such cases, but it should cover most of
+   them.
+
+   .. code:: python
+
+      import gpg
+      import hkp4py
+      import os.path
+      import sys
+
+      print("""
+      This script searches the ProtonMail key server for the specified key and
+      imports it.  Optionally enables specifying a different GnuPG home directory.
+
+      Usage:  pmkey-import-hkp.py [homedir] [search string]
+         or:  pmkey-import-hkp.py [search string]
+      """)
+
+      c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+      server = hkp4py.KeyServer("hkps://api.protonmail.ch")
+      keyterms = []
+      ksearch = []
+      allkeys = []
+      results = []
+      paradox = []
+      homeless = None
+
+      if len(sys.argv) > 3:
+          homedir = sys.argv[1]
+          keyterms = sys.argv[2:]
+      elif len(sys.argv) == 3:
+          homedir = sys.argv[1]
+          keyterm = sys.argv[2]
+          keyterms.append(keyterm)
+      elif len(sys.argv) == 2:
+          homedir = ""
+          keyterm = sys.argv[1]
+          keyterms.append(keyterm)
+      else:
+          keyterm = input("Enter the key ID, UID or search string: ")
+          homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+          keyterms.append(keyterm)
+
+      if len(homedir) == 0:
+          homedir = None
+          homeless = False
+
+      if homedir is not None:
+          if homedir.startswith("~"):
+              if os.path.exists(os.path.expanduser(homedir)) is True:
+                  if os.path.isdir(os.path.expanduser(homedir)) is True:
+                      c.home_dir = os.path.realpath(os.path.expanduser(homedir))
+                  else:
+                      homeless = True
+              else:
+                  homeless = True
+          elif os.path.exists(os.path.realpath(homedir)) is True:
+              if os.path.isdir(os.path.realpath(homedir)) is True:
+                  c.home_dir = os.path.realpath(homedir)
+              else:
+                  homeless = True
+          else:
+              homeless = True
+
+      # First check to see if the homedir really is a homedir and if not, treat it as
+      # a search string.
+      if homeless is True:
+          keyterms.append(homedir)
+          c.home_dir = None
+      else:
+          pass
+
+      for keyterm in keyterms:
+          if keyterm.count("@") == 2 and keyterm.startswith("@") is True:
+              ksearch.append(keyterm[1:])
+              ksearch.append(keyterm[1:])
+              ksearch.append(keyterm[1:])
+          elif keyterm.count("@") == 1 and keyterm.startswith("@") is True:
+              ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.com".format(keyterm[1:]))
+              ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.ch".format(keyterm[1:]))
+              ksearch.append("{0}@pm.me".format(keyterm[1:]))
+          elif keyterm.count("@") == 0:
+              ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.com".format(keyterm))
+              ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.ch".format(keyterm))
+              ksearch.append("{0}@pm.me".format(keyterm))
+          elif keyterm.count("@") == 2 and keyterm.startswith("@") is False:
+              uidlist = keyterm.split("@")
+              for uid in uidlist:
+                  ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.com".format(uid))
+                  ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.ch".format(uid))
+                  ksearch.append("{0}@pm.me".format(uid))
+          elif keyterm.count("@") > 2:
+              uidlist = keyterm.split("@")
+              for uid in uidlist:
+                  ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.com".format(uid))
+                  ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.ch".format(uid))
+                  ksearch.append("{0}@pm.me".format(uid))
+          else:
+              ksearch.append(keyterm)
+
+      for k in ksearch:
+          print("Checking for key for: {0}".format(k))
+          try:
+              keys = server.search(k)
+              if isinstance(keys, list) is True:
+                  for key in keys:
+                      allkeys.append(key)
+                      try:
+                          import_result = c.key_import(key.key_blob)
+                      except Exception as e:
+                          import_result = c.key_import(key.key)
+              else:
+                  paradox.append(keys)
+                  import_result = None
+          except Exception as e:
+              import_result = None
+          results.append(import_result)
+
+      for result in results:
+          if result is not None and hasattr(result, "considered") is False:
+              print("{0} for {1}".format(result.decode(), k))
+          elif result is not None and hasattr(result, "considered") is True:
+              num_keys = len(result.imports)
+              new_revs = result.new_revocations
+              new_sigs = result.new_signatures
+              new_subs = result.new_sub_keys
+              new_uids = result.new_user_ids
+              new_scrt = result.secret_imported
+              nochange = result.unchanged
+              print("""
+      The total number of keys considered for import was:  {0}
+
+      With UIDs wholely or partially matching the following string:
+
+              {1}
+
+         Number of keys revoked:  {2}
+       Number of new signatures:  {3}
+          Number of new subkeys:  {4}
+         Number of new user IDs:  {5}
+      Number of new secret keys:  {6}
+       Number of unchanged keys:  {7}
+
+      The key IDs for all considered keys were:
+      """.format(num_keys, k, new_revs, new_sigs, new_subs, new_uids, new_scrt,
+                 nochange))
+              for i in range(num_keys):
+                  print(result.imports[i].fpr)
+              print("")
+          elif result is None:
+              pass
+
+.. _howto-export-key:
+
+Exporting keys
+--------------
+
+Exporting keys remains a reasonably simple task, but has been separated
+into three different functions for the OpenPGP cryptographic engine. Two
+of those functions are for exporting public keys and the third is for
+exporting secret keys.
+
+.. _howto-export-public-key:
+
+Exporting public keys
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+There are two methods of exporting public keys, both of which are very
+similar to the other. The default method, ``key_export()``, will export
+a public key or keys matching a specified pattern as normal. The
+alternative, the ``key_export_minimal()`` method, will do the same thing
+except producing a minimised output with extra signatures and third
+party signatures or certifications removed.
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   import gpg
+   import os.path
+   import sys
+
+   print("""
+   This script exports one or more public keys.
+   """)
+
+   c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+
+   if len(sys.argv) >= 4:
+       keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+       logrus = sys.argv[2]
+       homedir = sys.argv[3]
+   elif len(sys.argv) == 3:
+       keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+       logrus = sys.argv[2]
+       homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+   elif len(sys.argv) == 2:
+       keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+       logrus = input("Enter the UID matching the key(s) to export: ")
+       homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+   else:
+       keyfile = input("Enter the path and filename to save the secret key to: ")
+       logrus = input("Enter the UID matching the key(s) to export: ")
+       homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+
+   if homedir.startswith("~"):
+       if os.path.exists(os.path.expanduser(homedir)) is True:
+           c.home_dir = os.path.expanduser(homedir)
+       else:
+           pass
+   elif os.path.exists(homedir) is True:
+       c.home_dir = homedir
+   else:
+       pass
+
+   try:
+       result = c.key_export(pattern=logrus)
+   except:
+       result = c.key_export(pattern=None)
+
+   if result is not None:
+       with open(keyfile, "wb") as f:
+           f.write(result)
+   else:
+       pass
+
+It should be noted that the result will only return ``None`` when a
+search pattern has been entered, but has not matched any keys. When the
+search pattern itself is set to ``None`` this triggers the exporting of
+the entire public keybox.
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   import gpg
+   import os.path
+   import sys
+
+   print("""
+   This script exports one or more public keys in minimised form.
+   """)
+
+   c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+
+   if len(sys.argv) >= 4:
+       keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+       logrus = sys.argv[2]
+       homedir = sys.argv[3]
+   elif len(sys.argv) == 3:
+       keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+       logrus = sys.argv[2]
+       homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+   elif len(sys.argv) == 2:
+       keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+       logrus = input("Enter the UID matching the key(s) to export: ")
+       homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+   else:
+       keyfile = input("Enter the path and filename to save the secret key to: ")
+       logrus = input("Enter the UID matching the key(s) to export: ")
+       homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+
+   if homedir.startswith("~"):
+       if os.path.exists(os.path.expanduser(homedir)) is True:
+           c.home_dir = os.path.expanduser(homedir)
+       else:
+           pass
+   elif os.path.exists(homedir) is True:
+       c.home_dir = homedir
+   else:
+       pass
+
+   try:
+       result = c.key_export_minimal(pattern=logrus)
+   except:
+       result = c.key_export_minimal(pattern=None)
+
+   if result is not None:
+       with open(keyfile, "wb") as f:
+           f.write(result)
+   else:
+       pass
+
+.. _howto-export-secret-key:
+
+Exporting secret keys
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Exporting secret keys is, functionally, very similar to exporting public
+keys; save for the invocation of ``pinentry`` via ``gpg-agent`` in order
+to securely enter the key\'s passphrase and authorise the export.
+
+The following example exports the secret key to a file which is then set
+with the same permissions as the output files created by the command
+line secret key export options.
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   import gpg
+   import os
+   import os.path
+   import sys
+
+   print("""
+   This script exports one or more secret keys.
+
+   The gpg-agent and pinentry are invoked to authorise the export.
+   """)
+
+   c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+
+   if len(sys.argv) >= 4:
+       keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+       logrus = sys.argv[2]
+       homedir = sys.argv[3]
+   elif len(sys.argv) == 3:
+       keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+       logrus = sys.argv[2]
+       homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+   elif len(sys.argv) == 2:
+       keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+       logrus = input("Enter the UID matching the secret key(s) to export: ")
+       homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+   else:
+       keyfile = input("Enter the path and filename to save the secret key to: ")
+       logrus = input("Enter the UID matching the secret key(s) to export: ")
+       homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+
+   if len(homedir) == 0:
+       homedir = None
+   elif homedir.startswith("~"):
+       userdir = os.path.expanduser(homedir)
+       if os.path.exists(userdir) is True:
+           homedir = os.path.realpath(userdir)
+       else:
+           homedir = None
+   else:
+       homedir = os.path.realpath(homedir)
+
+   if os.path.exists(homedir) is False:
+       homedir = None
+   else:
+       if os.path.isdir(homedir) is False:
+           homedir = None
+       else:
+           pass
+
+   if homedir is not None:
+       c.home_dir = homedir
+   else:
+       pass
+
+   try:
+       result = c.key_export_secret(pattern=logrus)
+   except:
+       result = c.key_export_secret(pattern=None)
+
+   if result is not None:
+       with open(keyfile, "wb") as f:
+           f.write(result)
+       os.chmod(keyfile, 0o600)
+   else:
+       pass
+
+Alternatively the approach of the following script can be used. This
+longer example saves the exported secret key(s) in files in the GnuPG
+home directory, in addition to setting the file permissions as only
+readable and writable by the user. It also exports the secret key(s)
+twice in order to output both GPG binary (``.gpg``) and ASCII armoured
+(``.asc``) files.
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   import gpg
+   import os
+   import os.path
+   import subprocess
+   import sys
+
+   print("""
+   This script exports one or more secret keys as both ASCII armored and binary
+   file formats, saved in files within the user's GPG home directory.
+
+   The gpg-agent and pinentry are invoked to authorise the export.
+   """)
+
+   if sys.platform == "win32":
+       gpgconfcmd = "gpgconf.exe --list-dirs homedir"
+   else:
+       gpgconfcmd = "gpgconf --list-dirs homedir"
+
+   a = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+   b = gpg.Context()
+   c = gpg.Context()
+
+   if len(sys.argv) >= 4:
+       keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+       logrus = sys.argv[2]
+       homedir = sys.argv[3]
+   elif len(sys.argv) == 3:
+       keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+       logrus = sys.argv[2]
+       homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+   elif len(sys.argv) == 2:
+       keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+       logrus = input("Enter the UID matching the secret key(s) to export: ")
+       homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+   else:
+       keyfile = input("Enter the filename to save the secret key to: ")
+       logrus = input("Enter the UID matching the secret key(s) to export: ")
+       homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+
+   if len(homedir) == 0:
+       homedir = None
+   elif homedir.startswith("~"):
+       userdir = os.path.expanduser(homedir)
+       if os.path.exists(userdir) is True:
+           homedir = os.path.realpath(userdir)
+       else:
+           homedir = None
+   else:
+       homedir = os.path.realpath(homedir)
+
+   if os.path.exists(homedir) is False:
+       homedir = None
+   else:
+       if os.path.isdir(homedir) is False:
+           homedir = None
+       else:
+           pass
+
+   if homedir is not None:
+       c.home_dir = homedir
+   else:
+       pass
+
+   if c.home_dir is not None:
+       if c.home_dir.endswith("/"):
+           gpgfile = "{0}{1}.gpg".format(c.home_dir, keyfile)
+           ascfile = "{0}{1}.asc".format(c.home_dir, keyfile)
+       else:
+           gpgfile = "{0}/{1}.gpg".format(c.home_dir, keyfile)
+           ascfile = "{0}/{1}.asc".format(c.home_dir, keyfile)
+   else:
+       if os.path.exists(os.environ["GNUPGHOME"]) is True:
+           hd = os.environ["GNUPGHOME"]
+       else:
+           try:
+               hd = subprocess.getoutput(gpgconfcmd)
+           except:
+               process = subprocess.Popen(gpgconfcmd.split(),
+                                          stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
+               procom = process.communicate()
+               if sys.version_info[0] == 2:
+                   hd = procom[0].strip()
+               else:
+                   hd = procom[0].decode().strip()
+       gpgfile = "{0}/{1}.gpg".format(hd, keyfile)
+       ascfile = "{0}/{1}.asc".format(hd, keyfile)
+
+   try:
+       a_result = a.key_export_secret(pattern=logrus)
+       b_result = b.key_export_secret(pattern=logrus)
+   except:
+       a_result = a.key_export_secret(pattern=None)
+       b_result = b.key_export_secret(pattern=None)
+
+   if a_result is not None:
+       with open(ascfile, "wb") as f:
+           f.write(a_result)
+       os.chmod(ascfile, 0o600)
+   else:
+       pass
+
+   if b_result is not None:
+       with open(gpgfile, "wb") as f:
+           f.write(b_result)
+       os.chmod(gpgfile, 0o600)
+   else:
+       pass
+
+.. _howto-send-public-key:
+
+Sending public keys to the SKS Keyservers
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+As with the previous section on importing keys, the ``hkp4py`` module
+adds another option with exporting keys in order to send them to the
+public keyservers.
+
+The following example demonstrates how this may be done.
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   import gpg
+   import hkp4py
+   import os.path
+   import sys
+
+   print("""
+   This script sends one or more public keys to the SKS keyservers and is
+   essentially a slight variation on the export-key.py script.
+   """)
+
+   c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+   server = hkp4py.KeyServer("hkps://hkps.pool.sks-keyservers.net")
+
+   if len(sys.argv) > 2:
+       logrus = " ".join(sys.argv[1:])
+   elif len(sys.argv) == 2:
+       logrus = sys.argv[1]
+   else:
+       logrus = input("Enter the UID matching the key(s) to send: ")
+
+   if len(logrus) > 0:
+       try:
+           export_result = c.key_export(pattern=logrus)
+       except Exception as e:
+           print(e)
+           export_result = None
+   else:
+       export_result = c.key_export(pattern=None)
+
+   if export_result is not None:
+       try:
+           try:
+               send_result = server.add(export_result)
+           except:
+               send_result = server.add(export_result.decode())
+           if send_result is not None:
+               print(send_result)
+           else:
+               pass
+       except Exception as e:
+           print(e)
+   else:
+       pass
+
+An expanded version of this script with additional functions for
+specifying an alternative homedir location is in the examples directory
+as ``send-key-to-keyserver.py``.
+
+The ``hkp4py`` module appears to handle both string and byte literal
+text data equally well, but the GPGME bindings deal primarily with byte
+literal data only and so this script sends in that format first, then
+tries the string literal form.
+
+.. _howto-the-basics:
+
+Basic Functions
+===============
+
+The most frequently called features of any cryptographic library will be
+the most fundamental tasks for encryption software. In this section we
+will look at how to programmatically encrypt data, decrypt it, sign it
+and verify signatures.
+
+.. _howto-basic-encryption:
+
+Encryption
+----------
+
+Encrypting is very straight forward. In the first example below the
+message, ``text``, is encrypted to a single recipient\'s key. In the
+second example the message will be encrypted to multiple recipients.
+
+.. _howto-basic-encryption-single:
+
+Encrypting to one key
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Once the the Context is set the main issues with encrypting data is
+essentially reduced to key selection and the keyword arguments specified
+in the ``gpg.Context().encrypt()`` method.
+
+Those keyword arguments are: ``recipients``, a list of keys encrypted to
+(covered in greater detail in the following section); ``sign``, whether
+or not to sign the plaintext data, see subsequent sections on signing
+and verifying signatures below (defaults to ``True``); ``sink``, to
+write results or partial results to a secure sink instead of returning
+it (defaults to ``None``); ``passphrase``, only used when utilising
+symmetric encryption (defaults to ``None``); ``always_trust``, used to
+override the trust model settings for recipient keys (defaults to
+``False``); ``add_encrypt_to``, utilises any preconfigured
+``encrypt-to`` or ``default-key`` settings in the user\'s ``gpg.conf``
+file (defaults to ``False``); ``prepare``, prepare for encryption
+(defaults to ``False``); ``expect_sign``, prepare for signing (defaults
+to ``False``); ``compress``, compresses the plaintext prior to
+encryption (defaults to ``True``).
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   import gpg
+
+   a_key = "0x12345678DEADBEEF"
+   text = b"""Some text to test with.
+
+   Since the text in this case must be bytes, it is most likely that
+   the input form will be a separate file which is opened with "rb"
+   as this is the simplest method of obtaining the correct data format.
+   """
+
+   c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+   rkey = list(c.keylist(pattern=a_key, secret=False))
+   ciphertext, result, sign_result = c.encrypt(text, recipients=rkey, sign=False)
+
+   with open("secret_plans.txt.asc", "wb") as afile:
+       afile.write(ciphertext)
+
+Though this is even more likely to be used like this; with the plaintext
+input read from a file, the recipient keys used for encryption
+regardless of key trust status and the encrypted output also encrypted
+to any preconfigured keys set in the ``gpg.conf`` file:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   import gpg
+
+   a_key = "0x12345678DEADBEEF"
+
+   with open("secret_plans.txt", "rb") as afile:
+       text = afile.read()
+
+   c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+   rkey = list(c.keylist(pattern=a_key, secret=False))
+   ciphertext, result, sign_result = c.encrypt(text, recipients=rkey, sign=True,
+                                               always_trust=True,
+                                               add_encrypt_to=True)
+
+   with open("secret_plans.txt.asc", "wb") as afile:
+       afile.write(ciphertext)
+
+If the ``recipients`` paramater is empty then the plaintext is encrypted
+symmetrically. If no ``passphrase`` is supplied as a parameter or via a
+callback registered with the ``Context()`` then an out-of-band prompt
+for the passphrase via pinentry will be invoked.
+
+.. _howto-basic-encryption-multiple:
+
+Encrypting to multiple keys
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Encrypting to multiple keys essentially just expands upon the key
+selection process and the recipients from the previous examples.
+
+The following example encrypts a message (``text``) to everyone with an
+email address on the ``gnupg.org`` domain, [4]_ but does *not* encrypt
+to a default key or other key which is configured to normally encrypt
+to.
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   import gpg
+
+   text = b"""Oh look, another test message.
+
+   The same rules apply as with the previous example and more likely
+   than not, the message will actually be drawn from reading the
+   contents of a file or, maybe, from entering data at an input()
+   prompt.
+
+   Since the text in this case must be bytes, it is most likely that
+   the input form will be a separate file which is opened with "rb"
+   as this is the simplest method of obtaining the correct data
+   format.
+   """
+
+   c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+   rpattern = list(c.keylist(pattern="@gnupg.org", secret=False))
+   logrus = []
+
+   for i in range(len(rpattern)):
+       if rpattern[i].can_encrypt == 1:
+           logrus.append(rpattern[i])
+
+   ciphertext, result, sign_result = c.encrypt(text, recipients=logrus,
+                                               sign=False, always_trust=True)
+
+   with open("secret_plans.txt.asc", "wb") as afile:
+       afile.write(ciphertext)
+
+All it would take to change the above example to sign the message and
+also encrypt the message to any configured default keys would be to
+change the ``c.encrypt`` line to this:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   ciphertext, result, sign_result = c.encrypt(text, recipients=logrus,
+                                               always_trust=True,
+                                               add_encrypt_to=True)
+
+The only keyword arguments requiring modification are those for which
+the default values are changing. The default value of ``sign`` is
+``True``, the default of ``always_trust`` is ``False``, the default of
+``add_encrypt_to`` is ``False``.
+
+If ``always_trust`` is not set to ``True`` and any of the recipient keys
+are not trusted (e.g. not signed or locally signed) then the encryption
+will raise an error. It is possible to mitigate this somewhat with
+something more like this:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   import gpg
+
+   with open("secret_plans.txt.asc", "rb") as afile:
+       text = afile.read()
+
+   c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+   rpattern = list(c.keylist(pattern="@gnupg.org", secret=False))
+   logrus = []
+
+   for i in range(len(rpattern)):
+       if rpattern[i].can_encrypt == 1:
+           logrus.append(rpattern[i])
+
+       try:
+           ciphertext, result, sign_result = c.encrypt(text, recipients=logrus,
+                                                       add_encrypt_to=True)
+       except gpg.errors.InvalidRecipients as e:
+           for i in range(len(e.recipients)):
+               for n in range(len(logrus)):
+                   if logrus[n].fpr == e.recipients[i].fpr:
+                       logrus.remove(logrus[n])
+                   else:
+                       pass
+           try:
+               ciphertext, result, sign_result = c.encrypt(text,
+                                                           recipients=logrus,
+                                                           add_encrypt_to=True)
+               with open("secret_plans.txt.asc", "wb") as afile:
+                   afile.write(ciphertext)
+           except:
+               pass
+
+This will attempt to encrypt to all the keys searched for, then remove
+invalid recipients if it fails and try again.
+
+.. _howto-basic-decryption:
+
+Decryption
+----------
+
+Decrypting something encrypted to a key in one\'s secret keyring is
+fairly straight forward.
+
+In this example code, however, preconfiguring either ``gpg.Context()``
+or ``gpg.core.Context()`` as ``c`` is unnecessary because there is no
+need to modify the Context prior to conducting the decryption and since
+the Context is only used once, setting it to ``c`` simply adds lines for
+no gain.
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   import gpg
+
+   ciphertext = input("Enter path and filename of encrypted file: ")
+   newfile = input("Enter path and filename of file to save decrypted data to: ")
+
+   with open(ciphertext, "rb") as cfile:
+       try:
+           plaintext, result, verify_result = gpg.Context().decrypt(cfile)
+       except gpg.errors.GPGMEError as e:
+           plaintext = None
+           print(e)
+
+   if plaintext is not None:
+       with open(newfile, "wb") as nfile:
+           nfile.write(plaintext)
+       else:
+           pass
+
+The data available in ``plaintext`` in this example is the decrypted
+content as a byte object, the recipient key IDs and algorithms in
+``result`` and the results of verifying any signatures of the data in
+``verify_result``.
+
+.. _howto-basic-signing:
+
+Signing text and files
+----------------------
+
+The following sections demonstrate how to specify keys to sign with.
+
+.. _howto-basic-signing-signers:
+
+Signing key selection
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+By default GPGME and the Python bindings will use the default key
+configured for the user invoking the GPGME API. If there is no default
+key specified and there is more than one secret key available it may be
+necessary to specify the key or keys with which to sign messages and
+files.
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   import gpg
+
+   logrus = input("Enter the email address or string to match signing keys to: ")
+   hancock = gpg.Context().keylist(pattern=logrus, secret=True)
+   sig_src = list(hancock)
+
+The signing examples in the following sections include the explicitly
+designated ``signers`` parameter in two of the five examples; once where
+the resulting signature would be ASCII armoured and once where it would
+not be armoured.
+
+While it would be possible to enter a key ID or fingerprint here to
+match a specific key, it is not possible to enter two fingerprints and
+match two keys since the patten expects a string, bytes or None and not
+a list. A string with two fingerprints won\'t match any single key.
+
+.. _howto-basic-signing-normal:
+
+Normal or default signing messages or files
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The normal or default signing process is essentially the same as is most
+often invoked when also encrypting a message or file. So when the
+encryption component is not utilised, the result is to produce an
+encoded and signed output which may or may not be ASCII armoured and
+which may or may not also be compressed.
+
+By default compression will be used unless GnuPG detects that the
+plaintext is already compressed. ASCII armouring will be determined
+according to the value of ``gpg.Context().armor``.
+
+The compression algorithm is selected in much the same way as the
+symmetric encryption algorithm or the hash digest algorithm is when
+multiple keys are involved; from the preferences saved into the key
+itself or by comparison with the preferences with all other keys
+involved.
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   import gpg
+
+   text0 = """Declaration of ... something.
+
+   """
+   text = text0.encode()
+
+   c = gpg.Context(armor=True, signers=sig_src)
+   signed_data, result = c.sign(text, mode=gpg.constants.sig.mode.NORMAL)
+
+   with open("/path/to/statement.txt.asc", "w") as afile:
+       afile.write(signed_data.decode())
+
+Though everything in this example is accurate, it is more likely that
+reading the input data from another file and writing the result to a new
+file will be performed more like the way it is done in the next example.
+Even if the output format is ASCII armoured.
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   import gpg
+
+   with open("/path/to/statement.txt", "rb") as tfile:
+       text = tfile.read()
+
+   c = gpg.Context()
+   signed_data, result = c.sign(text, mode=gpg.constants.sig.mode.NORMAL)
+
+   with open("/path/to/statement.txt.sig", "wb") as afile:
+       afile.write(signed_data)
+
+.. _howto-basic-signing-detached:
+
+Detached signing messages and files
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Detached signatures will often be needed in programmatic uses of GPGME,
+either for signing files (e.g. tarballs of code releases) or as a
+component of message signing (e.g. PGP/MIME encoded email).
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   import gpg
+
+   text0 = """Declaration of ... something.
+
+   """
+   text = text0.encode()
+
+   c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+   signed_data, result = c.sign(text, mode=gpg.constants.sig.mode.DETACH)
+
+   with open("/path/to/statement.txt.asc", "w") as afile:
+       afile.write(signed_data.decode())
+
+As with normal signatures, detached signatures are best handled as byte
+literals, even when the output is ASCII armoured.
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   import gpg
+
+   with open("/path/to/statement.txt", "rb") as tfile:
+       text = tfile.read()
+
+   c = gpg.Context(signers=sig_src)
+   signed_data, result = c.sign(text, mode=gpg.constants.sig.mode.DETACH)
+
+   with open("/path/to/statement.txt.sig", "wb") as afile:
+       afile.write(signed_data)
+
+.. _howto-basic-signing-clear:
+
+Clearsigning messages or text
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Though PGP/in-line messages are no longer encouraged in favour of
+PGP/MIME, there is still sometimes value in utilising in-line
+signatures. This is where clear-signed messages or text is of value.
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   import gpg
+
+   text0 = """Declaration of ... something.
+
+   """
+   text = text0.encode()
+
+   c = gpg.Context()
+   signed_data, result = c.sign(text, mode=gpg.constants.sig.mode.CLEAR)
+
+   with open("/path/to/statement.txt.asc", "w") as afile:
+       afile.write(signed_data.decode())
+
+In spite of the appearance of a clear-signed message, the data handled
+by GPGME in signing it must still be byte literals.
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   import gpg
+
+   with open("/path/to/statement.txt", "rb") as tfile:
+       text = tfile.read()
+
+   c = gpg.Context()
+   signed_data, result = c.sign(text, mode=gpg.constants.sig.mode.CLEAR)
+
+   with open("/path/to/statement.txt.asc", "wb") as afile:
+       afile.write(signed_data)
+
+.. _howto-basic-verification:
+
+Signature verification
+----------------------
+
+Essentially there are two principal methods of verification of a
+signature. The first of these is for use with the normal or default
+signing method and for clear-signed messages. The second is for use with
+files and data with detached signatures.
+
+The following example is intended for use with the default signing
+method where the file was not ASCII armoured:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   import gpg
+   import time
+
+   filename = "statement.txt"
+   gpg_file = "statement.txt.gpg"
+
+   c = gpg.Context()
+
+   try:
+       data, result = c.verify(open(gpg_file))
+       verified = True
+   except gpg.errors.BadSignatures as e:
+       verified = False
+       print(e)
+
+   if verified is True:
+       for i in range(len(result.signatures)):
+           sign = result.signatures[i]
+           print("""Good signature from:
+   {0}
+   with key {1}
+   made at {2}
+   """.format(c.get_key(sign.fpr).uids[0].uid, sign.fpr,
+              time.ctime(sign.timestamp)))
+   else:
+       pass
+
+Whereas this next example, which is almost identical would work with
+normal ASCII armoured files and with clear-signed files:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   import gpg
+   import time
+
+   filename = "statement.txt"
+   asc_file = "statement.txt.asc"
+
+   c = gpg.Context()
+
+   try:
+       data, result = c.verify(open(asc_file))
+       verified = True
+   except gpg.errors.BadSignatures as e:
+       verified = False
+       print(e)
+
+   if verified is True:
+       for i in range(len(result.signatures)):
+           sign = result.signatures[i]
+           print("""Good signature from:
+   {0}
+   with key {1}
+   made at {2}
+   """.format(c.get_key(sign.fpr).uids[0].uid, sign.fpr,
+              time.ctime(sign.timestamp)))
+   else:
+       pass
+
+In both of the previous examples it is also possible to compare the
+original data that was signed against the signed data in ``data`` to see
+if it matches with something like this:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   with open(filename, "rb") as afile:
+       text = afile.read()
+
+   if text == data:
+       print("Good signature.")
+   else:
+       pass
+
+The following two examples, however, deal with detached signatures. With
+his method of verification the data that was signed does not get
+returned since it is already being explicitly referenced in the first
+argument of ``c.verify``. So ``data`` is ``None`` and only the
+information in ``result`` is available.
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   import gpg
+   import time
+
+   filename = "statement.txt"
+   sig_file = "statement.txt.sig"
+
+   c = gpg.Context()
+
+   try:
+       data, result = c.verify(open(filename), open(sig_file))
+       verified = True
+   except gpg.errors.BadSignatures as e:
+       verified = False
+       print(e)
+
+   if verified is True:
+       for i in range(len(result.signatures)):
+           sign = result.signatures[i]
+           print("""Good signature from:
+   {0}
+   with key {1}
+   made at {2}
+   """.format(c.get_key(sign.fpr).uids[0].uid, sign.fpr,
+              time.ctime(sign.timestamp)))
+   else:
+       pass
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   import gpg
+   import time
+
+   filename = "statement.txt"
+   asc_file = "statement.txt.asc"
+
+   c = gpg.Context()
+
+   try:
+       data, result = c.verify(open(filename), open(asc_file))
+       verified = True
+   except gpg.errors.BadSignatures as e:
+       verified = False
+       print(e)
+
+   if verified is True:
+       for i in range(len(result.signatures)):
+           sign = result.signatures[i]
+           print("""Good signature from:
+   {0}
+   with key {1}
+   made at {2}
+   """.format(c.get_key(sign.fpr).uids[0].uid, sign.fpr,
+              time.ctime(sign.timestamp)))
+   else:
+       pass
+
+.. _key-generation:
+
+Creating keys and subkeys
+=========================
+
+The one thing, aside from GnuPG itself, that GPGME depends on, of
+course, is the keys themselves. So it is necessary to be able to
+generate them and modify them by adding subkeys, revoking or disabling
+them, sometimes deleting them and doing the same for user IDs.
+
+In the following examples a key will be created for the world\'s
+greatest secret agent, Danger Mouse. Since Danger Mouse is a secret
+agent he needs to be able to protect information to ``SECRET`` level
+clearance, so his keys will be 3072-bit keys.
+
+The pre-configured ``gpg.conf`` file which sets cipher, digest and other
+preferences contains the following configuration parameters:
+
+.. code:: conf
+
+   expert
+   allow-freeform-uid
+   allow-secret-key-import
+   trust-model tofu+pgp
+   tofu-default-policy unknown
+   enable-large-rsa
+   enable-dsa2
+   cert-digest-algo SHA512
+   default-preference-list TWOFISH CAMELLIA256 AES256 CAMELLIA192 AES192 CAMELLIA128 AES BLOWFISH IDEA CAST5 3DES SHA512 SHA384 SHA256 SHA224 RIPEMD160 SHA1 ZLIB BZIP2 ZIP Uncompressed
+   personal-cipher-preferences TWOFISH CAMELLIA256 AES256 CAMELLIA192 AES192 CAMELLIA128 AES BLOWFISH IDEA CAST5 3DES
+   personal-digest-preferences SHA512 SHA384 SHA256 SHA224 RIPEMD160 SHA1
+   personal-compress-preferences ZLIB BZIP2 ZIP Uncompressed
+
+.. _keygen-primary:
+
+Primary key
+-----------
+
+Generating a primary key uses the ``create_key`` method in a Context. It
+contains multiple arguments and keyword arguments, including:
+``userid``, ``algorithm``, ``expires_in``, ``expires``, ``sign``,
+``encrypt``, ``certify``, ``authenticate``, ``passphrase`` and
+``force``. The defaults for all of those except ``userid``,
+``algorithm``, ``expires_in``, ``expires`` and ``passphrase`` is
+``False``. The defaults for ``algorithm`` and ``passphrase`` is
+``None``. The default for ``expires_in`` is ``0``. The default for
+``expires`` is ``True``. There is no default for ``userid``.
+
+If ``passphrase`` is left as ``None`` then the key will not be generated
+with a passphrase, if ``passphrase`` is set to a string then that will
+be the passphrase and if ``passphrase`` is set to ``True`` then
+gpg-agent will launch pinentry to prompt for a passphrase. For the sake
+of convenience, these examples will keep ``passphrase`` set to ``None``.
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   import gpg
+
+   c = gpg.Context()
+
+   c.home_dir = "~/.gnupg-dm"
+   userid = "Danger Mouse <dm@secret.example.net>"
+
+   dmkey = c.create_key(userid, algorithm="rsa3072", expires_in=31536000,
+                        sign=True, certify=True)
+
+One thing to note here is the use of setting the ``c.home_dir``
+parameter. This enables generating the key or keys in a different
+location. In this case to keep the new key data created for this example
+in a separate location rather than adding it to existing and active key
+store data. As with the default directory, ``~/.gnupg``, any temporary
+or separate directory needs the permissions set to only permit access by
+the directory owner. On posix systems this means setting the directory
+permissions to 700.
+
+The ``temp-homedir-config.py`` script in the HOWTO examples directory
+will create an alternative homedir with these configuration options
+already set and the correct directory and file permissions.
+
+The successful generation of the key can be confirmed via the returned
+``GenkeyResult`` object, which includes the following data:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   print("""
+    Fingerprint:  {0}
+    Primary Key:  {1}
+     Public Key:  {2}
+     Secret Key:  {3}
+    Sub Key:  {4}
+   User IDs:  {5}
+   """.format(dmkey.fpr, dmkey.primary, dmkey.pubkey, dmkey.seckey, dmkey.sub,
+              dmkey.uid))
+
+Alternatively the information can be confirmed using the command line
+program:
+
+.. code:: shell
+
+   bash-4.4$ gpg --homedir ~/.gnupg-dm -K
+   ~/.gnupg-dm/pubring.kbx
+   ----------------------
+   sec   rsa3072 2018-03-15 [SC] [expires: 2019-03-15]
+     177B7C25DB99745EE2EE13ED026D2F19E99E63AA
+   uid           [ultimate] Danger Mouse <dm@secret.example.net>
+
+   bash-4.4$
+
+As with generating keys manually, to preconfigure expanded preferences
+for the cipher, digest and compression algorithms, the ``gpg.conf`` file
+must contain those details in the home directory in which the new key is
+being generated. I used a cut down version of my own ``gpg.conf`` file
+in order to be able to generate this:
+
+.. code:: shell
+
+   bash-4.4$ gpg --homedir ~/.gnupg-dm --edit-key 177B7C25DB99745EE2EE13ED026D2F19E99E63AA showpref quit
+   Secret key is available.
+
+   sec  rsa3072/026D2F19E99E63AA
+        created: 2018-03-15  expires: 2019-03-15  usage: SC
+        trust: ultimate      validity: ultimate
+   [ultimate] (1). Danger Mouse <dm@secret.example.net>
+
+   [ultimate] (1). Danger Mouse <dm@secret.example.net>
+        Cipher: TWOFISH, CAMELLIA256, AES256, CAMELLIA192, AES192, CAMELLIA128, AES, BLOWFISH, IDEA, CAST5, 3DES
+        Digest: SHA512, SHA384, SHA256, SHA224, RIPEMD160, SHA1
+        Compression: ZLIB, BZIP2, ZIP, Uncompressed
+        Features: MDC, Keyserver no-modify
+
+   bash-4.4$
+
+.. _keygen-subkeys:
+
+Subkeys
+-------
+
+Adding subkeys to a primary key is fairly similar to creating the
+primary key with the ``create_subkey`` method. Most of the arguments are
+the same, but not quite all. Instead of the ``userid`` argument there is
+now a ``key`` argument for selecting which primary key to add the subkey
+to.
+
+In the following example an encryption subkey will be added to the
+primary key. Since Danger Mouse is a security conscious secret agent,
+this subkey will only be valid for about six months, half the length of
+the primary key.
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   import gpg
+
+   c = gpg.Context()
+   c.home_dir = "~/.gnupg-dm"
+
+   key = c.get_key(dmkey.fpr, secret=True)
+   dmsub = c.create_subkey(key, algorithm="rsa3072", expires_in=15768000,
+                           encrypt=True)
+
+As with the primary key, the results here can be checked with:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   print("""
+    Fingerprint:  {0}
+    Primary Key:  {1}
+     Public Key:  {2}
+     Secret Key:  {3}
+    Sub Key:  {4}
+   User IDs:  {5}
+   """.format(dmsub.fpr, dmsub.primary, dmsub.pubkey, dmsub.seckey, dmsub.sub,
+              dmsub.uid))
+
+As well as on the command line with:
+
+.. code:: shell
+
+   bash-4.4$ gpg --homedir ~/.gnupg-dm -K
+   ~/.gnupg-dm/pubring.kbx
+   ----------------------
+   sec   rsa3072 2018-03-15 [SC] [expires: 2019-03-15]
+     177B7C25DB99745EE2EE13ED026D2F19E99E63AA
+   uid           [ultimate] Danger Mouse <dm@secret.example.net>
+   ssb   rsa3072 2018-03-15 [E] [expires: 2018-09-13]
+
+   bash-4.4$
+
+.. _keygen-uids:
+
+User IDs
+--------
+
+.. _keygen-uids-add:
+
+Adding User IDs
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+By comparison to creating primary keys and subkeys, adding a new user ID
+to an existing key is much simpler. The method used to do this is
+``key_add_uid`` and the only arguments it takes are for the ``key`` and
+the new ``uid``.
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   import gpg
+
+   c = gpg.Context()
+   c.home_dir = "~/.gnupg-dm"
+
+   dmfpr = "177B7C25DB99745EE2EE13ED026D2F19E99E63AA"
+   key = c.get_key(dmfpr, secret=True)
+   uid = "Danger Mouse <danger.mouse@secret.example.net>"
+
+   c.key_add_uid(key, uid)
+
+Unsurprisingly the result of this is:
+
+.. code:: shell
+
+   bash-4.4$ gpg --homedir ~/.gnupg-dm -K
+   ~/.gnupg-dm/pubring.kbx
+   ----------------------
+   sec   rsa3072 2018-03-15 [SC] [expires: 2019-03-15]
+     177B7C25DB99745EE2EE13ED026D2F19E99E63AA
+   uid           [ultimate] Danger Mouse <danger.mouse@secret.example.net>
+   uid           [ultimate] Danger Mouse <dm@secret.example.net>
+   ssb   rsa3072 2018-03-15 [E] [expires: 2018-09-13]
+
+   bash-4.4$
+
+.. _keygen-uids-revoke:
+
+Revokinging User IDs
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Revoking a user ID is a fairly similar process, except that it uses the
+``key_revoke_uid`` method.
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   import gpg
+
+   c = gpg.Context()
+   c.home_dir = "~/.gnupg-dm"
+
+   dmfpr = "177B7C25DB99745EE2EE13ED026D2F19E99E63AA"
+   key = c.get_key(dmfpr, secret=True)
+   uid = "Danger Mouse <danger.mouse@secret.example.net>"
+
+   c.key_revoke_uid(key, uid)
+
+.. _key-sign:
+
+Key certification
+-----------------
+
+Since key certification is more frequently referred to as key signing,
+the method used to perform this function is ``key_sign``.
+
+The ``key_sign`` method takes four arguments: ``key``, ``uids``,
+``expires_in`` and ``local``. The default value of ``uids`` is ``None``
+and which results in all user IDs being selected. The default value of
+both ``expires_in`` and ``local`` is ``False``; which results in the
+signature never expiring and being able to be exported.
+
+The ``key`` is the key being signed rather than the key doing the
+signing. To change the key doing the signing refer to the signing key
+selection above for signing messages and files.
+
+If the ``uids`` value is not ``None`` then it must either be a string to
+match a single user ID or a list of strings to match multiple user IDs.
+In this case the matching of those strings must be precise and it is
+case sensitive.
+
+To sign Danger Mouse\'s key for just the initial user ID with a
+signature which will last a little over a month, do this:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   import gpg
+
+   c = gpg.Context()
+   uid = "Danger Mouse <dm@secret.example.net>"
+
+   dmfpr = "177B7C25DB99745EE2EE13ED026D2F19E99E63AA"
+   key = c.get_key(dmfpr, secret=True)
+   c.key_sign(key, uids=uid, expires_in=2764800)
+
+.. _advanced-use:
+
+Advanced or Experimental Use Cases
+==================================
+
+.. _cython:
+
+C plus Python plus SWIG plus Cython
+-----------------------------------
+
+In spite of the apparent incongruence of using Python bindings to a C
+interface only to generate more C from the Python; it is in fact quite
+possible to use the GPGME bindings with
+`Cython <http://docs.cython.org/en/latest/index.html>`__. Though in many
+cases the benefits may not be obvious since the most computationally
+intensive work never leaves the level of the C code with which GPGME
+itself is interacting with.
+
+Nevertheless, there are some situations where the benefits are
+demonstrable. One of the better and easier examples being the one of the
+early examples in this HOWTO, the `key
+counting <#howto-keys-counting>`__ code. Running that example as an
+executable Python script, ``keycount.py`` (available in the
+``examples/howto/`` directory), will take a noticable amount of time to
+run on most systems where the public keybox or keyring contains a few
+thousand public keys.
+
+Earlier in the evening, prior to starting this section, I ran that
+script on my laptop; as I tend to do periodically and timed it using
+``time`` utility, with the following results:
+
+.. code:: shell
+
+   bash-4.4$ time keycount.py
+
+   Number of secret keys:  23
+   Number of public keys:  12112
+
+
+   real  11m52.945s
+   user  0m0.913s
+   sys   0m0.752s
+
+   bash-4.4$
+
+Sometime after that I imported another key and followed it with a little
+test of Cython. This test was kept fairly basic, essentially lifting the
+material from the `Cython Basic
+Tutorial <http://docs.cython.org/en/latest/src/tutorial/cython_tutorial.html>`__
+to demonstrate compiling Python code to C. The first step was to take
+the example key counting code quoted previously, essentially from the
+importing of the ``gpg`` module to the end of the script:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   import gpg
+
+   c = gpg.Context()
+   seckeys = c.keylist(pattern=None, secret=True)
+   pubkeys = c.keylist(pattern=None, secret=False)
+
+   seclist = list(seckeys)
+   secnum = len(seclist)
+
+   publist = list(pubkeys)
+   pubnum = len(publist)
+
+   print("""
+       Number of secret keys:  {0}
+       Number of public keys:  {1}
+
+   """.format(secnum, pubnum))
+
+Save that into a file called ``keycount.pyx`` and then create a
+``setup.py`` file which contains this:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   from distutils.core import setup
+   from Cython.Build import cythonize
+
+   setup(
+       ext_modules = cythonize("keycount.pyx")
+   )
+
+Compile it:
+
+.. code:: shell
+
+   bash-4.4$ python setup.py build_ext --inplace
+   bash-4.4$
+
+Then run it in a similar manner to ``keycount.py``:
+
+.. code:: shell
+
+   bash-4.4$ time python3.7 -c "import keycount"
+
+   Number of secret keys:  23
+   Number of public keys:  12113
+
+
+   real  6m47.905s
+   user  0m0.785s
+   sys   0m0.331s
+
+   bash-4.4$
+
+Cython turned ``keycount.pyx`` into an 81KB ``keycount.o`` file in the
+``build/`` directory, a 24KB ``keycount.cpython-37m-darwin.so`` file to
+be imported into Python 3.7 and a 113KB ``keycount.c`` generated C
+source code file of nearly three thousand lines. Quite a bit bigger than
+the 314 bytes of the ``keycount.pyx`` file or the full 1,452 bytes of
+the full executable ``keycount.py`` example script.
+
+On the other hand it ran in nearly half the time; taking 6 minutes and
+47.905 seconds to run. As opposed to the 11 minutes and 52.945 seconds
+which the CPython script alone took.
+
+The ``keycount.pyx`` and ``setup.py`` files used to generate this
+example have been added to the ``examples/howto/advanced/cython/``
+directory The example versions include some additional options to
+annotate the existing code and to detect Cython\'s use. The latter comes
+from the `Magic
+Attributes <http://docs.cython.org/en/latest/src/tutorial/pure.html#magic-attributes-within-the-pxd>`__
+section of the Cython documentation.
+
+.. _cheats-and-hacks:
+
+Miscellaneous extras and work-arounds
+=====================================
+
+Most of the things in the following sections are here simply because
+there was no better place to put them, even though some are only
+peripherally related to the GPGME Python bindings. Some are also
+workarounds for functions not integrated with GPGME as yet. This is
+especially true of the first of these, dealing with `group
+lines <#group-lines>`__.
+
+Group lines
+-----------
+
+There is not yet an easy way to access groups configured in the gpg.conf
+file from within GPGME. As a consequence these central groupings of keys
+cannot be shared amongst multiple programs, such as MUAs readily.
+
+The following code, however, provides a work-around for obtaining this
+information in Python.
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   import subprocess
+   import sys
+
+   if sys.platform == "win32":
+       gpgconfcmd = "gpgconf.exe --list-options gpg"
+   else:
+       gpgconfcmd = "gpgconf --list-options gpg"
+
+   try:
+       lines = subprocess.getoutput(gpgconfcmd).splitlines()
+   except:
+       process = subprocess.Popen(gpgconfcmd.split(), stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
+       procom = process.communicate()
+       if sys.version_info[0] == 2:
+           lines = procom[0].splitlines()
+       else:
+           lines = procom[0].decode().splitlines()
+
+   for i in range(len(lines)):
+       if lines[i].startswith("group") is True:
+           line = lines[i]
+       else:
+           pass
+
+   groups = line.split(":")[-1].replace('"', '').split(',')
+
+   group_lines = []
+   group_lists = []
+
+   for i in range(len(groups)):
+       group_lines.append(groups[i].split("="))
+       group_lists.append(groups[i].split("="))
+
+   for i in range(len(group_lists)):
+       group_lists[i][1] = group_lists[i][1].split()
+
+The result of that code is that ``group_lines`` is a list of lists where
+``group_lines[i][0]`` is the name of the group and ``group_lines[i][1]``
+is the key IDs of the group as a string.
+
+The ``group_lists`` result is very similar in that it is a list of
+lists. The first part, ``group_lists[i][0]`` matches
+``group_lines[i][0]`` as the name of the group, but
+``group_lists[i][1]`` is the key IDs of the group as a string.
+
+A demonstration of using the ``groups.py`` module is also available in
+the form of the executable ``mutt-groups.py`` script. This second script
+reads all the group entries in a user\'s ``gpg.conf`` file and converts
+them into crypt-hooks suitable for use with the Mutt and Neomutt mail
+clients.
+
+.. _hkp4py:
+
+Keyserver access for Python
+---------------------------
+
+The `hkp4py <https://github.com/Selfnet/hkp4py>`__ module by Marcel Fest
+was originally a port of the old
+`python-hkp <https://github.com/dgladkov/python-hkp>`__ module from
+Python 2 to Python 3 and updated to use the
+`requests <http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/index.html>`__
+module instead. It has since been modified to provide support for Python
+2.7 as well and is available via PyPI.
+
+Since it rewrites the ``hkp`` protocol prefix as ``http`` and ``hkps``
+as ``https``, the module is able to be used even with servers which do
+not support the full scope of keyserver functions. [5]_ It also works
+quite readily when incorporated into a `Cython <#cython>`__ generated
+and compiled version of any code.
+
+.. _hkp4py-strings:
+
+Key import format
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The hkp4py module returns key data via requests as string literals
+(``r.text``) instead of byte literals (``r.content``). This means that
+the retrurned key data must be encoded to UTF-8 when importing that key
+material using a ``gpg.Context().key_import()`` method.
+
+For this reason an alternative method has been added to the ``search``
+function of ``hkp4py.KeyServer()`` which returns the key in the correct
+format as expected by ``key_import``. When importing using this module,
+it is now possible to import with this:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+   for key in keys:
+       if key.revoked is False:
+           gpg.Context().key_import(key.key_blob)
+       else:
+           pass
+
+Without that recent addition it would have been necessary to encode the
+contents of each ``hkp4py.KeyServer().search()[i].key`` in
+``hkp4py.KeyServer().search()`` before trying to import it.
+
+An example of this is included in the `Importing
+Keys <#howto-import-key>`__ section of this HOWTO and the corresponding
+executable version of that example is available in the
+``lang/python/examples/howto`` directory as normal; the executable
+version is the ``import-keys-hkp.py`` file.
+
+.. _copyright-and-license:
+
+Copyright and Licensing
+=======================
+
+Copyright
+---------
+
+Copyright © The GnuPG Project, 2018.
+
+Copyright (C) The GnuPG Project, 2018.
+
+.. _draft-editions:
+
+Draft Editions of this HOWTO
+----------------------------
+
+Draft editions of this HOWTO may be periodically available directly from
+the author at any of the following URLs:
+
+-  `GPGME Python Bindings HOWTO draft (XHTML AWS S3
+   SSL) <https://files.au.adversary.org/crypto/gpgme-python-howto.html>`__
+-  `GPGME Python Bindings HOWTO draft (XHTML AWS S3 no
+   SSL) <http://files.au.adversary.org/crypto/gpgme-python-howto.html>`__
+-  `GPGME Python Bindings HOWTO draft (Texinfo file AWS S3
+   SSL) <https://files.au.adversary.org/crypto/gpgme-python-howto.texi>`__
+-  `GPGME Python Bindings HOWTO draft (Texinfo file AWS S3 no
+   SSL) <http://files.au.adversary.org/crypto/gpgme-python-howto.texi>`__
+-  `GPGME Python Bindings HOWTO draft (Info file AWS S3
+   SSL) <https://files.au.adversary.org/crypto/gpgme-python-howto.info>`__
+-  `GPGME Python Bindings HOWTO draft (Info file AWS S3 no
+   SSL) <http://files.au.adversary.org/crypto/gpgme-python-howto.info>`__
+-  `GPGME Python Bindings HOWTO draft (reST file AWS S3
+   SSL) <https://files.au.adversary.org/crypto/gpgme-python-howto.rst>`__
+-  `GPGME Python Bindings HOWTO draft (reST file AWS S3 no
+   SSL) <http://files.au.adversary.org/crypto/gpgme-python-howto.rst>`__
+-  `GPGME Python Bindings HOWTO draft (Docbook 4.2 AWS S3
+   SSL) <https://files.au.adversary.org/crypto/gpgme-python-howto.xml>`__
+-  `GPGME Python Bindings HOWTO draft (Docbook 4.2 AWS S3 no
+   SSL) <http://files.au.adversary.org/crypto/gpgme-python-howto.xml>`__
+
+All of these draft versions except for one have been generated from this
+document via Emacs `Org mode <https://orgmode.org/>`__ and `GNU
+Texinfo <https://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/>`__. Though it is likely
+that the specific
+`file <https://files.au.adversary.org/crypto/gpgme-python-howto.org>`__
+`version <http://files.au.adversary.org/crypto/gpgme-python-howto.org>`__
+used will be on the same server with the generated output formats.
+
+The one exception is the reStructuredText version, which was converted
+using the latest version of Pandoc from the Org mode source file using
+the following command:
+
+.. code:: shell
+
+   pandoc -f org -t rst+smart -o gpgme-python-howto.rst gpgme-python-howto.org
+
+In addition to these there is a significantly less frequently updated
+version as a HTML `WebHelp
+site <https://files.au.adversary.org/crypto/gpgme-python-howto/webhelp/index.html>`__
+(AWS S3 SSL); generated from DITA XML source files, which can be found
+in `an alternative
+branch <https://dev.gnupg.org/source/gpgme/browse/ben%252Fhowto-dita/>`__
+of the GPGME git repository.
+
+These draft editions are not official documents and the version of
+documentation in the master branch or which ships with released versions
+is the only official documentation. Nevertheless, these draft editions
+may occasionally be of use by providing more accessible web versions
+which are updated between releases. They are provided on the
+understanding that they may contain errors or may contain content
+subject to change prior to an official release.
+
+.. _license:
+
+License GPL compatible
+----------------------
+
+This file is free software; as a special exception the author gives
+unlimited permission to copy and/or distribute it, with or without
+modifications, as long as this notice is preserved.
+
+This file is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ANY WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law; without even the implied
+warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+
+Footnotes
+=========
+
+.. [1]
+   ``short-history.org`` and/or ``short-history.html``.
+
+.. [2]
+   With no issues reported specific to Python 3.7, the release of Python
+   3.7.1 at around the same time as GPGME 1.12.0 and the testing with
+   Python 3.7.1rc1, there is no reason to delay moving 3.7 ahead of 3.6
+   now. Production environments with more conservative requirements will
+   always enforce their own policies anyway and installation to each
+   supported minor release is quite possible too.
+
+.. [3]
+   Yes, even if you use virtualenv with everything you do in Python. If
+   you want to install this module as just your user account then you
+   will need to manually configure, compile and install the *entire*
+   GnuPG stack as that user as well. This includes libraries which are
+   not often installed that way. It can be done and there are
+   circumstances under which it is worthwhile, but generally only on
+   POSIX systems which utilise single user mode (some even require it).
+
+.. [4]
+   You probably don\'t really want to do this. Searching the keyservers
+   for \"gnupg.org\" produces over 400 results, the majority of which
+   aren\'t actually at the gnupg.org domain, but just included a comment
+   regarding the project in their key somewhere.
+
+.. [5]
+   Such as with ProtonMail servers. This also means that restricted
+   servers which only advertise either HTTP or HTTPS end points and not
+   HKP or HKPS end points must still be identified as as HKP or HKPS
+   within the Python Code. The ``hkp4py`` module will rewrite these
+   appropriately when the connection is made to the server.
diff --git a/lang/python/doc/rst/index.rst b/lang/python/doc/rst/index.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..31dc146
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lang/python/doc/rst/index.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+.. _index:
+
+GPGME Python Bindings
+=====================
+
+.. _index-contents:
+
+Contents
+--------
+
+-  `A short history of the project <short-history.org>`__
+-  `GPGME Python Bindings HOWTO <gpgme-python-howto.org>`__
diff --git a/lang/python/doc/rst/short-history.rst b/lang/python/doc/rst/short-history.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8cf604f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lang/python/doc/rst/short-history.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+Overview
+========
+
+The GPGME Python bindings passed through many hands and numerous phases
+before, after a fifteen year journey, coming full circle to return to
+the source. This is a short explanation of that journey.
+
+.. _in-the-begining:
+
+In the beginning
+----------------
+
+In 2002 John Goerzen released PyME; Python bindings for the GPGME module
+which utilised the current release of Python of the time and SWIG. [1]_
+Shortly after creating it and ensuring it worked he stopped supporting
+it, though he left his work available on his Gopher site.
+
+Keeping the flame alive
+-----------------------
+
+A couple of years later the project was picked up by Igor Belyi and
+actively developed and maintained by him from 2004 to 2008. Igor's
+whereabouts at the time of this document's creation are unknown, but the
+current authors do hope he is well. We're assuming (or hoping) that life
+did what life does and made continuing untenable.
+
+Passing the torch
+-----------------
+
+In 2014 Martin Albrecht wanted to patch a bug in the PyME code and
+discovered the absence of Igor. Following a discussion on the PyME
+mailing list he became the new maintainer for PyME, releasing version
+0.9.0 in May of that year. He remains the maintainer of the original
+PyME release in Python 2.6 and 2.7 (available via PyPI).
+
+.. _ouroboros:
+
+Coming full circle
+------------------
+
+In 2015 Ben McGinnes approached Martin about a Python 3 version, while
+investigating how complex a task this would be the task ended up being
+completed. A subsequent discussion with Werner Koch led to the decision
+to fold the Python 3 port back into the original GPGME release in the
+languages subdirectory for non-C bindings under the module name of
+``pyme3``.
+
+In 2016 this PyME module was integrated back into the GPGME project by
+Justus Winter. During the course of this work Justus adjusted the port
+to restore limited support for Python 2, but not as many minor point
+releases as the original PyME package supports. During the course of
+this integration the package was renamed to more accurately reflect its
+status as a component of GPGME. The ``pyme3`` module was renamed to
+``gpg`` and adopted by the upstream GnuPG team.
+
+In 2017 Justus departed G10code and the GnuPG team. Following this Ben
+returned to maintain of gpgme Python bindings and continue building them
+from that point.
+
+.. _relics-past:
+
+Relics of the past
+==================
+
+There are a few things, in addition to code specific factors, such as
+SWIG itself, which are worth noting here.
+
+The Annoyances of Git
+---------------------
+
+As anyone who has ever worked with git knows, submodules are horrible
+way to deal with pretty much anything. In the interests of avoiding
+migraines, that was skipped with addition of the PyME code to GPGME.
+
+Instead the files were added to a subdirectory of the ``lang/``
+directory, along with a copy of the entire git log up to that point as a
+separate file within the ``lang/python/docs/`` directory. [2]_ As the
+log for PyME is nearly 100KB and the log for GPGME is approximately 1MB,
+this would cause considerable bloat, as well as some confusion, should
+the two be merged.
+
+Hence the unfortunate, but necessary, step to simply move the files. A
+regular repository version has been maintained should it be possible to
+implement this better in the future.
+
+The Perils of PyPI
+------------------
+
+The early port of the Python 2 ``pyme`` module as ``pyme3`` was never
+added to PyPI while the focus remained on development and testing during
+2015 and early 2016. Later in 2016, however, when Justus completed his
+major integration work and subsequently renamed the module from
+``pyme3`` to ``gpg``, some prior releases were also provided through
+PyPI.
+
+Since these bindings require a matching release of the GPGME libraries
+in order to function, it was determined that there was little benefit in
+also providing a copy through PyPI since anyone obtaining the GPGME
+source code would obtain the Python bindings source code at the same
+time. Whereas there was the potential to sew confusion amongst Python
+users installing the module from PyPI, only to discover that without the
+relevant C files, header files or SWIG compiled binaries, the Python
+module did them little good.
+
+There are only two files on PyPI which might turn up in a search for
+this module or a sample of its content:
+
+#. gpg (1.8.0) - Python bindings for GPGME GnuPG cryptography library
+#. pyme (0.9.0) - Python support for GPGME GnuPG cryptography library
+
+.. _pypi-gpgme-180:
+
+GPG 1·8·0 - Python bindings for GPGME GnuPG cryptography library
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This is the most recent version to reach PyPI and is the version of the
+official Pyhon bindings which shipped with GPGME 1.8.0. If you have
+GPGME 1.8.0 installed and *only* 1.8.0 installed, then it is probably
+safe to use this copy from PyPI.
+
+As there have been a lot of changes since the release of GPGME 1.8.0,
+the GnuPG Project recommends not using this version of the module and
+instead installing the current version of GPGME along with the Python
+bindings included with that package.
+
+.. _pypi-gpgme-90:
+
+PyME 0·9·0 - Python support for GPGME GnuPG cryptography library
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This is the last release of the PyME bindings maintained by Martin
+Albrecht and is only compatible with Python 2, it will not work with
+Python 3. This is the version of the software from which the port from
+Python 2 to Python 3 code was made in 2015.
+
+Users of the more recent Python bindings will recognise numerous points
+of similarity, but also significant differences. It is likely that the
+more recent official bindings will feel "more pythonic."
+
+For those using Python 2, there is essentially no harm in using this
+module, but it may lack a number of more recent features added to GPGME.
+
+Footnotes
+=========
+
+.. [1]
+   In all likelihood thos would have been Python 2.2 or possibly Python
+   2.3.
+
+.. [2]
+   The entire PyME git log and other preceding VCS logs are located in
+   the ``gpgme/lang/python/docs/old-commits.log`` file.
diff --git a/lang/python/doc/src/gpgme-python-howto.org b/lang/python/doc/src/gpgme-python-howto.org
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..caa8e2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lang/python/doc/src/gpgme-python-howto.org
@@ -0,0 +1,3043 @@
+#+TITLE: GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG) Made Easy Python Bindings HOWTO (English)
+#+AUTHOR: Ben McGinnes
+#+LATEX_COMPILER: xelatex
+#+LATEX_CLASS: article
+#+LATEX_CLASS_OPTIONS: [12pt]
+#+LATEX_HEADER: \usepackage{xltxtra}
+#+LATEX_HEADER: \usepackage[margin=1in]{geometry}
+#+LATEX_HEADER: \setmainfont[Ligatures={Common}]{Times New Roman}
+#+LATEX_HEADER: \author{Ben McGinnes <ben@gnupg.org>}
+
+
+* Introduction
+  :PROPERTIES:
+  :CUSTOM_ID: intro
+  :END:
+
+| Version:        | 0.1.4                                    |
+| GPGME Version:  | 1.12.0                                   |
+| Author:         | [[https://gnupg.org/people/index.html#sec-1-5][Ben McGinnes]] <ben@gnupg.org>             |
+| Author GPG Key: | DB4724E6FA4286C92B4E55C4321E4E2373590E5D |
+| Language:       | Australian English, British English      |
+| xml:lang:       | en-AU, en-GB, en                         |
+
+This document provides basic instruction in how to use the GPGME
+Python bindings to programmatically leverage the GPGME library.
+
+
+** Python 2 versus Python 3
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: py2-vs-py3
+   :END:
+
+Though the GPGME Python bindings themselves provide support for both
+Python 2 and 3, the focus is unequivocally on Python 3 and
+specifically from Python 3.4 and above.  As a consequence all the
+examples and instructions in this guide use Python 3 code.
+
+Much of it will work with Python 2, but much of it also deals with
+Python 3 byte literals, particularly when reading and writing data.
+Developers concentrating on Python 2.7, and possibly even 2.6, will
+need to make the appropriate modifications to support the older string
+and unicode types as opposed to bytes.
+
+There are multiple reasons for concentrating on Python 3; some of
+which relate to the immediate integration of these bindings, some of
+which relate to longer term plans for both GPGME and the python
+bindings and some of which relate to the impending EOL period for
+Python 2.7.  Essentially, though, there is little value in tying the
+bindings to a version of the language which is a dead end and the
+advantages offered by Python 3 over Python 2 make handling the data
+types with which GPGME deals considerably easier.
+
+
+** Examples
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: howto-python3-examples
+   :END:
+
+All of the examples found in this document can be found as Python 3
+scripts in the =lang/python/examples/howto= directory.
+
+
+** Unofficial Drafts
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: unofficial-drafts
+   :END:
+
+In addition to shipping with each release of GPGME, there is a section
+on locations to read or download [[#draft-editions][draft editions]] of this document from
+at the end of it.  These are unofficial versions produced in between
+major releases.
+
+
+** What's New
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: new-stuff
+   :END:
+
+The most obviously new point for those reading this guide is this
+section on other new things, but that's hardly important.  Not given
+all the other things which spurred the need for adding this section
+and its subsections.
+
+*** New in GPGME 1·12·0
+    :PROPERTIES:
+    :CUSTOM_ID: new-stuff-1-12-0
+    :END:
+
+There have been quite a number of additions to GPGME and the Python
+bindings to it since the last release of GPGME with versions 1.11.0
+and 1.11.1 in April, 2018.
+
+The bullet points of new additiions are:
+
+- an expanded section on [[#installation][installing]] and [[#snafu][troubleshooting]] the Python
+  bindings.
+- The release of Python 3.7.0; which appears to be working just fine
+  with our bindings, in spite of intermittent reports of problems for
+  many other Python projects with that new release.
+- Python 3.7 has been moved to the head of the specified python
+  versions list in the build process.
+- In order to fix some other issues, there are certain underlying
+  functions which are more exposed through the [[#howto-get-context][gpg.Context()]], but
+  ongoing documentation ought to clarify that or otherwise provide the
+  best means of using the bindings.  Some additions to =gpg.core= and
+  the =Context()=, however, were intended (see below).
+- Continuing work in identifying and confirming the cause of
+  oft-reported [[#snafu-runtime-not-funtime][problems installing the Python bindings on Windows]].
+- GSOC: Google's Surreptitiously Ordered Conscription ... erm ... oh,
+  right; Google's Summer of Code.  Though there were two hopeful
+  candidates this year; only one ended up involved with the GnuPG
+  Project directly, the other concentrated on an unrelated third party
+  project with closer ties to one of the GNU/Linux distributions than
+  to the GnuPG Project.  Thus the Python bindings benefited from GSOC
+  participant Jacob Adams, who added the key_import function; building
+  on prior work by Tobias Mueller.
+- Several new methods functions were added to the gpg.Context(),
+  including: [[#howto-import-key][key_import]], [[#howto-export-key][key_export]], [[#howto-export-public-key][key_export_minimal]] and
+  [[#howto-export-secret-key][key_export_secret]].
+- Importing and exporting examples include versions integrated with
+  Marcel Fest's recently released [[https://github.com/Selfnet/hkp4py][HKP for Python]] module.  Some
+  [[#hkp4py][additional notes on this module]] are included at the end of the HOWTO.
+- Instructions for dealing with semi-walled garden implementations
+  like ProtonMail are also included.  This is intended to make things
+  a little easier when communicating with users of ProtonMail's
+  services and should not be construed as an endorsement of said
+  service.  The GnuPG Project neither favours, nor disfavours
+  ProtonMail and the majority of this deals with interacting with the
+  ProtonMail keyserver.
+- Semi-formalised the location where [[#draft-editions][draft versions]] of this HOWTO may
+  periodically be accessible.  This is both for the reference of
+  others and testing the publishing of the document itself.  Renamed
+  this file at around the same time.
+- The Texinfo documentation build configuration has been replicated
+  from the parent project in order to make to maintain consistency
+  with that project (and actually ship with each release).
+- a reStructuredText (=.rst=) version is also generated for Python
+  developers more used to and comfortable with that format as it is
+  the standard Python documentation format and Python developers may
+  wish to use it with Sphinx.  Please note that there has been no
+  testing of the reStructuredText version with Sphinx at all.  The
+  reST file was generated by the simple expedient of using [[https://pandoc.org/][Pandoc]].
+- Added a new section for [[#advanced-use][advanced or experimental use]].
+- Began the advanced use cases with [[#cython][a section]] on using the module with
+  [[http://cython.org/][Cython]].
+- Added a number of new scripts to the =example/howto/= directory;
+  some of which may be in advance of their planned sections of the
+  HOWTO (and some are just there because it seemed like a good idea at
+  the time).
+- Cleaned up a lot of things under the hood.
+
+
+* GPGME Concepts
+  :PROPERTIES:
+  :CUSTOM_ID: gpgme-concepts
+  :END:
+
+
+** A C API
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: gpgme-c-api
+   :END:
+
+Unlike many modern APIs with which programmers will be more familiar
+with these days, the GPGME API is a C API.  The API is intended for
+use by C coders who would be able to access its features by including
+the =gpgme.h= header file with their own C source code and then access
+its functions just as they would any other C headers.
+
+This is a very effective method of gaining complete access to the API
+and in the most efficient manner possible.  It does, however, have the
+drawback that it cannot be directly used by other languages without
+some means of providing an interface to those languages.  This is
+where the need for bindings in various languages stems.
+
+
+** Python bindings
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: gpgme-python-bindings
+   :END:
+
+The Python bindings for GPGME provide a higher level means of
+accessing the complete feature set of GPGME itself.  It also provides
+a more pythonic means of calling these API functions.
+
+The bindings are generated dynamically with SWIG and the copy of
+=gpgme.h= generated when GPGME is compiled.
+
+This means that a version of the Python bindings is fundamentally tied
+to the exact same version of GPGME used to generate that copy of
+=gpgme.h=.
+
+
+** Difference between the Python bindings and other GnuPG Python packages
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: gpgme-python-bindings-diffs
+   :END:
+
+There have been numerous attempts to add GnuPG support to Python over
+the years.  Some of the most well known are listed here, along with
+what differentiates them.
+
+
+*** The python-gnupg package maintained by Vinay Sajip
+    :PROPERTIES:
+    :CUSTOM_ID: diffs-python-gnupg
+    :END:
+
+This is arguably the most popular means of integrating GPG with
+Python.  The package utilises the =subprocess= module to implement
+wrappers for the =gpg= and =gpg2= executables normally invoked on the
+command line (=gpg.exe= and =gpg2.exe= on Windows).
+
+The popularity of this package stemmed from its ease of use and
+capability in providing the most commonly required features.
+
+Unfortunately it has been beset by a number of security issues in the
+past; most of which stemmed from using unsafe methods of accessing the
+command line via the =subprocess= calls.  While some effort has been
+made over the last two to three years (as of 2018) to mitigate this,
+particularly by no longer providing shell access through those
+subprocess calls, the wrapper is still somewhat limited in the scope
+of its GnuPG features coverage.
+
+The python-gnupg package is available under the MIT license.
+
+
+*** The gnupg package created and maintained by Isis Lovecruft
+    :PROPERTIES:
+    :CUSTOM_ID: diffs-isis-gnupg
+    :END:
+
+In 2015 Isis Lovecruft from the Tor Project forked and then
+re-implemented the python-gnupg package as just gnupg.  This new
+package also relied on subprocess to call the =gpg= or =gpg2=
+binaries, but did so somewhat more securely.
+
+The naming and version numbering selected for this package, however,
+resulted in conflicts with the original python-gnupg and since its
+functions were called in a different manner to python-gnupg, the
+release of this package also resulted in a great deal of consternation
+when people installed what they thought was an upgrade that
+subsequently broke the code relying on it.
+
+The gnupg package is available under the GNU General Public License
+version 3.0 (or any later version).
+
+
+*** The PyME package maintained by Martin Albrecht
+    :PROPERTIES:
+    :CUSTOM_ID: diffs-pyme
+    :END:
+
+This package is the origin of these bindings, though they are somewhat
+different now.  For details of when and how the PyME package was
+folded back into GPGME itself see the [[file:short-history.org][Short History]] document.[fn:1]
+
+The PyME package was first released in 2002 and was also the first
+attempt to implement a low level binding to GPGME.  In doing so it
+provided access to considerably more functionality than either the
+=python-gnupg= or =gnupg= packages.
+
+The PyME package is only available for Python 2.6 and 2.7.
+
+Porting the PyME package to Python 3.4 in 2015 is what resulted in it
+being folded into the GPGME project and the current bindings are the
+end result of that effort.
+
+The PyME package is available under the same dual licensing as GPGME
+itself: the GNU General Public License version 2.0 (or any later
+version) and the GNU Lesser General Public License version 2.1 (or any
+later version).
+
+
+* GPGME Python bindings installation
+  :PROPERTIES:
+  :CUSTOM_ID: gpgme-python-install
+  :END:
+
+
+** No PyPI
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: do-not-use-pypi
+   :END:
+
+Most third-party Python packages and modules are available and
+distributed through the Python Package Installer, known as PyPI.
+
+Due to the nature of what these bindings are and how they work, it is
+infeasible to install the GPGME Python bindings in the same way.
+
+This is because the bindings use SWIG to dynamically generate C
+bindings against =gpgme.h= and =gpgme.h= is generated from
+=gpgme.h.in= at compile time when GPGME is built from source.  Thus to
+include a package in PyPI which actually built correctly would require
+either statically built libraries for every architecture bundled with
+it or a full implementation of C for each architecture.
+
+See the additional notes regarding [[#snafu-cffi][CFFI and SWIG]] at the end of this
+section for further details.
+
+
+** Requirements
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: gpgme-python-requirements
+   :END:
+
+The GPGME Python bindings only have three requirements:
+
+1. A suitable version of Python 2 or Python 3.  With Python 2 that
+   means CPython 2.7 and with Python 3 that means CPython 3.4 or
+   higher.
+2. [[https://www.swig.org][SWIG]].
+3. GPGME itself.  Which also means that all of GPGME's dependencies
+   must be installed too.
+
+
+*** Recommended Additions
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: gpgme-python-recommendations
+   :END:
+
+Though none of the following are absolute requirements, they are all
+recommended for use with the Python bindings.  In some cases these
+recommendations refer to which version(s) of CPython to use the
+bindings with, while others refer to third party modules which provide
+a significant advantage in some way.
+
+1. If possible, use Python 3 instead of 2.
+2. Favour a more recent version of Python since even 3.4 is due to
+   reach EOL soon.  In production systems and services, Python 3.6
+   should be robust enough to be relied on.
+3. If possible add the following Python modules which are not part of
+   the standard library: [[http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/index.html][Requests]], [[http://cython.org/][Cython]] and [[https://github.com/Selfnet/hkp4py][hkp4py]].  Chances are
+   quite high that at least the first one and maybe two of those will
+   already be installed.
+
+Note that, as with Cython, some of the planned additions to the
+[[#advanced-use][Advanced]] section, will bring with them additional requirements.  Most
+of these will be fairly well known and commonly installed ones,
+however, which are in many cases likely to have already been installed
+on many systems or be familiar to Python programmers.
+
+
+** Installation
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: installation
+   :END:
+
+Installing the Python bindings is effectively achieved by compiling
+and installing GPGME itself.
+
+Once SWIG is installed with Python and all the dependencies for GPGME
+are installed you only need to confirm that the version(s) of Python
+you want the bindings installed for are in your =$PATH=.
+
+By default GPGME will attempt to install the bindings for the most
+recent or highest version number of Python 2 and Python 3 it detects
+in =$PATH=.  It specifically checks for the =python= and =python3=
+executables first and then checks for specific version numbers.
+
+For Python 2 it checks for these executables in this order: =python=,
+=python2= and =python2.7=.
+
+For Python 3 it checks for these executables in this order: =python3=,
+ =python3.7=, =python3.6=, =python3.5= and =python3.4=.[fn:2]
+
+On systems where =python= is actually =python3= and not =python2= it
+may be possible that =python2= may be overlooked, but there have been
+no reports of that actually occurring as yet.
+
+In the three months or so since the release of Python 3.7.0 there has
+been extensive testing and work with these bindings with no issues
+specifically relating to the new version of Python or any of the new
+features of either the language or the bindings.  This has also been
+the case with Python 3.7.1rc1.  With that in mind and given the
+release of Python 3.7.1 is scheduled for around the same time as GPGME
+1.12.0, the order of preferred Python versions has been changed to
+move Python 3.7 ahead of Python 3.6.
+
+
+*** Installing GPGME
+    :PROPERTIES:
+    :CUSTOM_ID: install-gpgme
+    :END:
+
+See the GPGME =README= file for details of how to install GPGME from
+source.
+
+
+** Known Issues
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: snafu
+   :END:
+
+There are a few known issues with the current build process and the
+Python bindings.  For the most part these are easily addressed should
+they be encountered.
+
+
+*** Breaking Builds
+    :PROPERTIES:
+    :CUSTOM_ID: snafu-a-swig-of-this-builds-character
+    :END:
+
+Occasionally when installing GPGME with the Python bindings included
+it may be observed that the =make= portion of that process induces a
+large very number of warnings and, eventually errors which end that
+part of the build process.  Yet following that with =make check= and
+=make install= appears to work seamlessly.
+
+The cause of this is related to the way SWIG needs to be called to
+dynamically generate the C bindings for GPGME in the first place.  So
+the entire process will always produce =lang/python/python2-gpg/= and
+=lang/python/python3-gpg/= directories.  These should contain the
+build output generated during compilation, including the complete
+bindings and module installed into =site-packages=.
+
+Occasionally the errors in the early part or some other conflict
+(e.g. not installing as */root/* or */su/*) may result in nothing
+being installed to the relevant =site-packages= directory and the
+build directory missing a lot of expected files.  Even when this
+occurs, the solution is actually quite simple and will always work.
+
+That solution is simply to run the following commands as either the
+*root* user or prepended with =sudo -H=[fn:3] in the =lang/python/=
+directory:
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC shell
+  /path/to/pythonX.Y setup.py build
+  /path/to/pythonX.Y setup.py build
+  /path/to/pythonX.Y setup.py install
+#+END_SRC
+
+Yes, the build command does need to be run twice.  Yes, you still need
+to run the potentially failing or incomplete steps during the
+=configure=, =make= and =make install= steps with installing GPGME.
+This is because those steps generate a lot of essential files needed,
+both by and in order to create, the bindings (including both the
+=setup.py= and =gpgme.h= files).
+
+
+**** IMPORTANT Note
+     :PROPERTIES:
+     :CUSTOM_ID: snafu-swig-build-note
+     :END:
+
+If specifying a selected number of languages to create bindings for,
+try to leave Python last.  Currently the majority of the other
+language bindings are also preceding Python of either version when
+listed alphabetically and so that just happens by default currently.
+
+If Python is set to precede one of the other languages then it is
+possible that the errors described here may interrupt the build
+process before generating bindings for those other languages.  In
+these cases it may be preferable to configure all preferred language
+bindings separately with alternative =configure= steps for GPGME using
+the =--enable-languages=$LANGUAGE= option.
+
+
+*** Reinstalling Responsibly
+    :PROPERTIES:
+    :CUSTOM_ID: snafu-lessons-for-the-lazy
+    :END:
+
+Regardless of whether you're installing for one version of Python or
+several, there will come a point where reinstallation is required.
+With most Python module installations, the installed files go into the
+relevant site-packages directory and are then forgotten about.  Then
+the module is upgraded, the new files are copied over the old and
+that's the end of the matter.
+
+While the same is true of these bindings, there have been intermittent
+issues observed on some platforms which have benefited significantly
+from removing all the previous installations of the bindings before
+installing the updated versions.
+
+Removing the previous version(s) is simply a matter of changing to the
+relevant =site-packages= directory for the version of Python in
+question and removing the =gpg/= directory and any accompanying
+egg-info files for that module.
+
+In most cases this will require root or administration privileges on
+the system, but the same is true of installing the module in the first
+place.
+
+
+*** Multiple installations
+    :PROPERTIES:
+    :CUSTOM_ID: snafu-the-full-monty
+    :END:
+
+For a veriety of reasons it may be either necessary or just preferable
+to install the bindings to alternative installed Python versions which
+meet the requirements of these bindings.
+
+On POSIX systems this will generally be most simply achieved by
+running the manual installation commands (build, build, install) as
+described in the previous section for each Python installation the
+bindings need to be installed to.
+
+As per the SWIG documentation: the compilers, libraries and runtime
+used to build GPGME and the Python Bindings *must* match those used to
+compile Python itself, including the version number(s) (at least going
+by major version numbers and probably minor numbers too).
+
+On most POSIX systems, including OS X, this will very likely be the
+case in most, if not all, cases.
+
+
+*** Won't Work With Windows
+    :PROPERTIES:
+    :CUSTOM_ID: snafu-runtime-not-funtime
+    :END:
+
+There are semi-regular reports of Windows users having considerable
+difficulty in installing and using the Python bindings at all.  Very
+often, possibly even always, these reports come from Cygwin users
+and/or MinGW users and/or Msys2 users.  Though not all of them have
+been confirmed, it appears that these reports have also come from
+people who installed Python using the Windows installer files from the
+[[https://python.org][Python website]] (i.e. mostly MSI installers, sometimes self-extracting
+=.exe= files).
+
+The Windows versions of Python are not built using Cygwin, MinGW or
+Msys2; they're built using Microsoft Visual Studio.  Furthermore the
+version used is /considerably/ more advanced than the version which
+MinGW obtained a small number of files from many years ago in order to
+be able to compile anything at all.  Not only that, but there are
+changes to the version of Visual Studio between some micro releases,
+though that is is particularly the case with Python 2.7, since it has
+been kept around far longer than it should have been.
+
+There are two theoretical solutions to this issue:
+
+ 1. Compile and install the GnuPG stack, including GPGME and the
+    Python bibdings using the same version of Microsoft Visual Studio
+    used by the Python Foundation to compile the version of Python
+    installed.
+
+    If there are multiple versions of Python then this will need to be
+    done with each different version of Visual Studio used.
+
+ 2. Compile and install Python using the same tools used by choice,
+    such as MinGW or Msys2.
+
+Do *not* use the official Windows installer for Python unless
+following the first method.
+
+In this type of situation it may even be for the best to accept that
+there are less limitations on permissive software than free software
+and simply opt to use a recent version of the Community Edition of
+Microsoft Visual Studio to compile and build all of it, no matter
+what.
+
+Investigations into the extent or the limitations of this issue are
+ongoing.
+
+
+*** CFFI is the Best™ and GPGME should use it instead of SWIG
+    :PROPERTIES:
+    :CUSTOM_ID: snafu-cffi
+    :END:
+
+There are many reasons for favouring [[https://cffi.readthedocs.io/en/latest/overview.html][CFFI]] and proponents of it are
+quite happy to repeat these things as if all it would take to switch
+from SWIG to CFFI is repeating that list as if it were a new concept.
+
+The fact is that there are things which Python's CFFI implementation
+cannot handle in the GPGME C code.  Beyond that there are features of
+SWIG which are simply not available with CFFI at all.  SWIG generates
+the bindings to Python using the =gpgme.h= file, but that file is not
+a single version shipped with each release, it too is generated when
+GPGME is compiled.
+
+CFFI is currently unable to adapt to such a potentially mutable
+codebase.  If there were some means of applying SWIG's dynamic code
+generation to produce the Python/CFFI API modes of accessing the GPGME
+libraries (or the source source code directly), but such a thing does
+not exist yet either and it currently appears that work is needed in
+at least one of CFFI's dependencies before any of this can be
+addressed.
+
+So if you're a massive fan of CFFI; that's great, but if you want this
+project to switch to CFFI then rather than just insisting that it
+should, I'd suggest you volunteer to bring CFFI up to the level this
+project needs.
+
+If you're actually seriously considering doing so, then I'd suggest
+taking the =gpgme-tool.c= file in the GPGME =src/= directory and
+getting that to work with any of the CFFI API methods (not the ABI
+methods, they'll work with pretty much anything).  When you start
+running into trouble with "ifdefs" then you'll know what sort of
+things are lacking.  That doesn't even take into account the amount of
+work saved via SWIG's code generation techniques either.
+
+
+*** Virtualised Environments
+    :PROPERTIES:
+    :CUSTOM_ID: snafu-venv
+    :END:
+
+It is fairly common practice amongst Python developers to, as much as
+possible, use packages like virtualenv to keep various things that are
+to be installed from interfering with each other.  Given how much of
+the GPGME bindings is often at odds with the usual pythonic way of
+doing things, it stands to reason that this would be called into
+question too.
+
+As it happens the answer as to whether or not the bindings can be used
+with virtualenv, the answer is both yes and no.
+
+In general we recommend installing to the relevant path and matching
+prefix of GPGME itself.  Which means that when GPGME, and ideally the
+rest of the GnuPG stack, is installed to a prefix like =/usr/local= or
+=/opt/local= then the bindings would need to be installed to the main
+Python installation and not a virtualised abstraction.  Attempts to
+separate the two in the past have been known to cause weird and
+intermittent errors ranging from minor annoyances to complete failures
+in the build process.
+
+As a consequence we only recommend building with and installing to the
+main Python installations within the same prefix as GPGME is installed
+to or which are found by GPGME's configuration stage immediately prior
+to running the make commands.  Which is exactly what the compiling and
+installing process of GPGME does by default.
+
+Once that is done, however, it appears that a copy the compiled module
+may be installed into a virtualenv of the same major and minor version
+matching the build.  Alternatively it is possible to utilise a
+=sites.pth= file in the =site-packages/= directory of a viertualenv
+installation, which links back to the system installations
+corresponding directory in order to import anything installed system
+wide.  This may or may not be appropriate on a case by case basis.
+
+Though extensive testing of either of these options is not yet
+complete, preliminary testing of them indicates that both are viable
+as long as the main installation is complete.  Which means that
+certain other options normally restricted to virtual environments are
+also available, including integration with pythonic test suites
+(e.g. [[https://docs.pytest.org/en/latest/index.html][pytest]]) and other large projects.
+
+That said, it is worth reiterating the warning regarding non-standard
+installations.  If one were to attempt to install the bindings only to
+a virtual environment without somehow also including the full GnuPG
+stack (or enough of it as to include GPGME) then it is highly likely
+that errors would be encountered at some point and more than a little
+likely that the build process itself would break.
+
+If a degree of separation from the main operating system is still
+required in spite of these warnings, then consider other forms of
+virtualisation.  Either a virtual machine (e.g. [[https://www.virtualbox.org/][VirtualBox]]), a
+hardware emulation layer (e.g. [[https://www.qemu.org/][QEMU]]) or an application container
+(e.g. [[https://www.docker.com/why-docker][Docker]]).
+
+Finally it should be noted that the limited tests conducted thus far
+have been using the =virtualenv= command in a new directory to create
+the virtual python environment.  As opposed to the standard =python3
+-m venv= and it is possible that this will make a difference depending
+on the system and version of Python in use.  Another option is to run
+the command =python3 -m virtualenv /path/to/install/virtual/thingy=
+instead.
+
+
+* Fundamentals
+  :PROPERTIES:
+  :CUSTOM_ID: howto-fund-a-mental
+  :END:
+
+Before we can get to the fun stuff, there are a few matters regarding
+GPGME's design which hold true whether you're dealing with the C code
+directly or these Python bindings.
+
+
+** No REST
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: no-rest-for-the-wicked
+   :END:
+
+The first part of which is or will be fairly blatantly obvious upon
+viewing the first example, but it's worth reiterating anyway.  That
+being that this API is /*not*/ a REST API.  Nor indeed could it ever
+be one.
+
+Most, if not all, Python programmers (and not just Python programmers)
+know how easy it is to work with a RESTful API.  In fact they've
+become so popular that many other APIs attempt to emulate REST-like
+behaviour as much as they are able.  Right down to the use of JSON
+formatted output to facilitate the use of their API without having to
+retrain developers.
+
+This API does not do that.  It would not be able to do that and also
+provide access to the entire C API on which it's built.  It does,
+however, provide a very pythonic interface on top of the direct
+bindings and it's this pythonic layer that this HOWTO deals with.
+
+
+** Context
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: howto-get-context
+   :END:
+
+One of the reasons which prevents this API from being RESTful is that
+most operations require more than one instruction to the API to
+perform the task.  Sure, there are certain functions which can be
+performed simultaneously, particularly if the result known or strongly
+anticipated (e.g. selecting and encrypting to a key known to be in the
+public keybox).
+
+There are many more, however, which cannot be manipulated so readily:
+they must be performed in a specific sequence and the result of one
+operation has a direct bearing on the outcome of subsequent
+operations.  Not merely by generating an error either.
+
+When dealing with this type of persistent state on the web, full of
+both the RESTful and REST-like, it's most commonly referred to as a
+session.  In GPGME, however, it is called a context and every
+operation type has one.
+
+
+* Working with keys
+  :PROPERTIES:
+  :CUSTOM_ID: howto-keys
+  :END:
+
+
+** Key selection
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: howto-keys-selection
+   :END:
+
+Selecting keys to encrypt to or to sign with will be a common
+occurrence when working with GPGMe and the means available for doing
+so are quite simple.
+
+They do depend on utilising a Context; however once the data is
+recorded in another variable, that Context does not need to be the
+same one which subsequent operations are performed.
+
+The easiest way to select a specific key is by searching for that
+key's key ID or fingerprint, preferably the full fingerprint without
+any spaces in it.  A long key ID will probably be okay, but is not
+advised and short key IDs are already a problem with some being
+generated to match specific patterns.  It does not matter whether the
+pattern is upper or lower case.
+
+So this is the best method:
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC python -i
+import gpg
+
+k = gpg.Context().keylist(pattern="258E88DCBD3CD44D8E7AB43F6ECB6AF0DEADBEEF")
+keys = list(k)
+#+END_SRC
+
+This is passable and very likely to be common:
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC python -i
+import gpg
+
+k = gpg.Context().keylist(pattern="0x6ECB6AF0DEADBEEF")
+keys = list(k)
+#+END_SRC
+
+And this is a really bad idea:
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC python -i
+import gpg
+
+k = gpg.Context().keylist(pattern="0xDEADBEEF")
+keys = list(k)
+#+END_SRC
+
+Alternatively it may be that the intention is to create a list of keys
+which all match a particular search string.  For instance all the
+addresses at a particular domain, like this:
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC python -i
+import gpg
+
+ncsc = gpg.Context().keylist(pattern="ncsc.mil")
+nsa = list(ncsc)
+#+END_SRC
+
+
+*** Counting keys
+    :PROPERTIES:
+    :CUSTOM_ID: howto-keys-counting
+    :END:
+
+Counting the number of keys in your public keybox (=pubring.kbx=), the
+format which has superseded the old keyring format (=pubring.gpg= and
+=secring.gpg=), or the number of secret keys is a very simple task.
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC python -i
+import gpg
+
+c = gpg.Context()
+seckeys = c.keylist(pattern=None, secret=True)
+pubkeys = c.keylist(pattern=None, secret=False)
+
+seclist = list(seckeys)
+secnum = len(seclist)
+
+publist = list(pubkeys)
+pubnum = len(publist)
+
+print("""
+  Number of secret keys:  {0}
+  Number of public keys:  {1}
+""".format(secnum, pubnum))
+#+END_SRC
+
+NOTE: The [[#cython][Cython]] introduction in the [[#advanced-use][Advanced and Experimental]]
+section uses this same key counting code with Cython to demonstrate
+some areas where Cython can improve performance even with the
+bindings.  Users with large public keyrings or keyboxes, for instance,
+should consider these options if they are comfortable with using
+Cython.
+
+
+** Get key
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: howto-get-key
+   :END:
+
+An alternative method of getting a single key via its fingerprint is
+available directly within a Context with =Context().get_key=.  This is
+the preferred method of selecting a key in order to modify it, sign or
+certify it and for obtaining relevant data about a single key as a
+part of other functions; when verifying a signature made by that key,
+for instance.
+
+By default this method will select public keys, but it can select
+secret keys as well.
+
+This first example demonstrates selecting the current key of Werner
+Koch, which is due to expire at the end of 2018:
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC python -i
+import gpg
+
+fingerprint = "80615870F5BAD690333686D0F2AD85AC1E42B367"
+key = gpg.Context().get_key(fingerprint)
+#+END_SRC
+
+Whereas this example demonstrates selecting the author's current key
+with the =secret= key word argument set to =True=:
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC python -i
+import gpg
+
+fingerprint = "DB4724E6FA4286C92B4E55C4321E4E2373590E5D"
+key = gpg.Context().get_key(fingerprint, secret=True)
+#+END_SRC
+
+It is, of course, quite possible to select expired, disabled and
+revoked keys with this function, but only to effectively display
+information about those keys.
+
+It is also possible to use both unicode or string literals and byte
+literals with the fingerprint when getting a key in this way.
+
+
+** Importing keys
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: howto-import-key
+   :END:
+
+Importing keys is possible with the =key_import()= method and takes
+one argument which is a bytes literal object containing either the
+binary or ASCII armoured key data for one or more keys.
+
+The following example retrieves one or more keys from the SKS
+keyservers via the web using the requests module.  Since requests
+returns the content as a bytes literal object, we can then use that
+directly to import the resulting data into our keybox.
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC python -i
+import gpg
+import os.path
+import requests
+
+c = gpg.Context()
+url = "https://sks-keyservers.net/pks/lookup"
+pattern = input("Enter the pattern to search for key or user IDs: ")
+payload = {"op": "get", "search": pattern}
+
+r = requests.get(url, verify=True, params=payload)
+result = c.key_import(r.content)
+
+if result is not None and hasattr(result, "considered") is False:
+    print(result)
+elif result is not None and hasattr(result, "considered") is True:
+    num_keys = len(result.imports)
+    new_revs = result.new_revocations
+    new_sigs = result.new_signatures
+    new_subs = result.new_sub_keys
+    new_uids = result.new_user_ids
+    new_scrt = result.secret_imported
+    nochange = result.unchanged
+    print("""
+  The total number of keys considered for import was:  {0}
+
+     Number of keys revoked:  {1}
+   Number of new signatures:  {2}
+      Number of new subkeys:  {3}
+     Number of new user IDs:  {4}
+  Number of new secret keys:  {5}
+   Number of unchanged keys:  {6}
+
+  The key IDs for all considered keys were:
+""".format(num_keys, new_revs, new_sigs, new_subs, new_uids, new_scrt,
+           nochange))
+    for i in range(num_keys):
+        print("{0}\n".format(result.imports[i].fpr))
+else:
+    pass
+#+END_SRC
+
+NOTE: When searching for a key ID of any length or a fingerprint
+(without spaces), the SKS servers require the the leading =0x=
+indicative of hexadecimal be included.  Also note that the old short
+key IDs (e.g. =0xDEADBEEF=) should no longer be used due to the
+relative ease by which such key IDs can be reproduced, as demonstrated
+by the Evil32 Project in 2014 (which was subsequently exploited in
+2016).
+
+
+*** Working with ProtonMail
+    :PROPERTIES:
+    :CUSTOM_ID: import-protonmail
+    :END:
+
+Here is a variation on the example above which checks the constrained
+ProtonMail keyserver for ProtonMail public keys.
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC python -i
+import gpg
+import requests
+import sys
+
+print("""
+This script searches the ProtonMail key server for the specified key and
+imports it.
+""")
+
+c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+url = "https://api.protonmail.ch/pks/lookup"
+ksearch = []
+
+if len(sys.argv) >= 2:
+    keyterm = sys.argv[1]
+else:
+    keyterm = input("Enter the key ID, UID or search string: ")
+
+if keyterm.count("@") == 2 and keyterm.startswith("@") is True:
+    ksearch.append(keyterm[1:])
+    ksearch.append(keyterm[1:])
+    ksearch.append(keyterm[1:])
+elif keyterm.count("@") == 1 and keyterm.startswith("@") is True:
+    ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.com".format(keyterm[1:]))
+    ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.ch".format(keyterm[1:]))
+    ksearch.append("{0}@pm.me".format(keyterm[1:]))
+elif keyterm.count("@") == 0:
+    ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.com".format(keyterm))
+    ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.ch".format(keyterm))
+    ksearch.append("{0}@pm.me".format(keyterm))
+elif keyterm.count("@") == 2 and keyterm.startswith("@") is False:
+    uidlist = keyterm.split("@")
+    for uid in uidlist:
+        ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.com".format(uid))
+        ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.ch".format(uid))
+        ksearch.append("{0}@pm.me".format(uid))
+elif keyterm.count("@") > 2:
+    uidlist = keyterm.split("@")
+    for uid in uidlist:
+        ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.com".format(uid))
+        ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.ch".format(uid))
+        ksearch.append("{0}@pm.me".format(uid))
+else:
+    ksearch.append(keyterm)
+
+for k in ksearch:
+    payload = {"op": "get", "search": k}
+    try:
+        r = requests.get(url, verify=True, params=payload)
+        if r.ok is True:
+            result = c.key_import(r.content)
+        elif r.ok is False:
+            result = r.content
+    except Exception as e:
+        result = None
+
+    if result is not None and hasattr(result, "considered") is False:
+        print("{0} for {1}".format(result.decode(), k))
+    elif result is not None and hasattr(result, "considered") is True:
+        num_keys = len(result.imports)
+        new_revs = result.new_revocations
+        new_sigs = result.new_signatures
+        new_subs = result.new_sub_keys
+        new_uids = result.new_user_ids
+        new_scrt = result.secret_imported
+        nochange = result.unchanged
+        print("""
+The total number of keys considered for import was:  {0}
+
+With UIDs wholely or partially matching the following string:
+
+        {1}
+
+   Number of keys revoked:  {2}
+ Number of new signatures:  {3}
+    Number of new subkeys:  {4}
+   Number of new user IDs:  {5}
+Number of new secret keys:  {6}
+ Number of unchanged keys:  {7}
+
+The key IDs for all considered keys were:
+""".format(num_keys, k, new_revs, new_sigs, new_subs, new_uids, new_scrt,
+           nochange))
+        for i in range(num_keys):
+            print(result.imports[i].fpr)
+        print("")
+    elif result is None:
+        print(e)
+#+END_SRC
+
+Both the above example, [[../examples/howto/pmkey-import.py][pmkey-import.py]], and a version which prompts
+for an alternative GnuPG home directory, [[../examples/howto/pmkey-import-alt.py][pmkey-import-alt.py]], are
+available with the other examples and are executable scripts.
+
+Note that while the ProtonMail servers are based on the SKS servers,
+their server is related more to their API and is not feature complete
+by comparison to the servers in the SKS pool.  One notable difference
+being that the ProtonMail server does not permit non ProtonMail users
+to update their own keys, which could be a vector for attacking
+ProtonMail users who may not receive a key's revocation if it had been
+compromised.
+
+
+*** Importing with HKP for Python
+    :PROPERTIES:
+    :CUSTOM_ID: import-hkp4py
+    :END:
+
+Performing the same tasks with the [[https://github.com/Selfnet/hkp4py][hkp4py module]] (available via PyPI)
+is not too much different, but does provide a number of options of
+benefit to end users.  Not least of which being the ability to perform
+some checks on a key before importing it or not.  For instance it may
+be the policy of a site or project to only import keys which have not
+been revoked.  The hkp4py module permits such checks prior to the
+importing of the keys found.
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC python -i
+import gpg
+import hkp4py
+import sys
+
+c = gpg.Context()
+server = hkp4py.KeyServer("hkps://hkps.pool.sks-keyservers.net")
+results = []
+
+if len(sys.argv) > 2:
+    pattern = " ".join(sys.argv[1:])
+elif len(sys.argv) == 2:
+    pattern = sys.argv[1]
+else:
+    pattern = input("Enter the pattern to search for keys or user IDs: ")
+
+try:
+    keys = server.search(pattern)
+    print("Found {0} key(s).".format(len(keys)))
+except Exception as e:
+    keys = []
+    for logrus in pattern.split():
+        if logrus.startswith("0x") is True:
+            key = server.search(logrus)
+        else:
+            key = server.search("0x{0}".format(logrus))
+        keys.append(key[0])
+    print("Found {0} key(s).".format(len(keys)))
+
+for key in keys:
+    import_result = c.key_import(key.key_blob)
+    results.append(import_result)
+
+for result in results:
+    if result is not None and hasattr(result, "considered") is False:
+        print(result)
+    elif result is not None and hasattr(result, "considered") is True:
+        num_keys = len(result.imports)
+        new_revs = result.new_revocations
+        new_sigs = result.new_signatures
+        new_subs = result.new_sub_keys
+        new_uids = result.new_user_ids
+        new_scrt = result.secret_imported
+        nochange = result.unchanged
+        print("""
+The total number of keys considered for import was:  {0}
+
+   Number of keys revoked:  {1}
+ Number of new signatures:  {2}
+    Number of new subkeys:  {3}
+   Number of new user IDs:  {4}
+Number of new secret keys:  {5}
+ Number of unchanged keys:  {6}
+
+The key IDs for all considered keys were:
+""".format(num_keys, new_revs, new_sigs, new_subs, new_uids, new_scrt,
+           nochange))
+        for i in range(num_keys):
+            print(result.imports[i].fpr)
+        print("")
+    else:
+        pass
+#+END_SRC
+
+Since the hkp4py module handles multiple keys just as effectively as
+one (=keys= is a list of responses per matching key), the example
+above is able to do a little bit more with the returned data before
+anything is actually imported.
+
+
+*** Importing from ProtonMail with HKP for Python
+    :PROPERTIES:
+    :CUSTOM_ID: import-protonmail-hkp4py
+    :END:
+
+Though this can provide certain benefits even when working with
+ProtonMail, the scope is somewhat constrained there due to the
+limitations of the ProtonMail keyserver.
+
+For instance, searching the SKS keyserver pool for the term "gnupg"
+produces hundreds of results from any time the word appears in any
+part of a user ID.  Performing the same search on the ProtonMail
+keyserver returns zero results, even though there are at least two
+test accounts which include it as part of the username.
+
+The cause of this discrepancy is the deliberate configuration of that
+server by ProtonMail to require an exact match of the full email
+address of the ProtonMail user whose key is being requested.
+Presumably this is intended to reduce breaches of privacy of their
+users as an email address must already be known before a key for that
+address can be obtained.
+
+
+**** Import from ProtonMail via HKP for Python Example no. 1
+     :PROPERTIES:
+     :CUSTOM_ID: import-hkp4py-pm1
+     :END:
+
+The following script is avalable with the rest of the examples under
+the somewhat less than original name, =pmkey-import-hkp.py=.
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC python -i
+import gpg
+import hkp4py
+import os.path
+import sys
+
+print("""
+This script searches the ProtonMail key server for the specified key and
+imports it.
+
+Usage:  pmkey-import-hkp.py [search strings]
+""")
+
+c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+server = hkp4py.KeyServer("hkps://api.protonmail.ch")
+keyterms = []
+ksearch = []
+allkeys = []
+results = []
+paradox = []
+homeless = None
+
+if len(sys.argv) > 2:
+    keyterms = sys.argv[1:]
+elif len(sys.argv) == 2:
+    keyterm = sys.argv[1]
+    keyterms.append(keyterm)
+else:
+    key_term = input("Enter the key ID, UID or search string: ")
+    keyterms = key_term.split()
+
+for keyterm in keyterms:
+    if keyterm.count("@") == 2 and keyterm.startswith("@") is True:
+        ksearch.append(keyterm[1:])
+        ksearch.append(keyterm[1:])
+        ksearch.append(keyterm[1:])
+    elif keyterm.count("@") == 1 and keyterm.startswith("@") is True:
+        ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.com".format(keyterm[1:]))
+        ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.ch".format(keyterm[1:]))
+        ksearch.append("{0}@pm.me".format(keyterm[1:]))
+    elif keyterm.count("@") == 0:
+        ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.com".format(keyterm))
+        ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.ch".format(keyterm))
+        ksearch.append("{0}@pm.me".format(keyterm))
+    elif keyterm.count("@") == 2 and keyterm.startswith("@") is False:
+        uidlist = keyterm.split("@")
+        for uid in uidlist:
+            ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.com".format(uid))
+            ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.ch".format(uid))
+            ksearch.append("{0}@pm.me".format(uid))
+    elif keyterm.count("@") > 2:
+        uidlist = keyterm.split("@")
+        for uid in uidlist:
+            ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.com".format(uid))
+            ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.ch".format(uid))
+            ksearch.append("{0}@pm.me".format(uid))
+    else:
+        ksearch.append(keyterm)
+
+for k in ksearch:
+    print("Checking for key for: {0}".format(k))
+    try:
+        keys = server.search(k)
+        if isinstance(keys, list) is True:
+            for key in keys:
+                allkeys.append(key)
+                try:
+                    import_result = c.key_import(key.key_blob)
+                except Exception as e:
+                    import_result = c.key_import(key.key)
+        else:
+            paradox.append(keys)
+            import_result = None
+    except Exception as e:
+        import_result = None
+    results.append(import_result)
+
+for result in results:
+    if result is not None and hasattr(result, "considered") is False:
+        print("{0} for {1}".format(result.decode(), k))
+    elif result is not None and hasattr(result, "considered") is True:
+        num_keys = len(result.imports)
+        new_revs = result.new_revocations
+        new_sigs = result.new_signatures
+        new_subs = result.new_sub_keys
+        new_uids = result.new_user_ids
+        new_scrt = result.secret_imported
+        nochange = result.unchanged
+        print("""
+The total number of keys considered for import was:  {0}
+
+With UIDs wholely or partially matching the following string:
+
+        {1}
+
+   Number of keys revoked:  {2}
+ Number of new signatures:  {3}
+    Number of new subkeys:  {4}
+   Number of new user IDs:  {5}
+Number of new secret keys:  {6}
+ Number of unchanged keys:  {7}
+
+The key IDs for all considered keys were:
+""".format(num_keys, k, new_revs, new_sigs, new_subs, new_uids, new_scrt,
+           nochange))
+        for i in range(num_keys):
+            print(result.imports[i].fpr)
+        print("")
+    elif result is None:
+        pass
+#+END_SRC
+
+
+**** Import from ProtonMail via HKP for Python Example no. 2
+     :PROPERTIES:
+     :CUSTOM_ID: import-hkp4py-pm2
+     :END:
+
+Like its counterpart above, this script can also be found with the
+rest of the examples, by the name pmkey-import-hkp-alt.py.
+
+With this script a modicum of effort has been made to treat anything
+passed as a =homedir= which either does not exist or which is not a
+directory, as also being a pssible user ID to check for.  It's not
+guaranteed to pick up on all such cases, but it should cover most of
+them.
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC python -i
+import gpg
+import hkp4py
+import os.path
+import sys
+
+print("""
+This script searches the ProtonMail key server for the specified key and
+imports it.  Optionally enables specifying a different GnuPG home directory.
+
+Usage:  pmkey-import-hkp.py [homedir] [search string]
+   or:  pmkey-import-hkp.py [search string]
+""")
+
+c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+server = hkp4py.KeyServer("hkps://api.protonmail.ch")
+keyterms = []
+ksearch = []
+allkeys = []
+results = []
+paradox = []
+homeless = None
+
+if len(sys.argv) > 3:
+    homedir = sys.argv[1]
+    keyterms = sys.argv[2:]
+elif len(sys.argv) == 3:
+    homedir = sys.argv[1]
+    keyterm = sys.argv[2]
+    keyterms.append(keyterm)
+elif len(sys.argv) == 2:
+    homedir = ""
+    keyterm = sys.argv[1]
+    keyterms.append(keyterm)
+else:
+    keyterm = input("Enter the key ID, UID or search string: ")
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+    keyterms.append(keyterm)
+
+if len(homedir) == 0:
+    homedir = None
+    homeless = False
+
+if homedir is not None:
+    if homedir.startswith("~"):
+        if os.path.exists(os.path.expanduser(homedir)) is True:
+            if os.path.isdir(os.path.expanduser(homedir)) is True:
+                c.home_dir = os.path.realpath(os.path.expanduser(homedir))
+            else:
+                homeless = True
+        else:
+            homeless = True
+    elif os.path.exists(os.path.realpath(homedir)) is True:
+        if os.path.isdir(os.path.realpath(homedir)) is True:
+            c.home_dir = os.path.realpath(homedir)
+        else:
+            homeless = True
+    else:
+        homeless = True
+
+# First check to see if the homedir really is a homedir and if not, treat it as
+# a search string.
+if homeless is True:
+    keyterms.append(homedir)
+    c.home_dir = None
+else:
+    pass
+
+for keyterm in keyterms:
+    if keyterm.count("@") == 2 and keyterm.startswith("@") is True:
+        ksearch.append(keyterm[1:])
+        ksearch.append(keyterm[1:])
+        ksearch.append(keyterm[1:])
+    elif keyterm.count("@") == 1 and keyterm.startswith("@") is True:
+        ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.com".format(keyterm[1:]))
+        ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.ch".format(keyterm[1:]))
+        ksearch.append("{0}@pm.me".format(keyterm[1:]))
+    elif keyterm.count("@") == 0:
+        ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.com".format(keyterm))
+        ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.ch".format(keyterm))
+        ksearch.append("{0}@pm.me".format(keyterm))
+    elif keyterm.count("@") == 2 and keyterm.startswith("@") is False:
+        uidlist = keyterm.split("@")
+        for uid in uidlist:
+            ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.com".format(uid))
+            ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.ch".format(uid))
+            ksearch.append("{0}@pm.me".format(uid))
+    elif keyterm.count("@") > 2:
+        uidlist = keyterm.split("@")
+        for uid in uidlist:
+            ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.com".format(uid))
+            ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.ch".format(uid))
+            ksearch.append("{0}@pm.me".format(uid))
+    else:
+        ksearch.append(keyterm)
+
+for k in ksearch:
+    print("Checking for key for: {0}".format(k))
+    try:
+        keys = server.search(k)
+        if isinstance(keys, list) is True:
+            for key in keys:
+                allkeys.append(key)
+                try:
+                    import_result = c.key_import(key.key_blob)
+                except Exception as e:
+                    import_result = c.key_import(key.key)
+        else:
+            paradox.append(keys)
+            import_result = None
+    except Exception as e:
+        import_result = None
+    results.append(import_result)
+
+for result in results:
+    if result is not None and hasattr(result, "considered") is False:
+        print("{0} for {1}".format(result.decode(), k))
+    elif result is not None and hasattr(result, "considered") is True:
+        num_keys = len(result.imports)
+        new_revs = result.new_revocations
+        new_sigs = result.new_signatures
+        new_subs = result.new_sub_keys
+        new_uids = result.new_user_ids
+        new_scrt = result.secret_imported
+        nochange = result.unchanged
+        print("""
+The total number of keys considered for import was:  {0}
+
+With UIDs wholely or partially matching the following string:
+
+        {1}
+
+   Number of keys revoked:  {2}
+ Number of new signatures:  {3}
+    Number of new subkeys:  {4}
+   Number of new user IDs:  {5}
+Number of new secret keys:  {6}
+ Number of unchanged keys:  {7}
+
+The key IDs for all considered keys were:
+""".format(num_keys, k, new_revs, new_sigs, new_subs, new_uids, new_scrt,
+           nochange))
+        for i in range(num_keys):
+            print(result.imports[i].fpr)
+        print("")
+    elif result is None:
+        pass
+#+END_SRC
+
+
+** Exporting keys
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: howto-export-key
+   :END:
+
+Exporting keys remains a reasonably simple task, but has been
+separated into three different functions for the OpenPGP cryptographic
+engine.  Two of those functions are for exporting public keys and the
+third is for exporting secret keys.
+
+
+*** Exporting public keys
+    :PROPERTIES:
+    :CUSTOM_ID: howto-export-public-key
+    :END:
+
+There are two methods of exporting public keys, both of which are very
+similar to the other.  The default method, =key_export()=, will export
+a public key or keys matching a specified pattern as normal.  The
+alternative, the =key_export_minimal()= method, will do the same thing
+except producing a minimised output with extra signatures and third
+party signatures or certifications removed.
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC python -i
+import gpg
+import os.path
+import sys
+
+print("""
+This script exports one or more public keys.
+""")
+
+c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+
+if len(sys.argv) >= 4:
+    keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+    logrus = sys.argv[2]
+    homedir = sys.argv[3]
+elif len(sys.argv) == 3:
+    keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+    logrus = sys.argv[2]
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+elif len(sys.argv) == 2:
+    keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+    logrus = input("Enter the UID matching the key(s) to export: ")
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+else:
+    keyfile = input("Enter the path and filename to save the secret key to: ")
+    logrus = input("Enter the UID matching the key(s) to export: ")
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+
+if homedir.startswith("~"):
+    if os.path.exists(os.path.expanduser(homedir)) is True:
+        c.home_dir = os.path.expanduser(homedir)
+    else:
+        pass
+elif os.path.exists(homedir) is True:
+    c.home_dir = homedir
+else:
+    pass
+
+try:
+    result = c.key_export(pattern=logrus)
+except:
+    result = c.key_export(pattern=None)
+
+if result is not None:
+    with open(keyfile, "wb") as f:
+        f.write(result)
+else:
+    pass
+#+END_SRC
+
+It should be noted that the result will only return =None= when a
+search pattern has been entered, but has not matched any keys.  When
+the search pattern itself is set to =None= this triggers the exporting
+of the entire public keybox.
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC python -i
+import gpg
+import os.path
+import sys
+
+print("""
+This script exports one or more public keys in minimised form.
+""")
+
+c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+
+if len(sys.argv) >= 4:
+    keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+    logrus = sys.argv[2]
+    homedir = sys.argv[3]
+elif len(sys.argv) == 3:
+    keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+    logrus = sys.argv[2]
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+elif len(sys.argv) == 2:
+    keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+    logrus = input("Enter the UID matching the key(s) to export: ")
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+else:
+    keyfile = input("Enter the path and filename to save the secret key to: ")
+    logrus = input("Enter the UID matching the key(s) to export: ")
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+
+if homedir.startswith("~"):
+    if os.path.exists(os.path.expanduser(homedir)) is True:
+        c.home_dir = os.path.expanduser(homedir)
+    else:
+        pass
+elif os.path.exists(homedir) is True:
+    c.home_dir = homedir
+else:
+    pass
+
+try:
+    result = c.key_export_minimal(pattern=logrus)
+except:
+    result = c.key_export_minimal(pattern=None)
+
+if result is not None:
+    with open(keyfile, "wb") as f:
+        f.write(result)
+else:
+    pass
+#+END_SRC
+
+
+*** Exporting secret keys
+    :PROPERTIES:
+    :CUSTOM_ID: howto-export-secret-key
+    :END:
+
+Exporting secret keys is, functionally, very similar to exporting
+public keys; save for the invocation of =pinentry= via =gpg-agent= in
+order to securely enter the key's passphrase and authorise the export.
+
+The following example exports the secret key to a file which is then
+set with the same permissions as the output files created by the
+command line secret key export options.
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC python -i
+import gpg
+import os
+import os.path
+import sys
+
+print("""
+This script exports one or more secret keys.
+
+The gpg-agent and pinentry are invoked to authorise the export.
+""")
+
+c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+
+if len(sys.argv) >= 4:
+    keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+    logrus = sys.argv[2]
+    homedir = sys.argv[3]
+elif len(sys.argv) == 3:
+    keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+    logrus = sys.argv[2]
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+elif len(sys.argv) == 2:
+    keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+    logrus = input("Enter the UID matching the secret key(s) to export: ")
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+else:
+    keyfile = input("Enter the path and filename to save the secret key to: ")
+    logrus = input("Enter the UID matching the secret key(s) to export: ")
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+
+if len(homedir) == 0:
+    homedir = None
+elif homedir.startswith("~"):
+    userdir = os.path.expanduser(homedir)
+    if os.path.exists(userdir) is True:
+        homedir = os.path.realpath(userdir)
+    else:
+        homedir = None
+else:
+    homedir = os.path.realpath(homedir)
+
+if os.path.exists(homedir) is False:
+    homedir = None
+else:
+    if os.path.isdir(homedir) is False:
+        homedir = None
+    else:
+        pass
+
+if homedir is not None:
+    c.home_dir = homedir
+else:
+    pass
+
+try:
+    result = c.key_export_secret(pattern=logrus)
+except:
+    result = c.key_export_secret(pattern=None)
+
+if result is not None:
+    with open(keyfile, "wb") as f:
+        f.write(result)
+    os.chmod(keyfile, 0o600)
+else:
+    pass
+#+END_SRC
+
+Alternatively the approach of the following script can be used.  This
+longer example saves the exported secret key(s) in files in the GnuPG
+home directory, in addition to setting the file permissions as only
+readable and writable by the user.  It also exports the secret key(s)
+twice in order to output both GPG binary (=.gpg=) and ASCII armoured
+(=.asc=) files.
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC python -i
+import gpg
+import os
+import os.path
+import subprocess
+import sys
+
+print("""
+This script exports one or more secret keys as both ASCII armored and binary
+file formats, saved in files within the user's GPG home directory.
+
+The gpg-agent and pinentry are invoked to authorise the export.
+""")
+
+if sys.platform == "win32":
+    gpgconfcmd = "gpgconf.exe --list-dirs homedir"
+else:
+    gpgconfcmd = "gpgconf --list-dirs homedir"
+
+a = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+b = gpg.Context()
+c = gpg.Context()
+
+if len(sys.argv) >= 4:
+    keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+    logrus = sys.argv[2]
+    homedir = sys.argv[3]
+elif len(sys.argv) == 3:
+    keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+    logrus = sys.argv[2]
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+elif len(sys.argv) == 2:
+    keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+    logrus = input("Enter the UID matching the secret key(s) to export: ")
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+else:
+    keyfile = input("Enter the filename to save the secret key to: ")
+    logrus = input("Enter the UID matching the secret key(s) to export: ")
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+
+if len(homedir) == 0:
+    homedir = None
+elif homedir.startswith("~"):
+    userdir = os.path.expanduser(homedir)
+    if os.path.exists(userdir) is True:
+        homedir = os.path.realpath(userdir)
+    else:
+        homedir = None
+else:
+    homedir = os.path.realpath(homedir)
+
+if os.path.exists(homedir) is False:
+    homedir = None
+else:
+    if os.path.isdir(homedir) is False:
+        homedir = None
+    else:
+        pass
+
+if homedir is not None:
+    c.home_dir = homedir
+else:
+    pass
+
+if c.home_dir is not None:
+    if c.home_dir.endswith("/"):
+        gpgfile = "{0}{1}.gpg".format(c.home_dir, keyfile)
+        ascfile = "{0}{1}.asc".format(c.home_dir, keyfile)
+    else:
+        gpgfile = "{0}/{1}.gpg".format(c.home_dir, keyfile)
+        ascfile = "{0}/{1}.asc".format(c.home_dir, keyfile)
+else:
+    if os.path.exists(os.environ["GNUPGHOME"]) is True:
+        hd = os.environ["GNUPGHOME"]
+    else:
+        try:
+            hd = subprocess.getoutput(gpgconfcmd)
+        except:
+            process = subprocess.Popen(gpgconfcmd.split(),
+                                       stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
+            procom = process.communicate()
+            if sys.version_info[0] == 2:
+                hd = procom[0].strip()
+            else:
+                hd = procom[0].decode().strip()
+    gpgfile = "{0}/{1}.gpg".format(hd, keyfile)
+    ascfile = "{0}/{1}.asc".format(hd, keyfile)
+
+try:
+    a_result = a.key_export_secret(pattern=logrus)
+    b_result = b.key_export_secret(pattern=logrus)
+except:
+    a_result = a.key_export_secret(pattern=None)
+    b_result = b.key_export_secret(pattern=None)
+
+if a_result is not None:
+    with open(ascfile, "wb") as f:
+        f.write(a_result)
+    os.chmod(ascfile, 0o600)
+else:
+    pass
+
+if b_result is not None:
+    with open(gpgfile, "wb") as f:
+        f.write(b_result)
+    os.chmod(gpgfile, 0o600)
+else:
+    pass
+#+END_SRC
+
+
+*** Sending public keys to the SKS Keyservers
+    :PROPERTIES:
+    :CUSTOM_ID: howto-send-public-key
+    :END:
+
+As with the previous section on importing keys, the =hkp4py= module
+adds another option with exporting keys in order to send them to the
+public keyservers.
+
+The following example demonstrates how this may be done.
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC python -i
+import gpg
+import hkp4py
+import os.path
+import sys
+
+print("""
+This script sends one or more public keys to the SKS keyservers and is
+essentially a slight variation on the export-key.py script.
+""")
+
+c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+server = hkp4py.KeyServer("hkps://hkps.pool.sks-keyservers.net")
+
+if len(sys.argv) > 2:
+    logrus = " ".join(sys.argv[1:])
+elif len(sys.argv) == 2:
+    logrus = sys.argv[1]
+else:
+    logrus = input("Enter the UID matching the key(s) to send: ")
+
+if len(logrus) > 0:
+    try:
+        export_result = c.key_export(pattern=logrus)
+    except Exception as e:
+        print(e)
+        export_result = None
+else:
+    export_result = c.key_export(pattern=None)
+
+if export_result is not None:
+    try:
+        try:
+            send_result = server.add(export_result)
+        except:
+            send_result = server.add(export_result.decode())
+        if send_result is not None:
+            print(send_result)
+        else:
+            pass
+    except Exception as e:
+        print(e)
+else:
+    pass
+#+END_SRC
+
+An expanded version of this script with additional functions for
+specifying an alternative homedir location is in the examples
+directory as =send-key-to-keyserver.py=.
+
+The =hkp4py= module appears to handle both string and byte literal text
+data equally well, but the GPGME bindings deal primarily with byte
+literal data only and so this script sends in that format first, then
+tries the string literal form.
+
+
+* Basic Functions
+  :PROPERTIES:
+  :CUSTOM_ID: howto-the-basics
+  :END:
+
+The most frequently called features of any cryptographic library will
+be the most fundamental tasks for encryption software.  In this
+section we will look at how to programmatically encrypt data, decrypt
+it, sign it and verify signatures.
+
+
+** Encryption
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: howto-basic-encryption
+   :END:
+
+Encrypting is very straight forward.  In the first example below the
+message, =text=, is encrypted to a single recipient's key.  In the
+second example the message will be encrypted to multiple recipients.
+
+
+*** Encrypting to one key
+    :PROPERTIES:
+    :CUSTOM_ID: howto-basic-encryption-single
+    :END:
+
+Once the the Context is set the main issues with encrypting data is
+essentially reduced to key selection and the keyword arguments
+specified in the =gpg.Context().encrypt()= method.
+
+Those keyword arguments are: =recipients=, a list of keys encrypted to
+(covered in greater detail in the following section); =sign=, whether
+or not to sign the plaintext data, see subsequent sections on signing
+and verifying signatures below (defaults to =True=); =sink=, to write
+results or partial results to a secure sink instead of returning it
+(defaults to =None=); =passphrase=, only used when utilising symmetric
+encryption (defaults to =None=); =always_trust=, used to override the
+trust model settings for recipient keys (defaults to =False=);
+=add_encrypt_to=, utilises any preconfigured =encrypt-to= or
+=default-key= settings in the user's =gpg.conf= file (defaults to
+=False=); =prepare=, prepare for encryption (defaults to =False=);
+=expect_sign=, prepare for signing (defaults to =False=); =compress=,
+compresses the plaintext prior to encryption (defaults to =True=).
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC python -i
+import gpg
+
+a_key = "0x12345678DEADBEEF"
+text = b"""Some text to test with.
+
+Since the text in this case must be bytes, it is most likely that
+the input form will be a separate file which is opened with "rb"
+as this is the simplest method of obtaining the correct data format.
+"""
+
+c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+rkey = list(c.keylist(pattern=a_key, secret=False))
+ciphertext, result, sign_result = c.encrypt(text, recipients=rkey, sign=False)
+
+with open("secret_plans.txt.asc", "wb") as afile:
+    afile.write(ciphertext)
+#+END_SRC
+
+Though this is even more likely to be used like this; with the
+plaintext input read from a file, the recipient keys used for
+encryption regardless of key trust status and the encrypted output
+also encrypted to any preconfigured keys set in the =gpg.conf= file:
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC python -i
+import gpg
+
+a_key = "0x12345678DEADBEEF"
+
+with open("secret_plans.txt", "rb") as afile:
+    text = afile.read()
+
+c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+rkey = list(c.keylist(pattern=a_key, secret=False))
+ciphertext, result, sign_result = c.encrypt(text, recipients=rkey, sign=True,
+                                            always_trust=True,
+                                            add_encrypt_to=True)
+
+with open("secret_plans.txt.asc", "wb") as afile:
+    afile.write(ciphertext)
+#+END_SRC
+
+If the =recipients= paramater is empty then the plaintext is encrypted
+symmetrically.  If no =passphrase= is supplied as a parameter or via a
+callback registered with the =Context()= then an out-of-band prompt
+for the passphrase via pinentry will be invoked.
+
+
+*** Encrypting to multiple keys
+    :PROPERTIES:
+    :CUSTOM_ID: howto-basic-encryption-multiple
+    :END:
+
+Encrypting to multiple keys essentially just expands upon the key
+selection process and the recipients from the previous examples.
+
+The following example encrypts a message (=text=) to everyone with an
+email address on the =gnupg.org= domain,[fn:4] but does /not/ encrypt
+to a default key or other key which is configured to normally encrypt
+to.
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC python -i
+import gpg
+
+text = b"""Oh look, another test message.
+
+The same rules apply as with the previous example and more likely
+than not, the message will actually be drawn from reading the
+contents of a file or, maybe, from entering data at an input()
+prompt.
+
+Since the text in this case must be bytes, it is most likely that
+the input form will be a separate file which is opened with "rb"
+as this is the simplest method of obtaining the correct data
+format.
+"""
+
+c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+rpattern = list(c.keylist(pattern="@gnupg.org", secret=False))
+logrus = []
+
+for i in range(len(rpattern)):
+    if rpattern[i].can_encrypt == 1:
+        logrus.append(rpattern[i])
+
+ciphertext, result, sign_result = c.encrypt(text, recipients=logrus,
+                                            sign=False, always_trust=True)
+
+with open("secret_plans.txt.asc", "wb") as afile:
+    afile.write(ciphertext)
+#+END_SRC
+
+All it would take to change the above example to sign the message
+and also encrypt the message to any configured default keys would
+be to change the =c.encrypt= line to this:
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC python -i
+ciphertext, result, sign_result = c.encrypt(text, recipients=logrus,
+                                            always_trust=True,
+                                            add_encrypt_to=True)
+#+END_SRC
+
+The only keyword arguments requiring modification are those for which
+the default values are changing.  The default value of =sign= is
+=True=, the default of =always_trust= is =False=, the default of
+=add_encrypt_to= is =False=.
+
+If =always_trust= is not set to =True= and any of the recipient keys
+are not trusted (e.g. not signed or locally signed) then the
+encryption will raise an error.  It is possible to mitigate this
+somewhat with something more like this:
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC python -i
+import gpg
+
+with open("secret_plans.txt.asc", "rb") as afile:
+    text = afile.read()
+
+c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+rpattern = list(c.keylist(pattern="@gnupg.org", secret=False))
+logrus = []
+
+for i in range(len(rpattern)):
+    if rpattern[i].can_encrypt == 1:
+        logrus.append(rpattern[i])
+
+    try:
+        ciphertext, result, sign_result = c.encrypt(text, recipients=logrus,
+                                                    add_encrypt_to=True)
+    except gpg.errors.InvalidRecipients as e:
+        for i in range(len(e.recipients)):
+            for n in range(len(logrus)):
+                if logrus[n].fpr == e.recipients[i].fpr:
+                    logrus.remove(logrus[n])
+                else:
+                    pass
+        try:
+            ciphertext, result, sign_result = c.encrypt(text,
+                                                        recipients=logrus,
+                                                        add_encrypt_to=True)
+            with open("secret_plans.txt.asc", "wb") as afile:
+                afile.write(ciphertext)
+        except:
+            pass
+#+END_SRC
+
+This will attempt to encrypt to all the keys searched for, then remove
+invalid recipients if it fails and try again.
+
+
+** Decryption
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: howto-basic-decryption
+   :END:
+
+Decrypting something encrypted to a key in one's secret keyring is
+fairly straight forward.
+
+In this example code, however, preconfiguring either =gpg.Context()=
+or =gpg.core.Context()= as =c= is unnecessary because there is no need
+to modify the Context prior to conducting the decryption and since the
+Context is only used once, setting it to =c= simply adds lines for no
+gain.
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC python -i
+import gpg
+
+ciphertext = input("Enter path and filename of encrypted file: ")
+newfile = input("Enter path and filename of file to save decrypted data to: ")
+
+with open(ciphertext, "rb") as cfile:
+    try:
+        plaintext, result, verify_result = gpg.Context().decrypt(cfile)
+    except gpg.errors.GPGMEError as e:
+        plaintext = None
+        print(e)
+
+if plaintext is not None:
+    with open(newfile, "wb") as nfile:
+	    nfile.write(plaintext)
+    else:
+        pass
+#+END_SRC
+
+The data available in =plaintext= in this example is the decrypted
+content as a byte object, the recipient key IDs and algorithms in
+=result= and the results of verifying any signatures of the data in
+=verify_result=.
+
+
+** Signing text and files
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: howto-basic-signing
+   :END:
+
+The following sections demonstrate how to specify keys to sign with.
+
+
+*** Signing key selection
+    :PROPERTIES:
+    :CUSTOM_ID: howto-basic-signing-signers
+    :END:
+
+By default GPGME and the Python bindings will use the default key
+configured for the user invoking the GPGME API.  If there is no
+default key specified and there is more than one secret key available
+it may be necessary to specify the key or keys with which to sign
+messages and files.
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC python -i
+import gpg
+
+logrus = input("Enter the email address or string to match signing keys to: ")
+hancock = gpg.Context().keylist(pattern=logrus, secret=True)
+sig_src = list(hancock)
+#+END_SRC
+
+The signing examples in the following sections include the explicitly
+designated =signers= parameter in two of the five examples; once where
+the resulting signature would be ASCII armoured and once where it
+would not be armoured.
+
+While it would be possible to enter a key ID or fingerprint here to
+match a specific key, it is not possible to enter two fingerprints and
+match two keys since the patten expects a string, bytes or None and
+not a list.  A string with two fingerprints won't match any single
+key.
+
+
+*** Normal or default signing messages or files
+    :PROPERTIES:
+    :CUSTOM_ID: howto-basic-signing-normal
+    :END:
+
+The normal or default signing process is essentially the same as is
+most often invoked when also encrypting a message or file.  So when
+the encryption component is not utilised, the result is to produce an
+encoded and signed output which may or may not be ASCII armoured and
+which may or may not also be compressed.
+
+By default compression will be used unless GnuPG detects that the
+plaintext is already compressed.  ASCII armouring will be determined
+according to the value of =gpg.Context().armor=.
+
+The compression algorithm is selected in much the same way as the
+symmetric encryption algorithm or the hash digest algorithm is when
+multiple keys are involved; from the preferences saved into the key
+itself or by comparison with the preferences with all other keys
+involved.
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC python -i
+import gpg
+
+text0 = """Declaration of ... something.
+
+"""
+text = text0.encode()
+
+c = gpg.Context(armor=True, signers=sig_src)
+signed_data, result = c.sign(text, mode=gpg.constants.sig.mode.NORMAL)
+
+with open("/path/to/statement.txt.asc", "w") as afile:
+    afile.write(signed_data.decode())
+#+END_SRC
+
+Though everything in this example is accurate, it is more likely that
+reading the input data from another file and writing the result to a
+new file will be performed more like the way it is done in the next
+example.  Even if the output format is ASCII armoured.
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC python -i
+import gpg
+
+with open("/path/to/statement.txt", "rb") as tfile:
+    text = tfile.read()
+
+c = gpg.Context()
+signed_data, result = c.sign(text, mode=gpg.constants.sig.mode.NORMAL)
+
+with open("/path/to/statement.txt.sig", "wb") as afile:
+    afile.write(signed_data)
+#+END_SRC
+
+
+*** Detached signing messages and files
+    :PROPERTIES:
+    :CUSTOM_ID: howto-basic-signing-detached
+    :END:
+
+Detached signatures will often be needed in programmatic uses of
+GPGME, either for signing files (e.g. tarballs of code releases) or as
+a component of message signing (e.g. PGP/MIME encoded email).
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC python -i
+import gpg
+
+text0 = """Declaration of ... something.
+
+"""
+text = text0.encode()
+
+c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+signed_data, result = c.sign(text, mode=gpg.constants.sig.mode.DETACH)
+
+with open("/path/to/statement.txt.asc", "w") as afile:
+    afile.write(signed_data.decode())
+#+END_SRC
+
+As with normal signatures, detached signatures are best handled as
+byte literals, even when the output is ASCII armoured.
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC python -i
+import gpg
+
+with open("/path/to/statement.txt", "rb") as tfile:
+    text = tfile.read()
+
+c = gpg.Context(signers=sig_src)
+signed_data, result = c.sign(text, mode=gpg.constants.sig.mode.DETACH)
+
+with open("/path/to/statement.txt.sig", "wb") as afile:
+    afile.write(signed_data)
+#+END_SRC
+
+
+*** Clearsigning messages or text
+    :PROPERTIES:
+    :CUSTOM_ID: howto-basic-signing-clear
+    :END:
+
+Though PGP/in-line messages are no longer encouraged in favour of
+PGP/MIME, there is still sometimes value in utilising in-line
+signatures.  This is where clear-signed messages or text is of value.
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC python -i
+import gpg
+
+text0 = """Declaration of ... something.
+
+"""
+text = text0.encode()
+
+c = gpg.Context()
+signed_data, result = c.sign(text, mode=gpg.constants.sig.mode.CLEAR)
+
+with open("/path/to/statement.txt.asc", "w") as afile:
+    afile.write(signed_data.decode())
+#+END_SRC
+
+In spite of the appearance of a clear-signed message, the data handled
+by GPGME in signing it must still be byte literals.
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC python -i
+import gpg
+
+with open("/path/to/statement.txt", "rb") as tfile:
+    text = tfile.read()
+
+c = gpg.Context()
+signed_data, result = c.sign(text, mode=gpg.constants.sig.mode.CLEAR)
+
+with open("/path/to/statement.txt.asc", "wb") as afile:
+    afile.write(signed_data)
+#+END_SRC
+
+
+** Signature verification
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: howto-basic-verification
+   :END:
+
+Essentially there are two principal methods of verification of a
+signature.  The first of these is for use with the normal or default
+signing method and for clear-signed messages.  The second is for use
+with files and data with detached signatures.
+
+The following example is intended for use with the default signing
+method where the file was not ASCII armoured:
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC python -i
+import gpg
+import time
+
+filename = "statement.txt"
+gpg_file = "statement.txt.gpg"
+
+c = gpg.Context()
+
+try:
+    data, result = c.verify(open(gpg_file))
+    verified = True
+except gpg.errors.BadSignatures as e:
+    verified = False
+    print(e)
+
+if verified is True:
+    for i in range(len(result.signatures)):
+        sign = result.signatures[i]
+        print("""Good signature from:
+{0}
+with key {1}
+made at {2}
+""".format(c.get_key(sign.fpr).uids[0].uid, sign.fpr,
+           time.ctime(sign.timestamp)))
+else:
+    pass
+#+END_SRC
+
+Whereas this next example, which is almost identical would work with
+normal ASCII armoured files and with clear-signed files:
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC python -i
+import gpg
+import time
+
+filename = "statement.txt"
+asc_file = "statement.txt.asc"
+
+c = gpg.Context()
+
+try:
+    data, result = c.verify(open(asc_file))
+    verified = True
+except gpg.errors.BadSignatures as e:
+    verified = False
+    print(e)
+
+if verified is True:
+    for i in range(len(result.signatures)):
+        sign = result.signatures[i]
+        print("""Good signature from:
+{0}
+with key {1}
+made at {2}
+""".format(c.get_key(sign.fpr).uids[0].uid, sign.fpr,
+           time.ctime(sign.timestamp)))
+else:
+    pass
+#+END_SRC
+
+In both of the previous examples it is also possible to compare the
+original data that was signed against the signed data in =data= to see
+if it matches with something like this:
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC python -i
+with open(filename, "rb") as afile:
+    text = afile.read()
+
+if text == data:
+    print("Good signature.")
+else:
+    pass
+#+END_SRC
+
+The following two examples, however, deal with detached signatures.
+With his method of verification the data that was signed does not get
+returned since it is already being explicitly referenced in the first
+argument of =c.verify=.  So =data= is =None= and only the information
+in =result= is available.
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC python -i
+import gpg
+import time
+
+filename = "statement.txt"
+sig_file = "statement.txt.sig"
+
+c = gpg.Context()
+
+try:
+    data, result = c.verify(open(filename), open(sig_file))
+    verified = True
+except gpg.errors.BadSignatures as e:
+    verified = False
+    print(e)
+
+if verified is True:
+    for i in range(len(result.signatures)):
+        sign = result.signatures[i]
+        print("""Good signature from:
+{0}
+with key {1}
+made at {2}
+""".format(c.get_key(sign.fpr).uids[0].uid, sign.fpr,
+           time.ctime(sign.timestamp)))
+else:
+    pass
+#+END_SRC
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC python -i
+import gpg
+import time
+
+filename = "statement.txt"
+asc_file = "statement.txt.asc"
+
+c = gpg.Context()
+
+try:
+    data, result = c.verify(open(filename), open(asc_file))
+    verified = True
+except gpg.errors.BadSignatures as e:
+    verified = False
+    print(e)
+
+if verified is True:
+    for i in range(len(result.signatures)):
+        sign = result.signatures[i]
+        print("""Good signature from:
+{0}
+with key {1}
+made at {2}
+""".format(c.get_key(sign.fpr).uids[0].uid, sign.fpr,
+           time.ctime(sign.timestamp)))
+else:
+    pass
+#+END_SRC
+
+
+* Creating keys and subkeys
+  :PROPERTIES:
+  :CUSTOM_ID: key-generation
+  :END:
+
+The one thing, aside from GnuPG itself, that GPGME depends on, of
+course, is the keys themselves.  So it is necessary to be able to
+generate them and modify them by adding subkeys, revoking or disabling
+them, sometimes deleting them and doing the same for user IDs.
+
+In the following examples a key will be created for the world's
+greatest secret agent, Danger Mouse.  Since Danger Mouse is a secret
+agent he needs to be able to protect information to =SECRET= level
+clearance, so his keys will be 3072-bit keys.
+
+The pre-configured =gpg.conf= file which sets cipher, digest and other
+preferences contains the following configuration parameters:
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC conf
+  expert
+  allow-freeform-uid
+  allow-secret-key-import
+  trust-model tofu+pgp
+  tofu-default-policy unknown
+  enable-large-rsa
+  enable-dsa2
+  cert-digest-algo SHA512
+  default-preference-list TWOFISH CAMELLIA256 AES256 CAMELLIA192 AES192 CAMELLIA128 AES BLOWFISH IDEA CAST5 3DES SHA512 SHA384 SHA256 SHA224 RIPEMD160 SHA1 ZLIB BZIP2 ZIP Uncompressed
+  personal-cipher-preferences TWOFISH CAMELLIA256 AES256 CAMELLIA192 AES192 CAMELLIA128 AES BLOWFISH IDEA CAST5 3DES
+  personal-digest-preferences SHA512 SHA384 SHA256 SHA224 RIPEMD160 SHA1
+  personal-compress-preferences ZLIB BZIP2 ZIP Uncompressed
+#+END_SRC
+
+
+** Primary key
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: keygen-primary
+   :END:
+
+Generating a primary key uses the =create_key= method in a Context.
+It contains multiple arguments and keyword arguments, including:
+=userid=, =algorithm=, =expires_in=, =expires=, =sign=, =encrypt=,
+=certify=, =authenticate=, =passphrase= and =force=.  The defaults for
+all of those except =userid=, =algorithm=, =expires_in=, =expires= and
+=passphrase= is =False=.  The defaults for =algorithm= and
+=passphrase= is =None=.  The default for =expires_in= is =0=.  The
+default for =expires= is =True=.  There is no default for =userid=.
+
+If =passphrase= is left as =None= then the key will not be generated
+with a passphrase, if =passphrase= is set to a string then that will
+be the passphrase and if =passphrase= is set to =True= then gpg-agent
+will launch pinentry to prompt for a passphrase.  For the sake of
+convenience, these examples will keep =passphrase= set to =None=.
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC python -i
+import gpg
+
+c = gpg.Context()
+
+c.home_dir = "~/.gnupg-dm"
+userid = "Danger Mouse <dm@secret.example.net>"
+
+dmkey = c.create_key(userid, algorithm="rsa3072", expires_in=31536000,
+                     sign=True, certify=True)
+#+END_SRC
+
+One thing to note here is the use of setting the =c.home_dir=
+parameter.  This enables generating the key or keys in a different
+location.  In this case to keep the new key data created for this
+example in a separate location rather than adding it to existing and
+active key store data.  As with the default directory, =~/.gnupg=, any
+temporary or separate directory needs the permissions set to only
+permit access by the directory owner.  On posix systems this means
+setting the directory permissions to 700.
+
+The =temp-homedir-config.py= script in the HOWTO examples directory
+will create an alternative homedir with these configuration options
+already set and the correct directory and file permissions.
+
+The successful generation of the key can be confirmed via the returned
+=GenkeyResult= object, which includes the following data:
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC python -i
+print("""
+ Fingerprint:  {0}
+ Primary Key:  {1}
+  Public Key:  {2}
+  Secret Key:  {3}
+ Sub Key:  {4}
+User IDs:  {5}
+""".format(dmkey.fpr, dmkey.primary, dmkey.pubkey, dmkey.seckey, dmkey.sub,
+           dmkey.uid))
+#+END_SRC
+
+Alternatively the information can be confirmed using the command line
+program:
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC shell
+  bash-4.4$ gpg --homedir ~/.gnupg-dm -K
+  ~/.gnupg-dm/pubring.kbx
+  ----------------------
+  sec   rsa3072 2018-03-15 [SC] [expires: 2019-03-15]
+	177B7C25DB99745EE2EE13ED026D2F19E99E63AA
+  uid           [ultimate] Danger Mouse <dm@secret.example.net>
+
+  bash-4.4$
+#+END_SRC
+
+As with generating keys manually, to preconfigure expanded preferences
+for the cipher, digest and compression algorithms, the =gpg.conf= file
+must contain those details in the home directory in which the new key
+is being generated.  I used a cut down version of my own =gpg.conf=
+file in order to be able to generate this:
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC shell
+  bash-4.4$ gpg --homedir ~/.gnupg-dm --edit-key 177B7C25DB99745EE2EE13ED026D2F19E99E63AA showpref quit
+  Secret key is available.
+
+  sec  rsa3072/026D2F19E99E63AA
+       created: 2018-03-15  expires: 2019-03-15  usage: SC
+       trust: ultimate      validity: ultimate
+  [ultimate] (1). Danger Mouse <dm@secret.example.net>
+
+  [ultimate] (1). Danger Mouse <dm@secret.example.net>
+       Cipher: TWOFISH, CAMELLIA256, AES256, CAMELLIA192, AES192, CAMELLIA128, AES, BLOWFISH, IDEA, CAST5, 3DES
+       Digest: SHA512, SHA384, SHA256, SHA224, RIPEMD160, SHA1
+       Compression: ZLIB, BZIP2, ZIP, Uncompressed
+       Features: MDC, Keyserver no-modify
+
+  bash-4.4$
+#+END_SRC
+
+
+** Subkeys
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: keygen-subkeys
+   :END:
+
+Adding subkeys to a primary key is fairly similar to creating the
+primary key with the =create_subkey= method.  Most of the arguments
+are the same, but not quite all.  Instead of the =userid= argument
+there is now a =key= argument for selecting which primary key to add
+the subkey to.
+
+In the following example an encryption subkey will be added to the
+primary key.  Since Danger Mouse is a security conscious secret agent,
+this subkey will only be valid for about six months, half the length
+of the primary key.
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC python -i
+import gpg
+
+c = gpg.Context()
+c.home_dir = "~/.gnupg-dm"
+
+key = c.get_key(dmkey.fpr, secret=True)
+dmsub = c.create_subkey(key, algorithm="rsa3072", expires_in=15768000,
+                        encrypt=True)
+#+END_SRC
+
+As with the primary key, the results here can be checked with:
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC python -i
+print("""
+ Fingerprint:  {0}
+ Primary Key:  {1}
+  Public Key:  {2}
+  Secret Key:  {3}
+ Sub Key:  {4}
+User IDs:  {5}
+""".format(dmsub.fpr, dmsub.primary, dmsub.pubkey, dmsub.seckey, dmsub.sub,
+           dmsub.uid))
+#+END_SRC
+
+As well as on the command line with:
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC shell
+  bash-4.4$ gpg --homedir ~/.gnupg-dm -K
+  ~/.gnupg-dm/pubring.kbx
+  ----------------------
+  sec   rsa3072 2018-03-15 [SC] [expires: 2019-03-15]
+	177B7C25DB99745EE2EE13ED026D2F19E99E63AA
+  uid           [ultimate] Danger Mouse <dm@secret.example.net>
+  ssb   rsa3072 2018-03-15 [E] [expires: 2018-09-13]
+
+  bash-4.4$
+#+END_SRC
+
+
+** User IDs
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: keygen-uids
+   :END:
+
+
+*** Adding User IDs
+    :PROPERTIES:
+    :CUSTOM_ID: keygen-uids-add
+    :END:
+
+By comparison to creating primary keys and subkeys, adding a new user
+ID to an existing key is much simpler.  The method used to do this is
+=key_add_uid= and the only arguments it takes are for the =key= and
+the new =uid=.
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC python -i
+import gpg
+
+c = gpg.Context()
+c.home_dir = "~/.gnupg-dm"
+
+dmfpr = "177B7C25DB99745EE2EE13ED026D2F19E99E63AA"
+key = c.get_key(dmfpr, secret=True)
+uid = "Danger Mouse <danger.mouse@secret.example.net>"
+
+c.key_add_uid(key, uid)
+#+END_SRC
+
+Unsurprisingly the result of this is:
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC shell
+  bash-4.4$ gpg --homedir ~/.gnupg-dm -K
+  ~/.gnupg-dm/pubring.kbx
+  ----------------------
+  sec   rsa3072 2018-03-15 [SC] [expires: 2019-03-15]
+	177B7C25DB99745EE2EE13ED026D2F19E99E63AA
+  uid           [ultimate] Danger Mouse <danger.mouse@secret.example.net>
+  uid           [ultimate] Danger Mouse <dm@secret.example.net>
+  ssb   rsa3072 2018-03-15 [E] [expires: 2018-09-13]
+
+  bash-4.4$
+#+END_SRC
+
+
+*** Revokinging User IDs
+    :PROPERTIES:
+    :CUSTOM_ID: keygen-uids-revoke
+    :END:
+
+Revoking a user ID is a fairly similar process, except that it uses
+the =key_revoke_uid= method.
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC python -i
+import gpg
+
+c = gpg.Context()
+c.home_dir = "~/.gnupg-dm"
+
+dmfpr = "177B7C25DB99745EE2EE13ED026D2F19E99E63AA"
+key = c.get_key(dmfpr, secret=True)
+uid = "Danger Mouse <danger.mouse@secret.example.net>"
+
+c.key_revoke_uid(key, uid)
+#+END_SRC
+
+
+** Key certification
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: key-sign
+   :END:
+
+Since key certification is more frequently referred to as key signing,
+the method used to perform this function is =key_sign=.
+
+The =key_sign= method takes four arguments: =key=, =uids=,
+=expires_in= and =local=.  The default value of =uids= is =None= and
+which results in all user IDs being selected.  The default value of
+both =expires_in= and =local= is =False=; which results in the
+signature never expiring and being able to be exported.
+
+The =key= is the key being signed rather than the key doing the
+signing.  To change the key doing the signing refer to the signing key
+selection above for signing messages and files.
+
+If the =uids= value is not =None= then it must either be a string to
+match a single user ID or a list of strings to match multiple user
+IDs.  In this case the matching of those strings must be precise and
+it is case sensitive.
+
+To sign Danger Mouse's key for just the initial user ID with a
+signature which will last a little over a month, do this:
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC python -i
+import gpg
+
+c = gpg.Context()
+uid = "Danger Mouse <dm@secret.example.net>"
+
+dmfpr = "177B7C25DB99745EE2EE13ED026D2F19E99E63AA"
+key = c.get_key(dmfpr, secret=True)
+c.key_sign(key, uids=uid, expires_in=2764800)
+#+END_SRC
+
+
+* Advanced or Experimental Use Cases
+  :PROPERTIES:
+  :CUSTOM_ID: advanced-use
+  :END:
+
+
+** C plus Python plus SWIG plus Cython
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: cython
+   :END:
+
+In spite of the apparent incongruence of using Python bindings to a C
+interface only to generate more C from the Python; it is in fact quite
+possible to use the GPGME bindings with [[http://docs.cython.org/en/latest/index.html][Cython]].  Though in many cases
+the benefits may not be obvious since the most computationally
+intensive work never leaves the level of the C code with which GPGME
+itself is interacting with.
+
+Nevertheless, there are some situations where the benefits are
+demonstrable.  One of the better and easier examples being the one of
+the early examples in this HOWTO, the [[#howto-keys-counting][key counting]] code.  Running that
+example as an executable Python script, =keycount.py= (available in
+the =examples/howto/= directory), will take a noticable amount of time
+to run on most systems where the public keybox or keyring contains a
+few thousand public keys.
+
+Earlier in the evening, prior to starting this section, I ran that
+script on my laptop; as I tend to do periodically and timed it using
+=time= utility, with the following results:
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC shell
+  bash-4.4$ time keycount.py
+
+  Number of secret keys:  23
+  Number of public keys:  12112
+
+
+  real	11m52.945s
+  user	0m0.913s
+  sys	0m0.752s
+
+  bash-4.4$
+#+END_SRC
+
+Sometime after that I imported another key and followed it with a
+little test of Cython.  This test was kept fairly basic, essentially
+lifting the material from the [[http://docs.cython.org/en/latest/src/tutorial/cython_tutorial.html][Cython Basic Tutorial]] to demonstrate
+compiling Python code to C.  The first step was to take the example
+key counting code quoted previously, essentially from the importing of
+the =gpg= module to the end of the script:
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC python -i
+import gpg
+
+c = gpg.Context()
+seckeys = c.keylist(pattern=None, secret=True)
+pubkeys = c.keylist(pattern=None, secret=False)
+
+seclist = list(seckeys)
+secnum = len(seclist)
+
+publist = list(pubkeys)
+pubnum = len(publist)
+
+print("""
+    Number of secret keys:  {0}
+    Number of public keys:  {1}
+
+""".format(secnum, pubnum))
+#+END_SRC
+
+Save that into a file called =keycount.pyx= and then create a
+=setup.py= file which contains this:
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC python -i
+from distutils.core import setup
+from Cython.Build import cythonize
+
+setup(
+    ext_modules = cythonize("keycount.pyx")
+)
+#+END_SRC
+
+Compile it:
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC shell
+  bash-4.4$ python setup.py build_ext --inplace
+  bash-4.4$
+#+END_SRC
+
+Then run it in a similar manner to =keycount.py=:
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC shell
+  bash-4.4$ time python3.7 -c "import keycount"
+
+  Number of secret keys:  23
+  Number of public keys:  12113
+
+
+  real	6m47.905s
+  user	0m0.785s
+  sys	0m0.331s
+
+  bash-4.4$
+#+END_SRC
+
+Cython turned =keycount.pyx= into an 81KB =keycount.o= file in the
+=build/= directory, a 24KB =keycount.cpython-37m-darwin.so= file to be
+imported into Python 3.7 and a 113KB =keycount.c= generated C source
+code file of nearly three thousand lines.  Quite a bit bigger than the
+314 bytes of the =keycount.pyx= file or the full 1,452 bytes of the
+full executable =keycount.py= example script.
+
+On the other hand it ran in nearly half the time; taking 6 minutes and
+47.905 seconds to run.  As opposed to the 11 minutes and 52.945 seconds
+which the CPython script alone took.
+
+The =keycount.pyx= and =setup.py= files used to generate this example
+have been added to the =examples/howto/advanced/cython/= directory
+The example versions include some additional options to annotate the
+existing code and to detect Cython's use.  The latter comes from the
+[[http://docs.cython.org/en/latest/src/tutorial/pure.html#magic-attributes-within-the-pxd][Magic Attributes]] section of the Cython documentation.
+
+
+* Miscellaneous extras and work-arounds
+  :PROPERTIES:
+  :CUSTOM_ID: cheats-and-hacks
+  :END:
+
+Most of the things in the following sections are here simply because
+there was no better place to put them, even though some are only
+peripherally related to the GPGME Python bindings.  Some are also
+workarounds for functions not integrated with GPGME as yet.  This is
+especially true of the first of these, dealing with [[#group-lines][group lines]].
+
+
+** Group lines
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: group-lines
+   :END:
+
+There is not yet an easy way to access groups configured in the
+gpg.conf file from within GPGME.  As a consequence these central
+groupings of keys cannot be shared amongst multiple programs, such as
+MUAs readily.
+
+The following code, however, provides a work-around for obtaining this
+information in Python.
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC python -i
+import subprocess
+import sys
+
+if sys.platform == "win32":
+    gpgconfcmd = "gpgconf.exe --list-options gpg"
+else:
+    gpgconfcmd = "gpgconf --list-options gpg"
+
+try:
+    lines = subprocess.getoutput(gpgconfcmd).splitlines()
+except:
+    process = subprocess.Popen(gpgconfcmd.split(), stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
+    procom = process.communicate()
+    if sys.version_info[0] == 2:
+        lines = procom[0].splitlines()
+    else:
+        lines = procom[0].decode().splitlines()
+
+for i in range(len(lines)):
+    if lines[i].startswith("group") is True:
+        line = lines[i]
+    else:
+        pass
+
+groups = line.split(":")[-1].replace('"', '').split(',')
+
+group_lines = []
+group_lists = []
+
+for i in range(len(groups)):
+    group_lines.append(groups[i].split("="))
+    group_lists.append(groups[i].split("="))
+
+for i in range(len(group_lists)):
+    group_lists[i][1] = group_lists[i][1].split()
+#+END_SRC
+
+The result of that code is that =group_lines= is a list of lists where
+=group_lines[i][0]= is the name of the group and =group_lines[i][1]=
+is the key IDs of the group as a string.
+
+The =group_lists= result is very similar in that it is a list of
+lists.  The first part, =group_lists[i][0]= matches
+=group_lines[i][0]= as the name of the group, but =group_lists[i][1]=
+is the key IDs of the group as a string.
+
+A demonstration of using the =groups.py= module is also available in
+the form of the executable =mutt-groups.py= script.  This second
+script reads all the group entries in a user's =gpg.conf= file and
+converts them into crypt-hooks suitable for use with the Mutt and
+Neomutt mail clients.
+
+
+** Keyserver access for Python
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: hkp4py
+   :END:
+
+The [[https://github.com/Selfnet/hkp4py][hkp4py]] module by Marcel Fest was originally a port of the old
+[[https://github.com/dgladkov/python-hkp][python-hkp]] module from Python 2 to Python 3 and updated to use the
+[[http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/index.html][requests]] module instead.  It has since been modified to provide
+support for Python 2.7 as well and is available via PyPI.
+
+Since it rewrites the =hkp= protocol prefix as =http= and =hkps= as
+=https=, the module is able to be used even with servers which do not
+support the full scope of keyserver functions.[fn:5]  It also works quite
+readily when incorporated into a [[#cython][Cython]] generated and compiled version
+of any code.
+
+
+*** Key import format
+    :PROPERTIES:
+    :CUSTOM_ID: hkp4py-strings
+    :END:
+
+The hkp4py module returns key data via requests as string literals
+(=r.text=) instead of byte literals (=r.content=).  This means that
+the retrurned key data must be encoded to UTF-8 when importing that
+key material using a =gpg.Context().key_import()= method.
+
+For this reason an alternative method has been added to the =search=
+function of =hkp4py.KeyServer()= which returns the key in the correct
+format as expected by =key_import=.  When importing using this module,
+it is now possible to import with this:
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC python -i
+for key in keys:
+    if key.revoked is False:
+        gpg.Context().key_import(key.key_blob)
+    else:
+        pass
+#+END_SRC
+
+Without that recent addition it would have been necessary to encode
+the contents of each =hkp4py.KeyServer().search()[i].key= in
+=hkp4py.KeyServer().search()= before trying to import it.
+
+An example of this is included in the [[#howto-import-key][Importing Keys]] section of this
+HOWTO and the corresponding executable version of that example is
+available in the =lang/python/examples/howto= directory as normal; the
+executable version is the =import-keys-hkp.py= file.
+
+
+* Copyright and Licensing
+  :PROPERTIES:
+  :CUSTOM_ID: copyright-and-license
+  :END:
+
+
+** Copyright
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: copyright
+   :END:
+
+Copyright © The GnuPG Project, 2018.
+
+Copyright (C) The GnuPG Project, 2018.
+
+
+** Draft Editions of this HOWTO
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: draft-editions
+   :END:
+
+Draft editions of this HOWTO may be periodically available directly
+from the author at any of the following URLs:
+
+- [[https://files.au.adversary.org/crypto/gpgme-python-howto.html][GPGME Python Bindings HOWTO draft (XHTML AWS S3 SSL)]]
+- [[http://files.au.adversary.org/crypto/gpgme-python-howto.html][GPGME Python Bindings HOWTO draft (XHTML AWS S3 no SSL)]]
+- [[https://files.au.adversary.org/crypto/gpgme-python-howto.texi][GPGME Python Bindings HOWTO draft (Texinfo file AWS S3 SSL)]]
+- [[http://files.au.adversary.org/crypto/gpgme-python-howto.texi][GPGME Python Bindings HOWTO draft (Texinfo file AWS S3 no SSL)]]
+- [[https://files.au.adversary.org/crypto/gpgme-python-howto.info][GPGME Python Bindings HOWTO draft (Info file AWS S3 SSL)]]
+- [[http://files.au.adversary.org/crypto/gpgme-python-howto.info][GPGME Python Bindings HOWTO draft (Info file AWS S3 no SSL)]]
+- [[https://files.au.adversary.org/crypto/gpgme-python-howto.rst][GPGME Python Bindings HOWTO draft (reST file AWS S3 SSL)]]
+- [[http://files.au.adversary.org/crypto/gpgme-python-howto.rst][GPGME Python Bindings HOWTO draft (reST file AWS S3 no SSL)]]
+- [[https://files.au.adversary.org/crypto/gpgme-python-howto.xml][GPGME Python Bindings HOWTO draft (Docbook 4.2 AWS S3 SSL)]]
+- [[http://files.au.adversary.org/crypto/gpgme-python-howto.xml][GPGME Python Bindings HOWTO draft (Docbook 4.2 AWS S3 no SSL)]]
+
+All of these draft versions except for one have been generated from
+this document via Emacs [[https://orgmode.org/][Org mode]] and [[https://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/][GNU Texinfo]].  Though it is likely
+that the specific [[https://files.au.adversary.org/crypto/gpgme-python-howto.org][file]] [[http://files.au.adversary.org/crypto/gpgme-python-howto.org][version]] used will be on the same server with
+the generated output formats.
+
+The one exception is the reStructuredText version, which was converted
+using the latest version of Pandoc from the Org mode source file using
+the following command:
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC shell
+  pandoc -f org -t rst+smart -o gpgme-python-howto.rst gpgme-python-howto.org
+#+END_SRC
+
+In addition to these there is a significantly less frequently updated
+version as a HTML [[https://files.au.adversary.org/crypto/gpgme-python-howto/webhelp/index.html][WebHelp site]] (AWS S3 SSL); generated from DITA XML
+source files, which can be found in [[https://dev.gnupg.org/source/gpgme/browse/ben%252Fhowto-dita/][an alternative branch]] of the GPGME
+git repository.
+
+These draft editions are not official documents and the version of
+documentation in the master branch or which ships with released
+versions is the only official documentation.  Nevertheless, these
+draft editions may occasionally be of use by providing more accessible
+web versions which are updated between releases.  They are provided on
+the understanding that they may contain errors or may contain content
+subject to change prior to an official release.
+
+
+** License GPL compatible
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: license
+   :END:
+
+This file is free software; as a special exception the author gives
+unlimited permission to copy and/or distribute it, with or without
+modifications, as long as this notice is preserved.
+
+This file is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law; without even the
+implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
+PURPOSE.
+
+
+* Footnotes
+
+[fn:1] =short-history.org= and/or =short-history.html=.
+
+[fn:2] With no issues reported specific to Python 3.7, the release of
+Python 3.7.1 at around the same time as GPGME 1.12.0 and the testing
+with Python 3.7.1rc1, there is no reason to delay moving 3.7 ahead of
+3.6 now.  Production environments with more conservative requirements
+will always enforce their own policies anyway and installation to each
+supported minor release is quite possible too.
+
+[fn:3] Yes, even if you use virtualenv with everything you do in
+Python.  If you want to install this module as just your user account
+then you will need to manually configure, compile and install the
+/entire/ GnuPG stack as that user as well.  This includes libraries
+which are not often installed that way.  It can be done and there are
+circumstances under which it is worthwhile, but generally only on
+POSIX systems which utilise single user mode (some even require it).
+
+[fn:4] You probably don't really want to do this.  Searching the
+keyservers for "gnupg.org" produces over 400 results, the majority of
+which aren't actually at the gnupg.org domain, but just included a
+comment regarding the project in their key somewhere.
+
+[fn:5] Such as with ProtonMail servers.  This also means that
+restricted servers which only advertise either HTTP or HTTPS end
+points and not HKP or HKPS end points must still be identified as as
+HKP or HKPS within the Python Code.  The =hkp4py= module will rewrite
+these appropriately when the connection is made to the server.
diff --git a/lang/python/doc/src/index.org b/lang/python/doc/src/index.org
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..701d986
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lang/python/doc/src/index.org
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#+TITLE: GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG) Made Easy Python Bindings
+#+AUTHOR: Ben McGinnes
+#+LATEX_COMPILER: xelatex
+#+LATEX_CLASS: article
+#+LATEX_CLASS_OPTIONS: [12pt]
+#+LATEX_HEADER: \usepackage{xltxtra}
+#+LATEX_HEADER: \usepackage[margin=1in]{geometry}
+#+LATEX_HEADER: \setmainfont[Ligatures={Common}]{Times New Roman}
+#+LATEX_HEADER: \author{Ben McGinnes <ben@gnupg.org>}
+
+
+* GPGME Python Bindings
+  :PROPERTIES:
+  :CUSTOM_ID: index
+  :END:
+
+
+** Contents
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: index-contents
+   :END:
+
+
+- [[file:short-history.org][A short history of the project]]
+- [[file:gpgme-python-howto.org][GPGME Python Bindings HOWTO]]
diff --git a/lang/python/doc/src/short-history.org b/lang/python/doc/src/short-history.org
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..587cb9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lang/python/doc/src/short-history.org
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+#+TITLE: A Short History of the GPGME bindings for Python
+#+LATEX_COMPILER: xelatex
+#+LATEX_CLASS: article
+#+LATEX_CLASS_OPTIONS: [12pt]
+#+LATEX_HEADER: \usepackage{xltxtra}
+#+LATEX_HEADER: \usepackage[margin=1in]{geometry}
+#+LATEX_HEADER: \setmainfont[Ligatures={Common}]{Latin Modern Roman}
+
+* Overview
+  :PROPERTIES:
+  :CUSTOM_ID: overview
+  :END:
+
+The GPGME Python bindings passed through many hands and numerous
+phases before, after a fifteen year journey, coming full circle to
+return to the source.  This is a short explanation of that journey.
+
+** In the beginning
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: in-the-begining
+   :END:
+
+   In 2002 John Goerzen released PyME; Python bindings for the GPGME
+   module which utilised the current release of Python of the time and
+   SWIG.[fn:1]  Shortly after creating it and ensuring it worked he stopped
+   supporting it, though he left his work available on his Gopher
+   site.
+
+** Keeping the flame alive
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: keeping-the-flame-alive
+   :END:
+
+   A couple of years later the project was picked up by Igor Belyi and
+   actively developed and maintained by him from 2004 to 2008.  Igor's
+   whereabouts at the time of this document's creation are unknown,
+   but the current authors do hope he is well.  We're assuming (or
+   hoping) that life did what life does and made continuing untenable.
+
+** Passing the torch
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: passing-the-torch
+   :END:
+
+   In 2014 Martin Albrecht wanted to patch a bug in the PyME code and
+   discovered the absence of Igor.  Following a discussion on the PyME
+   mailing list he became the new maintainer for PyME, releasing
+   version 0.9.0 in May of that year.  He remains the maintainer of
+   the original PyME release in Python 2.6 and 2.7 (available via
+   PyPI).
+
+** Coming full circle
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: ouroboros
+   :END:
+
+   In 2015 Ben McGinnes approached Martin about a Python 3 version,
+   while investigating how complex a task this would be the task ended
+   up being completed.  A subsequent discussion with Werner Koch led
+   to the decision to fold the Python 3 port back into the original
+   GPGME release in the languages subdirectory for non-C bindings
+   under the module name of =pyme3=.
+
+   In 2016 this PyME module was integrated back into the GPGME project
+   by Justus Winter.  During the course of this work Justus adjusted
+   the port to restore limited support for Python 2, but not as many
+   minor point releases as the original PyME package supports.  During
+   the course of this integration the package was renamed to more
+   accurately reflect its status as a component of GPGME.  The =pyme3=
+   module was renamed to =gpg= and adopted by the upstream GnuPG team.
+
+   In 2017 Justus departed G10code and the GnuPG team.  Following this
+   Ben returned to maintain of gpgme Python bindings and continue
+   building them from that point.
+
+* Relics of the past
+  :PROPERTIES:
+  :CUSTOM_ID: relics-past
+  :END:
+
+There are a few things, in addition to code specific factors, such as
+SWIG itself, which are worth noting here.
+
+** The Annoyances of Git
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: the-annoyances-of-git
+   :END:
+
+   As anyone who has ever worked with git knows, submodules are
+   horrible way to deal with pretty much anything.  In the interests
+   of avoiding migraines, that was skipped with addition of the PyME
+   code to GPGME.
+
+   Instead the files were added to a subdirectory of the =lang/=
+   directory, along with a copy of the entire git log up to that point
+   as a separate file within the =lang/python/docs/= directory.[fn:2]
+   As the log for PyME is nearly 100KB and the log for GPGME is
+   approximately 1MB, this would cause considerable bloat, as well as
+   some confusion, should the two be merged.
+
+   Hence the unfortunate, but necessary, step to simply move the
+   files.  A regular repository version has been maintained should it
+   be possible to implement this better in the future.
+
+** The Perils of PyPI
+   :PROPERTIES:
+   :CUSTOM_ID: the-perils-of-pypi
+   :END:
+
+   The early port of the Python 2 =pyme= module as =pyme3= was never
+   added to PyPI while the focus remained on development and testing
+   during 2015 and early 2016.  Later in 2016, however, when Justus
+   completed his major integration work and subsequently renamed the
+   module from =pyme3= to =gpg=, some prior releases were also
+   provided through PyPI.
+
+   Since these bindings require a matching release of the GPGME
+   libraries in order to function, it was determined that there was
+   little benefit in also providing a copy through PyPI since anyone
+   obtaining the GPGME source code would obtain the Python bindings
+   source code at the same time.  Whereas there was the potential to
+   sew confusion amongst Python users installing the module from PyPI,
+   only to discover that without the relevant C files, header files or
+   SWIG compiled binaries, the Python module did them little good.
+
+   There are only two files on PyPI which might turn up in a search
+   for this module or a sample of its content:
+
+   1. gpg (1.8.0) - Python bindings for GPGME GnuPG cryptography library
+   2. pyme (0.9.0) - Python support for GPGME GnuPG cryptography library
+
+*** GPG 1·8·0 - Python bindings for GPGME GnuPG cryptography library
+    :PROPERTIES:
+    :CUSTOM_ID: pypi-gpgme-180
+    :END:
+
+    This is the most recent version to reach PyPI and is the version
+    of the official Pyhon bindings which shipped with GPGME 1.8.0.  If
+    you have GPGME 1.8.0 installed and /only/ 1.8.0 installed, then it
+    is probably safe to use this copy from PyPI.
+
+    As there have been a lot of changes since the release of GPGME
+    1.8.0, the GnuPG Project recommends not using this version of the
+    module and instead installing the current version of GPGME along
+    with the Python bindings included with that package.
+
+*** PyME 0·9·0 - Python support for GPGME GnuPG cryptography library
+    :PROPERTIES:
+    :CUSTOM_ID: pypi-gpgme-90
+    :END:
+
+    This is the last release of the PyME bindings maintained by Martin
+    Albrecht and is only compatible with Python 2, it will not work
+    with Python 3.  This is the version of the software from which the
+    port from Python 2 to Python 3 code was made in 2015.
+
+    Users of the more recent Python bindings will recognise numerous
+    points of similarity, but also significant differences.  It is
+    likely that the more recent official bindings will feel "more
+    pythonic."
+
+    For those using Python 2, there is essentially no harm in using
+    this module, but it may lack a number of more recent features
+    added to GPGME.
+
+* Footnotes
+
+[fn:1] In all likelihood thos would have been Python 2.2 or possibly
+Python 2.3.
+
+[fn:2] The entire PyME git log and other preceding VCS logs are
+located in the =gpgme/lang/python/docs/old-commits.log= file.
diff --git a/lang/python/doc/texinfo/gpgme-python-howto.texi b/lang/python/doc/texinfo/gpgme-python-howto.texi
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..40beb7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lang/python/doc/texinfo/gpgme-python-howto.texi
@@ -0,0 +1,3155 @@
+\input texinfo    @c -*- texinfo -*-
+@c %**start of header
+@setfilename gpgme-python-howto.info
+@settitle GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG) Made Easy Python Bindings HOWTO (English)
+@documentencoding UTF-8
+@documentlanguage en
+@c %**end of header
+
+@finalout
+@titlepage
+@title GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG) Made Easy Python Bindings HOWTO (English)
+@author Ben McGinnes
+@end titlepage
+
+@contents
+
+@ifnottex
+@node Top
+@top GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG) Made Easy Python Bindings HOWTO (English)
+@end ifnottex
+
+@menu
+* Introduction::
+* GPGME Concepts::
+* GPGME Python bindings installation::
+* Fundamentals::
+* Working with keys::
+* Basic Functions::
+* Creating keys and subkeys::
+* Advanced or Experimental Use Cases::
+* Miscellaneous extras and work-arounds::
+* Copyright and Licensing::
+
+@detailmenu
+--- The Detailed Node Listing ---
+
+Introduction
+
+* Python 2 versus Python 3::
+* Examples::
+* Unofficial Drafts::
+* What's New::
+
+What's New
+
+* New in GPGME 1·12·0::
+
+GPGME Concepts
+
+* A C API::
+* Python bindings::
+* Difference between the Python bindings and other GnuPG Python packages::
+
+Difference between the Python bindings and other GnuPG Python packages
+
+* The python-gnupg package maintained by Vinay Sajip::
+* The gnupg package created and maintained by Isis Lovecruft::
+* The PyME package maintained by Martin Albrecht::
+
+GPGME Python bindings installation
+
+* No PyPI::
+* Requirements::
+* Installation::
+* Known Issues::
+
+Requirements
+
+* Recommended Additions::
+
+Installation
+
+* Installing GPGME::
+
+Known Issues
+
+* Breaking Builds::
+* Reinstalling Responsibly::
+* Multiple installations::
+* Won't Work With Windows::
+* CFFI is the Best™ and GPGME should use it instead of SWIG::
+* Virtualised Environments::
+
+Fundamentals
+
+* No REST::
+* Context::
+
+Working with keys
+
+* Key selection::
+* Get key::
+* Importing keys::
+* Exporting keys::
+
+Key selection
+
+* Counting keys::
+
+Importing keys
+
+* Working with ProtonMail::
+* Importing with HKP for Python::
+* Importing from ProtonMail with HKP for Python::
+
+Exporting keys
+
+* Exporting public keys::
+* Exporting secret keys::
+* Sending public keys to the SKS Keyservers::
+
+Basic Functions
+
+* Encryption::
+* Decryption::
+* Signing text and files::
+* Signature verification::
+
+Encryption
+
+* Encrypting to one key::
+* Encrypting to multiple keys::
+
+Signing text and files
+
+* Signing key selection::
+* Normal or default signing messages or files::
+* Detached signing messages and files::
+* Clearsigning messages or text::
+
+Creating keys and subkeys
+
+* Primary key::
+* Subkeys::
+* User IDs::
+* Key certification::
+
+User IDs
+
+* Adding User IDs::
+* Revokinging User IDs::
+
+Advanced or Experimental Use Cases
+
+* C plus Python plus SWIG plus Cython::
+
+Miscellaneous extras and work-arounds
+
+* Group lines::
+* Keyserver access for Python::
+
+Keyserver access for Python
+
+* Key import format::
+
+Copyright and Licensing
+
+* Copyright::
+* Draft Editions of this HOWTO::
+* License GPL compatible::
+
+@end detailmenu
+@end menu
+
+@node Introduction
+@chapter Introduction
+
+@multitable {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
+@item Version:
+@tab 0.1.4
+@item GPGME Version:
+@tab 1.12.0
+@item Author:
+@tab @uref{https://gnupg.org/people/index.html#sec-1-5, Ben McGinnes} <ben@@gnupg.org>
+@item Author GPG Key:
+@tab DB4724E6FA4286C92B4E55C4321E4E2373590E5D
+@item Language:
+@tab Australian English, British English
+@item xml:lang:
+@tab en-AU, en-GB, en
+@end multitable
+
+This document provides basic instruction in how to use the GPGME
+Python bindings to programmatically leverage the GPGME library.
+
+@menu
+* Python 2 versus Python 3::
+* Examples::
+* Unofficial Drafts::
+* What's New::
+@end menu
+
+@node Python 2 versus Python 3
+@section Python 2 versus Python 3
+
+Though the GPGME Python bindings themselves provide support for both
+Python 2 and 3, the focus is unequivocally on Python 3 and
+specifically from Python 3.4 and above.  As a consequence all the
+examples and instructions in this guide use Python 3 code.
+
+Much of it will work with Python 2, but much of it also deals with
+Python 3 byte literals, particularly when reading and writing data.
+Developers concentrating on Python 2.7, and possibly even 2.6, will
+need to make the appropriate modifications to support the older string
+and unicode types as opposed to bytes.
+
+There are multiple reasons for concentrating on Python 3; some of
+which relate to the immediate integration of these bindings, some of
+which relate to longer term plans for both GPGME and the python
+bindings and some of which relate to the impending EOL period for
+Python 2.7.  Essentially, though, there is little value in tying the
+bindings to a version of the language which is a dead end and the
+advantages offered by Python 3 over Python 2 make handling the data
+types with which GPGME deals considerably easier.
+
+@node Examples
+@section Examples
+
+All of the examples found in this document can be found as Python 3
+scripts in the @samp{lang/python/examples/howto} directory.
+
+@node Unofficial Drafts
+@section Unofficial Drafts
+
+In addition to shipping with each release of GPGME, there is a section
+on locations to read or download @ref{Draft Editions of this HOWTO, , draft editions} of this document from
+at the end of it.  These are unofficial versions produced in between
+major releases.
+
+@node What's New
+@section What's New
+
+The most obviously new point for those reading this guide is this
+section on other new things, but that's hardly important.  Not given
+all the other things which spurred the need for adding this section
+and its subsections.
+
+@menu
+* New in GPGME 1·12·0::
+@end menu
+
+@node New in GPGME 1·12·0
+@subsection New in GPGME 1·12·0
+
+There have been quite a number of additions to GPGME and the Python
+bindings to it since the last release of GPGME with versions 1.11.0
+and 1.11.1 in April, 2018.
+
+The bullet points of new additiions are:
+
+@itemize
+@item
+an expanded section on @ref{Installation, , installing} and @ref{Known Issues, , troubleshooting} the Python
+bindings.
+@item
+The release of Python 3.7.0; which appears to be working just fine
+with our bindings, in spite of intermittent reports of problems for
+many other Python projects with that new release.
+@item
+Python 3.7 has been moved to the head of the specified python
+versions list in the build process.
+@item
+In order to fix some other issues, there are certain underlying
+functions which are more exposed through the @ref{Context, , gpg.Context()}, but
+ongoing documentation ought to clarify that or otherwise provide the
+best means of using the bindings.  Some additions to @samp{gpg.core} and
+the @samp{Context()}, however, were intended (see below).
+@item
+Continuing work in identifying and confirming the cause of
+oft-reported @ref{Won't Work With Windows, , problems installing the Python bindings on Windows}.
+@item
+GSOC: Google's Surreptitiously Ordered Conscription @dots{} erm @dots{} oh,
+right; Google's Summer of Code.  Though there were two hopeful
+candidates this year; only one ended up involved with the GnuPG
+Project directly, the other concentrated on an unrelated third party
+project with closer ties to one of the GNU/Linux distributions than
+to the GnuPG Project.  Thus the Python bindings benefited from GSOC
+participant Jacob Adams, who added the key@math{_import} function; building
+on prior work by Tobias Mueller.
+@item
+Several new methods functions were added to the gpg.Context(),
+including: @ref{Importing keys, , key@math{_import}}, @ref{Exporting keys, , key@math{_export}}, @ref{Exporting public keys, , key@math{_export}@math{_minimal}} and
+@ref{Exporting secret keys, , key@math{_export}@math{_secret}}.
+@item
+Importing and exporting examples include versions integrated with
+Marcel Fest's recently released @uref{https://github.com/Selfnet/hkp4py, HKP for Python} module.  Some
+@ref{Keyserver access for Python, , additional notes on this module} are included at the end of the HOWTO.
+@item
+Instructions for dealing with semi-walled garden implementations
+like ProtonMail are also included.  This is intended to make things
+a little easier when communicating with users of ProtonMail's
+services and should not be construed as an endorsement of said
+service.  The GnuPG Project neither favours, nor disfavours
+ProtonMail and the majority of this deals with interacting with the
+ProtonMail keyserver.
+@item
+Semi-formalised the location where @ref{Draft Editions of this HOWTO, , draft versions} of this HOWTO may
+periodically be accessible.  This is both for the reference of
+others and testing the publishing of the document itself.  Renamed
+this file at around the same time.
+@item
+The Texinfo documentation build configuration has been replicated
+from the parent project in order to make to maintain consistency
+with that project (and actually ship with each release).
+@item
+a reStructuredText (@samp{.rst}) version is also generated for Python
+developers more used to and comfortable with that format as it is
+the standard Python documentation format and Python developers may
+wish to use it with Sphinx.  Please note that there has been no
+testing of the reStructuredText version with Sphinx at all.  The
+reST file was generated by the simple expedient of using @uref{https://pandoc.org/, Pandoc}.
+@item
+Added a new section for @ref{Advanced or Experimental Use Cases, , advanced or experimental use}.
+@item
+Began the advanced use cases with @ref{C plus Python plus SWIG plus Cython, , a section} on using the module with
+@uref{http://cython.org/, Cython}.
+@item
+Added a number of new scripts to the @samp{example/howto/} directory;
+some of which may be in advance of their planned sections of the
+HOWTO (and some are just there because it seemed like a good idea at
+the time).
+@item
+Cleaned up a lot of things under the hood.
+@end itemize
+
+@node GPGME Concepts
+@chapter GPGME Concepts
+
+@menu
+* A C API::
+* Python bindings::
+* Difference between the Python bindings and other GnuPG Python packages::
+@end menu
+
+@node A C API
+@section A C API
+
+Unlike many modern APIs with which programmers will be more familiar
+with these days, the GPGME API is a C API.  The API is intended for
+use by C coders who would be able to access its features by including
+the @samp{gpgme.h} header file with their own C source code and then access
+its functions just as they would any other C headers.
+
+This is a very effective method of gaining complete access to the API
+and in the most efficient manner possible.  It does, however, have the
+drawback that it cannot be directly used by other languages without
+some means of providing an interface to those languages.  This is
+where the need for bindings in various languages stems.
+
+@node Python bindings
+@section Python bindings
+
+The Python bindings for GPGME provide a higher level means of
+accessing the complete feature set of GPGME itself.  It also provides
+a more pythonic means of calling these API functions.
+
+The bindings are generated dynamically with SWIG and the copy of
+@samp{gpgme.h} generated when GPGME is compiled.
+
+This means that a version of the Python bindings is fundamentally tied
+to the exact same version of GPGME used to generate that copy of
+@samp{gpgme.h}.
+
+@node Difference between the Python bindings and other GnuPG Python packages
+@section Difference between the Python bindings and other GnuPG Python packages
+
+There have been numerous attempts to add GnuPG support to Python over
+the years.  Some of the most well known are listed here, along with
+what differentiates them.
+
+@menu
+* The python-gnupg package maintained by Vinay Sajip::
+* The gnupg package created and maintained by Isis Lovecruft::
+* The PyME package maintained by Martin Albrecht::
+@end menu
+
+@node The python-gnupg package maintained by Vinay Sajip
+@subsection The python-gnupg package maintained by Vinay Sajip
+
+This is arguably the most popular means of integrating GPG with
+Python.  The package utilises the @samp{subprocess} module to implement
+wrappers for the @samp{gpg} and @samp{gpg2} executables normally invoked on the
+command line (@samp{gpg.exe} and @samp{gpg2.exe} on Windows).
+
+The popularity of this package stemmed from its ease of use and
+capability in providing the most commonly required features.
+
+Unfortunately it has been beset by a number of security issues in the
+past; most of which stemmed from using unsafe methods of accessing the
+command line via the @samp{subprocess} calls.  While some effort has been
+made over the last two to three years (as of 2018) to mitigate this,
+particularly by no longer providing shell access through those
+subprocess calls, the wrapper is still somewhat limited in the scope
+of its GnuPG features coverage.
+
+The python-gnupg package is available under the MIT license.
+
+@node The gnupg package created and maintained by Isis Lovecruft
+@subsection The gnupg package created and maintained by Isis Lovecruft
+
+In 2015 Isis Lovecruft from the Tor Project forked and then
+re-implemented the python-gnupg package as just gnupg.  This new
+package also relied on subprocess to call the @samp{gpg} or @samp{gpg2}
+binaries, but did so somewhat more securely.
+
+The naming and version numbering selected for this package, however,
+resulted in conflicts with the original python-gnupg and since its
+functions were called in a different manner to python-gnupg, the
+release of this package also resulted in a great deal of consternation
+when people installed what they thought was an upgrade that
+subsequently broke the code relying on it.
+
+The gnupg package is available under the GNU General Public License
+version 3.0 (or any later version).
+
+@node The PyME package maintained by Martin Albrecht
+@subsection The PyME package maintained by Martin Albrecht
+
+This package is the origin of these bindings, though they are somewhat
+different now.  For details of when and how the PyME package was
+folded back into GPGME itself see the @uref{short-history.org, Short History} document.@footnote{@samp{short-history.org} and/or @samp{short-history.html}.}
+
+The PyME package was first released in 2002 and was also the first
+attempt to implement a low level binding to GPGME.  In doing so it
+provided access to considerably more functionality than either the
+@samp{python-gnupg} or @samp{gnupg} packages.
+
+The PyME package is only available for Python 2.6 and 2.7.
+
+Porting the PyME package to Python 3.4 in 2015 is what resulted in it
+being folded into the GPGME project and the current bindings are the
+end result of that effort.
+
+The PyME package is available under the same dual licensing as GPGME
+itself: the GNU General Public License version 2.0 (or any later
+version) and the GNU Lesser General Public License version 2.1 (or any
+later version).
+
+@node GPGME Python bindings installation
+@chapter GPGME Python bindings installation
+
+@menu
+* No PyPI::
+* Requirements::
+* Installation::
+* Known Issues::
+@end menu
+
+@node No PyPI
+@section No PyPI
+
+Most third-party Python packages and modules are available and
+distributed through the Python Package Installer, known as PyPI.
+
+Due to the nature of what these bindings are and how they work, it is
+infeasible to install the GPGME Python bindings in the same way.
+
+This is because the bindings use SWIG to dynamically generate C
+bindings against @samp{gpgme.h} and @samp{gpgme.h} is generated from
+@samp{gpgme.h.in} at compile time when GPGME is built from source.  Thus to
+include a package in PyPI which actually built correctly would require
+either statically built libraries for every architecture bundled with
+it or a full implementation of C for each architecture.
+
+See the additional notes regarding @ref{CFFI is the Best™ and GPGME should use it instead of SWIG, , CFFI and SWIG} at the end of this
+section for further details.
+
+@node Requirements
+@section Requirements
+
+The GPGME Python bindings only have three requirements:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+A suitable version of Python 2 or Python 3.  With Python 2 that
+means CPython 2.7 and with Python 3 that means CPython 3.4 or
+higher.
+@item
+@uref{https://www.swig.org, SWIG}.
+@item
+GPGME itself.  Which also means that all of GPGME's dependencies
+must be installed too.
+@end enumerate
+
+@menu
+* Recommended Additions::
+@end menu
+
+@node Recommended Additions
+@subsection Recommended Additions
+
+Though none of the following are absolute requirements, they are all
+recommended for use with the Python bindings.  In some cases these
+recommendations refer to which version(s) of CPython to use the
+bindings with, while others refer to third party modules which provide
+a significant advantage in some way.
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+If possible, use Python 3 instead of 2.
+@item
+Favour a more recent version of Python since even 3.4 is due to
+reach EOL soon.  In production systems and services, Python 3.6
+should be robust enough to be relied on.
+@item
+If possible add the following Python modules which are not part of
+the standard library: @uref{http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/index.html, Requests}, @uref{http://cython.org/, Cython} and @uref{https://github.com/Selfnet/hkp4py, hkp4py}.  Chances are
+quite high that at least the first one and maybe two of those will
+already be installed.
+@end enumerate
+
+Note that, as with Cython, some of the planned additions to the
+@ref{Advanced or Experimental Use Cases, , Advanced} section, will bring with them additional requirements.  Most
+of these will be fairly well known and commonly installed ones,
+however, which are in many cases likely to have already been installed
+on many systems or be familiar to Python programmers.
+
+@node Installation
+@section Installation
+
+Installing the Python bindings is effectively achieved by compiling
+and installing GPGME itself.
+
+Once SWIG is installed with Python and all the dependencies for GPGME
+are installed you only need to confirm that the version(s) of Python
+you want the bindings installed for are in your @samp{$PATH}.
+
+By default GPGME will attempt to install the bindings for the most
+recent or highest version number of Python 2 and Python 3 it detects
+in @samp{$PATH}.  It specifically checks for the @samp{python} and @samp{python3}
+executables first and then checks for specific version numbers.
+
+For Python 2 it checks for these executables in this order: @samp{python},
+@samp{python2} and @samp{python2.7}.
+
+For Python 3 it checks for these executables in this order: @samp{python3},
+ @samp{python3.7}, @samp{python3.6}, @samp{python3.5} and @samp{python3.4}.@footnote{With no issues reported specific to Python 3.7, the release of
+Python 3.7.1 at around the same time as GPGME 1.12.0 and the testing
+with Python 3.7.1rc1, there is no reason to delay moving 3.7 ahead of
+3.6 now.  Production environments with more conservative requirements
+will always enforce their own policies anyway and installation to each
+supported minor release is quite possible too.}
+
+On systems where @samp{python} is actually @samp{python3} and not @samp{python2} it
+may be possible that @samp{python2} may be overlooked, but there have been
+no reports of that actually occurring as yet.
+
+In the three months or so since the release of Python 3.7.0 there has
+been extensive testing and work with these bindings with no issues
+specifically relating to the new version of Python or any of the new
+features of either the language or the bindings.  This has also been
+the case with Python 3.7.1rc1.  With that in mind and given the
+release of Python 3.7.1 is scheduled for around the same time as GPGME
+1.12.0, the order of preferred Python versions has been changed to
+move Python 3.7 ahead of Python 3.6.
+
+@menu
+* Installing GPGME::
+@end menu
+
+@node Installing GPGME
+@subsection Installing GPGME
+
+See the GPGME @samp{README} file for details of how to install GPGME from
+source.
+
+@node Known Issues
+@section Known Issues
+
+There are a few known issues with the current build process and the
+Python bindings.  For the most part these are easily addressed should
+they be encountered.
+
+@menu
+* Breaking Builds::
+* Reinstalling Responsibly::
+* Multiple installations::
+* Won't Work With Windows::
+* CFFI is the Best™ and GPGME should use it instead of SWIG::
+* Virtualised Environments::
+@end menu
+
+@node Breaking Builds
+@subsection Breaking Builds
+
+Occasionally when installing GPGME with the Python bindings included
+it may be observed that the @samp{make} portion of that process induces a
+large very number of warnings and, eventually errors which end that
+part of the build process.  Yet following that with @samp{make check} and
+@samp{make install} appears to work seamlessly.
+
+The cause of this is related to the way SWIG needs to be called to
+dynamically generate the C bindings for GPGME in the first place.  So
+the entire process will always produce @samp{lang/python/python2-gpg/} and
+@samp{lang/python/python3-gpg/} directories.  These should contain the
+build output generated during compilation, including the complete
+bindings and module installed into @samp{site-packages}.
+
+Occasionally the errors in the early part or some other conflict
+(e.g. not installing as @strong{@emph{root}} or @strong{@emph{su}}) may result in nothing
+being installed to the relevant @samp{site-packages} directory and the
+build directory missing a lot of expected files.  Even when this
+occurs, the solution is actually quite simple and will always work.
+
+That solution is simply to run the following commands as either the
+@strong{root} user or prepended with @samp{sudo -H}@footnote{Yes, even if you use virtualenv with everything you do in
+Python.  If you want to install this module as just your user account
+then you will need to manually configure, compile and install the
+@emph{entire} GnuPG stack as that user as well.  This includes libraries
+which are not often installed that way.  It can be done and there are
+circumstances under which it is worthwhile, but generally only on
+POSIX systems which utilise single user mode (some even require it).} in the @samp{lang/python/}
+directory:
+
+@example
+/path/to/pythonX.Y setup.py build
+/path/to/pythonX.Y setup.py build
+/path/to/pythonX.Y setup.py install
+@end example
+
+Yes, the build command does need to be run twice.  Yes, you still need
+to run the potentially failing or incomplete steps during the
+@samp{configure}, @samp{make} and @samp{make install} steps with installing GPGME.
+This is because those steps generate a lot of essential files needed,
+both by and in order to create, the bindings (including both the
+@samp{setup.py} and @samp{gpgme.h} files).
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+IMPORTANT Note
+
+
+If specifying a selected number of languages to create bindings for,
+try to leave Python last.  Currently the majority of the other
+language bindings are also preceding Python of either version when
+listed alphabetically and so that just happens by default currently.
+
+If Python is set to precede one of the other languages then it is
+possible that the errors described here may interrupt the build
+process before generating bindings for those other languages.  In
+these cases it may be preferable to configure all preferred language
+bindings separately with alternative @samp{configure} steps for GPGME using
+the @samp{--enable-languages=$LANGUAGE} option.
+@end enumerate
+
+@node Reinstalling Responsibly
+@subsection Reinstalling Responsibly
+
+Regardless of whether you're installing for one version of Python or
+several, there will come a point where reinstallation is required.
+With most Python module installations, the installed files go into the
+relevant site-packages directory and are then forgotten about.  Then
+the module is upgraded, the new files are copied over the old and
+that's the end of the matter.
+
+While the same is true of these bindings, there have been intermittent
+issues observed on some platforms which have benefited significantly
+from removing all the previous installations of the bindings before
+installing the updated versions.
+
+Removing the previous version(s) is simply a matter of changing to the
+relevant @samp{site-packages} directory for the version of Python in
+question and removing the @samp{gpg/} directory and any accompanying
+egg-info files for that module.
+
+In most cases this will require root or administration privileges on
+the system, but the same is true of installing the module in the first
+place.
+
+@node Multiple installations
+@subsection Multiple installations
+
+For a veriety of reasons it may be either necessary or just preferable
+to install the bindings to alternative installed Python versions which
+meet the requirements of these bindings.
+
+On POSIX systems this will generally be most simply achieved by
+running the manual installation commands (build, build, install) as
+described in the previous section for each Python installation the
+bindings need to be installed to.
+
+As per the SWIG documentation: the compilers, libraries and runtime
+used to build GPGME and the Python Bindings @strong{must} match those used to
+compile Python itself, including the version number(s) (at least going
+by major version numbers and probably minor numbers too).
+
+On most POSIX systems, including OS X, this will very likely be the
+case in most, if not all, cases.
+
+@node Won't Work With Windows
+@subsection Won't Work With Windows
+
+There are semi-regular reports of Windows users having considerable
+difficulty in installing and using the Python bindings at all.  Very
+often, possibly even always, these reports come from Cygwin users
+and/or MinGW users and/or Msys2 users.  Though not all of them have
+been confirmed, it appears that these reports have also come from
+people who installed Python using the Windows installer files from the
+@uref{https://python.org, Python website} (i.e. mostly MSI installers, sometimes self-extracting
+@samp{.exe} files).
+
+The Windows versions of Python are not built using Cygwin, MinGW or
+Msys2; they're built using Microsoft Visual Studio.  Furthermore the
+version used is @emph{considerably} more advanced than the version which
+MinGW obtained a small number of files from many years ago in order to
+be able to compile anything at all.  Not only that, but there are
+changes to the version of Visual Studio between some micro releases,
+though that is is particularly the case with Python 2.7, since it has
+been kept around far longer than it should have been.
+
+There are two theoretical solutions to this issue:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+Compile and install the GnuPG stack, including GPGME and the
+Python bibdings using the same version of Microsoft Visual Studio
+used by the Python Foundation to compile the version of Python
+installed.
+
+If there are multiple versions of Python then this will need to be
+done with each different version of Visual Studio used.
+
+@item
+Compile and install Python using the same tools used by choice,
+such as MinGW or Msys2.
+@end enumerate
+
+Do @strong{not} use the official Windows installer for Python unless
+following the first method.
+
+In this type of situation it may even be for the best to accept that
+there are less limitations on permissive software than free software
+and simply opt to use a recent version of the Community Edition of
+Microsoft Visual Studio to compile and build all of it, no matter
+what.
+
+Investigations into the extent or the limitations of this issue are
+ongoing.
+
+@node CFFI is the Best™ and GPGME should use it instead of SWIG
+@subsection CFFI is the Best™ and GPGME should use it instead of SWIG
+
+There are many reasons for favouring @uref{https://cffi.readthedocs.io/en/latest/overview.html, CFFI} and proponents of it are
+quite happy to repeat these things as if all it would take to switch
+from SWIG to CFFI is repeating that list as if it were a new concept.
+
+The fact is that there are things which Python's CFFI implementation
+cannot handle in the GPGME C code.  Beyond that there are features of
+SWIG which are simply not available with CFFI at all.  SWIG generates
+the bindings to Python using the @samp{gpgme.h} file, but that file is not
+a single version shipped with each release, it too is generated when
+GPGME is compiled.
+
+CFFI is currently unable to adapt to such a potentially mutable
+codebase.  If there were some means of applying SWIG's dynamic code
+generation to produce the Python/CFFI API modes of accessing the GPGME
+libraries (or the source source code directly), but such a thing does
+not exist yet either and it currently appears that work is needed in
+at least one of CFFI's dependencies before any of this can be
+addressed.
+
+So if you're a massive fan of CFFI; that's great, but if you want this
+project to switch to CFFI then rather than just insisting that it
+should, I'd suggest you volunteer to bring CFFI up to the level this
+project needs.
+
+If you're actually seriously considering doing so, then I'd suggest
+taking the @samp{gpgme-tool.c} file in the GPGME @samp{src/} directory and
+getting that to work with any of the CFFI API methods (not the ABI
+methods, they'll work with pretty much anything).  When you start
+running into trouble with "ifdefs" then you'll know what sort of
+things are lacking.  That doesn't even take into account the amount of
+work saved via SWIG's code generation techniques either.
+
+@node Virtualised Environments
+@subsection Virtualised Environments
+
+It is fairly common practice amongst Python developers to, as much as
+possible, use packages like virtualenv to keep various things that are
+to be installed from interfering with each other.  Given how much of
+the GPGME bindings is often at odds with the usual pythonic way of
+doing things, it stands to reason that this would be called into
+question too.
+
+As it happens the answer as to whether or not the bindings can be used
+with virtualenv, the answer is both yes and no.
+
+In general we recommend installing to the relevant path and matching
+prefix of GPGME itself.  Which means that when GPGME, and ideally the
+rest of the GnuPG stack, is installed to a prefix like @samp{/usr/local} or
+@samp{/opt/local} then the bindings would need to be installed to the main
+Python installation and not a virtualised abstraction.  Attempts to
+separate the two in the past have been known to cause weird and
+intermittent errors ranging from minor annoyances to complete failures
+in the build process.
+
+As a consequence we only recommend building with and installing to the
+main Python installations within the same prefix as GPGME is installed
+to or which are found by GPGME's configuration stage immediately prior
+to running the make commands.  Which is exactly what the compiling and
+installing process of GPGME does by default.
+
+Once that is done, however, it appears that a copy the compiled module
+may be installed into a virtualenv of the same major and minor version
+matching the build.  Alternatively it is possible to utilise a
+@samp{sites.pth} file in the @samp{site-packages/} directory of a viertualenv
+installation, which links back to the system installations
+corresponding directory in order to import anything installed system
+wide.  This may or may not be appropriate on a case by case basis.
+
+Though extensive testing of either of these options is not yet
+complete, preliminary testing of them indicates that both are viable
+as long as the main installation is complete.  Which means that
+certain other options normally restricted to virtual environments are
+also available, including integration with pythonic test suites
+(e.g. @uref{https://docs.pytest.org/en/latest/index.html, pytest}) and other large projects.
+
+That said, it is worth reiterating the warning regarding non-standard
+installations.  If one were to attempt to install the bindings only to
+a virtual environment without somehow also including the full GnuPG
+stack (or enough of it as to include GPGME) then it is highly likely
+that errors would be encountered at some point and more than a little
+likely that the build process itself would break.
+
+If a degree of separation from the main operating system is still
+required in spite of these warnings, then consider other forms of
+virtualisation.  Either a virtual machine (e.g. @uref{https://www.virtualbox.org/, VirtualBox}), a
+hardware emulation layer (e.g. @uref{https://www.qemu.org/, QEMU}) or an application container
+(e.g. @uref{https://www.docker.com/why-docker, Docker}).
+
+Finally it should be noted that the limited tests conducted thus far
+have been using the @samp{virtualenv} command in a new directory to create
+the virtual python environment.  As opposed to the standard @samp{python3
+-m venv} and it is possible that this will make a difference depending
+on the system and version of Python in use.  Another option is to run
+the command @samp{python3 -m virtualenv /path/to/install/virtual/thingy}
+instead.
+
+@node Fundamentals
+@chapter Fundamentals
+
+Before we can get to the fun stuff, there are a few matters regarding
+GPGME's design which hold true whether you're dealing with the C code
+directly or these Python bindings.
+
+@menu
+* No REST::
+* Context::
+@end menu
+
+@node No REST
+@section No REST
+
+The first part of which is or will be fairly blatantly obvious upon
+viewing the first example, but it's worth reiterating anyway.  That
+being that this API is @emph{@strong{not}} a REST API.  Nor indeed could it ever
+be one.
+
+Most, if not all, Python programmers (and not just Python programmers)
+know how easy it is to work with a RESTful API.  In fact they've
+become so popular that many other APIs attempt to emulate REST-like
+behaviour as much as they are able.  Right down to the use of JSON
+formatted output to facilitate the use of their API without having to
+retrain developers.
+
+This API does not do that.  It would not be able to do that and also
+provide access to the entire C API on which it's built.  It does,
+however, provide a very pythonic interface on top of the direct
+bindings and it's this pythonic layer that this HOWTO deals with.
+
+@node Context
+@section Context
+
+One of the reasons which prevents this API from being RESTful is that
+most operations require more than one instruction to the API to
+perform the task.  Sure, there are certain functions which can be
+performed simultaneously, particularly if the result known or strongly
+anticipated (e.g. selecting and encrypting to a key known to be in the
+public keybox).
+
+There are many more, however, which cannot be manipulated so readily:
+they must be performed in a specific sequence and the result of one
+operation has a direct bearing on the outcome of subsequent
+operations.  Not merely by generating an error either.
+
+When dealing with this type of persistent state on the web, full of
+both the RESTful and REST-like, it's most commonly referred to as a
+session.  In GPGME, however, it is called a context and every
+operation type has one.
+
+@node Working with keys
+@chapter Working with keys
+
+@menu
+* Key selection::
+* Get key::
+* Importing keys::
+* Exporting keys::
+@end menu
+
+@node Key selection
+@section Key selection
+
+Selecting keys to encrypt to or to sign with will be a common
+occurrence when working with GPGMe and the means available for doing
+so are quite simple.
+
+They do depend on utilising a Context; however once the data is
+recorded in another variable, that Context does not need to be the
+same one which subsequent operations are performed.
+
+The easiest way to select a specific key is by searching for that
+key's key ID or fingerprint, preferably the full fingerprint without
+any spaces in it.  A long key ID will probably be okay, but is not
+advised and short key IDs are already a problem with some being
+generated to match specific patterns.  It does not matter whether the
+pattern is upper or lower case.
+
+So this is the best method:
+
+@example
+import gpg
+
+k = gpg.Context().keylist(pattern="258E88DCBD3CD44D8E7AB43F6ECB6AF0DEADBEEF")
+keys = list(k)
+@end example
+
+This is passable and very likely to be common:
+
+@example
+import gpg
+
+k = gpg.Context().keylist(pattern="0x6ECB6AF0DEADBEEF")
+keys = list(k)
+@end example
+
+And this is a really bad idea:
+
+@example
+import gpg
+
+k = gpg.Context().keylist(pattern="0xDEADBEEF")
+keys = list(k)
+@end example
+
+Alternatively it may be that the intention is to create a list of keys
+which all match a particular search string.  For instance all the
+addresses at a particular domain, like this:
+
+@example
+import gpg
+
+ncsc = gpg.Context().keylist(pattern="ncsc.mil")
+nsa = list(ncsc)
+@end example
+
+@menu
+* Counting keys::
+@end menu
+
+@node Counting keys
+@subsection Counting keys
+
+Counting the number of keys in your public keybox (@samp{pubring.kbx}), the
+format which has superseded the old keyring format (@samp{pubring.gpg} and
+@samp{secring.gpg}), or the number of secret keys is a very simple task.
+
+@example
+import gpg
+
+c = gpg.Context()
+seckeys = c.keylist(pattern=None, secret=True)
+pubkeys = c.keylist(pattern=None, secret=False)
+
+seclist = list(seckeys)
+secnum = len(seclist)
+
+publist = list(pubkeys)
+pubnum = len(publist)
+
+print("""
+  Number of secret keys:  @{0@}
+  Number of public keys:  @{1@}
+""".format(secnum, pubnum))
+@end example
+
+NOTE: The @ref{C plus Python plus SWIG plus Cython, , Cython} introduction in the @ref{Advanced or Experimental Use Cases, , Advanced and Experimental}
+section uses this same key counting code with Cython to demonstrate
+some areas where Cython can improve performance even with the
+bindings.  Users with large public keyrings or keyboxes, for instance,
+should consider these options if they are comfortable with using
+Cython.
+
+@node Get key
+@section Get key
+
+An alternative method of getting a single key via its fingerprint is
+available directly within a Context with @samp{Context().get_key}.  This is
+the preferred method of selecting a key in order to modify it, sign or
+certify it and for obtaining relevant data about a single key as a
+part of other functions; when verifying a signature made by that key,
+for instance.
+
+By default this method will select public keys, but it can select
+secret keys as well.
+
+This first example demonstrates selecting the current key of Werner
+Koch, which is due to expire at the end of 2018:
+
+@example
+import gpg
+
+fingerprint = "80615870F5BAD690333686D0F2AD85AC1E42B367"
+key = gpg.Context().get_key(fingerprint)
+@end example
+
+Whereas this example demonstrates selecting the author's current key
+with the @samp{secret} key word argument set to @samp{True}:
+
+@example
+import gpg
+
+fingerprint = "DB4724E6FA4286C92B4E55C4321E4E2373590E5D"
+key = gpg.Context().get_key(fingerprint, secret=True)
+@end example
+
+It is, of course, quite possible to select expired, disabled and
+revoked keys with this function, but only to effectively display
+information about those keys.
+
+It is also possible to use both unicode or string literals and byte
+literals with the fingerprint when getting a key in this way.
+
+@node Importing keys
+@section Importing keys
+
+Importing keys is possible with the @samp{key_import()} method and takes
+one argument which is a bytes literal object containing either the
+binary or ASCII armoured key data for one or more keys.
+
+The following example retrieves one or more keys from the SKS
+keyservers via the web using the requests module.  Since requests
+returns the content as a bytes literal object, we can then use that
+directly to import the resulting data into our keybox.
+
+@example
+import gpg
+import os.path
+import requests
+
+c = gpg.Context()
+url = "https://sks-keyservers.net/pks/lookup"
+pattern = input("Enter the pattern to search for key or user IDs: ")
+payload = @{"op": "get", "search": pattern@}
+
+r = requests.get(url, verify=True, params=payload)
+result = c.key_import(r.content)
+
+if result is not None and hasattr(result, "considered") is False:
+    print(result)
+elif result is not None and hasattr(result, "considered") is True:
+    num_keys = len(result.imports)
+    new_revs = result.new_revocations
+    new_sigs = result.new_signatures
+    new_subs = result.new_sub_keys
+    new_uids = result.new_user_ids
+    new_scrt = result.secret_imported
+    nochange = result.unchanged
+    print("""
+  The total number of keys considered for import was:  @{0@}
+
+     Number of keys revoked:  @{1@}
+   Number of new signatures:  @{2@}
+      Number of new subkeys:  @{3@}
+     Number of new user IDs:  @{4@}
+  Number of new secret keys:  @{5@}
+   Number of unchanged keys:  @{6@}
+
+  The key IDs for all considered keys were:
+""".format(num_keys, new_revs, new_sigs, new_subs, new_uids, new_scrt,
+           nochange))
+    for i in range(num_keys):
+        print("@{0@}\n".format(result.imports[i].fpr))
+else:
+    pass
+@end example
+
+NOTE: When searching for a key ID of any length or a fingerprint
+(without spaces), the SKS servers require the the leading @samp{0x}
+indicative of hexadecimal be included.  Also note that the old short
+key IDs (e.g. @samp{0xDEADBEEF}) should no longer be used due to the
+relative ease by which such key IDs can be reproduced, as demonstrated
+by the Evil32 Project in 2014 (which was subsequently exploited in
+2016).
+
+@menu
+* Working with ProtonMail::
+* Importing with HKP for Python::
+* Importing from ProtonMail with HKP for Python::
+@end menu
+
+@node Working with ProtonMail
+@subsection Working with ProtonMail
+
+Here is a variation on the example above which checks the constrained
+ProtonMail keyserver for ProtonMail public keys.
+
+@example
+import gpg
+import requests
+import sys
+
+print("""
+This script searches the ProtonMail key server for the specified key and
+imports it.
+""")
+
+c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+url = "https://api.protonmail.ch/pks/lookup"
+ksearch = []
+
+if len(sys.argv) >= 2:
+    keyterm = sys.argv[1]
+else:
+    keyterm = input("Enter the key ID, UID or search string: ")
+
+if keyterm.count("@@") == 2 and keyterm.startswith("@@") is True:
+    ksearch.append(keyterm[1:])
+    ksearch.append(keyterm[1:])
+    ksearch.append(keyterm[1:])
+elif keyterm.count("@@") == 1 and keyterm.startswith("@@") is True:
+    ksearch.append("@{0@}@@protonmail.com".format(keyterm[1:]))
+    ksearch.append("@{0@}@@protonmail.ch".format(keyterm[1:]))
+    ksearch.append("@{0@}@@pm.me".format(keyterm[1:]))
+elif keyterm.count("@@") == 0:
+    ksearch.append("@{0@}@@protonmail.com".format(keyterm))
+    ksearch.append("@{0@}@@protonmail.ch".format(keyterm))
+    ksearch.append("@{0@}@@pm.me".format(keyterm))
+elif keyterm.count("@@") == 2 and keyterm.startswith("@@") is False:
+    uidlist = keyterm.split("@@")
+    for uid in uidlist:
+        ksearch.append("@{0@}@@protonmail.com".format(uid))
+        ksearch.append("@{0@}@@protonmail.ch".format(uid))
+        ksearch.append("@{0@}@@pm.me".format(uid))
+elif keyterm.count("@@") > 2:
+    uidlist = keyterm.split("@@")
+    for uid in uidlist:
+        ksearch.append("@{0@}@@protonmail.com".format(uid))
+        ksearch.append("@{0@}@@protonmail.ch".format(uid))
+        ksearch.append("@{0@}@@pm.me".format(uid))
+else:
+    ksearch.append(keyterm)
+
+for k in ksearch:
+    payload = @{"op": "get", "search": k@}
+    try:
+        r = requests.get(url, verify=True, params=payload)
+        if r.ok is True:
+            result = c.key_import(r.content)
+        elif r.ok is False:
+            result = r.content
+    except Exception as e:
+        result = None
+
+    if result is not None and hasattr(result, "considered") is False:
+        print("@{0@} for @{1@}".format(result.decode(), k))
+    elif result is not None and hasattr(result, "considered") is True:
+        num_keys = len(result.imports)
+        new_revs = result.new_revocations
+        new_sigs = result.new_signatures
+        new_subs = result.new_sub_keys
+        new_uids = result.new_user_ids
+        new_scrt = result.secret_imported
+        nochange = result.unchanged
+        print("""
+The total number of keys considered for import was:  @{0@}
+
+With UIDs wholely or partially matching the following string:
+
+        @{1@}
+
+   Number of keys revoked:  @{2@}
+ Number of new signatures:  @{3@}
+    Number of new subkeys:  @{4@}
+   Number of new user IDs:  @{5@}
+Number of new secret keys:  @{6@}
+ Number of unchanged keys:  @{7@}
+
+The key IDs for all considered keys were:
+""".format(num_keys, k, new_revs, new_sigs, new_subs, new_uids, new_scrt,
+           nochange))
+        for i in range(num_keys):
+            print(result.imports[i].fpr)
+        print("")
+    elif result is None:
+        print(e)
+@end example
+
+Both the above example, @uref{../examples/howto/pmkey-import.py, pmkey-import.py}, and a version which prompts
+for an alternative GnuPG home directory, @uref{../examples/howto/pmkey-import-alt.py, pmkey-import-alt.py}, are
+available with the other examples and are executable scripts.
+
+Note that while the ProtonMail servers are based on the SKS servers,
+their server is related more to their API and is not feature complete
+by comparison to the servers in the SKS pool.  One notable difference
+being that the ProtonMail server does not permit non ProtonMail users
+to update their own keys, which could be a vector for attacking
+ProtonMail users who may not receive a key's revocation if it had been
+compromised.
+
+@node Importing with HKP for Python
+@subsection Importing with HKP for Python
+
+Performing the same tasks with the @uref{https://github.com/Selfnet/hkp4py, hkp4py module} (available via PyPI)
+is not too much different, but does provide a number of options of
+benefit to end users.  Not least of which being the ability to perform
+some checks on a key before importing it or not.  For instance it may
+be the policy of a site or project to only import keys which have not
+been revoked.  The hkp4py module permits such checks prior to the
+importing of the keys found.
+
+@example
+import gpg
+import hkp4py
+import sys
+
+c = gpg.Context()
+server = hkp4py.KeyServer("hkps://hkps.pool.sks-keyservers.net")
+results = []
+
+if len(sys.argv) > 2:
+    pattern = " ".join(sys.argv[1:])
+elif len(sys.argv) == 2:
+    pattern = sys.argv[1]
+else:
+    pattern = input("Enter the pattern to search for keys or user IDs: ")
+
+try:
+    keys = server.search(pattern)
+    print("Found @{0@} key(s).".format(len(keys)))
+except Exception as e:
+    keys = []
+    for logrus in pattern.split():
+        if logrus.startswith("0x") is True:
+            key = server.search(logrus)
+        else:
+            key = server.search("0x@{0@}".format(logrus))
+        keys.append(key[0])
+    print("Found @{0@} key(s).".format(len(keys)))
+
+for key in keys:
+    import_result = c.key_import(key.key_blob)
+    results.append(import_result)
+
+for result in results:
+    if result is not None and hasattr(result, "considered") is False:
+        print(result)
+    elif result is not None and hasattr(result, "considered") is True:
+        num_keys = len(result.imports)
+        new_revs = result.new_revocations
+        new_sigs = result.new_signatures
+        new_subs = result.new_sub_keys
+        new_uids = result.new_user_ids
+        new_scrt = result.secret_imported
+        nochange = result.unchanged
+        print("""
+The total number of keys considered for import was:  @{0@}
+
+   Number of keys revoked:  @{1@}
+ Number of new signatures:  @{2@}
+    Number of new subkeys:  @{3@}
+   Number of new user IDs:  @{4@}
+Number of new secret keys:  @{5@}
+ Number of unchanged keys:  @{6@}
+
+The key IDs for all considered keys were:
+""".format(num_keys, new_revs, new_sigs, new_subs, new_uids, new_scrt,
+           nochange))
+        for i in range(num_keys):
+            print(result.imports[i].fpr)
+        print("")
+    else:
+        pass
+@end example
+
+Since the hkp4py module handles multiple keys just as effectively as
+one (@samp{keys} is a list of responses per matching key), the example
+above is able to do a little bit more with the returned data before
+anything is actually imported.
+
+@node Importing from ProtonMail with HKP for Python
+@subsection Importing from ProtonMail with HKP for Python
+
+Though this can provide certain benefits even when working with
+ProtonMail, the scope is somewhat constrained there due to the
+limitations of the ProtonMail keyserver.
+
+For instance, searching the SKS keyserver pool for the term "gnupg"
+produces hundreds of results from any time the word appears in any
+part of a user ID.  Performing the same search on the ProtonMail
+keyserver returns zero results, even though there are at least two
+test accounts which include it as part of the username.
+
+The cause of this discrepancy is the deliberate configuration of that
+server by ProtonMail to require an exact match of the full email
+address of the ProtonMail user whose key is being requested.
+Presumably this is intended to reduce breaches of privacy of their
+users as an email address must already be known before a key for that
+address can be obtained.
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+Import from ProtonMail via HKP for Python Example no. 1
+
+
+The following script is avalable with the rest of the examples under
+the somewhat less than original name, @samp{pmkey-import-hkp.py}.
+
+@example
+import gpg
+import hkp4py
+import os.path
+import sys
+
+print("""
+This script searches the ProtonMail key server for the specified key and
+imports it.
+
+Usage:  pmkey-import-hkp.py [search strings]
+""")
+
+c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+server = hkp4py.KeyServer("hkps://api.protonmail.ch")
+keyterms = []
+ksearch = []
+allkeys = []
+results = []
+paradox = []
+homeless = None
+
+if len(sys.argv) > 2:
+    keyterms = sys.argv[1:]
+elif len(sys.argv) == 2:
+    keyterm = sys.argv[1]
+    keyterms.append(keyterm)
+else:
+    key_term = input("Enter the key ID, UID or search string: ")
+    keyterms = key_term.split()
+
+for keyterm in keyterms:
+    if keyterm.count("@@") == 2 and keyterm.startswith("@@") is True:
+        ksearch.append(keyterm[1:])
+        ksearch.append(keyterm[1:])
+        ksearch.append(keyterm[1:])
+    elif keyterm.count("@@") == 1 and keyterm.startswith("@@") is True:
+        ksearch.append("@{0@}@@protonmail.com".format(keyterm[1:]))
+        ksearch.append("@{0@}@@protonmail.ch".format(keyterm[1:]))
+        ksearch.append("@{0@}@@pm.me".format(keyterm[1:]))
+    elif keyterm.count("@@") == 0:
+        ksearch.append("@{0@}@@protonmail.com".format(keyterm))
+        ksearch.append("@{0@}@@protonmail.ch".format(keyterm))
+        ksearch.append("@{0@}@@pm.me".format(keyterm))
+    elif keyterm.count("@@") == 2 and keyterm.startswith("@@") is False:
+        uidlist = keyterm.split("@@")
+        for uid in uidlist:
+            ksearch.append("@{0@}@@protonmail.com".format(uid))
+            ksearch.append("@{0@}@@protonmail.ch".format(uid))
+            ksearch.append("@{0@}@@pm.me".format(uid))
+    elif keyterm.count("@@") > 2:
+        uidlist = keyterm.split("@@")
+        for uid in uidlist:
+            ksearch.append("@{0@}@@protonmail.com".format(uid))
+            ksearch.append("@{0@}@@protonmail.ch".format(uid))
+            ksearch.append("@{0@}@@pm.me".format(uid))
+    else:
+        ksearch.append(keyterm)
+
+for k in ksearch:
+    print("Checking for key for: @{0@}".format(k))
+    try:
+        keys = server.search(k)
+        if isinstance(keys, list) is True:
+            for key in keys:
+                allkeys.append(key)
+                try:
+                    import_result = c.key_import(key.key_blob)
+                except Exception as e:
+                    import_result = c.key_import(key.key)
+        else:
+            paradox.append(keys)
+            import_result = None
+    except Exception as e:
+        import_result = None
+    results.append(import_result)
+
+for result in results:
+    if result is not None and hasattr(result, "considered") is False:
+        print("@{0@} for @{1@}".format(result.decode(), k))
+    elif result is not None and hasattr(result, "considered") is True:
+        num_keys = len(result.imports)
+        new_revs = result.new_revocations
+        new_sigs = result.new_signatures
+        new_subs = result.new_sub_keys
+        new_uids = result.new_user_ids
+        new_scrt = result.secret_imported
+        nochange = result.unchanged
+        print("""
+The total number of keys considered for import was:  @{0@}
+
+With UIDs wholely or partially matching the following string:
+
+        @{1@}
+
+   Number of keys revoked:  @{2@}
+ Number of new signatures:  @{3@}
+    Number of new subkeys:  @{4@}
+   Number of new user IDs:  @{5@}
+Number of new secret keys:  @{6@}
+ Number of unchanged keys:  @{7@}
+
+The key IDs for all considered keys were:
+""".format(num_keys, k, new_revs, new_sigs, new_subs, new_uids, new_scrt,
+           nochange))
+        for i in range(num_keys):
+            print(result.imports[i].fpr)
+        print("")
+    elif result is None:
+        pass
+@end example
+
+@item
+Import from ProtonMail via HKP for Python Example no. 2
+
+
+Like its counterpart above, this script can also be found with the
+rest of the examples, by the name pmkey-import-hkp-alt.py.
+
+With this script a modicum of effort has been made to treat anything
+passed as a @samp{homedir} which either does not exist or which is not a
+directory, as also being a pssible user ID to check for.  It's not
+guaranteed to pick up on all such cases, but it should cover most of
+them.
+
+@example
+import gpg
+import hkp4py
+import os.path
+import sys
+
+print("""
+This script searches the ProtonMail key server for the specified key and
+imports it.  Optionally enables specifying a different GnuPG home directory.
+
+Usage:  pmkey-import-hkp.py [homedir] [search string]
+   or:  pmkey-import-hkp.py [search string]
+""")
+
+c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+server = hkp4py.KeyServer("hkps://api.protonmail.ch")
+keyterms = []
+ksearch = []
+allkeys = []
+results = []
+paradox = []
+homeless = None
+
+if len(sys.argv) > 3:
+    homedir = sys.argv[1]
+    keyterms = sys.argv[2:]
+elif len(sys.argv) == 3:
+    homedir = sys.argv[1]
+    keyterm = sys.argv[2]
+    keyterms.append(keyterm)
+elif len(sys.argv) == 2:
+    homedir = ""
+    keyterm = sys.argv[1]
+    keyterms.append(keyterm)
+else:
+    keyterm = input("Enter the key ID, UID or search string: ")
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+    keyterms.append(keyterm)
+
+if len(homedir) == 0:
+    homedir = None
+    homeless = False
+
+if homedir is not None:
+    if homedir.startswith("~"):
+        if os.path.exists(os.path.expanduser(homedir)) is True:
+            if os.path.isdir(os.path.expanduser(homedir)) is True:
+                c.home_dir = os.path.realpath(os.path.expanduser(homedir))
+            else:
+                homeless = True
+        else:
+            homeless = True
+    elif os.path.exists(os.path.realpath(homedir)) is True:
+        if os.path.isdir(os.path.realpath(homedir)) is True:
+            c.home_dir = os.path.realpath(homedir)
+        else:
+            homeless = True
+    else:
+        homeless = True
+
+# First check to see if the homedir really is a homedir and if not, treat it as
+# a search string.
+if homeless is True:
+    keyterms.append(homedir)
+    c.home_dir = None
+else:
+    pass
+
+for keyterm in keyterms:
+    if keyterm.count("@@") == 2 and keyterm.startswith("@@") is True:
+        ksearch.append(keyterm[1:])
+        ksearch.append(keyterm[1:])
+        ksearch.append(keyterm[1:])
+    elif keyterm.count("@@") == 1 and keyterm.startswith("@@") is True:
+        ksearch.append("@{0@}@@protonmail.com".format(keyterm[1:]))
+        ksearch.append("@{0@}@@protonmail.ch".format(keyterm[1:]))
+        ksearch.append("@{0@}@@pm.me".format(keyterm[1:]))
+    elif keyterm.count("@@") == 0:
+        ksearch.append("@{0@}@@protonmail.com".format(keyterm))
+        ksearch.append("@{0@}@@protonmail.ch".format(keyterm))
+        ksearch.append("@{0@}@@pm.me".format(keyterm))
+    elif keyterm.count("@@") == 2 and keyterm.startswith("@@") is False:
+        uidlist = keyterm.split("@@")
+        for uid in uidlist:
+            ksearch.append("@{0@}@@protonmail.com".format(uid))
+            ksearch.append("@{0@}@@protonmail.ch".format(uid))
+            ksearch.append("@{0@}@@pm.me".format(uid))
+    elif keyterm.count("@@") > 2:
+        uidlist = keyterm.split("@@")
+        for uid in uidlist:
+            ksearch.append("@{0@}@@protonmail.com".format(uid))
+            ksearch.append("@{0@}@@protonmail.ch".format(uid))
+            ksearch.append("@{0@}@@pm.me".format(uid))
+    else:
+        ksearch.append(keyterm)
+
+for k in ksearch:
+    print("Checking for key for: @{0@}".format(k))
+    try:
+        keys = server.search(k)
+        if isinstance(keys, list) is True:
+            for key in keys:
+                allkeys.append(key)
+                try:
+                    import_result = c.key_import(key.key_blob)
+                except Exception as e:
+                    import_result = c.key_import(key.key)
+        else:
+            paradox.append(keys)
+            import_result = None
+    except Exception as e:
+        import_result = None
+    results.append(import_result)
+
+for result in results:
+    if result is not None and hasattr(result, "considered") is False:
+        print("@{0@} for @{1@}".format(result.decode(), k))
+    elif result is not None and hasattr(result, "considered") is True:
+        num_keys = len(result.imports)
+        new_revs = result.new_revocations
+        new_sigs = result.new_signatures
+        new_subs = result.new_sub_keys
+        new_uids = result.new_user_ids
+        new_scrt = result.secret_imported
+        nochange = result.unchanged
+        print("""
+The total number of keys considered for import was:  @{0@}
+
+With UIDs wholely or partially matching the following string:
+
+        @{1@}
+
+   Number of keys revoked:  @{2@}
+ Number of new signatures:  @{3@}
+    Number of new subkeys:  @{4@}
+   Number of new user IDs:  @{5@}
+Number of new secret keys:  @{6@}
+ Number of unchanged keys:  @{7@}
+
+The key IDs for all considered keys were:
+""".format(num_keys, k, new_revs, new_sigs, new_subs, new_uids, new_scrt,
+           nochange))
+        for i in range(num_keys):
+            print(result.imports[i].fpr)
+        print("")
+    elif result is None:
+        pass
+@end example
+@end enumerate
+
+@node Exporting keys
+@section Exporting keys
+
+Exporting keys remains a reasonably simple task, but has been
+separated into three different functions for the OpenPGP cryptographic
+engine.  Two of those functions are for exporting public keys and the
+third is for exporting secret keys.
+
+@menu
+* Exporting public keys::
+* Exporting secret keys::
+* Sending public keys to the SKS Keyservers::
+@end menu
+
+@node Exporting public keys
+@subsection Exporting public keys
+
+There are two methods of exporting public keys, both of which are very
+similar to the other.  The default method, @samp{key_export()}, will export
+a public key or keys matching a specified pattern as normal.  The
+alternative, the @samp{key_export_minimal()} method, will do the same thing
+except producing a minimised output with extra signatures and third
+party signatures or certifications removed.
+
+@example
+import gpg
+import os.path
+import sys
+
+print("""
+This script exports one or more public keys.
+""")
+
+c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+
+if len(sys.argv) >= 4:
+    keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+    logrus = sys.argv[2]
+    homedir = sys.argv[3]
+elif len(sys.argv) == 3:
+    keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+    logrus = sys.argv[2]
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+elif len(sys.argv) == 2:
+    keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+    logrus = input("Enter the UID matching the key(s) to export: ")
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+else:
+    keyfile = input("Enter the path and filename to save the secret key to: ")
+    logrus = input("Enter the UID matching the key(s) to export: ")
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+
+if homedir.startswith("~"):
+    if os.path.exists(os.path.expanduser(homedir)) is True:
+        c.home_dir = os.path.expanduser(homedir)
+    else:
+        pass
+elif os.path.exists(homedir) is True:
+    c.home_dir = homedir
+else:
+    pass
+
+try:
+    result = c.key_export(pattern=logrus)
+except:
+    result = c.key_export(pattern=None)
+
+if result is not None:
+    with open(keyfile, "wb") as f:
+        f.write(result)
+else:
+    pass
+@end example
+
+It should be noted that the result will only return @samp{None} when a
+search pattern has been entered, but has not matched any keys.  When
+the search pattern itself is set to @samp{None} this triggers the exporting
+of the entire public keybox.
+
+@example
+import gpg
+import os.path
+import sys
+
+print("""
+This script exports one or more public keys in minimised form.
+""")
+
+c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+
+if len(sys.argv) >= 4:
+    keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+    logrus = sys.argv[2]
+    homedir = sys.argv[3]
+elif len(sys.argv) == 3:
+    keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+    logrus = sys.argv[2]
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+elif len(sys.argv) == 2:
+    keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+    logrus = input("Enter the UID matching the key(s) to export: ")
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+else:
+    keyfile = input("Enter the path and filename to save the secret key to: ")
+    logrus = input("Enter the UID matching the key(s) to export: ")
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+
+if homedir.startswith("~"):
+    if os.path.exists(os.path.expanduser(homedir)) is True:
+        c.home_dir = os.path.expanduser(homedir)
+    else:
+        pass
+elif os.path.exists(homedir) is True:
+    c.home_dir = homedir
+else:
+    pass
+
+try:
+    result = c.key_export_minimal(pattern=logrus)
+except:
+    result = c.key_export_minimal(pattern=None)
+
+if result is not None:
+    with open(keyfile, "wb") as f:
+        f.write(result)
+else:
+    pass
+@end example
+
+@node Exporting secret keys
+@subsection Exporting secret keys
+
+Exporting secret keys is, functionally, very similar to exporting
+public keys; save for the invocation of @samp{pinentry} via @samp{gpg-agent} in
+order to securely enter the key's passphrase and authorise the export.
+
+The following example exports the secret key to a file which is then
+set with the same permissions as the output files created by the
+command line secret key export options.
+
+@example
+import gpg
+import os
+import os.path
+import sys
+
+print("""
+This script exports one or more secret keys.
+
+The gpg-agent and pinentry are invoked to authorise the export.
+""")
+
+c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+
+if len(sys.argv) >= 4:
+    keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+    logrus = sys.argv[2]
+    homedir = sys.argv[3]
+elif len(sys.argv) == 3:
+    keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+    logrus = sys.argv[2]
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+elif len(sys.argv) == 2:
+    keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+    logrus = input("Enter the UID matching the secret key(s) to export: ")
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+else:
+    keyfile = input("Enter the path and filename to save the secret key to: ")
+    logrus = input("Enter the UID matching the secret key(s) to export: ")
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+
+if len(homedir) == 0:
+    homedir = None
+elif homedir.startswith("~"):
+    userdir = os.path.expanduser(homedir)
+    if os.path.exists(userdir) is True:
+        homedir = os.path.realpath(userdir)
+    else:
+        homedir = None
+else:
+    homedir = os.path.realpath(homedir)
+
+if os.path.exists(homedir) is False:
+    homedir = None
+else:
+    if os.path.isdir(homedir) is False:
+        homedir = None
+    else:
+        pass
+
+if homedir is not None:
+    c.home_dir = homedir
+else:
+    pass
+
+try:
+    result = c.key_export_secret(pattern=logrus)
+except:
+    result = c.key_export_secret(pattern=None)
+
+if result is not None:
+    with open(keyfile, "wb") as f:
+        f.write(result)
+    os.chmod(keyfile, 0o600)
+else:
+    pass
+@end example
+
+Alternatively the approach of the following script can be used.  This
+longer example saves the exported secret key(s) in files in the GnuPG
+home directory, in addition to setting the file permissions as only
+readable and writable by the user.  It also exports the secret key(s)
+twice in order to output both GPG binary (@samp{.gpg}) and ASCII armoured
+(@samp{.asc}) files.
+
+@example
+import gpg
+import os
+import os.path
+import subprocess
+import sys
+
+print("""
+This script exports one or more secret keys as both ASCII armored and binary
+file formats, saved in files within the user's GPG home directory.
+
+The gpg-agent and pinentry are invoked to authorise the export.
+""")
+
+if sys.platform == "win32":
+    gpgconfcmd = "gpgconf.exe --list-dirs homedir"
+else:
+    gpgconfcmd = "gpgconf --list-dirs homedir"
+
+a = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+b = gpg.Context()
+c = gpg.Context()
+
+if len(sys.argv) >= 4:
+    keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+    logrus = sys.argv[2]
+    homedir = sys.argv[3]
+elif len(sys.argv) == 3:
+    keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+    logrus = sys.argv[2]
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+elif len(sys.argv) == 2:
+    keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+    logrus = input("Enter the UID matching the secret key(s) to export: ")
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+else:
+    keyfile = input("Enter the filename to save the secret key to: ")
+    logrus = input("Enter the UID matching the secret key(s) to export: ")
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+
+if len(homedir) == 0:
+    homedir = None
+elif homedir.startswith("~"):
+    userdir = os.path.expanduser(homedir)
+    if os.path.exists(userdir) is True:
+        homedir = os.path.realpath(userdir)
+    else:
+        homedir = None
+else:
+    homedir = os.path.realpath(homedir)
+
+if os.path.exists(homedir) is False:
+    homedir = None
+else:
+    if os.path.isdir(homedir) is False:
+        homedir = None
+    else:
+        pass
+
+if homedir is not None:
+    c.home_dir = homedir
+else:
+    pass
+
+if c.home_dir is not None:
+    if c.home_dir.endswith("/"):
+        gpgfile = "@{0@}@{1@}.gpg".format(c.home_dir, keyfile)
+        ascfile = "@{0@}@{1@}.asc".format(c.home_dir, keyfile)
+    else:
+        gpgfile = "@{0@}/@{1@}.gpg".format(c.home_dir, keyfile)
+        ascfile = "@{0@}/@{1@}.asc".format(c.home_dir, keyfile)
+else:
+    if os.path.exists(os.environ["GNUPGHOME"]) is True:
+        hd = os.environ["GNUPGHOME"]
+    else:
+        try:
+            hd = subprocess.getoutput(gpgconfcmd)
+        except:
+            process = subprocess.Popen(gpgconfcmd.split(),
+                                       stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
+            procom = process.communicate()
+            if sys.version_info[0] == 2:
+                hd = procom[0].strip()
+            else:
+                hd = procom[0].decode().strip()
+    gpgfile = "@{0@}/@{1@}.gpg".format(hd, keyfile)
+    ascfile = "@{0@}/@{1@}.asc".format(hd, keyfile)
+
+try:
+    a_result = a.key_export_secret(pattern=logrus)
+    b_result = b.key_export_secret(pattern=logrus)
+except:
+    a_result = a.key_export_secret(pattern=None)
+    b_result = b.key_export_secret(pattern=None)
+
+if a_result is not None:
+    with open(ascfile, "wb") as f:
+        f.write(a_result)
+    os.chmod(ascfile, 0o600)
+else:
+    pass
+
+if b_result is not None:
+    with open(gpgfile, "wb") as f:
+        f.write(b_result)
+    os.chmod(gpgfile, 0o600)
+else:
+    pass
+@end example
+
+@node Sending public keys to the SKS Keyservers
+@subsection Sending public keys to the SKS Keyservers
+
+As with the previous section on importing keys, the @samp{hkp4py} module
+adds another option with exporting keys in order to send them to the
+public keyservers.
+
+The following example demonstrates how this may be done.
+
+@example
+import gpg
+import hkp4py
+import os.path
+import sys
+
+print("""
+This script sends one or more public keys to the SKS keyservers and is
+essentially a slight variation on the export-key.py script.
+""")
+
+c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+server = hkp4py.KeyServer("hkps://hkps.pool.sks-keyservers.net")
+
+if len(sys.argv) > 2:
+    logrus = " ".join(sys.argv[1:])
+elif len(sys.argv) == 2:
+    logrus = sys.argv[1]
+else:
+    logrus = input("Enter the UID matching the key(s) to send: ")
+
+if len(logrus) > 0:
+    try:
+        export_result = c.key_export(pattern=logrus)
+    except Exception as e:
+        print(e)
+        export_result = None
+else:
+    export_result = c.key_export(pattern=None)
+
+if export_result is not None:
+    try:
+        try:
+            send_result = server.add(export_result)
+        except:
+            send_result = server.add(export_result.decode())
+        if send_result is not None:
+            print(send_result)
+        else:
+            pass
+    except Exception as e:
+        print(e)
+else:
+    pass
+@end example
+
+An expanded version of this script with additional functions for
+specifying an alternative homedir location is in the examples
+directory as @samp{send-key-to-keyserver.py}.
+
+The @samp{hkp4py} module appears to handle both string and byte literal text
+data equally well, but the GPGME bindings deal primarily with byte
+literal data only and so this script sends in that format first, then
+tries the string literal form.
+
+@node Basic Functions
+@chapter Basic Functions
+
+The most frequently called features of any cryptographic library will
+be the most fundamental tasks for encryption software.  In this
+section we will look at how to programmatically encrypt data, decrypt
+it, sign it and verify signatures.
+
+@menu
+* Encryption::
+* Decryption::
+* Signing text and files::
+* Signature verification::
+@end menu
+
+@node Encryption
+@section Encryption
+
+Encrypting is very straight forward.  In the first example below the
+message, @samp{text}, is encrypted to a single recipient's key.  In the
+second example the message will be encrypted to multiple recipients.
+
+@menu
+* Encrypting to one key::
+* Encrypting to multiple keys::
+@end menu
+
+@node Encrypting to one key
+@subsection Encrypting to one key
+
+Once the the Context is set the main issues with encrypting data is
+essentially reduced to key selection and the keyword arguments
+specified in the @samp{gpg.Context().encrypt()} method.
+
+Those keyword arguments are: @samp{recipients}, a list of keys encrypted to
+(covered in greater detail in the following section); @samp{sign}, whether
+or not to sign the plaintext data, see subsequent sections on signing
+and verifying signatures below (defaults to @samp{True}); @samp{sink}, to write
+results or partial results to a secure sink instead of returning it
+(defaults to @samp{None}); @samp{passphrase}, only used when utilising symmetric
+encryption (defaults to @samp{None}); @samp{always_trust}, used to override the
+trust model settings for recipient keys (defaults to @samp{False});
+@samp{add_encrypt_to}, utilises any preconfigured @samp{encrypt-to} or
+@samp{default-key} settings in the user's @samp{gpg.conf} file (defaults to
+@samp{False}); @samp{prepare}, prepare for encryption (defaults to @samp{False});
+@samp{expect_sign}, prepare for signing (defaults to @samp{False}); @samp{compress},
+compresses the plaintext prior to encryption (defaults to @samp{True}).
+
+@example
+import gpg
+
+a_key = "0x12345678DEADBEEF"
+text = b"""Some text to test with.
+
+Since the text in this case must be bytes, it is most likely that
+the input form will be a separate file which is opened with "rb"
+as this is the simplest method of obtaining the correct data format.
+"""
+
+c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+rkey = list(c.keylist(pattern=a_key, secret=False))
+ciphertext, result, sign_result = c.encrypt(text, recipients=rkey, sign=False)
+
+with open("secret_plans.txt.asc", "wb") as afile:
+    afile.write(ciphertext)
+@end example
+
+Though this is even more likely to be used like this; with the
+plaintext input read from a file, the recipient keys used for
+encryption regardless of key trust status and the encrypted output
+also encrypted to any preconfigured keys set in the @samp{gpg.conf} file:
+
+@example
+import gpg
+
+a_key = "0x12345678DEADBEEF"
+
+with open("secret_plans.txt", "rb") as afile:
+    text = afile.read()
+
+c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+rkey = list(c.keylist(pattern=a_key, secret=False))
+ciphertext, result, sign_result = c.encrypt(text, recipients=rkey, sign=True,
+                                            always_trust=True,
+                                            add_encrypt_to=True)
+
+with open("secret_plans.txt.asc", "wb") as afile:
+    afile.write(ciphertext)
+@end example
+
+If the @samp{recipients} paramater is empty then the plaintext is encrypted
+symmetrically.  If no @samp{passphrase} is supplied as a parameter or via a
+callback registered with the @samp{Context()} then an out-of-band prompt
+for the passphrase via pinentry will be invoked.
+
+@node Encrypting to multiple keys
+@subsection Encrypting to multiple keys
+
+Encrypting to multiple keys essentially just expands upon the key
+selection process and the recipients from the previous examples.
+
+The following example encrypts a message (@samp{text}) to everyone with an
+email address on the @samp{gnupg.org} domain,@footnote{You probably don't really want to do this.  Searching the
+keyservers for "gnupg.org" produces over 400 results, the majority of
+which aren't actually at the gnupg.org domain, but just included a
+comment regarding the project in their key somewhere.} but does @emph{not} encrypt
+to a default key or other key which is configured to normally encrypt
+to.
+
+@example
+import gpg
+
+text = b"""Oh look, another test message.
+
+The same rules apply as with the previous example and more likely
+than not, the message will actually be drawn from reading the
+contents of a file or, maybe, from entering data at an input()
+prompt.
+
+Since the text in this case must be bytes, it is most likely that
+the input form will be a separate file which is opened with "rb"
+as this is the simplest method of obtaining the correct data
+format.
+"""
+
+c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+rpattern = list(c.keylist(pattern="@@gnupg.org", secret=False))
+logrus = []
+
+for i in range(len(rpattern)):
+    if rpattern[i].can_encrypt == 1:
+        logrus.append(rpattern[i])
+
+ciphertext, result, sign_result = c.encrypt(text, recipients=logrus,
+                                            sign=False, always_trust=True)
+
+with open("secret_plans.txt.asc", "wb") as afile:
+    afile.write(ciphertext)
+@end example
+
+All it would take to change the above example to sign the message
+and also encrypt the message to any configured default keys would
+be to change the @samp{c.encrypt} line to this:
+
+@example
+ciphertext, result, sign_result = c.encrypt(text, recipients=logrus,
+                                            always_trust=True,
+                                            add_encrypt_to=True)
+@end example
+
+The only keyword arguments requiring modification are those for which
+the default values are changing.  The default value of @samp{sign} is
+@samp{True}, the default of @samp{always_trust} is @samp{False}, the default of
+@samp{add_encrypt_to} is @samp{False}.
+
+If @samp{always_trust} is not set to @samp{True} and any of the recipient keys
+are not trusted (e.g. not signed or locally signed) then the
+encryption will raise an error.  It is possible to mitigate this
+somewhat with something more like this:
+
+@example
+import gpg
+
+with open("secret_plans.txt.asc", "rb") as afile:
+    text = afile.read()
+
+c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+rpattern = list(c.keylist(pattern="@@gnupg.org", secret=False))
+logrus = []
+
+for i in range(len(rpattern)):
+    if rpattern[i].can_encrypt == 1:
+        logrus.append(rpattern[i])
+
+    try:
+        ciphertext, result, sign_result = c.encrypt(text, recipients=logrus,
+                                                    add_encrypt_to=True)
+    except gpg.errors.InvalidRecipients as e:
+        for i in range(len(e.recipients)):
+            for n in range(len(logrus)):
+                if logrus[n].fpr == e.recipients[i].fpr:
+                    logrus.remove(logrus[n])
+                else:
+                    pass
+        try:
+            ciphertext, result, sign_result = c.encrypt(text,
+                                                        recipients=logrus,
+                                                        add_encrypt_to=True)
+            with open("secret_plans.txt.asc", "wb") as afile:
+                afile.write(ciphertext)
+        except:
+            pass
+@end example
+
+This will attempt to encrypt to all the keys searched for, then remove
+invalid recipients if it fails and try again.
+
+@node Decryption
+@section Decryption
+
+Decrypting something encrypted to a key in one's secret keyring is
+fairly straight forward.
+
+In this example code, however, preconfiguring either @samp{gpg.Context()}
+or @samp{gpg.core.Context()} as @samp{c} is unnecessary because there is no need
+to modify the Context prior to conducting the decryption and since the
+Context is only used once, setting it to @samp{c} simply adds lines for no
+gain.
+
+@example
+import gpg
+
+ciphertext = input("Enter path and filename of encrypted file: ")
+newfile = input("Enter path and filename of file to save decrypted data to: ")
+
+with open(ciphertext, "rb") as cfile:
+    try:
+        plaintext, result, verify_result = gpg.Context().decrypt(cfile)
+    except gpg.errors.GPGMEError as e:
+        plaintext = None
+        print(e)
+
+if plaintext is not None:
+    with open(newfile, "wb") as nfile:
+            nfile.write(plaintext)
+    else:
+        pass
+@end example
+
+The data available in @samp{plaintext} in this example is the decrypted
+content as a byte object, the recipient key IDs and algorithms in
+@samp{result} and the results of verifying any signatures of the data in
+@samp{verify_result}.
+
+@node Signing text and files
+@section Signing text and files
+
+The following sections demonstrate how to specify keys to sign with.
+
+@menu
+* Signing key selection::
+* Normal or default signing messages or files::
+* Detached signing messages and files::
+* Clearsigning messages or text::
+@end menu
+
+@node Signing key selection
+@subsection Signing key selection
+
+By default GPGME and the Python bindings will use the default key
+configured for the user invoking the GPGME API.  If there is no
+default key specified and there is more than one secret key available
+it may be necessary to specify the key or keys with which to sign
+messages and files.
+
+@example
+import gpg
+
+logrus = input("Enter the email address or string to match signing keys to: ")
+hancock = gpg.Context().keylist(pattern=logrus, secret=True)
+sig_src = list(hancock)
+@end example
+
+The signing examples in the following sections include the explicitly
+designated @samp{signers} parameter in two of the five examples; once where
+the resulting signature would be ASCII armoured and once where it
+would not be armoured.
+
+While it would be possible to enter a key ID or fingerprint here to
+match a specific key, it is not possible to enter two fingerprints and
+match two keys since the patten expects a string, bytes or None and
+not a list.  A string with two fingerprints won't match any single
+key.
+
+@node Normal or default signing messages or files
+@subsection Normal or default signing messages or files
+
+The normal or default signing process is essentially the same as is
+most often invoked when also encrypting a message or file.  So when
+the encryption component is not utilised, the result is to produce an
+encoded and signed output which may or may not be ASCII armoured and
+which may or may not also be compressed.
+
+By default compression will be used unless GnuPG detects that the
+plaintext is already compressed.  ASCII armouring will be determined
+according to the value of @samp{gpg.Context().armor}.
+
+The compression algorithm is selected in much the same way as the
+symmetric encryption algorithm or the hash digest algorithm is when
+multiple keys are involved; from the preferences saved into the key
+itself or by comparison with the preferences with all other keys
+involved.
+
+@example
+import gpg
+
+text0 = """Declaration of ... something.
+
+"""
+text = text0.encode()
+
+c = gpg.Context(armor=True, signers=sig_src)
+signed_data, result = c.sign(text, mode=gpg.constants.sig.mode.NORMAL)
+
+with open("/path/to/statement.txt.asc", "w") as afile:
+    afile.write(signed_data.decode())
+@end example
+
+Though everything in this example is accurate, it is more likely that
+reading the input data from another file and writing the result to a
+new file will be performed more like the way it is done in the next
+example.  Even if the output format is ASCII armoured.
+
+@example
+import gpg
+
+with open("/path/to/statement.txt", "rb") as tfile:
+    text = tfile.read()
+
+c = gpg.Context()
+signed_data, result = c.sign(text, mode=gpg.constants.sig.mode.NORMAL)
+
+with open("/path/to/statement.txt.sig", "wb") as afile:
+    afile.write(signed_data)
+@end example
+
+@node Detached signing messages and files
+@subsection Detached signing messages and files
+
+Detached signatures will often be needed in programmatic uses of
+GPGME, either for signing files (e.g. tarballs of code releases) or as
+a component of message signing (e.g. PGP/MIME encoded email).
+
+@example
+import gpg
+
+text0 = """Declaration of ... something.
+
+"""
+text = text0.encode()
+
+c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+signed_data, result = c.sign(text, mode=gpg.constants.sig.mode.DETACH)
+
+with open("/path/to/statement.txt.asc", "w") as afile:
+    afile.write(signed_data.decode())
+@end example
+
+As with normal signatures, detached signatures are best handled as
+byte literals, even when the output is ASCII armoured.
+
+@example
+import gpg
+
+with open("/path/to/statement.txt", "rb") as tfile:
+    text = tfile.read()
+
+c = gpg.Context(signers=sig_src)
+signed_data, result = c.sign(text, mode=gpg.constants.sig.mode.DETACH)
+
+with open("/path/to/statement.txt.sig", "wb") as afile:
+    afile.write(signed_data)
+@end example
+
+@node Clearsigning messages or text
+@subsection Clearsigning messages or text
+
+Though PGP/in-line messages are no longer encouraged in favour of
+PGP/MIME, there is still sometimes value in utilising in-line
+signatures.  This is where clear-signed messages or text is of value.
+
+@example
+import gpg
+
+text0 = """Declaration of ... something.
+
+"""
+text = text0.encode()
+
+c = gpg.Context()
+signed_data, result = c.sign(text, mode=gpg.constants.sig.mode.CLEAR)
+
+with open("/path/to/statement.txt.asc", "w") as afile:
+    afile.write(signed_data.decode())
+@end example
+
+In spite of the appearance of a clear-signed message, the data handled
+by GPGME in signing it must still be byte literals.
+
+@example
+import gpg
+
+with open("/path/to/statement.txt", "rb") as tfile:
+    text = tfile.read()
+
+c = gpg.Context()
+signed_data, result = c.sign(text, mode=gpg.constants.sig.mode.CLEAR)
+
+with open("/path/to/statement.txt.asc", "wb") as afile:
+    afile.write(signed_data)
+@end example
+
+@node Signature verification
+@section Signature verification
+
+Essentially there are two principal methods of verification of a
+signature.  The first of these is for use with the normal or default
+signing method and for clear-signed messages.  The second is for use
+with files and data with detached signatures.
+
+The following example is intended for use with the default signing
+method where the file was not ASCII armoured:
+
+@example
+import gpg
+import time
+
+filename = "statement.txt"
+gpg_file = "statement.txt.gpg"
+
+c = gpg.Context()
+
+try:
+    data, result = c.verify(open(gpg_file))
+    verified = True
+except gpg.errors.BadSignatures as e:
+    verified = False
+    print(e)
+
+if verified is True:
+    for i in range(len(result.signatures)):
+        sign = result.signatures[i]
+        print("""Good signature from:
+@{0@}
+with key @{1@}
+made at @{2@}
+""".format(c.get_key(sign.fpr).uids[0].uid, sign.fpr,
+           time.ctime(sign.timestamp)))
+else:
+    pass
+@end example
+
+Whereas this next example, which is almost identical would work with
+normal ASCII armoured files and with clear-signed files:
+
+@example
+import gpg
+import time
+
+filename = "statement.txt"
+asc_file = "statement.txt.asc"
+
+c = gpg.Context()
+
+try:
+    data, result = c.verify(open(asc_file))
+    verified = True
+except gpg.errors.BadSignatures as e:
+    verified = False
+    print(e)
+
+if verified is True:
+    for i in range(len(result.signatures)):
+        sign = result.signatures[i]
+        print("""Good signature from:
+@{0@}
+with key @{1@}
+made at @{2@}
+""".format(c.get_key(sign.fpr).uids[0].uid, sign.fpr,
+           time.ctime(sign.timestamp)))
+else:
+    pass
+@end example
+
+In both of the previous examples it is also possible to compare the
+original data that was signed against the signed data in @samp{data} to see
+if it matches with something like this:
+
+@example
+with open(filename, "rb") as afile:
+    text = afile.read()
+
+if text == data:
+    print("Good signature.")
+else:
+    pass
+@end example
+
+The following two examples, however, deal with detached signatures.
+With his method of verification the data that was signed does not get
+returned since it is already being explicitly referenced in the first
+argument of @samp{c.verify}.  So @samp{data} is @samp{None} and only the information
+in @samp{result} is available.
+
+@example
+import gpg
+import time
+
+filename = "statement.txt"
+sig_file = "statement.txt.sig"
+
+c = gpg.Context()
+
+try:
+    data, result = c.verify(open(filename), open(sig_file))
+    verified = True
+except gpg.errors.BadSignatures as e:
+    verified = False
+    print(e)
+
+if verified is True:
+    for i in range(len(result.signatures)):
+        sign = result.signatures[i]
+        print("""Good signature from:
+@{0@}
+with key @{1@}
+made at @{2@}
+""".format(c.get_key(sign.fpr).uids[0].uid, sign.fpr,
+           time.ctime(sign.timestamp)))
+else:
+    pass
+@end example
+
+@example
+import gpg
+import time
+
+filename = "statement.txt"
+asc_file = "statement.txt.asc"
+
+c = gpg.Context()
+
+try:
+    data, result = c.verify(open(filename), open(asc_file))
+    verified = True
+except gpg.errors.BadSignatures as e:
+    verified = False
+    print(e)
+
+if verified is True:
+    for i in range(len(result.signatures)):
+        sign = result.signatures[i]
+        print("""Good signature from:
+@{0@}
+with key @{1@}
+made at @{2@}
+""".format(c.get_key(sign.fpr).uids[0].uid, sign.fpr,
+           time.ctime(sign.timestamp)))
+else:
+    pass
+@end example
+
+@node Creating keys and subkeys
+@chapter Creating keys and subkeys
+
+The one thing, aside from GnuPG itself, that GPGME depends on, of
+course, is the keys themselves.  So it is necessary to be able to
+generate them and modify them by adding subkeys, revoking or disabling
+them, sometimes deleting them and doing the same for user IDs.
+
+In the following examples a key will be created for the world's
+greatest secret agent, Danger Mouse.  Since Danger Mouse is a secret
+agent he needs to be able to protect information to @samp{SECRET} level
+clearance, so his keys will be 3072-bit keys.
+
+The pre-configured @samp{gpg.conf} file which sets cipher, digest and other
+preferences contains the following configuration parameters:
+
+@example
+expert
+allow-freeform-uid
+allow-secret-key-import
+trust-model tofu+pgp
+tofu-default-policy unknown
+enable-large-rsa
+enable-dsa2
+cert-digest-algo SHA512
+default-preference-list TWOFISH CAMELLIA256 AES256 CAMELLIA192 AES192 CAMELLIA128 AES BLOWFISH IDEA CAST5 3DES SHA512 SHA384 SHA256 SHA224 RIPEMD160 SHA1 ZLIB BZIP2 ZIP Uncompressed
+personal-cipher-preferences TWOFISH CAMELLIA256 AES256 CAMELLIA192 AES192 CAMELLIA128 AES BLOWFISH IDEA CAST5 3DES
+personal-digest-preferences SHA512 SHA384 SHA256 SHA224 RIPEMD160 SHA1
+personal-compress-preferences ZLIB BZIP2 ZIP Uncompressed
+@end example
+
+@menu
+* Primary key::
+* Subkeys::
+* User IDs::
+* Key certification::
+@end menu
+
+@node Primary key
+@section Primary key
+
+Generating a primary key uses the @samp{create_key} method in a Context.
+It contains multiple arguments and keyword arguments, including:
+@samp{userid}, @samp{algorithm}, @samp{expires_in}, @samp{expires}, @samp{sign}, @samp{encrypt},
+@samp{certify}, @samp{authenticate}, @samp{passphrase} and @samp{force}.  The defaults for
+all of those except @samp{userid}, @samp{algorithm}, @samp{expires_in}, @samp{expires} and
+@samp{passphrase} is @samp{False}.  The defaults for @samp{algorithm} and
+@samp{passphrase} is @samp{None}.  The default for @samp{expires_in} is @samp{0}.  The
+default for @samp{expires} is @samp{True}.  There is no default for @samp{userid}.
+
+If @samp{passphrase} is left as @samp{None} then the key will not be generated
+with a passphrase, if @samp{passphrase} is set to a string then that will
+be the passphrase and if @samp{passphrase} is set to @samp{True} then gpg-agent
+will launch pinentry to prompt for a passphrase.  For the sake of
+convenience, these examples will keep @samp{passphrase} set to @samp{None}.
+
+@example
+import gpg
+
+c = gpg.Context()
+
+c.home_dir = "~/.gnupg-dm"
+userid = "Danger Mouse <dm@@secret.example.net>"
+
+dmkey = c.create_key(userid, algorithm="rsa3072", expires_in=31536000,
+                     sign=True, certify=True)
+@end example
+
+One thing to note here is the use of setting the @samp{c.home_dir}
+parameter.  This enables generating the key or keys in a different
+location.  In this case to keep the new key data created for this
+example in a separate location rather than adding it to existing and
+active key store data.  As with the default directory, @samp{~/.gnupg}, any
+temporary or separate directory needs the permissions set to only
+permit access by the directory owner.  On posix systems this means
+setting the directory permissions to 700.
+
+The @samp{temp-homedir-config.py} script in the HOWTO examples directory
+will create an alternative homedir with these configuration options
+already set and the correct directory and file permissions.
+
+The successful generation of the key can be confirmed via the returned
+@samp{GenkeyResult} object, which includes the following data:
+
+@example
+print("""
+ Fingerprint:  @{0@}
+ Primary Key:  @{1@}
+  Public Key:  @{2@}
+  Secret Key:  @{3@}
+ Sub Key:  @{4@}
+User IDs:  @{5@}
+""".format(dmkey.fpr, dmkey.primary, dmkey.pubkey, dmkey.seckey, dmkey.sub,
+           dmkey.uid))
+@end example
+
+Alternatively the information can be confirmed using the command line
+program:
+
+@example
+bash-4.4$ gpg --homedir ~/.gnupg-dm -K
+~/.gnupg-dm/pubring.kbx
+----------------------
+sec   rsa3072 2018-03-15 [SC] [expires: 2019-03-15]
+      177B7C25DB99745EE2EE13ED026D2F19E99E63AA
+uid           [ultimate] Danger Mouse <dm@@secret.example.net>
+
+bash-4.4$
+@end example
+
+As with generating keys manually, to preconfigure expanded preferences
+for the cipher, digest and compression algorithms, the @samp{gpg.conf} file
+must contain those details in the home directory in which the new key
+is being generated.  I used a cut down version of my own @samp{gpg.conf}
+file in order to be able to generate this:
+
+@example
+bash-4.4$ gpg --homedir ~/.gnupg-dm --edit-key 177B7C25DB99745EE2EE13ED026D2F19E99E63AA showpref quit
+Secret key is available.
+
+sec  rsa3072/026D2F19E99E63AA
+     created: 2018-03-15  expires: 2019-03-15  usage: SC
+     trust: ultimate      validity: ultimate
+[ultimate] (1). Danger Mouse <dm@@secret.example.net>
+
+[ultimate] (1). Danger Mouse <dm@@secret.example.net>
+     Cipher: TWOFISH, CAMELLIA256, AES256, CAMELLIA192, AES192, CAMELLIA128, AES, BLOWFISH, IDEA, CAST5, 3DES
+     Digest: SHA512, SHA384, SHA256, SHA224, RIPEMD160, SHA1
+     Compression: ZLIB, BZIP2, ZIP, Uncompressed
+     Features: MDC, Keyserver no-modify
+
+bash-4.4$
+@end example
+
+@node Subkeys
+@section Subkeys
+
+Adding subkeys to a primary key is fairly similar to creating the
+primary key with the @samp{create_subkey} method.  Most of the arguments
+are the same, but not quite all.  Instead of the @samp{userid} argument
+there is now a @samp{key} argument for selecting which primary key to add
+the subkey to.
+
+In the following example an encryption subkey will be added to the
+primary key.  Since Danger Mouse is a security conscious secret agent,
+this subkey will only be valid for about six months, half the length
+of the primary key.
+
+@example
+import gpg
+
+c = gpg.Context()
+c.home_dir = "~/.gnupg-dm"
+
+key = c.get_key(dmkey.fpr, secret=True)
+dmsub = c.create_subkey(key, algorithm="rsa3072", expires_in=15768000,
+                        encrypt=True)
+@end example
+
+As with the primary key, the results here can be checked with:
+
+@example
+print("""
+ Fingerprint:  @{0@}
+ Primary Key:  @{1@}
+  Public Key:  @{2@}
+  Secret Key:  @{3@}
+ Sub Key:  @{4@}
+User IDs:  @{5@}
+""".format(dmsub.fpr, dmsub.primary, dmsub.pubkey, dmsub.seckey, dmsub.sub,
+           dmsub.uid))
+@end example
+
+As well as on the command line with:
+
+@example
+bash-4.4$ gpg --homedir ~/.gnupg-dm -K
+~/.gnupg-dm/pubring.kbx
+----------------------
+sec   rsa3072 2018-03-15 [SC] [expires: 2019-03-15]
+      177B7C25DB99745EE2EE13ED026D2F19E99E63AA
+uid           [ultimate] Danger Mouse <dm@@secret.example.net>
+ssb   rsa3072 2018-03-15 [E] [expires: 2018-09-13]
+
+bash-4.4$
+@end example
+
+@node User IDs
+@section User IDs
+
+@menu
+* Adding User IDs::
+* Revokinging User IDs::
+@end menu
+
+@node Adding User IDs
+@subsection Adding User IDs
+
+By comparison to creating primary keys and subkeys, adding a new user
+ID to an existing key is much simpler.  The method used to do this is
+@samp{key_add_uid} and the only arguments it takes are for the @samp{key} and
+the new @samp{uid}.
+
+@example
+import gpg
+
+c = gpg.Context()
+c.home_dir = "~/.gnupg-dm"
+
+dmfpr = "177B7C25DB99745EE2EE13ED026D2F19E99E63AA"
+key = c.get_key(dmfpr, secret=True)
+uid = "Danger Mouse <danger.mouse@@secret.example.net>"
+
+c.key_add_uid(key, uid)
+@end example
+
+Unsurprisingly the result of this is:
+
+@example
+bash-4.4$ gpg --homedir ~/.gnupg-dm -K
+~/.gnupg-dm/pubring.kbx
+----------------------
+sec   rsa3072 2018-03-15 [SC] [expires: 2019-03-15]
+      177B7C25DB99745EE2EE13ED026D2F19E99E63AA
+uid           [ultimate] Danger Mouse <danger.mouse@@secret.example.net>
+uid           [ultimate] Danger Mouse <dm@@secret.example.net>
+ssb   rsa3072 2018-03-15 [E] [expires: 2018-09-13]
+
+bash-4.4$
+@end example
+
+@node Revokinging User IDs
+@subsection Revokinging User IDs
+
+Revoking a user ID is a fairly similar process, except that it uses
+the @samp{key_revoke_uid} method.
+
+@example
+import gpg
+
+c = gpg.Context()
+c.home_dir = "~/.gnupg-dm"
+
+dmfpr = "177B7C25DB99745EE2EE13ED026D2F19E99E63AA"
+key = c.get_key(dmfpr, secret=True)
+uid = "Danger Mouse <danger.mouse@@secret.example.net>"
+
+c.key_revoke_uid(key, uid)
+@end example
+
+@node Key certification
+@section Key certification
+
+Since key certification is more frequently referred to as key signing,
+the method used to perform this function is @samp{key_sign}.
+
+The @samp{key_sign} method takes four arguments: @samp{key}, @samp{uids},
+@samp{expires_in} and @samp{local}.  The default value of @samp{uids} is @samp{None} and
+which results in all user IDs being selected.  The default value of
+both @samp{expires_in} and @samp{local} is @samp{False}; which results in the
+signature never expiring and being able to be exported.
+
+The @samp{key} is the key being signed rather than the key doing the
+signing.  To change the key doing the signing refer to the signing key
+selection above for signing messages and files.
+
+If the @samp{uids} value is not @samp{None} then it must either be a string to
+match a single user ID or a list of strings to match multiple user
+IDs.  In this case the matching of those strings must be precise and
+it is case sensitive.
+
+To sign Danger Mouse's key for just the initial user ID with a
+signature which will last a little over a month, do this:
+
+@example
+import gpg
+
+c = gpg.Context()
+uid = "Danger Mouse <dm@@secret.example.net>"
+
+dmfpr = "177B7C25DB99745EE2EE13ED026D2F19E99E63AA"
+key = c.get_key(dmfpr, secret=True)
+c.key_sign(key, uids=uid, expires_in=2764800)
+@end example
+
+@node Advanced or Experimental Use Cases
+@chapter Advanced or Experimental Use Cases
+
+@menu
+* C plus Python plus SWIG plus Cython::
+@end menu
+
+@node C plus Python plus SWIG plus Cython
+@section C plus Python plus SWIG plus Cython
+
+In spite of the apparent incongruence of using Python bindings to a C
+interface only to generate more C from the Python; it is in fact quite
+possible to use the GPGME bindings with @uref{http://docs.cython.org/en/latest/index.html, Cython}.  Though in many cases
+the benefits may not be obvious since the most computationally
+intensive work never leaves the level of the C code with which GPGME
+itself is interacting with.
+
+Nevertheless, there are some situations where the benefits are
+demonstrable.  One of the better and easier examples being the one of
+the early examples in this HOWTO, the @ref{Counting keys, , key counting} code.  Running that
+example as an executable Python script, @samp{keycount.py} (available in
+the @samp{examples/howto/} directory), will take a noticable amount of time
+to run on most systems where the public keybox or keyring contains a
+few thousand public keys.
+
+Earlier in the evening, prior to starting this section, I ran that
+script on my laptop; as I tend to do periodically and timed it using
+@samp{time} utility, with the following results:
+
+@example
+bash-4.4$ time keycount.py
+
+Number of secret keys:  23
+Number of public keys:  12112
+
+
+real        11m52.945s
+user        0m0.913s
+sys        0m0.752s
+
+bash-4.4$
+@end example
+
+Sometime after that I imported another key and followed it with a
+little test of Cython.  This test was kept fairly basic, essentially
+lifting the material from the @uref{http://docs.cython.org/en/latest/src/tutorial/cython_tutorial.html, Cython Basic Tutorial} to demonstrate
+compiling Python code to C.  The first step was to take the example
+key counting code quoted previously, essentially from the importing of
+the @samp{gpg} module to the end of the script:
+
+@example
+import gpg
+
+c = gpg.Context()
+seckeys = c.keylist(pattern=None, secret=True)
+pubkeys = c.keylist(pattern=None, secret=False)
+
+seclist = list(seckeys)
+secnum = len(seclist)
+
+publist = list(pubkeys)
+pubnum = len(publist)
+
+print("""
+    Number of secret keys:  @{0@}
+    Number of public keys:  @{1@}
+
+""".format(secnum, pubnum))
+@end example
+
+Save that into a file called @samp{keycount.pyx} and then create a
+@samp{setup.py} file which contains this:
+
+@example
+from distutils.core import setup
+from Cython.Build import cythonize
+
+setup(
+    ext_modules = cythonize("keycount.pyx")
+)
+@end example
+
+Compile it:
+
+@example
+bash-4.4$ python setup.py build_ext --inplace
+bash-4.4$
+@end example
+
+Then run it in a similar manner to @samp{keycount.py}:
+
+@example
+bash-4.4$ time python3.7 -c "import keycount"
+
+Number of secret keys:  23
+Number of public keys:  12113
+
+
+real        6m47.905s
+user        0m0.785s
+sys        0m0.331s
+
+bash-4.4$
+@end example
+
+Cython turned @samp{keycount.pyx} into an 81KB @samp{keycount.o} file in the
+@samp{build/} directory, a 24KB @samp{keycount.cpython-37m-darwin.so} file to be
+imported into Python 3.7 and a 113KB @samp{keycount.c} generated C source
+code file of nearly three thousand lines.  Quite a bit bigger than the
+314 bytes of the @samp{keycount.pyx} file or the full 1,452 bytes of the
+full executable @samp{keycount.py} example script.
+
+On the other hand it ran in nearly half the time; taking 6 minutes and
+47.905 seconds to run.  As opposed to the 11 minutes and 52.945 seconds
+which the CPython script alone took.
+
+The @samp{keycount.pyx} and @samp{setup.py} files used to generate this example
+have been added to the @samp{examples/howto/advanced/cython/} directory
+The example versions include some additional options to annotate the
+existing code and to detect Cython's use.  The latter comes from the
+@uref{http://docs.cython.org/en/latest/src/tutorial/pure.html#magic-attributes-within-the-pxd, Magic Attributes} section of the Cython documentation.
+
+@node Miscellaneous extras and work-arounds
+@chapter Miscellaneous extras and work-arounds
+
+Most of the things in the following sections are here simply because
+there was no better place to put them, even though some are only
+peripherally related to the GPGME Python bindings.  Some are also
+workarounds for functions not integrated with GPGME as yet.  This is
+especially true of the first of these, dealing with @ref{Group lines, , group lines}.
+
+@menu
+* Group lines::
+* Keyserver access for Python::
+@end menu
+
+@node Group lines
+@section Group lines
+
+There is not yet an easy way to access groups configured in the
+gpg.conf file from within GPGME.  As a consequence these central
+groupings of keys cannot be shared amongst multiple programs, such as
+MUAs readily.
+
+The following code, however, provides a work-around for obtaining this
+information in Python.
+
+@example
+import subprocess
+import sys
+
+if sys.platform == "win32":
+    gpgconfcmd = "gpgconf.exe --list-options gpg"
+else:
+    gpgconfcmd = "gpgconf --list-options gpg"
+
+try:
+    lines = subprocess.getoutput(gpgconfcmd).splitlines()
+except:
+    process = subprocess.Popen(gpgconfcmd.split(), stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
+    procom = process.communicate()
+    if sys.version_info[0] == 2:
+        lines = procom[0].splitlines()
+    else:
+        lines = procom[0].decode().splitlines()
+
+for i in range(len(lines)):
+    if lines[i].startswith("group") is True:
+        line = lines[i]
+    else:
+        pass
+
+groups = line.split(":")[-1].replace('"', '').split(',')
+
+group_lines = []
+group_lists = []
+
+for i in range(len(groups)):
+    group_lines.append(groups[i].split("="))
+    group_lists.append(groups[i].split("="))
+
+for i in range(len(group_lists)):
+    group_lists[i][1] = group_lists[i][1].split()
+@end example
+
+The result of that code is that @samp{group_lines} is a list of lists where
+@samp{group_lines[i][0]} is the name of the group and @samp{group_lines[i][1]}
+is the key IDs of the group as a string.
+
+The @samp{group_lists} result is very similar in that it is a list of
+lists.  The first part, @samp{group_lists[i][0]} matches
+@samp{group_lines[i][0]} as the name of the group, but @samp{group_lists[i][1]}
+is the key IDs of the group as a string.
+
+A demonstration of using the @samp{groups.py} module is also available in
+the form of the executable @samp{mutt-groups.py} script.  This second
+script reads all the group entries in a user's @samp{gpg.conf} file and
+converts them into crypt-hooks suitable for use with the Mutt and
+Neomutt mail clients.
+
+@node Keyserver access for Python
+@section Keyserver access for Python
+
+The @uref{https://github.com/Selfnet/hkp4py, hkp4py} module by Marcel Fest was originally a port of the old
+@uref{https://github.com/dgladkov/python-hkp, python-hkp} module from Python 2 to Python 3 and updated to use the
+@uref{http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/index.html, requests} module instead.  It has since been modified to provide
+support for Python 2.7 as well and is available via PyPI.
+
+Since it rewrites the @samp{hkp} protocol prefix as @samp{http} and @samp{hkps} as
+@samp{https}, the module is able to be used even with servers which do not
+support the full scope of keyserver functions.@footnote{Such as with ProtonMail servers.  This also means that
+restricted servers which only advertise either HTTP or HTTPS end
+points and not HKP or HKPS end points must still be identified as as
+HKP or HKPS within the Python Code.  The @samp{hkp4py} module will rewrite
+these appropriately when the connection is made to the server.}  It also works quite
+readily when incorporated into a @ref{C plus Python plus SWIG plus Cython, , Cython} generated and compiled version
+of any code.
+
+@menu
+* Key import format::
+@end menu
+
+@node Key import format
+@subsection Key import format
+
+The hkp4py module returns key data via requests as string literals
+(@samp{r.text}) instead of byte literals (@samp{r.content}).  This means that
+the retrurned key data must be encoded to UTF-8 when importing that
+key material using a @samp{gpg.Context().key_import()} method.
+
+For this reason an alternative method has been added to the @samp{search}
+function of @samp{hkp4py.KeyServer()} which returns the key in the correct
+format as expected by @samp{key_import}.  When importing using this module,
+it is now possible to import with this:
+
+@example
+for key in keys:
+    if key.revoked is False:
+        gpg.Context().key_import(key.key_blob)
+    else:
+        pass
+@end example
+
+Without that recent addition it would have been necessary to encode
+the contents of each @samp{hkp4py.KeyServer().search()[i].key} in
+@samp{hkp4py.KeyServer().search()} before trying to import it.
+
+An example of this is included in the @ref{Importing keys, , Importing Keys} section of this
+HOWTO and the corresponding executable version of that example is
+available in the @samp{lang/python/examples/howto} directory as normal; the
+executable version is the @samp{import-keys-hkp.py} file.
+
+@node Copyright and Licensing
+@chapter Copyright and Licensing
+
+@menu
+* Copyright::
+* Draft Editions of this HOWTO::
+* License GPL compatible::
+@end menu
+
+@node Copyright
+@section Copyright
+
+Copyright © The GnuPG Project, 2018.
+
+Copyright (C) The GnuPG Project, 2018.
+
+@node Draft Editions of this HOWTO
+@section Draft Editions of this HOWTO
+
+Draft editions of this HOWTO may be periodically available directly
+from the author at any of the following URLs:
+
+@itemize
+@item
+@uref{https://files.au.adversary.org/crypto/gpgme-python-howto.html, GPGME Python Bindings HOWTO draft (XHTML AWS S3 SSL)}
+@item
+@uref{http://files.au.adversary.org/crypto/gpgme-python-howto.html, GPGME Python Bindings HOWTO draft (XHTML AWS S3 no SSL)}
+@item
+@uref{https://files.au.adversary.org/crypto/gpgme-python-howto.texi, GPGME Python Bindings HOWTO draft (Texinfo file AWS S3 SSL)}
+@item
+@uref{http://files.au.adversary.org/crypto/gpgme-python-howto.texi, GPGME Python Bindings HOWTO draft (Texinfo file AWS S3 no SSL)}
+@item
+@uref{https://files.au.adversary.org/crypto/gpgme-python-howto.info, GPGME Python Bindings HOWTO draft (Info file AWS S3 SSL)}
+@item
+@uref{http://files.au.adversary.org/crypto/gpgme-python-howto.info, GPGME Python Bindings HOWTO draft (Info file AWS S3 no SSL)}
+@item
+@uref{https://files.au.adversary.org/crypto/gpgme-python-howto.rst, GPGME Python Bindings HOWTO draft (reST file AWS S3 SSL)}
+@item
+@uref{http://files.au.adversary.org/crypto/gpgme-python-howto.rst, GPGME Python Bindings HOWTO draft (reST file AWS S3 no SSL)}
+@item
+@uref{https://files.au.adversary.org/crypto/gpgme-python-howto.xml, GPGME Python Bindings HOWTO draft (Docbook 4.2 AWS S3 SSL)}
+@item
+@uref{http://files.au.adversary.org/crypto/gpgme-python-howto.xml, GPGME Python Bindings HOWTO draft (Docbook 4.2 AWS S3 no SSL)}
+@end itemize
+
+All of these draft versions except for one have been generated from
+this document via Emacs @uref{https://orgmode.org/, Org mode} and @uref{https://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/, GNU Texinfo}.  Though it is likely
+that the specific @uref{https://files.au.adversary.org/crypto/gpgme-python-howto.org, file} @uref{http://files.au.adversary.org/crypto/gpgme-python-howto.org, version} used will be on the same server with
+the generated output formats.
+
+The one exception is the reStructuredText version, which was converted
+using the latest version of Pandoc from the Org mode source file using
+the following command:
+
+@example
+pandoc -f org -t rst+smart -o gpgme-python-howto.rst gpgme-python-howto.org
+@end example
+
+In addition to these there is a significantly less frequently updated
+version as a HTML @uref{https://files.au.adversary.org/crypto/gpgme-python-howto/webhelp/index.html, WebHelp site} (AWS S3 SSL); generated from DITA XML
+source files, which can be found in @uref{https://dev.gnupg.org/source/gpgme/browse/ben%252Fhowto-dita/, an alternative branch} of the GPGME
+git repository.
+
+These draft editions are not official documents and the version of
+documentation in the master branch or which ships with released
+versions is the only official documentation.  Nevertheless, these
+draft editions may occasionally be of use by providing more accessible
+web versions which are updated between releases.  They are provided on
+the understanding that they may contain errors or may contain content
+subject to change prior to an official release.
+
+@node License GPL compatible
+@section License GPL compatible
+
+This file is free software; as a special exception the author gives
+unlimited permission to copy and/or distribute it, with or without
+modifications, as long as this notice is preserved.
+
+This file is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law; without even the
+implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
+PURPOSE.
+
+@bye
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lang/python/doc/texinfo/index.texi b/lang/python/doc/texinfo/index.texi
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4f80423
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lang/python/doc/texinfo/index.texi
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+\input texinfo    @c -*- texinfo -*-
+@c %**start of header
+@setfilename index.info
+@settitle GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG) Made Easy Python Bindings
+@documentencoding UTF-8
+@documentlanguage en
+@c %**end of header
+
+@finalout
+@titlepage
+@title GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG) Made Easy Python Bindings
+@author Ben McGinnes
+@end titlepage
+
+@contents
+
+@ifnottex
+@node Top
+@top GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG) Made Easy Python Bindings
+@end ifnottex
+
+@menu
+* GPGME Python Bindings::
+
+@detailmenu
+--- The Detailed Node Listing ---
+
+GPGME Python Bindings
+
+* Contents::
+
+@end detailmenu
+@end menu
+
+@node GPGME Python Bindings
+@chapter GPGME Python Bindings
+
+@menu
+* Contents::
+@end menu
+
+@node Contents
+@section Contents
+
+@itemize
+@item
+@uref{short-history.org, A short history of the project}
+@item
+@uref{gpgme-python-howto.org, GPGME Python Bindings HOWTO}
+@end itemize
+
+@bye
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lang/python/doc/texinfo/short-history.texi b/lang/python/doc/texinfo/short-history.texi
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a982f02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lang/python/doc/texinfo/short-history.texi
@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+\input texinfo    @c -*- texinfo -*-
+@c %**start of header
+@setfilename short-history.info
+@settitle A Short History of the GPGME bindings for Python
+@documentencoding UTF-8
+@documentlanguage en
+@c %**end of header
+
+@finalout
+@titlepage
+@title A Short History of the GPGME bindings for Python
+@author Ben McGinnes
+@end titlepage
+
+@contents
+
+@ifnottex
+@node Top
+@top A Short History of the GPGME bindings for Python
+@end ifnottex
+
+@menu
+* Overview::
+* Relics of the past::
+
+@detailmenu
+--- The Detailed Node Listing ---
+
+Overview
+
+* In the beginning::
+* Keeping the flame alive::
+* Passing the torch::
+* Coming full circle::
+
+Relics of the past
+
+* The Annoyances of Git::
+* The Perils of PyPI::
+
+The Perils of PyPI
+
+* GPG 1·8·0 - Python bindings for GPGME GnuPG cryptography library::
+* PyME 0·9·0 - Python support for GPGME GnuPG cryptography library::
+
+@end detailmenu
+@end menu
+
+@node Overview
+@chapter Overview
+
+The GPGME Python bindings passed through many hands and numerous
+phases before, after a fifteen year journey, coming full circle to
+return to the source.  This is a short explanation of that journey.
+
+@menu
+* In the beginning::
+* Keeping the flame alive::
+* Passing the torch::
+* Coming full circle::
+@end menu
+
+@node In the beginning
+@section In the beginning
+
+In 2002 John Goerzen released PyME; Python bindings for the GPGME
+module which utilised the current release of Python of the time and
+SWIG.@footnote{In all likelihood thos would have been Python 2.2 or possibly
+Python 2.3.}  Shortly after creating it and ensuring it worked he stopped
+supporting it, though he left his work available on his Gopher
+site.
+
+@node Keeping the flame alive
+@section Keeping the flame alive
+
+A couple of years later the project was picked up by Igor Belyi and
+actively developed and maintained by him from 2004 to 2008.  Igor's
+whereabouts at the time of this document's creation are unknown,
+but the current authors do hope he is well.  We're assuming (or
+hoping) that life did what life does and made continuing untenable.
+
+@node Passing the torch
+@section Passing the torch
+
+In 2014 Martin Albrecht wanted to patch a bug in the PyME code and
+discovered the absence of Igor.  Following a discussion on the PyME
+mailing list he became the new maintainer for PyME, releasing
+version 0.9.0 in May of that year.  He remains the maintainer of
+the original PyME release in Python 2.6 and 2.7 (available via
+PyPI).
+
+@node Coming full circle
+@section Coming full circle
+
+In 2015 Ben McGinnes approached Martin about a Python 3 version,
+while investigating how complex a task this would be the task ended
+up being completed.  A subsequent discussion with Werner Koch led
+to the decision to fold the Python 3 port back into the original
+GPGME release in the languages subdirectory for non-C bindings
+under the module name of @samp{pyme3}.
+
+In 2016 this PyME module was integrated back into the GPGME project
+by Justus Winter.  During the course of this work Justus adjusted
+the port to restore limited support for Python 2, but not as many
+minor point releases as the original PyME package supports.  During
+the course of this integration the package was renamed to more
+accurately reflect its status as a component of GPGME.  The @samp{pyme3}
+module was renamed to @samp{gpg} and adopted by the upstream GnuPG team.
+
+In 2017 Justus departed G10code and the GnuPG team.  Following this
+Ben returned to maintain of gpgme Python bindings and continue
+building them from that point.
+
+@node Relics of the past
+@chapter Relics of the past
+
+There are a few things, in addition to code specific factors, such as
+SWIG itself, which are worth noting here.
+
+@menu
+* The Annoyances of Git::
+* The Perils of PyPI::
+@end menu
+
+@node The Annoyances of Git
+@section The Annoyances of Git
+
+As anyone who has ever worked with git knows, submodules are
+horrible way to deal with pretty much anything.  In the interests
+of avoiding migraines, that was skipped with addition of the PyME
+code to GPGME.
+
+Instead the files were added to a subdirectory of the @samp{lang/}
+directory, along with a copy of the entire git log up to that point
+as a separate file within the @samp{lang/python/docs/} directory.@footnote{The entire PyME git log and other preceding VCS logs are
+located in the @samp{gpgme/lang/python/docs/old-commits.log} file.}
+As the log for PyME is nearly 100KB and the log for GPGME is
+approximately 1MB, this would cause considerable bloat, as well as
+some confusion, should the two be merged.
+
+Hence the unfortunate, but necessary, step to simply move the
+files.  A regular repository version has been maintained should it
+be possible to implement this better in the future.
+
+@node The Perils of PyPI
+@section The Perils of PyPI
+
+The early port of the Python 2 @samp{pyme} module as @samp{pyme3} was never
+added to PyPI while the focus remained on development and testing
+during 2015 and early 2016.  Later in 2016, however, when Justus
+completed his major integration work and subsequently renamed the
+module from @samp{pyme3} to @samp{gpg}, some prior releases were also
+provided through PyPI.
+
+Since these bindings require a matching release of the GPGME
+libraries in order to function, it was determined that there was
+little benefit in also providing a copy through PyPI since anyone
+obtaining the GPGME source code would obtain the Python bindings
+source code at the same time.  Whereas there was the potential to
+sew confusion amongst Python users installing the module from PyPI,
+only to discover that without the relevant C files, header files or
+SWIG compiled binaries, the Python module did them little good.
+
+There are only two files on PyPI which might turn up in a search
+for this module or a sample of its content:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+gpg (1.8.0) - Python bindings for GPGME GnuPG cryptography library
+@item
+pyme (0.9.0) - Python support for GPGME GnuPG cryptography library
+@end enumerate
+
+@menu
+* GPG 1·8·0 - Python bindings for GPGME GnuPG cryptography library::
+* PyME 0·9·0 - Python support for GPGME GnuPG cryptography library::
+@end menu
+
+@node GPG 1·8·0 - Python bindings for GPGME GnuPG cryptography library
+@subsection GPG 1·8·0 - Python bindings for GPGME GnuPG cryptography library
+
+This is the most recent version to reach PyPI and is the version
+of the official Pyhon bindings which shipped with GPGME 1.8.0.  If
+you have GPGME 1.8.0 installed and @emph{only} 1.8.0 installed, then it
+is probably safe to use this copy from PyPI.
+
+As there have been a lot of changes since the release of GPGME
+1.8.0, the GnuPG Project recommends not using this version of the
+module and instead installing the current version of GPGME along
+with the Python bindings included with that package.
+
+@node PyME 0·9·0 - Python support for GPGME GnuPG cryptography library
+@subsection PyME 0·9·0 - Python support for GPGME GnuPG cryptography library
+
+This is the last release of the PyME bindings maintained by Martin
+Albrecht and is only compatible with Python 2, it will not work
+with Python 3.  This is the version of the software from which the
+port from Python 2 to Python 3 code was made in 2015.
+
+Users of the more recent Python bindings will recognise numerous
+points of similarity, but also significant differences.  It is
+likely that the more recent official bindings will feel "more
+pythonic."
+
+For those using Python 2, there is essentially no harm in using
+this module, but it may lack a number of more recent features
+added to GPGME.
+
+@bye
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lang/python/doc/texinfo/texinfo.tex b/lang/python/doc/texinfo/texinfo.tex
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a5c849c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lang/python/doc/texinfo/texinfo.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,8962 @@
+% texinfo.tex -- TeX macros to handle Texinfo files.
+%
+% Load plain if necessary, i.e., if running under initex.
+\expandafter\ifx\csname fmtname\endcsname\relax\input plain\fi
+%
+\def\texinfoversion{2007-12-02.17}
+%
+% Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 2007,
+% 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006,
+% 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+%
+% This texinfo.tex file is free software: you can redistribute it and/or
+% modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
+% published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the
+% License, or (at your option) any later version.
+%
+% This texinfo.tex file is distributed in the hope that it will be
+% useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty
+% of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+% General Public License for more details.
+%
+% You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+% along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+%
+% As a special exception, when this file is read by TeX when processing
+% a Texinfo source document, you may use the result without
+% restriction.  (This has been our intent since Texinfo was invented.)
+%
+% Please try the latest version of texinfo.tex before submitting bug
+% reports; you can get the latest version from:
+%   https://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ (the Texinfo home page), or
+%   ftp://tug.org/tex/texinfo.tex
+%     (and all CTAN mirrors, see http://www.ctan.org).
+% The texinfo.tex in any given distribution could well be out
+% of date, so if that's what you're using, please check.
+%
+% Send bug reports to bug-texinfo@gnu.org.  Please include including a
+% complete document in each bug report with which we can reproduce the
+% problem.  Patches are, of course, greatly appreciated.
+%
+% To process a Texinfo manual with TeX, it's most reliable to use the
+% texi2dvi shell script that comes with the distribution.  For a simple
+% manual foo.texi, however, you can get away with this:
+%   tex foo.texi
+%   texindex foo.??
+%   tex foo.texi
+%   tex foo.texi
+%   dvips foo.dvi -o  # or whatever; this makes foo.ps.
+% The extra TeX runs get the cross-reference information correct.
+% Sometimes one run after texindex suffices, and sometimes you need more
+% than two; texi2dvi does it as many times as necessary.
+%
+% It is possible to adapt texinfo.tex for other languages, to some
+% extent.  You can get the existing language-specific files from the
+% full Texinfo distribution.
+%
+% The GNU Texinfo home page is https://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo.
+
+
+\message{Loading texinfo [version \texinfoversion]:}
+
+% If in a .fmt file, print the version number
+% and turn on active characters that we couldn't do earlier because
+% they might have appeared in the input file name.
+\everyjob{\message{[Texinfo version \texinfoversion]}%
+  \catcode`+=\active \catcode`\_=\active}
+
+
+\chardef\other=12
+
+% We never want plain's \outer definition of \+ in Texinfo.
+% For @tex, we can use \tabalign.
+\let\+ = \relax
+
+% Save some plain tex macros whose names we will redefine.
+\let\ptexb=\b
+\let\ptexbullet=\bullet
+\let\ptexc=\c
+\let\ptexcomma=\,
+\let\ptexdot=\.
+\let\ptexdots=\dots
+\let\ptexend=\end
+\let\ptexequiv=\equiv
+\let\ptexexclam=\!
+\let\ptexfootnote=\footnote
+\let\ptexgtr=>
+\let\ptexhat=^
+\let\ptexi=\i
+\let\ptexindent=\indent
+\let\ptexinsert=\insert
+\let\ptexlbrace=\{
+\let\ptexless=<
+\let\ptexnewwrite\newwrite
+\let\ptexnoindent=\noindent
+\let\ptexplus=+
+\let\ptexrbrace=\}
+\let\ptexslash=\/
+\let\ptexstar=\*
+\let\ptext=\t
+
+% If this character appears in an error message or help string, it
+% starts a new line in the output.
+\newlinechar = `^^J
+
+% Use TeX 3.0's \inputlineno to get the line number, for better error
+% messages, but if we're using an old version of TeX, don't do anything.
+%
+\ifx\inputlineno\thisisundefined
+  \let\linenumber = \empty % Pre-3.0.
+\else
+  \def\linenumber{l.\the\inputlineno:\space}
+\fi
+
+% Set up fixed words for English if not already set.
+\ifx\putwordAppendix\undefined  \gdef\putwordAppendix{Appendix}\fi
+\ifx\putwordChapter\undefined   \gdef\putwordChapter{Chapter}\fi
+\ifx\putwordfile\undefined      \gdef\putwordfile{file}\fi
+\ifx\putwordin\undefined        \gdef\putwordin{in}\fi
+\ifx\putwordIndexIsEmpty\undefined     \gdef\putwordIndexIsEmpty{(Index is empty)}\fi
+\ifx\putwordIndexNonexistent\undefined \gdef\putwordIndexNonexistent{(Index is nonexistent)}\fi
+\ifx\putwordInfo\undefined      \gdef\putwordInfo{Info}\fi
+\ifx\putwordInstanceVariableof\undefined \gdef\putwordInstanceVariableof{Instance Variable of}\fi
+\ifx\putwordMethodon\undefined  \gdef\putwordMethodon{Method on}\fi
+\ifx\putwordNoTitle\undefined   \gdef\putwordNoTitle{No Title}\fi
+\ifx\putwordof\undefined        \gdef\putwordof{of}\fi
+\ifx\putwordon\undefined        \gdef\putwordon{on}\fi
+\ifx\putwordpage\undefined      \gdef\putwordpage{page}\fi
+\ifx\putwordsection\undefined   \gdef\putwordsection{section}\fi
+\ifx\putwordSection\undefined   \gdef\putwordSection{Section}\fi
+\ifx\putwordsee\undefined       \gdef\putwordsee{see}\fi
+\ifx\putwordSee\undefined       \gdef\putwordSee{See}\fi
+\ifx\putwordShortTOC\undefined  \gdef\putwordShortTOC{Short Contents}\fi
+\ifx\putwordTOC\undefined       \gdef\putwordTOC{Table of Contents}\fi
+%
+\ifx\putwordMJan\undefined \gdef\putwordMJan{January}\fi
+\ifx\putwordMFeb\undefined \gdef\putwordMFeb{February}\fi
+\ifx\putwordMMar\undefined \gdef\putwordMMar{March}\fi
+\ifx\putwordMApr\undefined \gdef\putwordMApr{April}\fi
+\ifx\putwordMMay\undefined \gdef\putwordMMay{May}\fi
+\ifx\putwordMJun\undefined \gdef\putwordMJun{June}\fi
+\ifx\putwordMJul\undefined \gdef\putwordMJul{July}\fi
+\ifx\putwordMAug\undefined \gdef\putwordMAug{August}\fi
+\ifx\putwordMSep\undefined \gdef\putwordMSep{September}\fi
+\ifx\putwordMOct\undefined \gdef\putwordMOct{October}\fi
+\ifx\putwordMNov\undefined \gdef\putwordMNov{November}\fi
+\ifx\putwordMDec\undefined \gdef\putwordMDec{December}\fi
+%
+\ifx\putwordDefmac\undefined    \gdef\putwordDefmac{Macro}\fi
+\ifx\putwordDefspec\undefined   \gdef\putwordDefspec{Special Form}\fi
+\ifx\putwordDefvar\undefined    \gdef\putwordDefvar{Variable}\fi
+\ifx\putwordDefopt\undefined    \gdef\putwordDefopt{User Option}\fi
+\ifx\putwordDeffunc\undefined   \gdef\putwordDeffunc{Function}\fi
+
+% Since the category of space is not known, we have to be careful.
+\chardef\spacecat = 10
+\def\spaceisspace{\catcode`\ =\spacecat}
+
+% sometimes characters are active, so we need control sequences.
+\chardef\colonChar = `\:
+\chardef\commaChar = `\,
+\chardef\dashChar  = `\-
+\chardef\dotChar   = `\.
+\chardef\exclamChar= `\!
+\chardef\lquoteChar= `\`
+\chardef\questChar = `\?
+\chardef\rquoteChar= `\'
+\chardef\semiChar  = `\;
+\chardef\underChar = `\_
+
+% Ignore a token.
+%
+\def\gobble#1{}
+
+% The following is used inside several \edef's.
+\def\makecsname#1{\expandafter\noexpand\csname#1\endcsname}
+
+% Hyphenation fixes.
+\hyphenation{
+  Flor-i-da Ghost-script Ghost-view Mac-OS Post-Script
+  ap-pen-dix bit-map bit-maps
+  data-base data-bases eshell fall-ing half-way long-est man-u-script
+  man-u-scripts mini-buf-fer mini-buf-fers over-view par-a-digm
+  par-a-digms rath-er rec-tan-gu-lar ro-bot-ics se-vere-ly set-up spa-ces
+  spell-ing spell-ings
+  stand-alone strong-est time-stamp time-stamps which-ever white-space
+  wide-spread wrap-around
+}
+
+% Margin to add to right of even pages, to left of odd pages.
+\newdimen\bindingoffset
+\newdimen\normaloffset
+\newdimen\pagewidth \newdimen\pageheight
+
+% For a final copy, take out the rectangles
+% that mark overfull boxes (in case you have decided
+% that the text looks ok even though it passes the margin).
+%
+\def\finalout{\overfullrule=0pt}
+
+% @| inserts a changebar to the left of the current line.  It should
+% surround any changed text.  This approach does *not* work if the
+% change spans more than two lines of output.  To handle that, we would
+% have adopt a much more difficult approach (putting marks into the main
+% vertical list for the beginning and end of each change).
+%
+\def\|{%
+  % \vadjust can only be used in horizontal mode.
+  \leavevmode
+  %
+  % Append this vertical mode material after the current line in the output.
+  \vadjust{%
+    % We want to insert a rule with the height and depth of the current
+    % leading; that is exactly what \strutbox is supposed to record.
+    \vskip-\baselineskip
+    %
+    % \vadjust-items are inserted at the left edge of the type.  So
+    % the \llap here moves out into the left-hand margin.
+    \llap{%
+      %
+      % For a thicker or thinner bar, change the `1pt'.
+      \vrule height\baselineskip width1pt
+      %
+      % This is the space between the bar and the text.
+      \hskip 12pt
+    }%
+  }%
+}
+
+% Sometimes it is convenient to have everything in the transcript file
+% and nothing on the terminal.  We don't just call \tracingall here,
+% since that produces some useless output on the terminal.  We also make
+% some effort to order the tracing commands to reduce output in the log
+% file; cf. trace.sty in LaTeX.
+%
+\def\gloggingall{\begingroup \globaldefs = 1 \loggingall \endgroup}%
+\def\loggingall{%
+  \tracingstats2
+  \tracingpages1
+  \tracinglostchars2  % 2 gives us more in etex
+  \tracingparagraphs1
+  \tracingoutput1
+  \tracingmacros2
+  \tracingrestores1
+  \showboxbreadth\maxdimen \showboxdepth\maxdimen
+  \ifx\eTeXversion\undefined\else % etex gives us more logging
+    \tracingscantokens1
+    \tracingifs1
+    \tracinggroups1
+    \tracingnesting2
+    \tracingassigns1
+  \fi
+  \tracingcommands3  % 3 gives us more in etex
+  \errorcontextlines16
+}%
+
+% add check for \lastpenalty to plain's definitions.  If the last thing
+% we did was a \nobreak, we don't want to insert more space.
+%
+\def\smallbreak{\ifnum\lastpenalty<10000\par\ifdim\lastskip<\smallskipamount
+  \removelastskip\penalty-50\smallskip\fi\fi}
+\def\medbreak{\ifnum\lastpenalty<10000\par\ifdim\lastskip<\medskipamount
+  \removelastskip\penalty-100\medskip\fi\fi}
+\def\bigbreak{\ifnum\lastpenalty<10000\par\ifdim\lastskip<\bigskipamount
+  \removelastskip\penalty-200\bigskip\fi\fi}
+
+% For @cropmarks command.
+% Do @cropmarks to get crop marks.
+%
+\newif\ifcropmarks
+\let\cropmarks = \cropmarkstrue
+%
+% Dimensions to add cropmarks at corners.
+% Added by P. A. MacKay, 12 Nov. 1986
+%
+\newdimen\outerhsize \newdimen\outervsize % set by the paper size routines
+\newdimen\cornerlong  \cornerlong=1pc
+\newdimen\cornerthick \cornerthick=.3pt
+\newdimen\topandbottommargin \topandbottommargin=.75in
+
+% Output a mark which sets \thischapter, \thissection and \thiscolor.
+% We dump everything together because we only have one kind of mark.
+% This works because we only use \botmark / \topmark, not \firstmark.
+%
+% A mark contains a subexpression of the \ifcase ... \fi construct.
+% \get*marks macros below extract the needed part using \ifcase.
+%
+% Another complication is to let the user choose whether \thischapter
+% (\thissection) refers to the chapter (section) in effect at the top
+% of a page, or that at the bottom of a page.  The solution is
+% described on page 260 of The TeXbook.  It involves outputting two
+% marks for the sectioning macros, one before the section break, and
+% one after.  I won't pretend I can describe this better than DEK...
+\def\domark{%
+  \toks0=\expandafter{\lastchapterdefs}%
+  \toks2=\expandafter{\lastsectiondefs}%
+  \toks4=\expandafter{\prevchapterdefs}%
+  \toks6=\expandafter{\prevsectiondefs}%
+  \toks8=\expandafter{\lastcolordefs}%
+  \mark{%
+                   \the\toks0 \the\toks2
+      \noexpand\or \the\toks4 \the\toks6
+    \noexpand\else \the\toks8
+  }%
+}
+% \topmark doesn't work for the very first chapter (after the title
+% page or the contents), so we use \firstmark there -- this gets us
+% the mark with the chapter defs, unless the user sneaks in, e.g.,
+% @setcolor (or @url, or @link, etc.) between @contents and the very
+% first @chapter.
+\def\gettopheadingmarks{%
+  \ifcase0\topmark\fi
+  \ifx\thischapter\empty \ifcase0\firstmark\fi \fi
+}
+\def\getbottomheadingmarks{\ifcase1\botmark\fi}
+\def\getcolormarks{\ifcase2\topmark\fi}
+
+% Avoid "undefined control sequence" errors.
+\def\lastchapterdefs{}
+\def\lastsectiondefs{}
+\def\prevchapterdefs{}
+\def\prevsectiondefs{}
+\def\lastcolordefs{}
+
+% Main output routine.
+\chardef\PAGE = 255
+\output = {\onepageout{\pagecontents\PAGE}}
+
+\newbox\headlinebox
+\newbox\footlinebox
+
+% \onepageout takes a vbox as an argument.  Note that \pagecontents
+% does insertions, but you have to call it yourself.
+\def\onepageout#1{%
+  \ifcropmarks \hoffset=0pt \else \hoffset=\normaloffset \fi
+  %
+  \ifodd\pageno  \advance\hoffset by \bindingoffset
+  \else \advance\hoffset by -\bindingoffset\fi
+  %
+  % Do this outside of the \shipout so @code etc. will be expanded in
+  % the headline as they should be, not taken literally (outputting ''code).
+  \ifodd\pageno \getoddheadingmarks \else \getevenheadingmarks \fi
+  \setbox\headlinebox = \vbox{\let\hsize=\pagewidth \makeheadline}%
+  \ifodd\pageno \getoddfootingmarks \else \getevenfootingmarks \fi
+  \setbox\footlinebox = \vbox{\let\hsize=\pagewidth \makefootline}%
+  %
+  {%
+    % Have to do this stuff outside the \shipout because we want it to
+    % take effect in \write's, yet the group defined by the \vbox ends
+    % before the \shipout runs.
+    %
+    \indexdummies         % don't expand commands in the output.
+    \normalturnoffactive  % \ in index entries must not stay \, e.g., if
+               % the page break happens to be in the middle of an example.
+               % We don't want .vr (or whatever) entries like this:
+               % \entry{{\tt \indexbackslash }acronym}{32}{\code {\acronym}}
+               % "\acronym" won't work when it's read back in;
+               % it needs to be
+               % {\code {{\tt \backslashcurfont }acronym}
+    \shipout\vbox{%
+      % Do this early so pdf references go to the beginning of the page.
+      \ifpdfmakepagedest \pdfdest name{\the\pageno} xyz\fi
+      %
+      \ifcropmarks \vbox to \outervsize\bgroup
+        \hsize = \outerhsize
+        \vskip-\topandbottommargin
+        \vtop to0pt{%
+          \line{\ewtop\hfil\ewtop}%
+          \nointerlineskip
+          \line{%
+            \vbox{\moveleft\cornerthick\nstop}%
+            \hfill
+            \vbox{\moveright\cornerthick\nstop}%
+          }%
+          \vss}%
+        \vskip\topandbottommargin
+        \line\bgroup
+          \hfil % center the page within the outer (page) hsize.
+          \ifodd\pageno\hskip\bindingoffset\fi
+          \vbox\bgroup
+      \fi
+      %
+      \unvbox\headlinebox
+      \pagebody{#1}%
+      \ifdim\ht\footlinebox > 0pt
+        % Only leave this space if the footline is nonempty.
+        % (We lessened \vsize for it in \oddfootingyyy.)
+        % The \baselineskip=24pt in plain's \makefootline has no effect.
+        \vskip 24pt
+        \unvbox\footlinebox
+      \fi
+      %
+      \ifcropmarks
+          \egroup % end of \vbox\bgroup
+        \hfil\egroup % end of (centering) \line\bgroup
+        \vskip\topandbottommargin plus1fill minus1fill
+        \boxmaxdepth = \cornerthick
+        \vbox to0pt{\vss
+          \line{%
+            \vbox{\moveleft\cornerthick\nsbot}%
+            \hfill
+            \vbox{\moveright\cornerthick\nsbot}%
+          }%
+          \nointerlineskip
+          \line{\ewbot\hfil\ewbot}%
+        }%
+      \egroup % \vbox from first cropmarks clause
+      \fi
+    }% end of \shipout\vbox
+  }% end of group with \indexdummies
+  \advancepageno
+  \ifnum\outputpenalty>-20000 \else\dosupereject\fi
+}
+
+\newinsert\margin \dimen\margin=\maxdimen
+
+\def\pagebody#1{\vbox to\pageheight{\boxmaxdepth=\maxdepth #1}}
+{\catcode`\@ =11
+\gdef\pagecontents#1{\ifvoid\topins\else\unvbox\topins\fi
+% marginal hacks, juha@viisa.uucp (Juha Takala)
+\ifvoid\margin\else % marginal info is present
+  \rlap{\kern\hsize\vbox to\z@{\kern1pt\box\margin \vss}}\fi
+\dimen@=\dp#1\relax \unvbox#1\relax
+\ifvoid\footins\else\vskip\skip\footins\footnoterule \unvbox\footins\fi
+\ifr@ggedbottom \kern-\dimen@ \vfil \fi}
+}
+
+% Here are the rules for the cropmarks.  Note that they are
+% offset so that the space between them is truly \outerhsize or \outervsize
+% (P. A. MacKay, 12 November, 1986)
+%
+\def\ewtop{\vrule height\cornerthick depth0pt width\cornerlong}
+\def\nstop{\vbox
+  {\hrule height\cornerthick depth\cornerlong width\cornerthick}}
+\def\ewbot{\vrule height0pt depth\cornerthick width\cornerlong}
+\def\nsbot{\vbox
+  {\hrule height\cornerlong depth\cornerthick width\cornerthick}}
+
+% Parse an argument, then pass it to #1.  The argument is the rest of
+% the input line (except we remove a trailing comment).  #1 should be a
+% macro which expects an ordinary undelimited TeX argument.
+%
+\def\parsearg{\parseargusing{}}
+\def\parseargusing#1#2{%
+  \def\argtorun{#2}%
+  \begingroup
+    \obeylines
+    \spaceisspace
+    #1%
+    \parseargline\empty% Insert the \empty token, see \finishparsearg below.
+}
+
+{\obeylines %
+  \gdef\parseargline#1^^M{%
+    \endgroup % End of the group started in \parsearg.
+    \argremovecomment #1\comment\ArgTerm%
+  }%
+}
+
+% First remove any @comment, then any @c comment.
+\def\argremovecomment#1\comment#2\ArgTerm{\argremovec #1\c\ArgTerm}
+\def\argremovec#1\c#2\ArgTerm{\argcheckspaces#1\^^M\ArgTerm}
+
+% Each occurrence of `\^^M' or `<space>\^^M' is replaced by a single space.
+%
+% \argremovec might leave us with trailing space, e.g.,
+%    @end itemize  @c foo
+% This space token undergoes the same procedure and is eventually removed
+% by \finishparsearg.
+%
+\def\argcheckspaces#1\^^M{\argcheckspacesX#1\^^M \^^M}
+\def\argcheckspacesX#1 \^^M{\argcheckspacesY#1\^^M}
+\def\argcheckspacesY#1\^^M#2\^^M#3\ArgTerm{%
+  \def\temp{#3}%
+  \ifx\temp\empty
+    % Do not use \next, perhaps the caller of \parsearg uses it; reuse \temp:
+    \let\temp\finishparsearg
+  \else
+    \let\temp\argcheckspaces
+  \fi
+  % Put the space token in:
+  \temp#1 #3\ArgTerm
+}
+
+% If a _delimited_ argument is enclosed in braces, they get stripped; so
+% to get _exactly_ the rest of the line, we had to prevent such situation.
+% We prepended an \empty token at the very beginning and we expand it now,
+% just before passing the control to \argtorun.
+% (Similarly, we have to think about #3 of \argcheckspacesY above: it is
+% either the null string, or it ends with \^^M---thus there is no danger
+% that a pair of braces would be stripped.
+%
+% But first, we have to remove the trailing space token.
+%
+\def\finishparsearg#1 \ArgTerm{\expandafter\argtorun\expandafter{#1}}
+
+% \parseargdef\foo{...}
+%	is roughly equivalent to
+% \def\foo{\parsearg\Xfoo}
+% \def\Xfoo#1{...}
+%
+% Actually, I use \csname\string\foo\endcsname, ie. \\foo, as it is my
+% favourite TeX trick.  --kasal, 16nov03
+
+\def\parseargdef#1{%
+  \expandafter \doparseargdef \csname\string#1\endcsname #1%
+}
+\def\doparseargdef#1#2{%
+  \def#2{\parsearg#1}%
+  \def#1##1%
+}
+
+% Several utility definitions with active space:
+{
+  \obeyspaces
+  \gdef\obeyedspace{ }
+
+  % Make each space character in the input produce a normal interword
+  % space in the output.  Don't allow a line break at this space, as this
+  % is used only in environments like @example, where each line of input
+  % should produce a line of output anyway.
+  %
+  \gdef\sepspaces{\obeyspaces\let =\tie}
+
+  % If an index command is used in an @example environment, any spaces
+  % therein should become regular spaces in the raw index file, not the
+  % expansion of \tie (\leavevmode \penalty \@M \ ).
+  \gdef\unsepspaces{\let =\space}
+}
+
+
+\def\flushcr{\ifx\par\lisppar \def\next##1{}\else \let\next=\relax \fi \next}
+
+% Define the framework for environments in texinfo.tex.  It's used like this:
+%
+%   \envdef\foo{...}
+%   \def\Efoo{...}
+%
+% It's the responsibility of \envdef to insert \begingroup before the
+% actual body; @end closes the group after calling \Efoo.  \envdef also
+% defines \thisenv, so the current environment is known; @end checks
+% whether the environment name matches.  The \checkenv macro can also be
+% used to check whether the current environment is the one expected.
+%
+% Non-false conditionals (@iftex, @ifset) don't fit into this, so they
+% are not treated as environments; they don't open a group.  (The
+% implementation of @end takes care not to call \endgroup in this
+% special case.)
+
+
+% At runtime, environments start with this:
+\def\startenvironment#1{\begingroup\def\thisenv{#1}}
+% initialize
+\let\thisenv\empty
+
+% ... but they get defined via ``\envdef\foo{...}'':
+\long\def\envdef#1#2{\def#1{\startenvironment#1#2}}
+\def\envparseargdef#1#2{\parseargdef#1{\startenvironment#1#2}}
+
+% Check whether we're in the right environment:
+\def\checkenv#1{%
+  \def\temp{#1}%
+  \ifx\thisenv\temp
+  \else
+    \badenverr
+  \fi
+}
+
+% Environment mismatch, #1 expected:
+\def\badenverr{%
+  \errhelp = \EMsimple
+  \errmessage{This command can appear only \inenvironment\temp,
+    not \inenvironment\thisenv}%
+}
+\def\inenvironment#1{%
+  \ifx#1\empty
+    out of any environment%
+  \else
+    in environment \expandafter\string#1%
+  \fi
+}
+
+% @end foo executes the definition of \Efoo.
+% But first, it executes a specialized version of \checkenv
+%
+\parseargdef\end{%
+  \if 1\csname iscond.#1\endcsname
+  \else
+    % The general wording of \badenverr may not be ideal, but... --kasal, 06nov03
+    \expandafter\checkenv\csname#1\endcsname
+    \csname E#1\endcsname
+    \endgroup
+  \fi
+}
+
+\newhelp\EMsimple{Press RETURN to continue.}
+
+
+%% Simple single-character @ commands
+
+% @@ prints an @
+% Kludge this until the fonts are right (grr).
+\def\@{{\tt\char64}}
+
+% This is turned off because it was never documented
+% and you can use @w{...} around a quote to suppress ligatures.
+%% Define @` and @' to be the same as ` and '
+%% but suppressing ligatures.
+%\def\`{{`}}
+%\def\'{{'}}
+
+% Used to generate quoted braces.
+\def\mylbrace {{\tt\char123}}
+\def\myrbrace {{\tt\char125}}
+\let\{=\mylbrace
+\let\}=\myrbrace
+\begingroup
+  % Definitions to produce \{ and \} commands for indices,
+  % and @{ and @} for the aux/toc files.
+  \catcode`\{ = \other \catcode`\} = \other
+  \catcode`\[ = 1 \catcode`\] = 2
+  \catcode`\! = 0 \catcode`\\ = \other
+  !gdef!lbracecmd[\{]%
+  !gdef!rbracecmd[\}]%
+  !gdef!lbraceatcmd[@{]%
+  !gdef!rbraceatcmd[@}]%
+!endgroup
+
+% @comma{} to avoid , parsing problems.
+\let\comma = ,
+
+% Accents: @, @dotaccent @ringaccent @ubaraccent @udotaccent
+% Others are defined by plain TeX: @` @' @" @^ @~ @= @u @v @H.
+\let\, = \c
+\let\dotaccent = \.
+\def\ringaccent#1{{\accent23 #1}}
+\let\tieaccent = \t
+\let\ubaraccent = \b
+\let\udotaccent = \d
+
+% Other special characters: @questiondown @exclamdown @ordf @ordm
+% Plain TeX defines: @AA @AE @O @OE @L (plus lowercase versions) @ss.
+\def\questiondown{?`}
+\def\exclamdown{!`}
+\def\ordf{\leavevmode\raise1ex\hbox{\selectfonts\lllsize \underbar{a}}}
+\def\ordm{\leavevmode\raise1ex\hbox{\selectfonts\lllsize \underbar{o}}}
+
+% Dotless i and dotless j, used for accents.
+\def\imacro{i}
+\def\jmacro{j}
+\def\dotless#1{%
+  \def\temp{#1}%
+  \ifx\temp\imacro \ptexi
+  \else\ifx\temp\jmacro \j
+  \else \errmessage{@dotless can be used only with i or j}%
+  \fi\fi
+}
+
+% The \TeX{} logo, as in plain, but resetting the spacing so that a
+% period following counts as ending a sentence.  (Idea found in latex.)
+%
+\edef\TeX{\TeX \spacefactor=1000 }
+
+% @LaTeX{} logo.  Not quite the same results as the definition in
+% latex.ltx, since we use a different font for the raised A; it's most
+% convenient for us to use an explicitly smaller font, rather than using
+% the \scriptstyle font (since we don't reset \scriptstyle and
+% \scriptscriptstyle).
+%
+\def\LaTeX{%
+  L\kern-.36em
+  {\setbox0=\hbox{T}%
+   \vbox to \ht0{\hbox{\selectfonts\lllsize A}\vss}}%
+  \kern-.15em
+  \TeX
+}
+
+% Be sure we're in horizontal mode when doing a tie, since we make space
+% equivalent to this in @example-like environments. Otherwise, a space
+% at the beginning of a line will start with \penalty -- and
+% since \penalty is valid in vertical mode, we'd end up putting the
+% penalty on the vertical list instead of in the new paragraph.
+{\catcode`@ = 11
+ % Avoid using \@M directly, because that causes trouble
+ % if the definition is written into an index file.
+ \global\let\tiepenalty = \@M
+ \gdef\tie{\leavevmode\penalty\tiepenalty\ }
+}
+
+% @: forces normal size whitespace following.
+\def\:{\spacefactor=1000 }
+
+% @* forces a line break.
+\def\*{\hfil\break\hbox{}\ignorespaces}
+
+% @/ allows a line break.
+\let\/=\allowbreak
+
+% @. is an end-of-sentence period.
+\def\.{.\spacefactor=\endofsentencespacefactor\space}
+
+% @! is an end-of-sentence bang.
+\def\!{!\spacefactor=\endofsentencespacefactor\space}
+
+% @? is an end-of-sentence query.
+\def\?{?\spacefactor=\endofsentencespacefactor\space}
+
+% @frenchspacing on|off  says whether to put extra space after punctuation.
+%
+\def\onword{on}
+\def\offword{off}
+%
+\parseargdef\frenchspacing{%
+  \def\temp{#1}%
+  \ifx\temp\onword \plainfrenchspacing
+  \else\ifx\temp\offword \plainnonfrenchspacing
+  \else
+    \errhelp = \EMsimple
+    \errmessage{Unknown @frenchspacing option `\temp', must be on/off}%
+  \fi\fi
+}
+
+% @w prevents a word break.  Without the \leavevmode, @w at the
+% beginning of a paragraph, when TeX is still in vertical mode, would
+% produce a whole line of output instead of starting the paragraph.
+\def\w#1{\leavevmode\hbox{#1}}
+
+% @group ... @end group forces ... to be all on one page, by enclosing
+% it in a TeX vbox.  We use \vtop instead of \vbox to construct the box
+% to keep its height that of a normal line.  According to the rules for
+% \topskip (p.114 of the TeXbook), the glue inserted is
+% max (\topskip - \ht (first item), 0).  If that height is large,
+% therefore, no glue is inserted, and the space between the headline and
+% the text is small, which looks bad.
+%
+% Another complication is that the group might be very large.  This can
+% cause the glue on the previous page to be unduly stretched, because it
+% does not have much material.  In this case, it's better to add an
+% explicit \vfill so that the extra space is at the bottom.  The
+% threshold for doing this is if the group is more than \vfilllimit
+% percent of a page (\vfilllimit can be changed inside of @tex).
+%
+\newbox\groupbox
+\def\vfilllimit{0.7}
+%
+\envdef\group{%
+  \ifnum\catcode`\^^M=\active \else
+    \errhelp = \groupinvalidhelp
+    \errmessage{@group invalid in context where filling is enabled}%
+  \fi
+  \startsavinginserts
+  %
+  \setbox\groupbox = \vtop\bgroup
+    % Do @comment since we are called inside an environment such as
+    % @example, where each end-of-line in the input causes an
+    % end-of-line in the output.  We don't want the end-of-line after
+    % the `@group' to put extra space in the output.  Since @group
+    % should appear on a line by itself (according to the Texinfo
+    % manual), we don't worry about eating any user text.
+    \comment
+}
+%
+% The \vtop produces a box with normal height and large depth; thus, TeX puts
+% \baselineskip glue before it, and (when the next line of text is done)
+% \lineskip glue after it.  Thus, space below is not quite equal to space
+% above.  But it's pretty close.
+\def\Egroup{%
+    % To get correct interline space between the last line of the group
+    % and the first line afterwards, we have to propagate \prevdepth.
+    \endgraf % Not \par, as it may have been set to \lisppar.
+    \global\dimen1 = \prevdepth
+  \egroup           % End the \vtop.
+  % \dimen0 is the vertical size of the group's box.
+  \dimen0 = \ht\groupbox  \advance\dimen0 by \dp\groupbox
+  % \dimen2 is how much space is left on the page (more or less).
+  \dimen2 = \pageheight   \advance\dimen2 by -\pagetotal
+  % if the group doesn't fit on the current page, and it's a big big
+  % group, force a page break.
+  \ifdim \dimen0 > \dimen2
+    \ifdim \pagetotal < \vfilllimit\pageheight
+      \page
+    \fi
+  \fi
+  \box\groupbox
+  \prevdepth = \dimen1
+  \checkinserts
+}
+%
+% TeX puts in an \escapechar (i.e., `@') at the beginning of the help
+% message, so this ends up printing `@group can only ...'.
+%
+\newhelp\groupinvalidhelp{%
+group can only be used in environments such as @example,^^J%
+where each line of input produces a line of output.}
+
+% @need space-in-mils
+% forces a page break if there is not space-in-mils remaining.
+
+\newdimen\mil  \mil=0.001in
+
+% Old definition--didn't work.
+%\parseargdef\need{\par %
+%% This method tries to make TeX break the page naturally
+%% if the depth of the box does not fit.
+%{\baselineskip=0pt%
+%\vtop to #1\mil{\vfil}\kern -#1\mil\nobreak
+%\prevdepth=-1000pt
+%}}
+
+\parseargdef\need{%
+  % Ensure vertical mode, so we don't make a big box in the middle of a
+  % paragraph.
+  \par
+  %
+  % If the @need value is less than one line space, it's useless.
+  \dimen0 = #1\mil
+  \dimen2 = \ht\strutbox
+  \advance\dimen2 by \dp\strutbox
+  \ifdim\dimen0 > \dimen2
+    %
+    % Do a \strut just to make the height of this box be normal, so the
+    % normal leading is inserted relative to the preceding line.
+    % And a page break here is fine.
+    \vtop to #1\mil{\strut\vfil}%
+    %
+    % TeX does not even consider page breaks if a penalty added to the
+    % main vertical list is 10000 or more.  But in order to see if the
+    % empty box we just added fits on the page, we must make it consider
+    % page breaks.  On the other hand, we don't want to actually break the
+    % page after the empty box.  So we use a penalty of 9999.
+    %
+    % There is an extremely small chance that TeX will actually break the
+    % page at this \penalty, if there are no other feasible breakpoints in
+    % sight.  (If the user is using lots of big @group commands, which
+    % almost-but-not-quite fill up a page, TeX will have a hard time doing
+    % good page breaking, for example.)  However, I could not construct an
+    % example where a page broke at this \penalty; if it happens in a real
+    % document, then we can reconsider our strategy.
+    \penalty9999
+    %
+    % Back up by the size of the box, whether we did a page break or not.
+    \kern -#1\mil
+    %
+    % Do not allow a page break right after this kern.
+    \nobreak
+  \fi
+}
+
+% @br   forces paragraph break (and is undocumented).
+
+\let\br = \par
+
+% @page forces the start of a new page.
+%
+\def\page{\par\vfill\supereject}
+
+% @exdent text....
+% outputs text on separate line in roman font, starting at standard page margin
+
+% This records the amount of indent in the innermost environment.
+% That's how much \exdent should take out.
+\newskip\exdentamount
+
+% This defn is used inside fill environments such as @defun.
+\parseargdef\exdent{\hfil\break\hbox{\kern -\exdentamount{\rm#1}}\hfil\break}
+
+% This defn is used inside nofill environments such as @example.
+\parseargdef\nofillexdent{{\advance \leftskip by -\exdentamount
+  \leftline{\hskip\leftskip{\rm#1}}}}
+
+% @inmargin{WHICH}{TEXT} puts TEXT in the WHICH margin next to the current
+% paragraph.  For more general purposes, use the \margin insertion
+% class.  WHICH is `l' or `r'.
+%
+\newskip\inmarginspacing \inmarginspacing=1cm
+\def\strutdepth{\dp\strutbox}
+%
+\def\doinmargin#1#2{\strut\vadjust{%
+  \nobreak
+  \kern-\strutdepth
+  \vtop to \strutdepth{%
+    \baselineskip=\strutdepth
+    \vss
+    % if you have multiple lines of stuff to put here, you'll need to
+    % make the vbox yourself of the appropriate size.
+    \ifx#1l%
+      \llap{\ignorespaces #2\hskip\inmarginspacing}%
+    \else
+      \rlap{\hskip\hsize \hskip\inmarginspacing \ignorespaces #2}%
+    \fi
+    \null
+  }%
+}}
+\def\inleftmargin{\doinmargin l}
+\def\inrightmargin{\doinmargin r}
+%
+% @inmargin{TEXT [, RIGHT-TEXT]}
+% (if RIGHT-TEXT is given, use TEXT for left page, RIGHT-TEXT for right;
+% else use TEXT for both).
+%
+\def\inmargin#1{\parseinmargin #1,,\finish}
+\def\parseinmargin#1,#2,#3\finish{% not perfect, but better than nothing.
+  \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}%
+  \ifdim\wd0 > 0pt
+    \def\lefttext{#1}%  have both texts
+    \def\righttext{#2}%
+  \else
+    \def\lefttext{#1}%  have only one text
+    \def\righttext{#1}%
+  \fi
+  %
+  \ifodd\pageno
+    \def\temp{\inrightmargin\righttext}% odd page -> outside is right margin
+  \else
+    \def\temp{\inleftmargin\lefttext}%
+  \fi
+  \temp
+}
+
+% @include file    insert text of that file as input.
+%
+\def\include{\parseargusing\filenamecatcodes\includezzz}
+\def\includezzz#1{%
+  \pushthisfilestack
+  \def\thisfile{#1}%
+  {%
+    \makevalueexpandable
+    \def\temp{\input #1 }%
+    \expandafter
+  }\temp
+  \popthisfilestack
+}
+\def\filenamecatcodes{%
+  \catcode`\\=\other
+  \catcode`~=\other
+  \catcode`^=\other
+  \catcode`_=\other
+  \catcode`|=\other
+  \catcode`<=\other
+  \catcode`>=\other
+  \catcode`+=\other
+  \catcode`-=\other
+}
+
+\def\pushthisfilestack{%
+  \expandafter\pushthisfilestackX\popthisfilestack\StackTerm
+}
+\def\pushthisfilestackX{%
+  \expandafter\pushthisfilestackY\thisfile\StackTerm
+}
+\def\pushthisfilestackY #1\StackTerm #2\StackTerm {%
+  \gdef\popthisfilestack{\gdef\thisfile{#1}\gdef\popthisfilestack{#2}}%
+}
+
+\def\popthisfilestack{\errthisfilestackempty}
+\def\errthisfilestackempty{\errmessage{Internal error:
+  the stack of filenames is empty.}}
+
+\def\thisfile{}
+
+% @center line
+% outputs that line, centered.
+%
+\parseargdef\center{%
+  \ifhmode
+    \let\next\centerH
+  \else
+    \let\next\centerV
+  \fi
+  \next{\hfil \ignorespaces#1\unskip \hfil}%
+}
+\def\centerH#1{%
+  {%
+    \hfil\break
+    \advance\hsize by -\leftskip
+    \advance\hsize by -\rightskip
+    \line{#1}%
+    \break
+  }%
+}
+\def\centerV#1{\line{\kern\leftskip #1\kern\rightskip}}
+
+% @sp n   outputs n lines of vertical space
+
+\parseargdef\sp{\vskip #1\baselineskip}
+
+% @comment ...line which is ignored...
+% @c is the same as @comment
+% @ignore ... @end ignore  is another way to write a comment
+
+\def\comment{\begingroup \catcode`\^^M=\other%
+\catcode`\@=\other \catcode`\{=\other \catcode`\}=\other%
+\commentxxx}
+{\catcode`\^^M=\other \gdef\commentxxx#1^^M{\endgroup}}
+
+\let\c=\comment
+
+% @paragraphindent NCHARS
+% We'll use ems for NCHARS, close enough.
+% NCHARS can also be the word `asis' or `none'.
+% We cannot feasibly implement @paragraphindent asis, though.
+%
+\def\asisword{asis} % no translation, these are keywords
+\def\noneword{none}
+%
+\parseargdef\paragraphindent{%
+  \def\temp{#1}%
+  \ifx\temp\asisword
+  \else
+    \ifx\temp\noneword
+      \defaultparindent = 0pt
+    \else
+      \defaultparindent = #1em
+    \fi
+  \fi
+  \parindent = \defaultparindent
+}
+
+% @exampleindent NCHARS
+% We'll use ems for NCHARS like @paragraphindent.
+% It seems @exampleindent asis isn't necessary, but
+% I preserve it to make it similar to @paragraphindent.
+\parseargdef\exampleindent{%
+  \def\temp{#1}%
+  \ifx\temp\asisword
+  \else
+    \ifx\temp\noneword
+      \lispnarrowing = 0pt
+    \else
+      \lispnarrowing = #1em
+    \fi
+  \fi
+}
+
+% @firstparagraphindent WORD
+% If WORD is `none', then suppress indentation of the first paragraph
+% after a section heading.  If WORD is `insert', then do indent at such
+% paragraphs.
+%
+% The paragraph indentation is suppressed or not by calling
+% \suppressfirstparagraphindent, which the sectioning commands do.
+% We switch the definition of this back and forth according to WORD.
+% By default, we suppress indentation.
+%
+\def\suppressfirstparagraphindent{\dosuppressfirstparagraphindent}
+\def\insertword{insert}
+%
+\parseargdef\firstparagraphindent{%
+  \def\temp{#1}%
+  \ifx\temp\noneword
+    \let\suppressfirstparagraphindent = \dosuppressfirstparagraphindent
+  \else\ifx\temp\insertword
+    \let\suppressfirstparagraphindent = \relax
+  \else
+    \errhelp = \EMsimple
+    \errmessage{Unknown @firstparagraphindent option `\temp'}%
+  \fi\fi
+}
+
+% Here is how we actually suppress indentation.  Redefine \everypar to
+% \kern backwards by \parindent, and then reset itself to empty.
+%
+% We also make \indent itself not actually do anything until the next
+% paragraph.
+%
+\gdef\dosuppressfirstparagraphindent{%
+  \gdef\indent{%
+    \restorefirstparagraphindent
+    \indent
+  }%
+  \gdef\noindent{%
+    \restorefirstparagraphindent
+    \noindent
+  }%
+  \global\everypar = {%
+    \kern -\parindent
+    \restorefirstparagraphindent
+  }%
+}
+
+\gdef\restorefirstparagraphindent{%
+  \global \let \indent = \ptexindent
+  \global \let \noindent = \ptexnoindent
+  \global \everypar = {}%
+}
+
+
+% @asis just yields its argument.  Used with @table, for example.
+%
+\def\asis#1{#1}
+
+% @math outputs its argument in math mode.
+%
+% One complication: _ usually means subscripts, but it could also mean
+% an actual _ character, as in @math{@var{some_variable} + 1}.  So make
+% _ active, and distinguish by seeing if the current family is \slfam,
+% which is what @var uses.
+{
+  \catcode`\_ = \active
+  \gdef\mathunderscore{%
+    \catcode`\_=\active
+    \def_{\ifnum\fam=\slfam \_\else\sb\fi}%
+  }
+}
+% Another complication: we want \\ (and @\) to output a \ character.
+% FYI, plain.tex uses \\ as a temporary control sequence (why?), but
+% this is not advertised and we don't care.  Texinfo does not
+% otherwise define @\.
+%
+% The \mathchar is class=0=ordinary, family=7=ttfam, position=5C=\.
+\def\mathbackslash{\ifnum\fam=\ttfam \mathchar"075C \else\backslash \fi}
+%
+\def\math{%
+  \tex
+  \mathunderscore
+  \let\\ = \mathbackslash
+  \mathactive
+  $\finishmath
+}
+\def\finishmath#1{#1$\endgroup}  % Close the group opened by \tex.
+
+% Some active characters (such as <) are spaced differently in math.
+% We have to reset their definitions in case the @math was an argument
+% to a command which sets the catcodes (such as @item or @section).
+%
+{
+  \catcode`^ = \active
+  \catcode`< = \active
+  \catcode`> = \active
+  \catcode`+ = \active
+  \gdef\mathactive{%
+    \let^ = \ptexhat
+    \let< = \ptexless
+    \let> = \ptexgtr
+    \let+ = \ptexplus
+  }
+}
+
+% @bullet and @minus need the same treatment as @math, just above.
+\def\bullet{$\ptexbullet$}
+\def\minus{$-$}
+
+% @dots{} outputs an ellipsis using the current font.
+% We do .5em per period so that it has the same spacing in the cm
+% typewriter fonts as three actual period characters; on the other hand,
+% in other typewriter fonts three periods are wider than 1.5em.  So do
+% whichever is larger.
+%
+\def\dots{%
+  \leavevmode
+  \setbox0=\hbox{...}% get width of three periods
+  \ifdim\wd0 > 1.5em
+    \dimen0 = \wd0
+  \else
+    \dimen0 = 1.5em
+  \fi
+  \hbox to \dimen0{%
+    \hskip 0pt plus.25fil
+    .\hskip 0pt plus1fil
+    .\hskip 0pt plus1fil
+    .\hskip 0pt plus.5fil
+  }%
+}
+
+% @enddots{} is an end-of-sentence ellipsis.
+%
+\def\enddots{%
+  \dots
+  \spacefactor=\endofsentencespacefactor
+}
+
+% @comma{} is so commas can be inserted into text without messing up
+% Texinfo's parsing.
+%
+\let\comma = ,
+
+% @refill is a no-op.
+\let\refill=\relax
+
+% If working on a large document in chapters, it is convenient to
+% be able to disable indexing, cross-referencing, and contents, for test runs.
+% This is done with @novalidate (before @setfilename).
+%
+\newif\iflinks \linkstrue % by default we want the aux files.
+\let\novalidate = \linksfalse
+
+% @setfilename is done at the beginning of every texinfo file.
+% So open here the files we need to have open while reading the input.
+% This makes it possible to make a .fmt file for texinfo.
+\def\setfilename{%
+   \fixbackslash  % Turn off hack to swallow `\input texinfo'.
+   \iflinks
+     \tryauxfile
+     % Open the new aux file.  TeX will close it automatically at exit.
+     \immediate\openout\auxfile=\jobname.aux
+   \fi % \openindices needs to do some work in any case.
+   \openindices
+   \let\setfilename=\comment % Ignore extra @setfilename cmds.
+   %
+   % If texinfo.cnf is present on the system, read it.
+   % Useful for site-wide @afourpaper, etc.
+   \openin 1 texinfo.cnf
+   \ifeof 1 \else \input texinfo.cnf \fi
+   \closein 1
+   %
+   \comment % Ignore the actual filename.
+}
+
+% Called from \setfilename.
+%
+\def\openindices{%
+  \newindex{cp}%
+  \newcodeindex{fn}%
+  \newcodeindex{vr}%
+  \newcodeindex{tp}%
+  \newcodeindex{ky}%
+  \newcodeindex{pg}%
+}
+
+% @bye.
+\outer\def\bye{\pagealignmacro\tracingstats=1\ptexend}
+
+
+\message{pdf,}
+% adobe `portable' document format
+\newcount\tempnum
+\newcount\lnkcount
+\newtoks\filename
+\newcount\filenamelength
+\newcount\pgn
+\newtoks\toksA
+\newtoks\toksB
+\newtoks\toksC
+\newtoks\toksD
+\newbox\boxA
+\newcount\countA
+\newif\ifpdf
+\newif\ifpdfmakepagedest
+
+% when pdftex is run in dvi mode, \pdfoutput is defined (so \pdfoutput=1
+% can be set).  So we test for \relax and 0 as well as \undefined,
+% borrowed from ifpdf.sty.
+\ifx\pdfoutput\undefined
+\else
+  \ifx\pdfoutput\relax
+  \else
+    \ifcase\pdfoutput
+    \else
+      \pdftrue
+    \fi
+  \fi
+\fi
+
+% PDF uses PostScript string constants for the names of xref targets,
+% for display in the outlines, and in other places.  Thus, we have to
+% double any backslashes.  Otherwise, a name like "\node" will be
+% interpreted as a newline (\n), followed by o, d, e.  Not good.
+% http://www.ntg.nl/pipermail/ntg-pdftex/2004-July/000654.html
+% (and related messages, the final outcome is that it is up to the TeX
+% user to double the backslashes and otherwise make the string valid, so
+% that's what we do).
+
+% double active backslashes.
+%
+{\catcode`\@=0 \catcode`\\=\active
+ @gdef@activebackslashdouble{%
+   @catcode`@\=@active
+   @let\=@doublebackslash}
+}
+
+% To handle parens, we must adopt a different approach, since parens are
+% not active characters.  hyperref.dtx (which has the same problem as
+% us) handles it with this amazing macro to replace tokens, with minor
+% changes for Texinfo.  It is included here under the GPL by permission
+% from the author, Heiko Oberdiek.
+%
+% #1 is the tokens to replace.
+% #2 is the replacement.
+% #3 is the control sequence with the string.
+%
+\def\HyPsdSubst#1#2#3{%
+  \def\HyPsdReplace##1#1##2\END{%
+    ##1%
+    \ifx\\##2\\%
+    \else
+      #2%
+      \HyReturnAfterFi{%
+        \HyPsdReplace##2\END
+      }%
+    \fi
+  }%
+  \xdef#3{\expandafter\HyPsdReplace#3#1\END}%
+}
+\long\def\HyReturnAfterFi#1\fi{\fi#1}
+
+% #1 is a control sequence in which to do the replacements.
+\def\backslashparens#1{%
+  \xdef#1{#1}% redefine it as its expansion; the definition is simply
+             % \lastnode when called from \setref -> \pdfmkdest.
+  \HyPsdSubst{(}{\realbackslash(}{#1}%
+  \HyPsdSubst{)}{\realbackslash)}{#1}%
+}
+
+\newhelp\nopdfimagehelp{Texinfo supports .png, .jpg, .jpeg, and .pdf images
+with PDF output, and none of those formats could be found.  (.eps cannot
+be supported due to the design of the PDF format; use regular TeX (DVI
+output) for that.)}
+
+\ifpdf
+  %
+  % Color manipulation macros based on pdfcolor.tex.
+  \def\cmykDarkRed{0.28 1 1 0.35}
+  \def\cmykBlack{0 0 0 1}
+  %
+  \def\pdfsetcolor#1{\pdfliteral{#1 k}}
+  % Set color, and create a mark which defines \thiscolor accordingly,
+  % so that \makeheadline knows which color to restore.
+  \def\setcolor#1{%
+    \xdef\lastcolordefs{\gdef\noexpand\thiscolor{#1}}%
+    \domark
+    \pdfsetcolor{#1}%
+  }
+  %
+  \def\maincolor{\cmykBlack}
+  \pdfsetcolor{\maincolor}
+  \edef\thiscolor{\maincolor}
+  \def\lastcolordefs{}
+  %
+  \def\makefootline{%
+    \baselineskip24pt
+    \line{\pdfsetcolor{\maincolor}\the\footline}%
+  }
+  %
+  \def\makeheadline{%
+    \vbox to 0pt{%
+      \vskip-22.5pt
+      \line{%
+        \vbox to8.5pt{}%
+        % Extract \thiscolor definition from the marks.
+        \getcolormarks
+        % Typeset the headline with \maincolor, then restore the color.
+        \pdfsetcolor{\maincolor}\the\headline\pdfsetcolor{\thiscolor}%
+      }%
+      \vss
+    }%
+    \nointerlineskip
+  }
+  %
+  %
+  \pdfcatalog{/PageMode /UseOutlines}
+  %
+  % #1 is image name, #2 width (might be empty/whitespace), #3 height (ditto).
+  \def\dopdfimage#1#2#3{%
+    \def\imagewidth{#2}\setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}%
+    \def\imageheight{#3}\setbox2 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #3}%
+    %
+    % pdftex (and the PDF format) support .png, .jpg, .pdf (among
+    % others).  Let's try in that order.
+    \let\pdfimgext=\empty
+    \begingroup
+      \openin 1 #1.png \ifeof 1
+        \openin 1 #1.jpg \ifeof 1
+          \openin 1 #1.jpeg \ifeof 1
+            \openin 1 #1.JPG \ifeof 1
+              \openin 1 #1.pdf \ifeof 1
+                \errhelp = \nopdfimagehelp
+                \errmessage{Could not find image file #1 for pdf}%
+              \else \gdef\pdfimgext{pdf}%
+              \fi
+            \else \gdef\pdfimgext{JPG}%
+            \fi
+          \else \gdef\pdfimgext{jpeg}%
+          \fi
+        \else \gdef\pdfimgext{jpg}%
+        \fi
+      \else \gdef\pdfimgext{png}%
+      \fi
+      \closein 1
+    \endgroup
+    %
+    % without \immediate, pdftex seg faults when the same image is
+    % included twice.  (Version 3.14159-pre-1.0-unofficial-20010704.)
+    \ifnum\pdftexversion < 14
+      \immediate\pdfimage
+    \else
+      \immediate\pdfximage
+    \fi
+      \ifdim \wd0 >0pt width \imagewidth \fi
+      \ifdim \wd2 >0pt height \imageheight \fi
+      \ifnum\pdftexversion<13
+         #1.\pdfimgext
+       \else
+         {#1.\pdfimgext}%
+       \fi
+    \ifnum\pdftexversion < 14 \else
+      \pdfrefximage \pdflastximage
+    \fi}
+  %
+  \def\pdfmkdest#1{{%
+    % We have to set dummies so commands such as @code, and characters
+    % such as \, aren't expanded when present in a section title.
+    \indexnofonts
+    \turnoffactive
+    \activebackslashdouble
+    \makevalueexpandable
+    \def\pdfdestname{#1}%
+    \backslashparens\pdfdestname
+    \safewhatsit{\pdfdest name{\pdfdestname} xyz}%
+  }}
+  %
+  % used to mark target names; must be expandable.
+  \def\pdfmkpgn#1{#1}
+  %
+  % by default, use a color that is dark enough to print on paper as
+  % nearly black, but still distinguishable for online viewing.
+  \def\urlcolor{\cmykDarkRed}
+  \def\linkcolor{\cmykDarkRed}
+  \def\endlink{\setcolor{\maincolor}\pdfendlink}
+  %
+  % Adding outlines to PDF; macros for calculating structure of outlines
+  % come from Petr Olsak
+  \def\expnumber#1{\expandafter\ifx\csname#1\endcsname\relax 0%
+    \else \csname#1\endcsname \fi}
+  \def\advancenumber#1{\tempnum=\expnumber{#1}\relax
+    \advance\tempnum by 1
+    \expandafter\xdef\csname#1\endcsname{\the\tempnum}}
+  %
+  % #1 is the section text, which is what will be displayed in the
+  % outline by the pdf viewer.  #2 is the pdf expression for the number
+  % of subentries (or empty, for subsubsections).  #3 is the node text,
+  % which might be empty if this toc entry had no corresponding node.
+  % #4 is the page number
+  %
+  \def\dopdfoutline#1#2#3#4{%
+    % Generate a link to the node text if that exists; else, use the
+    % page number.  We could generate a destination for the section
+    % text in the case where a section has no node, but it doesn't
+    % seem worth the trouble, since most documents are normally structured.
+    \def\pdfoutlinedest{#3}%
+    \ifx\pdfoutlinedest\empty
+      \def\pdfoutlinedest{#4}%
+    \else
+      % Doubled backslashes in the name.
+      {\activebackslashdouble \xdef\pdfoutlinedest{#3}%
+       \backslashparens\pdfoutlinedest}%
+    \fi
+    %
+    % Also double the backslashes in the display string.
+    {\activebackslashdouble \xdef\pdfoutlinetext{#1}%
+     \backslashparens\pdfoutlinetext}%
+    %
+    \pdfoutline goto name{\pdfmkpgn{\pdfoutlinedest}}#2{\pdfoutlinetext}%
+  }
+  %
+  \def\pdfmakeoutlines{%
+    \begingroup
+      % Thanh's hack / proper braces in bookmarks
+      \edef\mylbrace{\iftrue \string{\else}\fi}\let\{=\mylbrace
+      \edef\myrbrace{\iffalse{\else\string}\fi}\let\}=\myrbrace
+      %
+      % Read toc silently, to get counts of subentries for \pdfoutline.
+      \def\numchapentry##1##2##3##4{%
+	\def\thischapnum{##2}%
+	\def\thissecnum{0}%
+	\def\thissubsecnum{0}%
+      }%
+      \def\numsecentry##1##2##3##4{%
+	\advancenumber{chap\thischapnum}%
+	\def\thissecnum{##2}%
+	\def\thissubsecnum{0}%
+      }%
+      \def\numsubsecentry##1##2##3##4{%
+	\advancenumber{sec\thissecnum}%
+	\def\thissubsecnum{##2}%
+      }%
+      \def\numsubsubsecentry##1##2##3##4{%
+	\advancenumber{subsec\thissubsecnum}%
+      }%
+      \def\thischapnum{0}%
+      \def\thissecnum{0}%
+      \def\thissubsecnum{0}%
+      %
+      % use \def rather than \let here because we redefine \chapentry et
+      % al. a second time, below.
+      \def\appentry{\numchapentry}%
+      \def\appsecentry{\numsecentry}%
+      \def\appsubsecentry{\numsubsecentry}%
+      \def\appsubsubsecentry{\numsubsubsecentry}%
+      \def\unnchapentry{\numchapentry}%
+      \def\unnsecentry{\numsecentry}%
+      \def\unnsubsecentry{\numsubsecentry}%
+      \def\unnsubsubsecentry{\numsubsubsecentry}%
+      \readdatafile{toc}%
+      %
+      % Read toc second time, this time actually producing the outlines.
+      % The `-' means take the \expnumber as the absolute number of
+      % subentries, which we calculated on our first read of the .toc above.
+      %
+      % We use the node names as the destinations.
+      \def\numchapentry##1##2##3##4{%
+        \dopdfoutline{##1}{count-\expnumber{chap##2}}{##3}{##4}}%
+      \def\numsecentry##1##2##3##4{%
+        \dopdfoutline{##1}{count-\expnumber{sec##2}}{##3}{##4}}%
+      \def\numsubsecentry##1##2##3##4{%
+        \dopdfoutline{##1}{count-\expnumber{subsec##2}}{##3}{##4}}%
+      \def\numsubsubsecentry##1##2##3##4{% count is always zero
+        \dopdfoutline{##1}{}{##3}{##4}}%
+      %
+      % PDF outlines are displayed using system fonts, instead of
+      % document fonts.  Therefore we cannot use special characters,
+      % since the encoding is unknown.  For example, the eogonek from
+      % Latin 2 (0xea) gets translated to a | character.  Info from
+      % Staszek Wawrykiewicz, 19 Jan 2004 04:09:24 +0100.
+      %
+      % xx to do this right, we have to translate 8-bit characters to
+      % their "best" equivalent, based on the @documentencoding.  Right
+      % now, I guess we'll just let the pdf reader have its way.
+      \indexnofonts
+      \setupdatafile
+      \catcode`\\=\active \otherbackslash
+      \input \tocreadfilename
+    \endgroup
+  }
+  %
+  \def\skipspaces#1{\def\PP{#1}\def\D{|}%
+    \ifx\PP\D\let\nextsp\relax
+    \else\let\nextsp\skipspaces
+      \ifx\p\space\else\addtokens{\filename}{\PP}%
+        \advance\filenamelength by 1
+      \fi
+    \fi
+    \nextsp}
+  \def\getfilename#1{\filenamelength=0\expandafter\skipspaces#1|\relax}
+  \ifnum\pdftexversion < 14
+    \let \startlink \pdfannotlink
+  \else
+    \let \startlink \pdfstartlink
+  \fi
+  % make a live url in pdf output.
+  \def\pdfurl#1{%
+    \begingroup
+      % it seems we really need yet another set of dummies; have not
+      % tried to figure out what each command should do in the context
+      % of @url.  for now, just make @/ a no-op, that's the only one
+      % people have actually reported a problem with.
+      %
+      \normalturnoffactive
+      \def\@{@}%
+      \let\/=\empty
+      \makevalueexpandable
+      \leavevmode\setcolor{\urlcolor}%
+      \startlink attr{/Border [0 0 0]}%
+        user{/Subtype /Link /A << /S /URI /URI (#1) >>}%
+    \endgroup}
+  \def\pdfgettoks#1.{\setbox\boxA=\hbox{\toksA={#1.}\toksB={}\maketoks}}
+  \def\addtokens#1#2{\edef\addtoks{\noexpand#1={\the#1#2}}\addtoks}
+  \def\adn#1{\addtokens{\toksC}{#1}\global\countA=1\let\next=\maketoks}
+  \def\poptoks#1#2|ENDTOKS|{\let\first=#1\toksD={#1}\toksA={#2}}
+  \def\maketoks{%
+    \expandafter\poptoks\the\toksA|ENDTOKS|\relax
+    \ifx\first0\adn0
+    \else\ifx\first1\adn1 \else\ifx\first2\adn2 \else\ifx\first3\adn3
+    \else\ifx\first4\adn4 \else\ifx\first5\adn5 \else\ifx\first6\adn6
+    \else\ifx\first7\adn7 \else\ifx\first8\adn8 \else\ifx\first9\adn9
+    \else
+      \ifnum0=\countA\else\makelink\fi
+      \ifx\first.\let\next=\done\else
+        \let\next=\maketoks
+        \addtokens{\toksB}{\the\toksD}
+        \ifx\first,\addtokens{\toksB}{\space}\fi
+      \fi
+    \fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi
+    \next}
+  \def\makelink{\addtokens{\toksB}%
+    {\noexpand\pdflink{\the\toksC}}\toksC={}\global\countA=0}
+  \def\pdflink#1{%
+    \startlink attr{/Border [0 0 0]} goto name{\pdfmkpgn{#1}}
+    \setcolor{\linkcolor}#1\endlink}
+  \def\done{\edef\st{\global\noexpand\toksA={\the\toksB}}\st}
+\else
+  \let\pdfmkdest = \gobble
+  \let\pdfurl = \gobble
+  \let\endlink = \relax
+  \let\setcolor = \gobble
+  \let\pdfsetcolor = \gobble
+  \let\pdfmakeoutlines = \relax
+\fi  % \ifx\pdfoutput
+
+
+\message{fonts,}
+
+% Change the current font style to #1, remembering it in \curfontstyle.
+% For now, we do not accumulate font styles: @b{@i{foo}} prints foo in
+% italics, not bold italics.
+%
+\def\setfontstyle#1{%
+  \def\curfontstyle{#1}% not as a control sequence, because we are \edef'd.
+  \csname ten#1\endcsname  % change the current font
+}
+
+% Select #1 fonts with the current style.
+%
+\def\selectfonts#1{\csname #1fonts\endcsname \csname\curfontstyle\endcsname}
+
+\def\rm{\fam=0 \setfontstyle{rm}}
+\def\it{\fam=\itfam \setfontstyle{it}}
+\def\sl{\fam=\slfam \setfontstyle{sl}}
+\def\bf{\fam=\bffam \setfontstyle{bf}}\def\bfstylename{bf}
+\def\tt{\fam=\ttfam \setfontstyle{tt}}
+
+% Texinfo sort of supports the sans serif font style, which plain TeX does not.
+% So we set up a \sf.
+\newfam\sffam
+\def\sf{\fam=\sffam \setfontstyle{sf}}
+\let\li = \sf % Sometimes we call it \li, not \sf.
+
+% We don't need math for this font style.
+\def\ttsl{\setfontstyle{ttsl}}
+
+
+% Default leading.
+\newdimen\textleading  \textleading = 13.2pt
+
+% Set the baselineskip to #1, and the lineskip and strut size
+% correspondingly.  There is no deep meaning behind these magic numbers
+% used as factors; they just match (closely enough) what Knuth defined.
+%
+\def\lineskipfactor{.08333}
+\def\strutheightpercent{.70833}
+\def\strutdepthpercent {.29167}
+%
+% can get a sort of poor man's double spacing by redefining this.
+\def\baselinefactor{1}
+%
+\def\setleading#1{%
+  \dimen0 = #1\relax
+  \normalbaselineskip = \baselinefactor\dimen0
+  \normallineskip = \lineskipfactor\normalbaselineskip
+  \normalbaselines
+  \setbox\strutbox =\hbox{%
+    \vrule width0pt height\strutheightpercent\baselineskip
+                    depth \strutdepthpercent \baselineskip
+  }%
+}
+
+% PDF CMaps.  See also LaTeX's t1.cmap.
+%
+% do nothing with this by default.
+\expandafter\let\csname cmapOT1\endcsname\gobble
+\expandafter\let\csname cmapOT1IT\endcsname\gobble
+\expandafter\let\csname cmapOT1TT\endcsname\gobble
+
+% if we are producing pdf, and we have \pdffontattr, then define cmaps.
+% (\pdffontattr was introduced many years ago, but people still run
+% older pdftex's; it's easy to conditionalize, so we do.)
+\ifpdf \ifx\pdffontattr\undefined \else
+  \begingroup
+    \catcode`\^^M=\active \def^^M{^^J}% Output line endings as the ^^J char.
+    \catcode`\%=12 \immediate\pdfobj stream {%!PS-Adobe-3.0 Resource-CMap
+%%DocumentNeededResources: ProcSet (CIDInit)
+%%IncludeResource: ProcSet (CIDInit)
+%%BeginResource: CMap (TeX-OT1-0)
+%%Title: (TeX-OT1-0 TeX OT1 0)
+%%Version: 1.000
+%%EndComments
+/CIDInit /ProcSet findresource begin
+12 dict begin
+begincmap
+/CIDSystemInfo
+<< /Registry (TeX)
+/Ordering (OT1)
+/Supplement 0
+>> def
+/CMapName /TeX-OT1-0 def
+/CMapType 2 def
+1 begincodespacerange
+<00> <7F>
+endcodespacerange
+8 beginbfrange
+<00> <01> <0393>
+<09> <0A> <03A8>
+<23> <26> <0023>
+<28> <3B> <0028>
+<3F> <5B> <003F>
+<5D> <5E> <005D>
+<61> <7A> <0061>
+<7B> <7C> <2013>
+endbfrange
+40 beginbfchar
+<02> <0398>
+<03> <039B>
+<04> <039E>
+<05> <03A0>
+<06> <03A3>
+<07> <03D2>
+<08> <03A6>
+<0B> <00660066>
+<0C> <00660069>
+<0D> <0066006C>
+<0E> <006600660069>
+<0F> <00660066006C>
+<10> <0131>
+<11> <0237>
+<12> <0060>
+<13> <00B4>
+<14> <02C7>
+<15> <02D8>
+<16> <00AF>
+<17> <02DA>
+<18> <00B8>
+<19> <00DF>
+<1A> <00E6>
+<1B> <0153>
+<1C> <00F8>
+<1D> <00C6>
+<1E> <0152>
+<1F> <00D8>
+<21> <0021>
+<22> <201D>
+<27> <2019>
+<3C> <00A1>
+<3D> <003D>
+<3E> <00BF>
+<5C> <201C>
+<5F> <02D9>
+<60> <2018>
+<7D> <02DD>
+<7E> <007E>
+<7F> <00A8>
+endbfchar
+endcmap
+CMapName currentdict /CMap defineresource pop
+end
+end
+%%EndResource
+%%EOF
+    }\endgroup
+  \expandafter\edef\csname cmapOT1\endcsname#1{%
+    \pdffontattr#1{/ToUnicode \the\pdflastobj\space 0 R}%
+  }%
+%
+% \cmapOT1IT
+  \begingroup
+    \catcode`\^^M=\active \def^^M{^^J}% Output line endings as the ^^J char.
+    \catcode`\%=12 \immediate\pdfobj stream {%!PS-Adobe-3.0 Resource-CMap
+%%DocumentNeededResources: ProcSet (CIDInit)
+%%IncludeResource: ProcSet (CIDInit)
+%%BeginResource: CMap (TeX-OT1IT-0)
+%%Title: (TeX-OT1IT-0 TeX OT1IT 0)
+%%Version: 1.000
+%%EndComments
+/CIDInit /ProcSet findresource begin
+12 dict begin
+begincmap
+/CIDSystemInfo
+<< /Registry (TeX)
+/Ordering (OT1IT)
+/Supplement 0
+>> def
+/CMapName /TeX-OT1IT-0 def
+/CMapType 2 def
+1 begincodespacerange
+<00> <7F>
+endcodespacerange
+8 beginbfrange
+<00> <01> <0393>
+<09> <0A> <03A8>
+<25> <26> <0025>
+<28> <3B> <0028>
+<3F> <5B> <003F>
+<5D> <5E> <005D>
+<61> <7A> <0061>
+<7B> <7C> <2013>
+endbfrange
+42 beginbfchar
+<02> <0398>
+<03> <039B>
+<04> <039E>
+<05> <03A0>
+<06> <03A3>
+<07> <03D2>
+<08> <03A6>
+<0B> <00660066>
+<0C> <00660069>
+<0D> <0066006C>
+<0E> <006600660069>
+<0F> <00660066006C>
+<10> <0131>
+<11> <0237>
+<12> <0060>
+<13> <00B4>
+<14> <02C7>
+<15> <02D8>
+<16> <00AF>
+<17> <02DA>
+<18> <00B8>
+<19> <00DF>
+<1A> <00E6>
+<1B> <0153>
+<1C> <00F8>
+<1D> <00C6>
+<1E> <0152>
+<1F> <00D8>
+<21> <0021>
+<22> <201D>
+<23> <0023>
+<24> <00A3>
+<27> <2019>
+<3C> <00A1>
+<3D> <003D>
+<3E> <00BF>
+<5C> <201C>
+<5F> <02D9>
+<60> <2018>
+<7D> <02DD>
+<7E> <007E>
+<7F> <00A8>
+endbfchar
+endcmap
+CMapName currentdict /CMap defineresource pop
+end
+end
+%%EndResource
+%%EOF
+    }\endgroup
+  \expandafter\edef\csname cmapOT1IT\endcsname#1{%
+    \pdffontattr#1{/ToUnicode \the\pdflastobj\space 0 R}%
+  }%
+%
+% \cmapOT1TT
+  \begingroup
+    \catcode`\^^M=\active \def^^M{^^J}% Output line endings as the ^^J char.
+    \catcode`\%=12 \immediate\pdfobj stream {%!PS-Adobe-3.0 Resource-CMap
+%%DocumentNeededResources: ProcSet (CIDInit)
+%%IncludeResource: ProcSet (CIDInit)
+%%BeginResource: CMap (TeX-OT1TT-0)
+%%Title: (TeX-OT1TT-0 TeX OT1TT 0)
+%%Version: 1.000
+%%EndComments
+/CIDInit /ProcSet findresource begin
+12 dict begin
+begincmap
+/CIDSystemInfo
+<< /Registry (TeX)
+/Ordering (OT1TT)
+/Supplement 0
+>> def
+/CMapName /TeX-OT1TT-0 def
+/CMapType 2 def
+1 begincodespacerange
+<00> <7F>
+endcodespacerange
+5 beginbfrange
+<00> <01> <0393>
+<09> <0A> <03A8>
+<21> <26> <0021>
+<28> <5F> <0028>
+<61> <7E> <0061>
+endbfrange
+32 beginbfchar
+<02> <0398>
+<03> <039B>
+<04> <039E>
+<05> <03A0>
+<06> <03A3>
+<07> <03D2>
+<08> <03A6>
+<0B> <2191>
+<0C> <2193>
+<0D> <0027>
+<0E> <00A1>
+<0F> <00BF>
+<10> <0131>
+<11> <0237>
+<12> <0060>
+<13> <00B4>
+<14> <02C7>
+<15> <02D8>
+<16> <00AF>
+<17> <02DA>
+<18> <00B8>
+<19> <00DF>
+<1A> <00E6>
+<1B> <0153>
+<1C> <00F8>
+<1D> <00C6>
+<1E> <0152>
+<1F> <00D8>
+<20> <2423>
+<27> <2019>
+<60> <2018>
+<7F> <00A8>
+endbfchar
+endcmap
+CMapName currentdict /CMap defineresource pop
+end
+end
+%%EndResource
+%%EOF
+    }\endgroup
+  \expandafter\edef\csname cmapOT1TT\endcsname#1{%
+    \pdffontattr#1{/ToUnicode \the\pdflastobj\space 0 R}%
+  }%
+\fi\fi
+
+
+% Set the font macro #1 to the font named #2, adding on the
+% specified font prefix (normally `cm').
+% #3 is the font's design size, #4 is a scale factor, #5 is the CMap
+% encoding (currently only OT1, OT1IT and OT1TT are allowed, pass
+% empty to omit).
+\def\setfont#1#2#3#4#5{%
+  \font#1=\fontprefix#2#3 scaled #4
+  \csname cmap#5\endcsname#1%
+}
+% This is what gets called when #5 of \setfont is empty.
+\let\cmap\gobble
+% emacs-page end of cmaps
+
+% Use cm as the default font prefix.
+% To specify the font prefix, you must define \fontprefix
+% before you read in texinfo.tex.
+\ifx\fontprefix\undefined
+\def\fontprefix{cm}
+\fi
+% Support font families that don't use the same naming scheme as CM.
+\def\rmshape{r}
+\def\rmbshape{bx}               %where the normal face is bold
+\def\bfshape{b}
+\def\bxshape{bx}
+\def\ttshape{tt}
+\def\ttbshape{tt}
+\def\ttslshape{sltt}
+\def\itshape{ti}
+\def\itbshape{bxti}
+\def\slshape{sl}
+\def\slbshape{bxsl}
+\def\sfshape{ss}
+\def\sfbshape{ss}
+\def\scshape{csc}
+\def\scbshape{csc}
+
+% Definitions for a main text size of 11pt.  This is the default in
+% Texinfo.
+%
+\def\definetextfontsizexi{%
+% Text fonts (11.2pt, magstep1).
+\def\textnominalsize{11pt}
+\edef\mainmagstep{\magstephalf}
+\setfont\textrm\rmshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1}
+\setfont\texttt\ttshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\textbf\bfshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1}
+\setfont\textit\itshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\textsl\slshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1}
+\setfont\textsf\sfshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1}
+\setfont\textsc\scshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1}
+\setfont\textttsl\ttslshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1TT}
+\font\texti=cmmi10 scaled \mainmagstep
+\font\textsy=cmsy10 scaled \mainmagstep
+\def\textecsize{1095}
+
+% A few fonts for @defun names and args.
+\setfont\defbf\bfshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1}
+\setfont\deftt\ttshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\defttsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1TT}
+\def\df{\let\tentt=\deftt \let\tenbf = \defbf \let\tenttsl=\defttsl \bf}
+
+% Fonts for indices, footnotes, small examples (9pt).
+\def\smallnominalsize{9pt}
+\setfont\smallrm\rmshape{9}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\smalltt\ttshape{9}{1000}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\smallbf\bfshape{10}{900}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallit\itshape{9}{1000}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\smallsl\slshape{9}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallsf\sfshape{9}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallsc\scshape{10}{900}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallttsl\ttslshape{10}{900}{OT1TT}
+\font\smalli=cmmi9
+\font\smallsy=cmsy9
+\def\smallecsize{0900}
+
+% Fonts for small examples (8pt).
+\def\smallernominalsize{8pt}
+\setfont\smallerrm\rmshape{8}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallertt\ttshape{8}{1000}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\smallerbf\bfshape{10}{800}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallerit\itshape{8}{1000}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\smallersl\slshape{8}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallersf\sfshape{8}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallersc\scshape{10}{800}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallerttsl\ttslshape{10}{800}{OT1TT}
+\font\smalleri=cmmi8
+\font\smallersy=cmsy8
+\def\smallerecsize{0800}
+
+% Fonts for title page (20.4pt):
+\def\titlenominalsize{20pt}
+\setfont\titlerm\rmbshape{12}{\magstep3}{OT1}
+\setfont\titleit\itbshape{10}{\magstep4}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\titlesl\slbshape{10}{\magstep4}{OT1}
+\setfont\titlett\ttbshape{12}{\magstep3}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\titlettsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstep4}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\titlesf\sfbshape{17}{\magstep1}{OT1}
+\let\titlebf=\titlerm
+\setfont\titlesc\scbshape{10}{\magstep4}{OT1}
+\font\titlei=cmmi12 scaled \magstep3
+\font\titlesy=cmsy10 scaled \magstep4
+\def\authorrm{\secrm}
+\def\authortt{\sectt}
+\def\titleecsize{2074}
+
+% Chapter (and unnumbered) fonts (17.28pt).
+\def\chapnominalsize{17pt}
+\setfont\chaprm\rmbshape{12}{\magstep2}{OT1}
+\setfont\chapit\itbshape{10}{\magstep3}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\chapsl\slbshape{10}{\magstep3}{OT1}
+\setfont\chaptt\ttbshape{12}{\magstep2}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\chapttsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstep3}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\chapsf\sfbshape{17}{1000}{OT1}
+\let\chapbf=\chaprm
+\setfont\chapsc\scbshape{10}{\magstep3}{OT1}
+\font\chapi=cmmi12 scaled \magstep2
+\font\chapsy=cmsy10 scaled \magstep3
+\def\chapecsize{1728}
+
+% Section fonts (14.4pt).
+\def\secnominalsize{14pt}
+\setfont\secrm\rmbshape{12}{\magstep1}{OT1}
+\setfont\secit\itbshape{10}{\magstep2}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\secsl\slbshape{10}{\magstep2}{OT1}
+\setfont\sectt\ttbshape{12}{\magstep1}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\secttsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstep2}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\secsf\sfbshape{12}{\magstep1}{OT1}
+\let\secbf\secrm
+\setfont\secsc\scbshape{10}{\magstep2}{OT1}
+\font\seci=cmmi12 scaled \magstep1
+\font\secsy=cmsy10 scaled \magstep2
+\def\sececsize{1440}
+
+% Subsection fonts (13.15pt).
+\def\ssecnominalsize{13pt}
+\setfont\ssecrm\rmbshape{12}{\magstephalf}{OT1}
+\setfont\ssecit\itbshape{10}{1315}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\ssecsl\slbshape{10}{1315}{OT1}
+\setfont\ssectt\ttbshape{12}{\magstephalf}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\ssecttsl\ttslshape{10}{1315}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\ssecsf\sfbshape{12}{\magstephalf}{OT1}
+\let\ssecbf\ssecrm
+\setfont\ssecsc\scbshape{10}{1315}{OT1}
+\font\sseci=cmmi12 scaled \magstephalf
+\font\ssecsy=cmsy10 scaled 1315
+\def\ssececsize{1200}
+
+% Reduced fonts for @acro in text (10pt).
+\def\reducednominalsize{10pt}
+\setfont\reducedrm\rmshape{10}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\reducedtt\ttshape{10}{1000}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\reducedbf\bfshape{10}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\reducedit\itshape{10}{1000}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\reducedsl\slshape{10}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\reducedsf\sfshape{10}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\reducedsc\scshape{10}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\reducedttsl\ttslshape{10}{1000}{OT1TT}
+\font\reducedi=cmmi10
+\font\reducedsy=cmsy10
+\def\reducedecsize{1000}
+
+% reset the current fonts
+\textfonts
+\rm
+} % end of 11pt text font size definitions
+
+
+% Definitions to make the main text be 10pt Computer Modern, with
+% section, chapter, etc., sizes following suit.  This is for the GNU
+% Press printing of the Emacs 22 manual.  Maybe other manuals in the
+% future.  Used with @smallbook, which sets the leading to 12pt.
+%
+\def\definetextfontsizex{%
+% Text fonts (10pt).
+\def\textnominalsize{10pt}
+\edef\mainmagstep{1000}
+\setfont\textrm\rmshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1}
+\setfont\texttt\ttshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\textbf\bfshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1}
+\setfont\textit\itshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\textsl\slshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1}
+\setfont\textsf\sfshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1}
+\setfont\textsc\scshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1}
+\setfont\textttsl\ttslshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1TT}
+\font\texti=cmmi10 scaled \mainmagstep
+\font\textsy=cmsy10 scaled \mainmagstep
+\def\textecsize{1000}
+
+% A few fonts for @defun names and args.
+\setfont\defbf\bfshape{10}{\magstephalf}{OT1}
+\setfont\deftt\ttshape{10}{\magstephalf}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\defttsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstephalf}{OT1TT}
+\def\df{\let\tentt=\deftt \let\tenbf = \defbf \let\tenttsl=\defttsl \bf}
+
+% Fonts for indices, footnotes, small examples (9pt).
+\def\smallnominalsize{9pt}
+\setfont\smallrm\rmshape{9}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\smalltt\ttshape{9}{1000}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\smallbf\bfshape{10}{900}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallit\itshape{9}{1000}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\smallsl\slshape{9}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallsf\sfshape{9}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallsc\scshape{10}{900}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallttsl\ttslshape{10}{900}{OT1TT}
+\font\smalli=cmmi9
+\font\smallsy=cmsy9
+\def\smallecsize{0900}
+
+% Fonts for small examples (8pt).
+\def\smallernominalsize{8pt}
+\setfont\smallerrm\rmshape{8}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallertt\ttshape{8}{1000}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\smallerbf\bfshape{10}{800}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallerit\itshape{8}{1000}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\smallersl\slshape{8}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallersf\sfshape{8}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallersc\scshape{10}{800}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallerttsl\ttslshape{10}{800}{OT1TT}
+\font\smalleri=cmmi8
+\font\smallersy=cmsy8
+\def\smallerecsize{0800}
+
+% Fonts for title page (20.4pt):
+\def\titlenominalsize{20pt}
+\setfont\titlerm\rmbshape{12}{\magstep3}{OT1}
+\setfont\titleit\itbshape{10}{\magstep4}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\titlesl\slbshape{10}{\magstep4}{OT1}
+\setfont\titlett\ttbshape{12}{\magstep3}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\titlettsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstep4}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\titlesf\sfbshape{17}{\magstep1}{OT1}
+\let\titlebf=\titlerm
+\setfont\titlesc\scbshape{10}{\magstep4}{OT1}
+\font\titlei=cmmi12 scaled \magstep3
+\font\titlesy=cmsy10 scaled \magstep4
+\def\authorrm{\secrm}
+\def\authortt{\sectt}
+\def\titleecsize{2074}
+
+% Chapter fonts (14.4pt).
+\def\chapnominalsize{14pt}
+\setfont\chaprm\rmbshape{12}{\magstep1}{OT1}
+\setfont\chapit\itbshape{10}{\magstep2}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\chapsl\slbshape{10}{\magstep2}{OT1}
+\setfont\chaptt\ttbshape{12}{\magstep1}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\chapttsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstep2}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\chapsf\sfbshape{12}{\magstep1}{OT1}
+\let\chapbf\chaprm
+\setfont\chapsc\scbshape{10}{\magstep2}{OT1}
+\font\chapi=cmmi12 scaled \magstep1
+\font\chapsy=cmsy10 scaled \magstep2
+\def\chapecsize{1440}
+
+% Section fonts (12pt).
+\def\secnominalsize{12pt}
+\setfont\secrm\rmbshape{12}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\secit\itbshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\secsl\slbshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1}
+\setfont\sectt\ttbshape{12}{1000}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\secttsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\secsf\sfbshape{12}{1000}{OT1}
+\let\secbf\secrm
+\setfont\secsc\scbshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1}
+\font\seci=cmmi12
+\font\secsy=cmsy10 scaled \magstep1
+\def\sececsize{1200}
+
+% Subsection fonts (10pt).
+\def\ssecnominalsize{10pt}
+\setfont\ssecrm\rmbshape{10}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\ssecit\itbshape{10}{1000}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\ssecsl\slbshape{10}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\ssectt\ttbshape{10}{1000}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\ssecttsl\ttslshape{10}{1000}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\ssecsf\sfbshape{10}{1000}{OT1}
+\let\ssecbf\ssecrm
+\setfont\ssecsc\scbshape{10}{1000}{OT1}
+\font\sseci=cmmi10
+\font\ssecsy=cmsy10
+\def\ssececsize{1000}
+
+% Reduced fonts for @acro in text (9pt).
+\def\reducednominalsize{9pt}
+\setfont\reducedrm\rmshape{9}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\reducedtt\ttshape{9}{1000}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\reducedbf\bfshape{10}{900}{OT1}
+\setfont\reducedit\itshape{9}{1000}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\reducedsl\slshape{9}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\reducedsf\sfshape{9}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\reducedsc\scshape{10}{900}{OT1}
+\setfont\reducedttsl\ttslshape{10}{900}{OT1TT}
+\font\reducedi=cmmi9
+\font\reducedsy=cmsy9
+\def\reducedecsize{0900}
+
+% reduce space between paragraphs
+\divide\parskip by 2
+
+% reset the current fonts
+\textfonts
+\rm
+} % end of 10pt text font size definitions
+
+
+% We provide the user-level command
+%   @fonttextsize 10
+% (or 11) to redefine the text font size.  pt is assumed.
+%
+\def\xword{10}
+\def\xiword{11}
+%
+\parseargdef\fonttextsize{%
+  \def\textsizearg{#1}%
+  \wlog{doing @fonttextsize \textsizearg}%
+  %
+  % Set \globaldefs so that documents can use this inside @tex, since
+  % makeinfo 4.8 does not support it, but we need it nonetheless.
+  %
+ \begingroup \globaldefs=1
+  \ifx\textsizearg\xword \definetextfontsizex
+  \else \ifx\textsizearg\xiword \definetextfontsizexi
+  \else
+    \errhelp=\EMsimple
+    \errmessage{@fonttextsize only supports `10' or `11', not `\textsizearg'}
+  \fi\fi
+ \endgroup
+}
+
+
+% In order for the font changes to affect most math symbols and letters,
+% we have to define the \textfont of the standard families.  Since
+% texinfo doesn't allow for producing subscripts and superscripts except
+% in the main text, we don't bother to reset \scriptfont and
+% \scriptscriptfont (which would also require loading a lot more fonts).
+%
+\def\resetmathfonts{%
+  \textfont0=\tenrm \textfont1=\teni \textfont2=\tensy
+  \textfont\itfam=\tenit \textfont\slfam=\tensl \textfont\bffam=\tenbf
+  \textfont\ttfam=\tentt \textfont\sffam=\tensf
+}
+
+% The font-changing commands redefine the meanings of \tenSTYLE, instead
+% of just \STYLE.  We do this because \STYLE needs to also set the
+% current \fam for math mode.  Our \STYLE (e.g., \rm) commands hardwire
+% \tenSTYLE to set the current font.
+%
+% Each font-changing command also sets the names \lsize (one size lower)
+% and \lllsize (three sizes lower).  These relative commands are used in
+% the LaTeX logo and acronyms.
+%
+% This all needs generalizing, badly.
+%
+\def\textfonts{%
+  \let\tenrm=\textrm \let\tenit=\textit \let\tensl=\textsl
+  \let\tenbf=\textbf \let\tentt=\texttt \let\smallcaps=\textsc
+  \let\tensf=\textsf \let\teni=\texti \let\tensy=\textsy
+  \let\tenttsl=\textttsl
+  \def\curfontsize{text}%
+  \def\lsize{reduced}\def\lllsize{smaller}%
+  \resetmathfonts \setleading{\textleading}}
+\def\titlefonts{%
+  \let\tenrm=\titlerm \let\tenit=\titleit \let\tensl=\titlesl
+  \let\tenbf=\titlebf \let\tentt=\titlett \let\smallcaps=\titlesc
+  \let\tensf=\titlesf \let\teni=\titlei \let\tensy=\titlesy
+  \let\tenttsl=\titlettsl
+  \def\curfontsize{title}%
+  \def\lsize{chap}\def\lllsize{subsec}%
+  \resetmathfonts \setleading{25pt}}
+\def\titlefont#1{{\titlefonts\rm #1}}
+\def\chapfonts{%
+  \let\tenrm=\chaprm \let\tenit=\chapit \let\tensl=\chapsl
+  \let\tenbf=\chapbf \let\tentt=\chaptt \let\smallcaps=\chapsc
+  \let\tensf=\chapsf \let\teni=\chapi \let\tensy=\chapsy
+  \let\tenttsl=\chapttsl
+  \def\curfontsize{chap}%
+  \def\lsize{sec}\def\lllsize{text}%
+  \resetmathfonts \setleading{19pt}}
+\def\secfonts{%
+  \let\tenrm=\secrm \let\tenit=\secit \let\tensl=\secsl
+  \let\tenbf=\secbf \let\tentt=\sectt \let\smallcaps=\secsc
+  \let\tensf=\secsf \let\teni=\seci \let\tensy=\secsy
+  \let\tenttsl=\secttsl
+  \def\curfontsize{sec}%
+  \def\lsize{subsec}\def\lllsize{reduced}%
+  \resetmathfonts \setleading{16pt}}
+\def\subsecfonts{%
+  \let\tenrm=\ssecrm \let\tenit=\ssecit \let\tensl=\ssecsl
+  \let\tenbf=\ssecbf \let\tentt=\ssectt \let\smallcaps=\ssecsc
+  \let\tensf=\ssecsf \let\teni=\sseci \let\tensy=\ssecsy
+  \let\tenttsl=\ssecttsl
+  \def\curfontsize{ssec}%
+  \def\lsize{text}\def\lllsize{small}%
+  \resetmathfonts \setleading{15pt}}
+\let\subsubsecfonts = \subsecfonts
+\def\reducedfonts{%
+  \let\tenrm=\reducedrm \let\tenit=\reducedit \let\tensl=\reducedsl
+  \let\tenbf=\reducedbf \let\tentt=\reducedtt \let\reducedcaps=\reducedsc
+  \let\tensf=\reducedsf \let\teni=\reducedi \let\tensy=\reducedsy
+  \let\tenttsl=\reducedttsl
+  \def\curfontsize{reduced}%
+  \def\lsize{small}\def\lllsize{smaller}%
+  \resetmathfonts \setleading{10.5pt}}
+\def\smallfonts{%
+  \let\tenrm=\smallrm \let\tenit=\smallit \let\tensl=\smallsl
+  \let\tenbf=\smallbf \let\tentt=\smalltt \let\smallcaps=\smallsc
+  \let\tensf=\smallsf \let\teni=\smalli \let\tensy=\smallsy
+  \let\tenttsl=\smallttsl
+  \def\curfontsize{small}%
+  \def\lsize{smaller}\def\lllsize{smaller}%
+  \resetmathfonts \setleading{10.5pt}}
+\def\smallerfonts{%
+  \let\tenrm=\smallerrm \let\tenit=\smallerit \let\tensl=\smallersl
+  \let\tenbf=\smallerbf \let\tentt=\smallertt \let\smallcaps=\smallersc
+  \let\tensf=\smallersf \let\teni=\smalleri \let\tensy=\smallersy
+  \let\tenttsl=\smallerttsl
+  \def\curfontsize{smaller}%
+  \def\lsize{smaller}\def\lllsize{smaller}%
+  \resetmathfonts \setleading{9.5pt}}
+
+% Set the fonts to use with the @small... environments.
+\let\smallexamplefonts = \smallfonts
+
+% About \smallexamplefonts.  If we use \smallfonts (9pt), @smallexample
+% can fit this many characters:
+%   8.5x11=86   smallbook=72  a4=90  a5=69
+% If we use \scriptfonts (8pt), then we can fit this many characters:
+%   8.5x11=90+  smallbook=80  a4=90+  a5=77
+% For me, subjectively, the few extra characters that fit aren't worth
+% the additional smallness of 8pt.  So I'm making the default 9pt.
+%
+% By the way, for comparison, here's what fits with @example (10pt):
+%   8.5x11=71  smallbook=60  a4=75  a5=58
+%
+% I wish the USA used A4 paper.
+% --karl, 24jan03.
+
+
+% Set up the default fonts, so we can use them for creating boxes.
+%
+\definetextfontsizexi
+
+% Define these so they can be easily changed for other fonts.
+\def\angleleft{$\langle$}
+\def\angleright{$\rangle$}
+
+% Count depth in font-changes, for error checks
+\newcount\fontdepth \fontdepth=0
+
+% Fonts for short table of contents.
+\setfont\shortcontrm\rmshape{12}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\shortcontbf\bfshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1}  % no cmb12
+\setfont\shortcontsl\slshape{12}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\shortconttt\ttshape{12}{1000}{OT1TT}
+
+%% Add scribe-like font environments, plus @l for inline lisp (usually sans
+%% serif) and @ii for TeX italic
+
+% \smartitalic{ARG} outputs arg in italics, followed by an italic correction
+% unless the following character is such as not to need one.
+\def\smartitalicx{\ifx\next,\else\ifx\next-\else\ifx\next.\else
+                    \ptexslash\fi\fi\fi}
+\def\smartslanted#1{{\ifusingtt\ttsl\sl #1}\futurelet\next\smartitalicx}
+\def\smartitalic#1{{\ifusingtt\ttsl\it #1}\futurelet\next\smartitalicx}
+
+% like \smartslanted except unconditionally uses \ttsl.
+% @var is set to this for defun arguments.
+\def\ttslanted#1{{\ttsl #1}\futurelet\next\smartitalicx}
+
+% like \smartslanted except unconditionally use \sl.  We never want
+% ttsl for book titles, do we?
+\def\cite#1{{\sl #1}\futurelet\next\smartitalicx}
+
+\let\i=\smartitalic
+\let\slanted=\smartslanted
+\let\var=\smartslanted
+\let\dfn=\smartslanted
+\let\emph=\smartitalic
+
+% @b, explicit bold.
+\def\b#1{{\bf #1}}
+\let\strong=\b
+
+% @sansserif, explicit sans.
+\def\sansserif#1{{\sf #1}}
+
+% We can't just use \exhyphenpenalty, because that only has effect at
+% the end of a paragraph.  Restore normal hyphenation at the end of the
+% group within which \nohyphenation is presumably called.
+%
+\def\nohyphenation{\hyphenchar\font = -1  \aftergroup\restorehyphenation}
+\def\restorehyphenation{\hyphenchar\font = `- }
+
+% Set sfcode to normal for the chars that usually have another value.
+% Can't use plain's \frenchspacing because it uses the `\x notation, and
+% sometimes \x has an active definition that messes things up.
+%
+\catcode`@=11
+  \def\plainfrenchspacing{%
+    \sfcode\dotChar  =\@m \sfcode\questChar=\@m \sfcode\exclamChar=\@m
+    \sfcode\colonChar=\@m \sfcode\semiChar =\@m \sfcode\commaChar =\@m
+    \def\endofsentencespacefactor{1000}% for @. and friends
+  }
+  \def\plainnonfrenchspacing{%
+    \sfcode`\.3000\sfcode`\?3000\sfcode`\!3000
+    \sfcode`\:2000\sfcode`\;1500\sfcode`\,1250
+    \def\endofsentencespacefactor{3000}% for @. and friends
+  }
+\catcode`@=\other
+\def\endofsentencespacefactor{3000}% default
+
+\def\t#1{%
+  {\tt \rawbackslash \plainfrenchspacing #1}%
+  \null
+}
+\def\samp#1{`\tclose{#1}'\null}
+\setfont\keyrm\rmshape{8}{1000}{OT1}
+\font\keysy=cmsy9
+\def\key#1{{\keyrm\textfont2=\keysy \leavevmode\hbox{%
+  \raise0.4pt\hbox{\angleleft}\kern-.08em\vtop{%
+    \vbox{\hrule\kern-0.4pt
+     \hbox{\raise0.4pt\hbox{\vphantom{\angleleft}}#1}}%
+    \kern-0.4pt\hrule}%
+  \kern-.06em\raise0.4pt\hbox{\angleright}}}}
+\def\key #1{{\nohyphenation \uppercase{#1}}\null}
+% The old definition, with no lozenge:
+%\def\key #1{{\ttsl \nohyphenation \uppercase{#1}}\null}
+\def\ctrl #1{{\tt \rawbackslash \hat}#1}
+
+% @file, @option are the same as @samp.
+\let\file=\samp
+\let\option=\samp
+
+% @code is a modification of @t,
+% which makes spaces the same size as normal in the surrounding text.
+\def\tclose#1{%
+  {%
+    % Change normal interword space to be same as for the current font.
+    \spaceskip = \fontdimen2\font
+    %
+    % Switch to typewriter.
+    \tt
+    %
+    % But `\ ' produces the large typewriter interword space.
+    \def\ {{\spaceskip = 0pt{} }}%
+    %
+    % Turn off hyphenation.
+    \nohyphenation
+    %
+    \rawbackslash
+    \plainfrenchspacing
+    #1%
+  }%
+  \null
+}
+
+% We *must* turn on hyphenation at `-' and `_' in @code.
+% Otherwise, it is too hard to avoid overfull hboxes
+% in the Emacs manual, the Library manual, etc.
+
+% Unfortunately, TeX uses one parameter (\hyphenchar) to control
+% both hyphenation at - and hyphenation within words.
+% We must therefore turn them both off (\tclose does that)
+% and arrange explicitly to hyphenate at a dash.
+%  -- rms.
+{
+  \catcode`\-=\active \catcode`\_=\active
+  \catcode`\'=\active \catcode`\`=\active
+  %
+  \global\def\code{\begingroup
+    \catcode\rquoteChar=\active \catcode\lquoteChar=\active
+    \let'\codequoteright \let`\codequoteleft
+    %
+    \catcode\dashChar=\active  \catcode\underChar=\active
+    \ifallowcodebreaks
+     \let-\codedash
+     \let_\codeunder
+    \else
+     \let-\realdash
+     \let_\realunder
+    \fi
+    \codex
+  }
+}
+
+\def\realdash{-}
+\def\codedash{-\discretionary{}{}{}}
+\def\codeunder{%
+  % this is all so @math{@code{var_name}+1} can work.  In math mode, _
+  % is "active" (mathcode"8000) and \normalunderscore (or \char95, etc.)
+  % will therefore expand the active definition of _, which is us
+  % (inside @code that is), therefore an endless loop.
+  \ifusingtt{\ifmmode
+               \mathchar"075F % class 0=ordinary, family 7=ttfam, pos 0x5F=_.
+             \else\normalunderscore \fi
+             \discretionary{}{}{}}%
+            {\_}%
+}
+\def\codex #1{\tclose{#1}\endgroup}
+
+% An additional complication: the above will allow breaks after, e.g.,
+% each of the four underscores in __typeof__.  This is undesirable in
+% some manuals, especially if they don't have long identifiers in
+% general.  @allowcodebreaks provides a way to control this.
+%
+\newif\ifallowcodebreaks  \allowcodebreakstrue
+
+\def\keywordtrue{true}
+\def\keywordfalse{false}
+
+\parseargdef\allowcodebreaks{%
+  \def\txiarg{#1}%
+  \ifx\txiarg\keywordtrue
+    \allowcodebreakstrue
+  \else\ifx\txiarg\keywordfalse
+    \allowcodebreaksfalse
+  \else
+    \errhelp = \EMsimple
+    \errmessage{Unknown @allowcodebreaks option `\txiarg'}%
+  \fi\fi
+}
+
+% @kbd is like @code, except that if the argument is just one @key command,
+% then @kbd has no effect.
+
+% @kbdinputstyle -- arg is `distinct' (@kbd uses slanted tty font always),
+%   `example' (@kbd uses ttsl only inside of @example and friends),
+%   or `code' (@kbd uses normal tty font always).
+\parseargdef\kbdinputstyle{%
+  \def\txiarg{#1}%
+  \ifx\txiarg\worddistinct
+    \gdef\kbdexamplefont{\ttsl}\gdef\kbdfont{\ttsl}%
+  \else\ifx\txiarg\wordexample
+    \gdef\kbdexamplefont{\ttsl}\gdef\kbdfont{\tt}%
+  \else\ifx\txiarg\wordcode
+    \gdef\kbdexamplefont{\tt}\gdef\kbdfont{\tt}%
+  \else
+    \errhelp = \EMsimple
+    \errmessage{Unknown @kbdinputstyle option `\txiarg'}%
+  \fi\fi\fi
+}
+\def\worddistinct{distinct}
+\def\wordexample{example}
+\def\wordcode{code}
+
+% Default is `distinct.'
+\kbdinputstyle distinct
+
+\def\xkey{\key}
+\def\kbdfoo#1#2#3\par{\def\one{#1}\def\three{#3}\def\threex{??}%
+\ifx\one\xkey\ifx\threex\three \key{#2}%
+\else{\tclose{\kbdfont\look}}\fi
+\else{\tclose{\kbdfont\look}}\fi}
+
+% For @indicateurl, @env, @command quotes seem unnecessary, so use \code.
+\let\indicateurl=\code
+\let\env=\code
+\let\command=\code
+
+% @uref (abbreviation for `urlref') takes an optional (comma-separated)
+% second argument specifying the text to display and an optional third
+% arg as text to display instead of (rather than in addition to) the url
+% itself.  First (mandatory) arg is the url.  Perhaps eventually put in
+% a hypertex \special here.
+%
+\def\uref#1{\douref #1,,,\finish}
+\def\douref#1,#2,#3,#4\finish{\begingroup
+  \unsepspaces
+  \pdfurl{#1}%
+  \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #3}%
+  \ifdim\wd0 > 0pt
+    \unhbox0 % third arg given, show only that
+  \else
+    \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}%
+    \ifdim\wd0 > 0pt
+      \ifpdf
+        \unhbox0             % PDF: 2nd arg given, show only it
+      \else
+        \unhbox0\ (\code{#1})% DVI: 2nd arg given, show both it and url
+      \fi
+    \else
+      \code{#1}% only url given, so show it
+    \fi
+  \fi
+  \endlink
+\endgroup}
+
+% @url synonym for @uref, since that's how everyone uses it.
+%
+\let\url=\uref
+
+% rms does not like angle brackets --karl, 17may97.
+% So now @email is just like @uref, unless we are pdf.
+%
+%\def\email#1{\angleleft{\tt #1}\angleright}
+\ifpdf
+  \def\email#1{\doemail#1,,\finish}
+  \def\doemail#1,#2,#3\finish{\begingroup
+    \unsepspaces
+    \pdfurl{mailto:#1}%
+    \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}%
+    \ifdim\wd0>0pt\unhbox0\else\code{#1}\fi
+    \endlink
+  \endgroup}
+\else
+  \let\email=\uref
+\fi
+
+% Check if we are currently using a typewriter font.  Since all the
+% Computer Modern typewriter fonts have zero interword stretch (and
+% shrink), and it is reasonable to expect all typewriter fonts to have
+% this property, we can check that font parameter.
+%
+\def\ifmonospace{\ifdim\fontdimen3\font=0pt }
+
+% Typeset a dimension, e.g., `in' or `pt'.  The only reason for the
+% argument is to make the input look right: @dmn{pt} instead of @dmn{}pt.
+%
+\def\dmn#1{\thinspace #1}
+
+\def\kbd#1{\def\look{#1}\expandafter\kbdfoo\look??\par}
+
+% @l was never documented to mean ``switch to the Lisp font'',
+% and it is not used as such in any manual I can find.  We need it for
+% Polish suppressed-l.  --karl, 22sep96.
+%\def\l#1{{\li #1}\null}
+
+% Explicit font changes: @r, @sc, undocumented @ii.
+\def\r#1{{\rm #1}}              % roman font
+\def\sc#1{{\smallcaps#1}}       % smallcaps font
+\def\ii#1{{\it #1}}             % italic font
+
+% @acronym for "FBI", "NATO", and the like.
+% We print this one point size smaller, since it's intended for
+% all-uppercase.
+%
+\def\acronym#1{\doacronym #1,,\finish}
+\def\doacronym#1,#2,#3\finish{%
+  {\selectfonts\lsize #1}%
+  \def\temp{#2}%
+  \ifx\temp\empty \else
+    \space ({\unsepspaces \ignorespaces \temp \unskip})%
+  \fi
+}
+
+% @abbr for "Comput. J." and the like.
+% No font change, but don't do end-of-sentence spacing.
+%
+\def\abbr#1{\doabbr #1,,\finish}
+\def\doabbr#1,#2,#3\finish{%
+  {\plainfrenchspacing #1}%
+  \def\temp{#2}%
+  \ifx\temp\empty \else
+    \space ({\unsepspaces \ignorespaces \temp \unskip})%
+  \fi
+}
+
+% @pounds{} is a sterling sign, which Knuth put in the CM italic font.
+%
+\def\pounds{{\it\$}}
+
+% @euro{} comes from a separate font, depending on the current style.
+% We use the free feym* fonts from the eurosym package by Henrik
+% Theiling, which support regular, slanted, bold and bold slanted (and
+% "outlined" (blackboard board, sort of) versions, which we don't need).
+% It is available from http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/eurosym.
+%
+% Although only regular is the truly official Euro symbol, we ignore
+% that.  The Euro is designed to be slightly taller than the regular
+% font height.
+%
+% feymr - regular
+% feymo - slanted
+% feybr - bold
+% feybo - bold slanted
+%
+% There is no good (free) typewriter version, to my knowledge.
+% A feymr10 euro is ~7.3pt wide, while a normal cmtt10 char is ~5.25pt wide.
+% Hmm.
+%
+% Also doesn't work in math.  Do we need to do math with euro symbols?
+% Hope not.
+%
+%
+\def\euro{{\eurofont e}}
+\def\eurofont{%
+  % We set the font at each command, rather than predefining it in
+  % \textfonts and the other font-switching commands, so that
+  % installations which never need the symbol don't have to have the
+  % font installed.
+  %
+  % There is only one designed size (nominal 10pt), so we always scale
+  % that to the current nominal size.
+  %
+  % By the way, simply using "at 1em" works for cmr10 and the like, but
+  % does not work for cmbx10 and other extended/shrunken fonts.
+  %
+  \def\eurosize{\csname\curfontsize nominalsize\endcsname}%
+  %
+  \ifx\curfontstyle\bfstylename
+    % bold:
+    \font\thiseurofont = \ifusingit{feybo10}{feybr10} at \eurosize
+  \else
+    % regular:
+    \font\thiseurofont = \ifusingit{feymo10}{feymr10} at \eurosize
+  \fi
+  \thiseurofont
+}
+
+% Hacks for glyphs from the EC fonts similar to \euro.  We don't
+% use \let for the aliases, because sometimes we redefine the original
+% macro, and the alias should reflect the redefinition.
+\def\guillemetleft{{\ecfont \char"13}}
+\def\guillemotleft{\guillemetleft}
+\def\guillemetright{{\ecfont \char"14}}
+\def\guillemotright{\guillemetright}
+\def\guilsinglleft{{\ecfont \char"0E}}
+\def\guilsinglright{{\ecfont \char"0F}}
+\def\quotedblbase{{\ecfont \char"12}}
+\def\quotesinglbase{{\ecfont \char"0D}}
+%
+\def\ecfont{%
+  % We can't distinguish serif/sanserif and italic/slanted, but this
+  % is used for crude hacks anyway (like adding French and German
+  % quotes to documents typeset with CM, where we lose kerning), so
+  % hopefully nobody will notice/care.
+  \edef\ecsize{\csname\curfontsize ecsize\endcsname}%
+  \edef\nominalsize{\csname\curfontsize nominalsize\endcsname}%
+  \ifx\curfontstyle\bfstylename
+    % bold:
+    \font\thisecfont = ecb\ifusingit{i}{x}\ecsize \space at \nominalsize
+  \else
+    % regular:
+    \font\thisecfont = ec\ifusingit{ti}{rm}\ecsize \space at \nominalsize
+  \fi
+  \thisecfont
+}
+
+% @registeredsymbol - R in a circle.  The font for the R should really
+% be smaller yet, but lllsize is the best we can do for now.
+% Adapted from the plain.tex definition of \copyright.
+%
+\def\registeredsymbol{%
+  $^{{\ooalign{\hfil\raise.07ex\hbox{\selectfonts\lllsize R}%
+               \hfil\crcr\Orb}}%
+    }$%
+}
+
+% @textdegree - the normal degrees sign.
+%
+\def\textdegree{$^\circ$}
+
+% Laurent Siebenmann reports \Orb undefined with:
+%  Textures 1.7.7 (preloaded format=plain 93.10.14)  (68K)  16 APR 2004 02:38
+% so we'll define it if necessary.
+%
+\ifx\Orb\undefined
+\def\Orb{\mathhexbox20D}
+\fi
+
+% Quotes.
+\chardef\quotedblleft="5C
+\chardef\quotedblright=`\"
+\chardef\quoteleft=`\`
+\chardef\quoteright=`\'
+
+
+\message{page headings,}
+
+\newskip\titlepagetopglue \titlepagetopglue = 1.5in
+\newskip\titlepagebottomglue \titlepagebottomglue = 2pc
+
+% First the title page.  Must do @settitle before @titlepage.
+\newif\ifseenauthor
+\newif\iffinishedtitlepage
+
+% Do an implicit @contents or @shortcontents after @end titlepage if the
+% user says @setcontentsaftertitlepage or @setshortcontentsaftertitlepage.
+%
+\newif\ifsetcontentsaftertitlepage
+ \let\setcontentsaftertitlepage = \setcontentsaftertitlepagetrue
+\newif\ifsetshortcontentsaftertitlepage
+ \let\setshortcontentsaftertitlepage = \setshortcontentsaftertitlepagetrue
+
+\parseargdef\shorttitlepage{\begingroup\hbox{}\vskip 1.5in \chaprm \centerline{#1}%
+        \endgroup\page\hbox{}\page}
+
+\envdef\titlepage{%
+  % Open one extra group, as we want to close it in the middle of \Etitlepage.
+  \begingroup
+    \parindent=0pt \textfonts
+    % Leave some space at the very top of the page.
+    \vglue\titlepagetopglue
+    % No rule at page bottom unless we print one at the top with @title.
+    \finishedtitlepagetrue
+    %
+    % Most title ``pages'' are actually two pages long, with space
+    % at the top of the second.  We don't want the ragged left on the second.
+    \let\oldpage = \page
+    \def\page{%
+      \iffinishedtitlepage\else
+	 \finishtitlepage
+      \fi
+      \let\page = \oldpage
+      \page
+      \null
+    }%
+}
+
+\def\Etitlepage{%
+    \iffinishedtitlepage\else
+	\finishtitlepage
+    \fi
+    % It is important to do the page break before ending the group,
+    % because the headline and footline are only empty inside the group.
+    % If we use the new definition of \page, we always get a blank page
+    % after the title page, which we certainly don't want.
+    \oldpage
+  \endgroup
+  %
+  % Need this before the \...aftertitlepage checks so that if they are
+  % in effect the toc pages will come out with page numbers.
+  \HEADINGSon
+  %
+  % If they want short, they certainly want long too.
+  \ifsetshortcontentsaftertitlepage
+    \shortcontents
+    \contents
+    \global\let\shortcontents = \relax
+    \global\let\contents = \relax
+  \fi
+  %
+  \ifsetcontentsaftertitlepage
+    \contents
+    \global\let\contents = \relax
+    \global\let\shortcontents = \relax
+  \fi
+}
+
+\def\finishtitlepage{%
+  \vskip4pt \hrule height 2pt width \hsize
+  \vskip\titlepagebottomglue
+  \finishedtitlepagetrue
+}
+
+%%% Macros to be used within @titlepage:
+
+\let\subtitlerm=\tenrm
+\def\subtitlefont{\subtitlerm \normalbaselineskip = 13pt \normalbaselines}
+
+\def\authorfont{\authorrm \normalbaselineskip = 16pt \normalbaselines
+		\let\tt=\authortt}
+
+\parseargdef\title{%
+  \checkenv\titlepage
+  \leftline{\titlefonts\rm #1}
+  % print a rule at the page bottom also.
+  \finishedtitlepagefalse
+  \vskip4pt \hrule height 4pt width \hsize \vskip4pt
+}
+
+\parseargdef\subtitle{%
+  \checkenv\titlepage
+  {\subtitlefont \rightline{#1}}%
+}
+
+% @author should come last, but may come many times.
+% It can also be used inside @quotation.
+%
+\parseargdef\author{%
+  \def\temp{\quotation}%
+  \ifx\thisenv\temp
+    \def\quotationauthor{#1}% printed in \Equotation.
+  \else
+    \checkenv\titlepage
+    \ifseenauthor\else \vskip 0pt plus 1filll \seenauthortrue \fi
+    {\authorfont \leftline{#1}}%
+  \fi
+}
+
+
+%%% Set up page headings and footings.
+
+\let\thispage=\folio
+
+\newtoks\evenheadline    % headline on even pages
+\newtoks\oddheadline     % headline on odd pages
+\newtoks\evenfootline    % footline on even pages
+\newtoks\oddfootline     % footline on odd pages
+
+% Now make TeX use those variables
+\headline={{\textfonts\rm \ifodd\pageno \the\oddheadline
+                            \else \the\evenheadline \fi}}
+\footline={{\textfonts\rm \ifodd\pageno \the\oddfootline
+                            \else \the\evenfootline \fi}\HEADINGShook}
+\let\HEADINGShook=\relax
+
+% Commands to set those variables.
+% For example, this is what  @headings on  does
+% @evenheading @thistitle|@thispage|@thischapter
+% @oddheading @thischapter|@thispage|@thistitle
+% @evenfooting @thisfile||
+% @oddfooting ||@thisfile
+
+
+\def\evenheading{\parsearg\evenheadingxxx}
+\def\evenheadingxxx #1{\evenheadingyyy #1\|\|\|\|\finish}
+\def\evenheadingyyy #1\|#2\|#3\|#4\finish{%
+\global\evenheadline={\rlap{\centerline{#2}}\line{#1\hfil#3}}}
+
+\def\oddheading{\parsearg\oddheadingxxx}
+\def\oddheadingxxx #1{\oddheadingyyy #1\|\|\|\|\finish}
+\def\oddheadingyyy #1\|#2\|#3\|#4\finish{%
+\global\oddheadline={\rlap{\centerline{#2}}\line{#1\hfil#3}}}
+
+\parseargdef\everyheading{\oddheadingxxx{#1}\evenheadingxxx{#1}}%
+
+\def\evenfooting{\parsearg\evenfootingxxx}
+\def\evenfootingxxx #1{\evenfootingyyy #1\|\|\|\|\finish}
+\def\evenfootingyyy #1\|#2\|#3\|#4\finish{%
+\global\evenfootline={\rlap{\centerline{#2}}\line{#1\hfil#3}}}
+
+\def\oddfooting{\parsearg\oddfootingxxx}
+\def\oddfootingxxx #1{\oddfootingyyy #1\|\|\|\|\finish}
+\def\oddfootingyyy #1\|#2\|#3\|#4\finish{%
+  \global\oddfootline = {\rlap{\centerline{#2}}\line{#1\hfil#3}}%
+  %
+  % Leave some space for the footline.  Hopefully ok to assume
+  % @evenfooting will not be used by itself.
+  \global\advance\pageheight by -12pt
+  \global\advance\vsize by -12pt
+}
+
+\parseargdef\everyfooting{\oddfootingxxx{#1}\evenfootingxxx{#1}}
+
+% @evenheadingmarks top     \thischapter <- chapter at the top of a page
+% @evenheadingmarks bottom  \thischapter <- chapter at the bottom of a page
+%
+% The same set of arguments for:
+%
+% @oddheadingmarks
+% @evenfootingmarks
+% @oddfootingmarks
+% @everyheadingmarks
+% @everyfootingmarks
+
+\def\evenheadingmarks{\headingmarks{even}{heading}}
+\def\oddheadingmarks{\headingmarks{odd}{heading}}
+\def\evenfootingmarks{\headingmarks{even}{footing}}
+\def\oddfootingmarks{\headingmarks{odd}{footing}}
+\def\everyheadingmarks#1 {\headingmarks{even}{heading}{#1}
+                          \headingmarks{odd}{heading}{#1} }
+\def\everyfootingmarks#1 {\headingmarks{even}{footing}{#1}
+                          \headingmarks{odd}{footing}{#1} }
+% #1 = even/odd, #2 = heading/footing, #3 = top/bottom.
+\def\headingmarks#1#2#3 {%
+  \expandafter\let\expandafter\temp \csname get#3headingmarks\endcsname
+  \global\expandafter\let\csname get#1#2marks\endcsname \temp
+}
+
+\everyheadingmarks bottom
+\everyfootingmarks bottom
+
+% @headings double      turns headings on for double-sided printing.
+% @headings single      turns headings on for single-sided printing.
+% @headings off         turns them off.
+% @headings on          same as @headings double, retained for compatibility.
+% @headings after       turns on double-sided headings after this page.
+% @headings doubleafter turns on double-sided headings after this page.
+% @headings singleafter turns on single-sided headings after this page.
+% By default, they are off at the start of a document,
+% and turned `on' after @end titlepage.
+
+\def\headings #1 {\csname HEADINGS#1\endcsname}
+
+\def\HEADINGSoff{%
+\global\evenheadline={\hfil} \global\evenfootline={\hfil}
+\global\oddheadline={\hfil} \global\oddfootline={\hfil}}
+\HEADINGSoff
+% When we turn headings on, set the page number to 1.
+% For double-sided printing, put current file name in lower left corner,
+% chapter name on inside top of right hand pages, document
+% title on inside top of left hand pages, and page numbers on outside top
+% edge of all pages.
+\def\HEADINGSdouble{%
+\global\pageno=1
+\global\evenfootline={\hfil}
+\global\oddfootline={\hfil}
+\global\evenheadline={\line{\folio\hfil\thistitle}}
+\global\oddheadline={\line{\thischapter\hfil\folio}}
+\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chapoddpage
+}
+\let\contentsalignmacro = \chappager
+
+% For single-sided printing, chapter title goes across top left of page,
+% page number on top right.
+\def\HEADINGSsingle{%
+\global\pageno=1
+\global\evenfootline={\hfil}
+\global\oddfootline={\hfil}
+\global\evenheadline={\line{\thischapter\hfil\folio}}
+\global\oddheadline={\line{\thischapter\hfil\folio}}
+\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chappager
+}
+\def\HEADINGSon{\HEADINGSdouble}
+
+\def\HEADINGSafter{\let\HEADINGShook=\HEADINGSdoublex}
+\let\HEADINGSdoubleafter=\HEADINGSafter
+\def\HEADINGSdoublex{%
+\global\evenfootline={\hfil}
+\global\oddfootline={\hfil}
+\global\evenheadline={\line{\folio\hfil\thistitle}}
+\global\oddheadline={\line{\thischapter\hfil\folio}}
+\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chapoddpage
+}
+
+\def\HEADINGSsingleafter{\let\HEADINGShook=\HEADINGSsinglex}
+\def\HEADINGSsinglex{%
+\global\evenfootline={\hfil}
+\global\oddfootline={\hfil}
+\global\evenheadline={\line{\thischapter\hfil\folio}}
+\global\oddheadline={\line{\thischapter\hfil\folio}}
+\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chappager
+}
+
+% Subroutines used in generating headings
+% This produces Day Month Year style of output.
+% Only define if not already defined, in case a txi-??.tex file has set
+% up a different format (e.g., txi-cs.tex does this).
+\ifx\today\undefined
+\def\today{%
+  \number\day\space
+  \ifcase\month
+  \or\putwordMJan\or\putwordMFeb\or\putwordMMar\or\putwordMApr
+  \or\putwordMMay\or\putwordMJun\or\putwordMJul\or\putwordMAug
+  \or\putwordMSep\or\putwordMOct\or\putwordMNov\or\putwordMDec
+  \fi
+  \space\number\year}
+\fi
+
+% @settitle line...  specifies the title of the document, for headings.
+% It generates no output of its own.
+\def\thistitle{\putwordNoTitle}
+\def\settitle{\parsearg{\gdef\thistitle}}
+
+
+\message{tables,}
+% Tables -- @table, @ftable, @vtable, @item(x).
+
+% default indentation of table text
+\newdimen\tableindent \tableindent=.8in
+% default indentation of @itemize and @enumerate text
+\newdimen\itemindent  \itemindent=.3in
+% margin between end of table item and start of table text.
+\newdimen\itemmargin  \itemmargin=.1in
+
+% used internally for \itemindent minus \itemmargin
+\newdimen\itemmax
+
+% Note @table, @ftable, and @vtable define @item, @itemx, etc., with
+% these defs.
+% They also define \itemindex
+% to index the item name in whatever manner is desired (perhaps none).
+
+\newif\ifitemxneedsnegativevskip
+
+\def\itemxpar{\par\ifitemxneedsnegativevskip\nobreak\vskip-\parskip\nobreak\fi}
+
+\def\internalBitem{\smallbreak \parsearg\itemzzz}
+\def\internalBitemx{\itemxpar \parsearg\itemzzz}
+
+\def\itemzzz #1{\begingroup %
+  \advance\hsize by -\rightskip
+  \advance\hsize by -\tableindent
+  \setbox0=\hbox{\itemindicate{#1}}%
+  \itemindex{#1}%
+  \nobreak % This prevents a break before @itemx.
+  %
+  % If the item text does not fit in the space we have, put it on a line
+  % by itself, and do not allow a page break either before or after that
+  % line.  We do not start a paragraph here because then if the next
+  % command is, e.g., @kindex, the whatsit would get put into the
+  % horizontal list on a line by itself, resulting in extra blank space.
+  \ifdim \wd0>\itemmax
+    %
+    % Make this a paragraph so we get the \parskip glue and wrapping,
+    % but leave it ragged-right.
+    \begingroup
+      \advance\leftskip by-\tableindent
+      \advance\hsize by\tableindent
+      \advance\rightskip by0pt plus1fil
+      \leavevmode\unhbox0\par
+    \endgroup
+    %
+    % We're going to be starting a paragraph, but we don't want the
+    % \parskip glue -- logically it's part of the @item we just started.
+    \nobreak \vskip-\parskip
+    %
+    % Stop a page break at the \parskip glue coming up.  However, if
+    % what follows is an environment such as @example, there will be no
+    % \parskip glue; then the negative vskip we just inserted would
+    % cause the example and the item to crash together.  So we use this
+    % bizarre value of 10001 as a signal to \aboveenvbreak to insert
+    % \parskip glue after all.  Section titles are handled this way also.
+    %
+    \penalty 10001
+    \endgroup
+    \itemxneedsnegativevskipfalse
+  \else
+    % The item text fits into the space.  Start a paragraph, so that the
+    % following text (if any) will end up on the same line.
+    \noindent
+    % Do this with kerns and \unhbox so that if there is a footnote in
+    % the item text, it can migrate to the main vertical list and
+    % eventually be printed.
+    \nobreak\kern-\tableindent
+    \dimen0 = \itemmax  \advance\dimen0 by \itemmargin \advance\dimen0 by -\wd0
+    \unhbox0
+    \nobreak\kern\dimen0
+    \endgroup
+    \itemxneedsnegativevskiptrue
+  \fi
+}
+
+\def\item{\errmessage{@item while not in a list environment}}
+\def\itemx{\errmessage{@itemx while not in a list environment}}
+
+% @table, @ftable, @vtable.
+\envdef\table{%
+  \let\itemindex\gobble
+  \tablecheck{table}%
+}
+\envdef\ftable{%
+  \def\itemindex ##1{\doind {fn}{\code{##1}}}%
+  \tablecheck{ftable}%
+}
+\envdef\vtable{%
+  \def\itemindex ##1{\doind {vr}{\code{##1}}}%
+  \tablecheck{vtable}%
+}
+\def\tablecheck#1{%
+  \ifnum \the\catcode`\^^M=\active
+    \endgroup
+    \errmessage{This command won't work in this context; perhaps the problem is
+      that we are \inenvironment\thisenv}%
+    \def\next{\doignore{#1}}%
+  \else
+    \let\next\tablex
+  \fi
+  \next
+}
+\def\tablex#1{%
+  \def\itemindicate{#1}%
+  \parsearg\tabley
+}
+\def\tabley#1{%
+  {%
+    \makevalueexpandable
+    \edef\temp{\noexpand\tablez #1\space\space\space}%
+    \expandafter
+  }\temp \endtablez
+}
+\def\tablez #1 #2 #3 #4\endtablez{%
+  \aboveenvbreak
+  \ifnum 0#1>0 \advance \leftskip by #1\mil \fi
+  \ifnum 0#2>0 \tableindent=#2\mil \fi
+  \ifnum 0#3>0 \advance \rightskip by #3\mil \fi
+  \itemmax=\tableindent
+  \advance \itemmax by -\itemmargin
+  \advance \leftskip by \tableindent
+  \exdentamount=\tableindent
+  \parindent = 0pt
+  \parskip = \smallskipamount
+  \ifdim \parskip=0pt \parskip=2pt \fi
+  \let\item = \internalBitem
+  \let\itemx = \internalBitemx
+}
+\def\Etable{\endgraf\afterenvbreak}
+\let\Eftable\Etable
+\let\Evtable\Etable
+\let\Eitemize\Etable
+\let\Eenumerate\Etable
+
+% This is the counter used by @enumerate, which is really @itemize
+
+\newcount \itemno
+
+\envdef\itemize{\parsearg\doitemize}
+
+\def\doitemize#1{%
+  \aboveenvbreak
+  \itemmax=\itemindent
+  \advance\itemmax by -\itemmargin
+  \advance\leftskip by \itemindent
+  \exdentamount=\itemindent
+  \parindent=0pt
+  \parskip=\smallskipamount
+  \ifdim\parskip=0pt \parskip=2pt \fi
+  \def\itemcontents{#1}%
+  % @itemize with no arg is equivalent to @itemize @bullet.
+  \ifx\itemcontents\empty\def\itemcontents{\bullet}\fi
+  \let\item=\itemizeitem
+}
+
+% Definition of @item while inside @itemize and @enumerate.
+%
+\def\itemizeitem{%
+  \advance\itemno by 1  % for enumerations
+  {\let\par=\endgraf \smallbreak}% reasonable place to break
+  {%
+   % If the document has an @itemize directly after a section title, a
+   % \nobreak will be last on the list, and \sectionheading will have
+   % done a \vskip-\parskip.  In that case, we don't want to zero
+   % parskip, or the item text will crash with the heading.  On the
+   % other hand, when there is normal text preceding the item (as there
+   % usually is), we do want to zero parskip, or there would be too much
+   % space.  In that case, we won't have a \nobreak before.  At least
+   % that's the theory.
+   \ifnum\lastpenalty<10000 \parskip=0in \fi
+   \noindent
+   \hbox to 0pt{\hss \itemcontents \kern\itemmargin}%
+   \vadjust{\penalty 1200}}% not good to break after first line of item.
+  \flushcr
+}
+
+% \splitoff TOKENS\endmark defines \first to be the first token in
+% TOKENS, and \rest to be the remainder.
+%
+\def\splitoff#1#2\endmark{\def\first{#1}\def\rest{#2}}%
+
+% Allow an optional argument of an uppercase letter, lowercase letter,
+% or number, to specify the first label in the enumerated list.  No
+% argument is the same as `1'.
+%
+\envparseargdef\enumerate{\enumeratey #1  \endenumeratey}
+\def\enumeratey #1 #2\endenumeratey{%
+  % If we were given no argument, pretend we were given `1'.
+  \def\thearg{#1}%
+  \ifx\thearg\empty \def\thearg{1}\fi
+  %
+  % Detect if the argument is a single token.  If so, it might be a
+  % letter.  Otherwise, the only valid thing it can be is a number.
+  % (We will always have one token, because of the test we just made.
+  % This is a good thing, since \splitoff doesn't work given nothing at
+  % all -- the first parameter is undelimited.)
+  \expandafter\splitoff\thearg\endmark
+  \ifx\rest\empty
+    % Only one token in the argument.  It could still be anything.
+    % A ``lowercase letter'' is one whose \lccode is nonzero.
+    % An ``uppercase letter'' is one whose \lccode is both nonzero, and
+    %   not equal to itself.
+    % Otherwise, we assume it's a number.
+    %
+    % We need the \relax at the end of the \ifnum lines to stop TeX from
+    % continuing to look for a <number>.
+    %
+    \ifnum\lccode\expandafter`\thearg=0\relax
+      \numericenumerate % a number (we hope)
+    \else
+      % It's a letter.
+      \ifnum\lccode\expandafter`\thearg=\expandafter`\thearg\relax
+        \lowercaseenumerate % lowercase letter
+      \else
+        \uppercaseenumerate % uppercase letter
+      \fi
+    \fi
+  \else
+    % Multiple tokens in the argument.  We hope it's a number.
+    \numericenumerate
+  \fi
+}
+
+% An @enumerate whose labels are integers.  The starting integer is
+% given in \thearg.
+%
+\def\numericenumerate{%
+  \itemno = \thearg
+  \startenumeration{\the\itemno}%
+}
+
+% The starting (lowercase) letter is in \thearg.
+\def\lowercaseenumerate{%
+  \itemno = \expandafter`\thearg
+  \startenumeration{%
+    % Be sure we're not beyond the end of the alphabet.
+    \ifnum\itemno=0
+      \errmessage{No more lowercase letters in @enumerate; get a bigger
+                  alphabet}%
+    \fi
+    \char\lccode\itemno
+  }%
+}
+
+% The starting (uppercase) letter is in \thearg.
+\def\uppercaseenumerate{%
+  \itemno = \expandafter`\thearg
+  \startenumeration{%
+    % Be sure we're not beyond the end of the alphabet.
+    \ifnum\itemno=0
+      \errmessage{No more uppercase letters in @enumerate; get a bigger
+                  alphabet}
+    \fi
+    \char\uccode\itemno
+  }%
+}
+
+% Call \doitemize, adding a period to the first argument and supplying the
+% common last two arguments.  Also subtract one from the initial value in
+% \itemno, since @item increments \itemno.
+%
+\def\startenumeration#1{%
+  \advance\itemno by -1
+  \doitemize{#1.}\flushcr
+}
+
+% @alphaenumerate and @capsenumerate are abbreviations for giving an arg
+% to @enumerate.
+%
+\def\alphaenumerate{\enumerate{a}}
+\def\capsenumerate{\enumerate{A}}
+\def\Ealphaenumerate{\Eenumerate}
+\def\Ecapsenumerate{\Eenumerate}
+
+
+% @multitable macros
+% Amy Hendrickson, 8/18/94, 3/6/96
+%
+% @multitable ... @end multitable will make as many columns as desired.
+% Contents of each column will wrap at width given in preamble.  Width
+% can be specified either with sample text given in a template line,
+% or in percent of \hsize, the current width of text on page.
+
+% Table can continue over pages but will only break between lines.
+
+% To make preamble:
+%
+% Either define widths of columns in terms of percent of \hsize:
+%   @multitable @columnfractions .25 .3 .45
+%   @item ...
+%
+%   Numbers following @columnfractions are the percent of the total
+%   current hsize to be used for each column. You may use as many
+%   columns as desired.
+
+
+% Or use a template:
+%   @multitable {Column 1 template} {Column 2 template} {Column 3 template}
+%   @item ...
+%   using the widest term desired in each column.
+
+% Each new table line starts with @item, each subsequent new column
+% starts with @tab. Empty columns may be produced by supplying @tab's
+% with nothing between them for as many times as empty columns are needed,
+% ie, @tab@tab@tab will produce two empty columns.
+
+% @item, @tab do not need to be on their own lines, but it will not hurt
+% if they are.
+
+% Sample multitable:
+
+%   @multitable {Column 1 template} {Column 2 template} {Column 3 template}
+%   @item first col stuff @tab second col stuff @tab third col
+%   @item
+%   first col stuff
+%   @tab
+%   second col stuff
+%   @tab
+%   third col
+%   @item first col stuff @tab second col stuff
+%   @tab Many paragraphs of text may be used in any column.
+%
+%         They will wrap at the width determined by the template.
+%   @item@tab@tab This will be in third column.
+%   @end multitable
+
+% Default dimensions may be reset by user.
+% @multitableparskip is vertical space between paragraphs in table.
+% @multitableparindent is paragraph indent in table.
+% @multitablecolmargin is horizontal space to be left between columns.
+% @multitablelinespace is space to leave between table items, baseline
+%                                                            to baseline.
+%   0pt means it depends on current normal line spacing.
+%
+\newskip\multitableparskip
+\newskip\multitableparindent
+\newdimen\multitablecolspace
+\newskip\multitablelinespace
+\multitableparskip=0pt
+\multitableparindent=6pt
+\multitablecolspace=12pt
+\multitablelinespace=0pt
+
+% Macros used to set up halign preamble:
+%
+\let\endsetuptable\relax
+\def\xendsetuptable{\endsetuptable}
+\let\columnfractions\relax
+\def\xcolumnfractions{\columnfractions}
+\newif\ifsetpercent
+
+% #1 is the @columnfraction, usually a decimal number like .5, but might
+% be just 1.  We just use it, whatever it is.
+%
+\def\pickupwholefraction#1 {%
+  \global\advance\colcount by 1
+  \expandafter\xdef\csname col\the\colcount\endcsname{#1\hsize}%
+  \setuptable
+}
+
+\newcount\colcount
+\def\setuptable#1{%
+  \def\firstarg{#1}%
+  \ifx\firstarg\xendsetuptable
+    \let\go = \relax
+  \else
+    \ifx\firstarg\xcolumnfractions
+      \global\setpercenttrue
+    \else
+      \ifsetpercent
+         \let\go\pickupwholefraction
+      \else
+         \global\advance\colcount by 1
+         \setbox0=\hbox{#1\unskip\space}% Add a normal word space as a
+                   % separator; typically that is always in the input, anyway.
+         \expandafter\xdef\csname col\the\colcount\endcsname{\the\wd0}%
+      \fi
+    \fi
+    \ifx\go\pickupwholefraction
+      % Put the argument back for the \pickupwholefraction call, so
+      % we'll always have a period there to be parsed.
+      \def\go{\pickupwholefraction#1}%
+    \else
+      \let\go = \setuptable
+    \fi%
+  \fi
+  \go
+}
+
+% multitable-only commands.
+%
+% @headitem starts a heading row, which we typeset in bold.
+% Assignments have to be global since we are inside the implicit group
+% of an alignment entry.  Note that \everycr resets \everytab.
+\def\headitem{\checkenv\multitable \crcr \global\everytab={\bf}\the\everytab}%
+%
+% A \tab used to include \hskip1sp.  But then the space in a template
+% line is not enough.  That is bad.  So let's go back to just `&' until
+% we encounter the problem it was intended to solve again.
+%					--karl, nathan@acm.org, 20apr99.
+\def\tab{\checkenv\multitable &\the\everytab}%
+
+% @multitable ... @end multitable definitions:
+%
+\newtoks\everytab  % insert after every tab.
+%
+\envdef\multitable{%
+  \vskip\parskip
+  \startsavinginserts
+  %
+  % @item within a multitable starts a normal row.
+  % We use \def instead of \let so that if one of the multitable entries
+  % contains an @itemize, we don't choke on the \item (seen as \crcr aka
+  % \endtemplate) expanding \doitemize.
+  \def\item{\crcr}%
+  %
+  \tolerance=9500
+  \hbadness=9500
+  \setmultitablespacing
+  \parskip=\multitableparskip
+  \parindent=\multitableparindent
+  \overfullrule=0pt
+  \global\colcount=0
+  %
+  \everycr = {%
+    \noalign{%
+      \global\everytab={}%
+      \global\colcount=0 % Reset the column counter.
+      % Check for saved footnotes, etc.
+      \checkinserts
+      % Keeps underfull box messages off when table breaks over pages.
+      %\filbreak
+	% Maybe so, but it also creates really weird page breaks when the
+	% table breaks over pages. Wouldn't \vfil be better?  Wait until the
+	% problem manifests itself, so it can be fixed for real --karl.
+    }%
+  }%
+  %
+  \parsearg\domultitable
+}
+\def\domultitable#1{%
+  % To parse everything between @multitable and @item:
+  \setuptable#1 \endsetuptable
+  %
+  % This preamble sets up a generic column definition, which will
+  % be used as many times as user calls for columns.
+  % \vtop will set a single line and will also let text wrap and
+  % continue for many paragraphs if desired.
+  \halign\bgroup &%
+    \global\advance\colcount by 1
+    \multistrut
+    \vtop{%
+      % Use the current \colcount to find the correct column width:
+      \hsize=\expandafter\csname col\the\colcount\endcsname
+      %
+      % In order to keep entries from bumping into each other
+      % we will add a \leftskip of \multitablecolspace to all columns after
+      % the first one.
+      %
+      % If a template has been used, we will add \multitablecolspace
+      % to the width of each template entry.
+      %
+      % If the user has set preamble in terms of percent of \hsize we will
+      % use that dimension as the width of the column, and the \leftskip
+      % will keep entries from bumping into each other.  Table will start at
+      % left margin and final column will justify at right margin.
+      %
+      % Make sure we don't inherit \rightskip from the outer environment.
+      \rightskip=0pt
+      \ifnum\colcount=1
+	% The first column will be indented with the surrounding text.
+	\advance\hsize by\leftskip
+      \else
+	\ifsetpercent \else
+	  % If user has not set preamble in terms of percent of \hsize
+	  % we will advance \hsize by \multitablecolspace.
+	  \advance\hsize by \multitablecolspace
+	\fi
+       % In either case we will make \leftskip=\multitablecolspace:
+      \leftskip=\multitablecolspace
+      \fi
+      % Ignoring space at the beginning and end avoids an occasional spurious
+      % blank line, when TeX decides to break the line at the space before the
+      % box from the multistrut, so the strut ends up on a line by itself.
+      % For example:
+      % @multitable @columnfractions .11 .89
+      % @item @code{#}
+      % @tab Legal holiday which is valid in major parts of the whole country.
+      % Is automatically provided with highlighting sequences respectively
+      % marking characters.
+      \noindent\ignorespaces##\unskip\multistrut
+    }\cr
+}
+\def\Emultitable{%
+  \crcr
+  \egroup % end the \halign
+  \global\setpercentfalse
+}
+
+\def\setmultitablespacing{%
+  \def\multistrut{\strut}% just use the standard line spacing
+  %
+  % Compute \multitablelinespace (if not defined by user) for use in
+  % \multitableparskip calculation.  We used define \multistrut based on
+  % this, but (ironically) that caused the spacing to be off.
+  % See bug-texinfo report from Werner Lemberg, 31 Oct 2004 12:52:20 +0100.
+\ifdim\multitablelinespace=0pt
+\setbox0=\vbox{X}\global\multitablelinespace=\the\baselineskip
+\global\advance\multitablelinespace by-\ht0
+\fi
+%% Test to see if parskip is larger than space between lines of
+%% table. If not, do nothing.
+%%        If so, set to same dimension as multitablelinespace.
+\ifdim\multitableparskip>\multitablelinespace
+\global\multitableparskip=\multitablelinespace
+\global\advance\multitableparskip-7pt %% to keep parskip somewhat smaller
+                                      %% than skip between lines in the table.
+\fi%
+\ifdim\multitableparskip=0pt
+\global\multitableparskip=\multitablelinespace
+\global\advance\multitableparskip-7pt %% to keep parskip somewhat smaller
+                                      %% than skip between lines in the table.
+\fi}
+
+
+\message{conditionals,}
+
+% @iftex, @ifnotdocbook, @ifnothtml, @ifnotinfo, @ifnotplaintext,
+% @ifnotxml always succeed.  They currently do nothing; we don't
+% attempt to check whether the conditionals are properly nested.  But we
+% have to remember that they are conditionals, so that @end doesn't
+% attempt to close an environment group.
+%
+\def\makecond#1{%
+  \expandafter\let\csname #1\endcsname = \relax
+  \expandafter\let\csname iscond.#1\endcsname = 1
+}
+\makecond{iftex}
+\makecond{ifnotdocbook}
+\makecond{ifnothtml}
+\makecond{ifnotinfo}
+\makecond{ifnotplaintext}
+\makecond{ifnotxml}
+
+% Ignore @ignore, @ifhtml, @ifinfo, and the like.
+%
+\def\direntry{\doignore{direntry}}
+\def\documentdescription{\doignore{documentdescription}}
+\def\docbook{\doignore{docbook}}
+\def\html{\doignore{html}}
+\def\ifdocbook{\doignore{ifdocbook}}
+\def\ifhtml{\doignore{ifhtml}}
+\def\ifinfo{\doignore{ifinfo}}
+\def\ifnottex{\doignore{ifnottex}}
+\def\ifplaintext{\doignore{ifplaintext}}
+\def\ifxml{\doignore{ifxml}}
+\def\ignore{\doignore{ignore}}
+\def\menu{\doignore{menu}}
+\def\xml{\doignore{xml}}
+
+% Ignore text until a line `@end #1', keeping track of nested conditionals.
+%
+% A count to remember the depth of nesting.
+\newcount\doignorecount
+
+\def\doignore#1{\begingroup
+  % Scan in ``verbatim'' mode:
+  \obeylines
+  \catcode`\@ = \other
+  \catcode`\{ = \other
+  \catcode`\} = \other
+  %
+  % Make sure that spaces turn into tokens that match what \doignoretext wants.
+  \spaceisspace
+  %
+  % Count number of #1's that we've seen.
+  \doignorecount = 0
+  %
+  % Swallow text until we reach the matching `@end #1'.
+  \dodoignore{#1}%
+}
+
+{ \catcode`_=11 % We want to use \_STOP_ which cannot appear in texinfo source.
+  \obeylines %
+  %
+  \gdef\dodoignore#1{%
+    % #1 contains the command name as a string, e.g., `ifinfo'.
+    %
+    % Define a command to find the next `@end #1'.
+    \long\def\doignoretext##1^^M@end #1{%
+      \doignoretextyyy##1^^M@#1\_STOP_}%
+    %
+    % And this command to find another #1 command, at the beginning of a
+    % line.  (Otherwise, we would consider a line `@c @ifset', for
+    % example, to count as an @ifset for nesting.)
+    \long\def\doignoretextyyy##1^^M@#1##2\_STOP_{\doignoreyyy{##2}\_STOP_}%
+    %
+    % And now expand that command.
+    \doignoretext ^^M%
+  }%
+}
+
+\def\doignoreyyy#1{%
+  \def\temp{#1}%
+  \ifx\temp\empty			% Nothing found.
+    \let\next\doignoretextzzz
+  \else					% Found a nested condition, ...
+    \advance\doignorecount by 1
+    \let\next\doignoretextyyy		% ..., look for another.
+    % If we're here, #1 ends with ^^M\ifinfo (for example).
+  \fi
+  \next #1% the token \_STOP_ is present just after this macro.
+}
+
+% We have to swallow the remaining "\_STOP_".
+%
+\def\doignoretextzzz#1{%
+  \ifnum\doignorecount = 0	% We have just found the outermost @end.
+    \let\next\enddoignore
+  \else				% Still inside a nested condition.
+    \advance\doignorecount by -1
+    \let\next\doignoretext      % Look for the next @end.
+  \fi
+  \next
+}
+
+% Finish off ignored text.
+{ \obeylines%
+  % Ignore anything after the last `@end #1'; this matters in verbatim
+  % environments, where otherwise the newline after an ignored conditional
+  % would result in a blank line in the output.
+  \gdef\enddoignore#1^^M{\endgroup\ignorespaces}%
+}
+
+
+% @set VAR sets the variable VAR to an empty value.
+% @set VAR REST-OF-LINE sets VAR to the value REST-OF-LINE.
+%
+% Since we want to separate VAR from REST-OF-LINE (which might be
+% empty), we can't just use \parsearg; we have to insert a space of our
+% own to delimit the rest of the line, and then take it out again if we
+% didn't need it.
+% We rely on the fact that \parsearg sets \catcode`\ =10.
+%
+\parseargdef\set{\setyyy#1 \endsetyyy}
+\def\setyyy#1 #2\endsetyyy{%
+  {%
+    \makevalueexpandable
+    \def\temp{#2}%
+    \edef\next{\gdef\makecsname{SET#1}}%
+    \ifx\temp\empty
+      \next{}%
+    \else
+      \setzzz#2\endsetzzz
+    \fi
+  }%
+}
+% Remove the trailing space \setxxx inserted.
+\def\setzzz#1 \endsetzzz{\next{#1}}
+
+% @clear VAR clears (i.e., unsets) the variable VAR.
+%
+\parseargdef\clear{%
+  {%
+    \makevalueexpandable
+    \global\expandafter\let\csname SET#1\endcsname=\relax
+  }%
+}
+
+% @value{foo} gets the text saved in variable foo.
+\def\value{\begingroup\makevalueexpandable\valuexxx}
+\def\valuexxx#1{\expandablevalue{#1}\endgroup}
+{
+  \catcode`\- = \active \catcode`\_ = \active
+  %
+  \gdef\makevalueexpandable{%
+    \let\value = \expandablevalue
+    % We don't want these characters active, ...
+    \catcode`\-=\other \catcode`\_=\other
+    % ..., but we might end up with active ones in the argument if
+    % we're called from @code, as @code{@value{foo-bar_}}, though.
+    % So \let them to their normal equivalents.
+    \let-\realdash \let_\normalunderscore
+  }
+}
+
+% We have this subroutine so that we can handle at least some @value's
+% properly in indexes (we call \makevalueexpandable in \indexdummies).
+% The command has to be fully expandable (if the variable is set), since
+% the result winds up in the index file.  This means that if the
+% variable's value contains other Texinfo commands, it's almost certain
+% it will fail (although perhaps we could fix that with sufficient work
+% to do a one-level expansion on the result, instead of complete).
+%
+\def\expandablevalue#1{%
+  \expandafter\ifx\csname SET#1\endcsname\relax
+    {[No value for ``#1'']}%
+    \message{Variable `#1', used in @value, is not set.}%
+  \else
+    \csname SET#1\endcsname
+  \fi
+}
+
+% @ifset VAR ... @end ifset reads the `...' iff VAR has been defined
+% with @set.
+%
+% To get special treatment of `@end ifset,' call \makeond and the redefine.
+%
+\makecond{ifset}
+\def\ifset{\parsearg{\doifset{\let\next=\ifsetfail}}}
+\def\doifset#1#2{%
+  {%
+    \makevalueexpandable
+    \let\next=\empty
+    \expandafter\ifx\csname SET#2\endcsname\relax
+      #1% If not set, redefine \next.
+    \fi
+    \expandafter
+  }\next
+}
+\def\ifsetfail{\doignore{ifset}}
+
+% @ifclear VAR ... @end ifclear reads the `...' iff VAR has never been
+% defined with @set, or has been undefined with @clear.
+%
+% The `\else' inside the `\doifset' parameter is a trick to reuse the
+% above code: if the variable is not set, do nothing, if it is set,
+% then redefine \next to \ifclearfail.
+%
+\makecond{ifclear}
+\def\ifclear{\parsearg{\doifset{\else \let\next=\ifclearfail}}}
+\def\ifclearfail{\doignore{ifclear}}
+
+% @dircategory CATEGORY  -- specify a category of the dir file
+% which this file should belong to.  Ignore this in TeX.
+\let\dircategory=\comment
+
+% @defininfoenclose.
+\let\definfoenclose=\comment
+
+
+\message{indexing,}
+% Index generation facilities
+
+% Define \newwrite to be identical to plain tex's \newwrite
+% except not \outer, so it can be used within macros and \if's.
+\edef\newwrite{\makecsname{ptexnewwrite}}
+
+% \newindex {foo} defines an index named foo.
+% It automatically defines \fooindex such that
+% \fooindex ...rest of line... puts an entry in the index foo.
+% It also defines \fooindfile to be the number of the output channel for
+% the file that accumulates this index.  The file's extension is foo.
+% The name of an index should be no more than 2 characters long
+% for the sake of vms.
+%
+\def\newindex#1{%
+  \iflinks
+    \expandafter\newwrite \csname#1indfile\endcsname
+    \openout \csname#1indfile\endcsname \jobname.#1 % Open the file
+  \fi
+  \expandafter\xdef\csname#1index\endcsname{%     % Define @#1index
+    \noexpand\doindex{#1}}
+}
+
+% @defindex foo  ==  \newindex{foo}
+%
+\def\defindex{\parsearg\newindex}
+
+% Define @defcodeindex, like @defindex except put all entries in @code.
+%
+\def\defcodeindex{\parsearg\newcodeindex}
+%
+\def\newcodeindex#1{%
+  \iflinks
+    \expandafter\newwrite \csname#1indfile\endcsname
+    \openout \csname#1indfile\endcsname \jobname.#1
+  \fi
+  \expandafter\xdef\csname#1index\endcsname{%
+    \noexpand\docodeindex{#1}}%
+}
+
+
+% @synindex foo bar    makes index foo feed into index bar.
+% Do this instead of @defindex foo if you don't want it as a separate index.
+%
+% @syncodeindex foo bar   similar, but put all entries made for index foo
+% inside @code.
+%
+\def\synindex#1 #2 {\dosynindex\doindex{#1}{#2}}
+\def\syncodeindex#1 #2 {\dosynindex\docodeindex{#1}{#2}}
+
+% #1 is \doindex or \docodeindex, #2 the index getting redefined (foo),
+% #3 the target index (bar).
+\def\dosynindex#1#2#3{%
+  % Only do \closeout if we haven't already done it, else we'll end up
+  % closing the target index.
+  \expandafter \ifx\csname donesynindex#2\endcsname \undefined
+    % The \closeout helps reduce unnecessary open files; the limit on the
+    % Acorn RISC OS is a mere 16 files.
+    \expandafter\closeout\csname#2indfile\endcsname
+    \expandafter\let\csname\donesynindex#2\endcsname = 1
+  \fi
+  % redefine \fooindfile:
+  \expandafter\let\expandafter\temp\expandafter=\csname#3indfile\endcsname
+  \expandafter\let\csname#2indfile\endcsname=\temp
+  % redefine \fooindex:
+  \expandafter\xdef\csname#2index\endcsname{\noexpand#1{#3}}%
+}
+
+% Define \doindex, the driver for all \fooindex macros.
+% Argument #1 is generated by the calling \fooindex macro,
+%  and it is "foo", the name of the index.
+
+% \doindex just uses \parsearg; it calls \doind for the actual work.
+% This is because \doind is more useful to call from other macros.
+
+% There is also \dosubind {index}{topic}{subtopic}
+% which makes an entry in a two-level index such as the operation index.
+
+\def\doindex#1{\edef\indexname{#1}\parsearg\singleindexer}
+\def\singleindexer #1{\doind{\indexname}{#1}}
+
+% like the previous two, but they put @code around the argument.
+\def\docodeindex#1{\edef\indexname{#1}\parsearg\singlecodeindexer}
+\def\singlecodeindexer #1{\doind{\indexname}{\code{#1}}}
+
+% Take care of Texinfo commands that can appear in an index entry.
+% Since there are some commands we want to expand, and others we don't,
+% we have to laboriously prevent expansion for those that we don't.
+%
+\def\indexdummies{%
+  \escapechar = `\\     % use backslash in output files.
+  \def\@{@}% change to @@ when we switch to @ as escape char in index files.
+  \def\ {\realbackslash\space }%
+  %
+  % Need these in case \tex is in effect and \{ is a \delimiter again.
+  % But can't use \lbracecmd and \rbracecmd because texindex assumes
+  % braces and backslashes are used only as delimiters.
+  \let\{ = \mylbrace
+  \let\} = \myrbrace
+  %
+  % I don't entirely understand this, but when an index entry is
+  % generated from a macro call, the \endinput which \scanmacro inserts
+  % causes processing to be prematurely terminated.  This is,
+  % apparently, because \indexsorttmp is fully expanded, and \endinput
+  % is an expandable command.  The redefinition below makes \endinput
+  % disappear altogether for that purpose -- although logging shows that
+  % processing continues to some further point.  On the other hand, it
+  % seems \endinput does not hurt in the printed index arg, since that
+  % is still getting written without apparent harm.
+  %
+  % Sample source (mac-idx3.tex, reported by Graham Percival to
+  % help-texinfo, 22may06):
+  % @macro funindex {WORD}
+  % @findex xyz
+  % @end macro
+  % ...
+  % @funindex commtest
+  %
+  % The above is not enough to reproduce the bug, but it gives the flavor.
+  %
+  % Sample whatsit resulting:
+  % .@write3{\entry{xyz}{@folio }{@code {xyz@endinput }}}
+  %
+  % So:
+  \let\endinput = \empty
+  %
+  % Do the redefinitions.
+  \commondummies
+}
+
+% For the aux and toc files, @ is the escape character.  So we want to
+% redefine everything using @ as the escape character (instead of
+% \realbackslash, still used for index files).  When everything uses @,
+% this will be simpler.
+%
+\def\atdummies{%
+  \def\@{@@}%
+  \def\ {@ }%
+  \let\{ = \lbraceatcmd
+  \let\} = \rbraceatcmd
+  %
+  % Do the redefinitions.
+  \commondummies
+  \otherbackslash
+}
+
+% Called from \indexdummies and \atdummies.
+%
+\def\commondummies{%
+  %
+  % \definedummyword defines \#1 as \string\#1\space, thus effectively
+  % preventing its expansion.  This is used only for control% words,
+  % not control letters, because the \space would be incorrect for
+  % control characters, but is needed to separate the control word
+  % from whatever follows.
+  %
+  % For control letters, we have \definedummyletter, which omits the
+  % space.
+  %
+  % These can be used both for control words that take an argument and
+  % those that do not.  If it is followed by {arg} in the input, then
+  % that will dutifully get written to the index (or wherever).
+  %
+  \def\definedummyword  ##1{\def##1{\string##1\space}}%
+  \def\definedummyletter##1{\def##1{\string##1}}%
+  \let\definedummyaccent\definedummyletter
+  %
+  \commondummiesnofonts
+  %
+  \definedummyletter\_%
+  %
+  % Non-English letters.
+  \definedummyword\AA
+  \definedummyword\AE
+  \definedummyword\L
+  \definedummyword\OE
+  \definedummyword\O
+  \definedummyword\aa
+  \definedummyword\ae
+  \definedummyword\l
+  \definedummyword\oe
+  \definedummyword\o
+  \definedummyword\ss
+  \definedummyword\exclamdown
+  \definedummyword\questiondown
+  \definedummyword\ordf
+  \definedummyword\ordm
+  %
+  % Although these internal commands shouldn't show up, sometimes they do.
+  \definedummyword\bf
+  \definedummyword\gtr
+  \definedummyword\hat
+  \definedummyword\less
+  \definedummyword\sf
+  \definedummyword\sl
+  \definedummyword\tclose
+  \definedummyword\tt
+  %
+  \definedummyword\LaTeX
+  \definedummyword\TeX
+  %
+  % Assorted special characters.
+  \definedummyword\bullet
+  \definedummyword\comma
+  \definedummyword\copyright
+  \definedummyword\registeredsymbol
+  \definedummyword\dots
+  \definedummyword\enddots
+  \definedummyword\equiv
+  \definedummyword\error
+  \definedummyword\euro
+  \definedummyword\guillemetleft
+  \definedummyword\guillemetright
+  \definedummyword\guilsinglleft
+  \definedummyword\guilsinglright
+  \definedummyword\expansion
+  \definedummyword\minus
+  \definedummyword\pounds
+  \definedummyword\point
+  \definedummyword\print
+  \definedummyword\quotedblbase
+  \definedummyword\quotedblleft
+  \definedummyword\quotedblright
+  \definedummyword\quoteleft
+  \definedummyword\quoteright
+  \definedummyword\quotesinglbase
+  \definedummyword\result
+  \definedummyword\textdegree
+  %
+  % We want to disable all macros so that they are not expanded by \write.
+  \macrolist
+  %
+  \normalturnoffactive
+  %
+  % Handle some cases of @value -- where it does not contain any
+  % (non-fully-expandable) commands.
+  \makevalueexpandable
+}
+
+% \commondummiesnofonts: common to \commondummies and \indexnofonts.
+%
+\def\commondummiesnofonts{%
+  % Control letters and accents.
+  \definedummyletter\!%
+  \definedummyaccent\"%
+  \definedummyaccent\'%
+  \definedummyletter\*%
+  \definedummyaccent\,%
+  \definedummyletter\.%
+  \definedummyletter\/%
+  \definedummyletter\:%
+  \definedummyaccent\=%
+  \definedummyletter\?%
+  \definedummyaccent\^%
+  \definedummyaccent\`%
+  \definedummyaccent\~%
+  \definedummyword\u
+  \definedummyword\v
+  \definedummyword\H
+  \definedummyword\dotaccent
+  \definedummyword\ringaccent
+  \definedummyword\tieaccent
+  \definedummyword\ubaraccent
+  \definedummyword\udotaccent
+  \definedummyword\dotless
+  %
+  % Texinfo font commands.
+  \definedummyword\b
+  \definedummyword\i
+  \definedummyword\r
+  \definedummyword\sc
+  \definedummyword\t
+  %
+  % Commands that take arguments.
+  \definedummyword\acronym
+  \definedummyword\cite
+  \definedummyword\code
+  \definedummyword\command
+  \definedummyword\dfn
+  \definedummyword\emph
+  \definedummyword\env
+  \definedummyword\file
+  \definedummyword\kbd
+  \definedummyword\key
+  \definedummyword\math
+  \definedummyword\option
+  \definedummyword\pxref
+  \definedummyword\ref
+  \definedummyword\samp
+  \definedummyword\strong
+  \definedummyword\tie
+  \definedummyword\uref
+  \definedummyword\url
+  \definedummyword\var
+  \definedummyword\verb
+  \definedummyword\w
+  \definedummyword\xref
+}
+
+% \indexnofonts is used when outputting the strings to sort the index
+% by, and when constructing control sequence names.  It eliminates all
+% control sequences and just writes whatever the best ASCII sort string
+% would be for a given command (usually its argument).
+%
+\def\indexnofonts{%
+  % Accent commands should become @asis.
+  \def\definedummyaccent##1{\let##1\asis}%
+  % We can just ignore other control letters.
+  \def\definedummyletter##1{\let##1\empty}%
+  % Hopefully, all control words can become @asis.
+  \let\definedummyword\definedummyaccent
+  %
+  \commondummiesnofonts
+  %
+  % Don't no-op \tt, since it isn't a user-level command
+  % and is used in the definitions of the active chars like <, >, |, etc.
+  % Likewise with the other plain tex font commands.
+  %\let\tt=\asis
+  %
+  \def\ { }%
+  \def\@{@}%
+  % how to handle braces?
+  \def\_{\normalunderscore}%
+  %
+  % Non-English letters.
+  \def\AA{AA}%
+  \def\AE{AE}%
+  \def\L{L}%
+  \def\OE{OE}%
+  \def\O{O}%
+  \def\aa{aa}%
+  \def\ae{ae}%
+  \def\l{l}%
+  \def\oe{oe}%
+  \def\o{o}%
+  \def\ss{ss}%
+  \def\exclamdown{!}%
+  \def\questiondown{?}%
+  \def\ordf{a}%
+  \def\ordm{o}%
+  %
+  \def\LaTeX{LaTeX}%
+  \def\TeX{TeX}%
+  %
+  % Assorted special characters.
+  % (The following {} will end up in the sort string, but that's ok.)
+  \def\bullet{bullet}%
+  \def\comma{,}%
+  \def\copyright{copyright}%
+  \def\registeredsymbol{R}%
+  \def\dots{...}%
+  \def\enddots{...}%
+  \def\equiv{==}%
+  \def\error{error}%
+  \def\euro{euro}%
+  \def\guillemetleft{<<}%
+  \def\guillemetright{>>}%
+  \def\guilsinglleft{<}%
+  \def\guilsinglright{>}%
+  \def\expansion{==>}%
+  \def\minus{-}%
+  \def\pounds{pounds}%
+  \def\point{.}%
+  \def\print{-|}%
+  \def\quotedblbase{"}%
+  \def\quotedblleft{"}%
+  \def\quotedblright{"}%
+  \def\quoteleft{`}%
+  \def\quoteright{'}%
+  \def\quotesinglbase{,}%
+  \def\result{=>}%
+  \def\textdegree{degrees}%
+  %
+  % We need to get rid of all macros, leaving only the arguments (if present).
+  % Of course this is not nearly correct, but it is the best we can do for now.
+  % makeinfo does not expand macros in the argument to @deffn, which ends up
+  % writing an index entry, and texindex isn't prepared for an index sort entry
+  % that starts with \.
+  %
+  % Since macro invocations are followed by braces, we can just redefine them
+  % to take a single TeX argument.  The case of a macro invocation that
+  % goes to end-of-line is not handled.
+  %
+  \macrolist
+}
+
+\let\indexbackslash=0  %overridden during \printindex.
+\let\SETmarginindex=\relax % put index entries in margin (undocumented)?
+
+% Most index entries go through here, but \dosubind is the general case.
+% #1 is the index name, #2 is the entry text.
+\def\doind#1#2{\dosubind{#1}{#2}{}}
+
+% Workhorse for all \fooindexes.
+% #1 is name of index, #2 is stuff to put there, #3 is subentry --
+% empty if called from \doind, as we usually are (the main exception
+% is with most defuns, which call us directly).
+%
+\def\dosubind#1#2#3{%
+  \iflinks
+  {%
+    % Store the main index entry text (including the third arg).
+    \toks0 = {#2}%
+    % If third arg is present, precede it with a space.
+    \def\thirdarg{#3}%
+    \ifx\thirdarg\empty \else
+      \toks0 = \expandafter{\the\toks0 \space #3}%
+    \fi
+    %
+    \edef\writeto{\csname#1indfile\endcsname}%
+    %
+    \safewhatsit\dosubindwrite
+  }%
+  \fi
+}
+
+% Write the entry in \toks0 to the index file:
+%
+\def\dosubindwrite{%
+  % Put the index entry in the margin if desired.
+  \ifx\SETmarginindex\relax\else
+    \insert\margin{\hbox{\vrule height8pt depth3pt width0pt \the\toks0}}%
+  \fi
+  %
+  % Remember, we are within a group.
+  \indexdummies % Must do this here, since \bf, etc expand at this stage
+  \def\backslashcurfont{\indexbackslash}% \indexbackslash isn't defined now
+      % so it will be output as is; and it will print as backslash.
+  %
+  % Process the index entry with all font commands turned off, to
+  % get the string to sort by.
+  {\indexnofonts
+   \edef\temp{\the\toks0}% need full expansion
+   \xdef\indexsorttmp{\temp}%
+  }%
+  %
+  % Set up the complete index entry, with both the sort key and
+  % the original text, including any font commands.  We write
+  % three arguments to \entry to the .?? file (four in the
+  % subentry case), texindex reduces to two when writing the .??s
+  % sorted result.
+  \edef\temp{%
+    \write\writeto{%
+      \string\entry{\indexsorttmp}{\noexpand\folio}{\the\toks0}}%
+  }%
+  \temp
+}
+
+% Take care of unwanted page breaks/skips around a whatsit:
+%
+% If a skip is the last thing on the list now, preserve it
+% by backing up by \lastskip, doing the \write, then inserting
+% the skip again.  Otherwise, the whatsit generated by the
+% \write or \pdfdest will make \lastskip zero.  The result is that
+% sequences like this:
+% @end defun
+% @tindex whatever
+% @defun ...
+% will have extra space inserted, because the \medbreak in the
+% start of the @defun won't see the skip inserted by the @end of
+% the previous defun.
+%
+% But don't do any of this if we're not in vertical mode.  We
+% don't want to do a \vskip and prematurely end a paragraph.
+%
+% Avoid page breaks due to these extra skips, too.
+%
+% But wait, there is a catch there:
+% We'll have to check whether \lastskip is zero skip.  \ifdim is not
+% sufficient for this purpose, as it ignores stretch and shrink parts
+% of the skip.  The only way seems to be to check the textual
+% representation of the skip.
+%
+% The following is almost like \def\zeroskipmacro{0.0pt} except that
+% the ``p'' and ``t'' characters have catcode \other, not 11 (letter).
+%
+\edef\zeroskipmacro{\expandafter\the\csname z@skip\endcsname}
+%
+\newskip\whatsitskip
+\newcount\whatsitpenalty
+%
+% ..., ready, GO:
+%
+\def\safewhatsit#1{%
+\ifhmode
+  #1%
+\else
+  % \lastskip and \lastpenalty cannot both be nonzero simultaneously.
+  \whatsitskip = \lastskip
+  \edef\lastskipmacro{\the\lastskip}%
+  \whatsitpenalty = \lastpenalty
+  %
+  % If \lastskip is nonzero, that means the last item was a
+  % skip.  And since a skip is discardable, that means this
+  % -\whatsitskip glue we're inserting is preceded by a
+  % non-discardable item, therefore it is not a potential
+  % breakpoint, therefore no \nobreak needed.
+  \ifx\lastskipmacro\zeroskipmacro
+  \else
+    \vskip-\whatsitskip
+  \fi
+  %
+  #1%
+  %
+  \ifx\lastskipmacro\zeroskipmacro
+    % If \lastskip was zero, perhaps the last item was a penalty, and
+    % perhaps it was >=10000, e.g., a \nobreak.  In that case, we want
+    % to re-insert the same penalty (values >10000 are used for various
+    % signals); since we just inserted a non-discardable item, any
+    % following glue (such as a \parskip) would be a breakpoint.  For example:
+    %
+    %   @deffn deffn-whatever
+    %   @vindex index-whatever
+    %   Description.
+    % would allow a break between the index-whatever whatsit
+    % and the "Description." paragraph.
+    \ifnum\whatsitpenalty>9999 \penalty\whatsitpenalty \fi
+  \else
+    % On the other hand, if we had a nonzero \lastskip,
+    % this make-up glue would be preceded by a non-discardable item
+    % (the whatsit from the \write), so we must insert a \nobreak.
+    \nobreak\vskip\whatsitskip
+  \fi
+\fi
+}
+
+% The index entry written in the file actually looks like
+%  \entry {sortstring}{page}{topic}
+% or
+%  \entry {sortstring}{page}{topic}{subtopic}
+% The texindex program reads in these files and writes files
+% containing these kinds of lines:
+%  \initial {c}
+%     before the first topic whose initial is c
+%  \entry {topic}{pagelist}
+%     for a topic that is used without subtopics
+%  \primary {topic}
+%     for the beginning of a topic that is used with subtopics
+%  \secondary {subtopic}{pagelist}
+%     for each subtopic.
+
+% Define the user-accessible indexing commands
+% @findex, @vindex, @kindex, @cindex.
+
+\def\findex {\fnindex}
+\def\kindex {\kyindex}
+\def\cindex {\cpindex}
+\def\vindex {\vrindex}
+\def\tindex {\tpindex}
+\def\pindex {\pgindex}
+
+\def\cindexsub {\begingroup\obeylines\cindexsub}
+{\obeylines %
+\gdef\cindexsub "#1" #2^^M{\endgroup %
+\dosubind{cp}{#2}{#1}}}
+
+% Define the macros used in formatting output of the sorted index material.
+
+% @printindex causes a particular index (the ??s file) to get printed.
+% It does not print any chapter heading (usually an @unnumbered).
+%
+\parseargdef\printindex{\begingroup
+  \dobreak \chapheadingskip{10000}%
+  %
+  \smallfonts \rm
+  \tolerance = 9500
+  \plainfrenchspacing
+  \everypar = {}% don't want the \kern\-parindent from indentation suppression.
+  %
+  % See if the index file exists and is nonempty.
+  % Change catcode of @ here so that if the index file contains
+  % \initial {@}
+  % as its first line, TeX doesn't complain about mismatched braces
+  % (because it thinks @} is a control sequence).
+  \catcode`\@ = 11
+  \openin 1 \jobname.#1s
+  \ifeof 1
+    % \enddoublecolumns gets confused if there is no text in the index,
+    % and it loses the chapter title and the aux file entries for the
+    % index.  The easiest way to prevent this problem is to make sure
+    % there is some text.
+    \putwordIndexNonexistent
+  \else
+    %
+    % If the index file exists but is empty, then \openin leaves \ifeof
+    % false.  We have to make TeX try to read something from the file, so
+    % it can discover if there is anything in it.
+    \read 1 to \temp
+    \ifeof 1
+      \putwordIndexIsEmpty
+    \else
+      % Index files are almost Texinfo source, but we use \ as the escape
+      % character.  It would be better to use @, but that's too big a change
+      % to make right now.
+      \def\indexbackslash{\backslashcurfont}%
+      \catcode`\\ = 0
+      \escapechar = `\\
+      \begindoublecolumns
+      \input \jobname.#1s
+      \enddoublecolumns
+    \fi
+  \fi
+  \closein 1
+\endgroup}
+
+% These macros are used by the sorted index file itself.
+% Change them to control the appearance of the index.
+
+\def\initial#1{{%
+  % Some minor font changes for the special characters.
+  \let\tentt=\sectt \let\tt=\sectt \let\sf=\sectt
+  %
+  % Remove any glue we may have, we'll be inserting our own.
+  \removelastskip
+  %
+  % We like breaks before the index initials, so insert a bonus.
+  \nobreak
+  \vskip 0pt plus 3\baselineskip
+  \penalty 0
+  \vskip 0pt plus -3\baselineskip
+  %
+  % Typeset the initial.  Making this add up to a whole number of
+  % baselineskips increases the chance of the dots lining up from column
+  % to column.  It still won't often be perfect, because of the stretch
+  % we need before each entry, but it's better.
+  %
+  % No shrink because it confuses \balancecolumns.
+  \vskip 1.67\baselineskip plus .5\baselineskip
+  \leftline{\secbf #1}%
+  % Do our best not to break after the initial.
+  \nobreak
+  \vskip .33\baselineskip plus .1\baselineskip
+}}
+
+% \entry typesets a paragraph consisting of the text (#1), dot leaders, and
+% then page number (#2) flushed to the right margin.  It is used for index
+% and table of contents entries.  The paragraph is indented by \leftskip.
+%
+% A straightforward implementation would start like this:
+%	\def\entry#1#2{...
+% But this frozes the catcodes in the argument, and can cause problems to
+% @code, which sets - active.  This problem was fixed by a kludge---
+% ``-'' was active throughout whole index, but this isn't really right.
+%
+% The right solution is to prevent \entry from swallowing the whole text.
+%                                 --kasal, 21nov03
+\def\entry{%
+  \begingroup
+    %
+    % Start a new paragraph if necessary, so our assignments below can't
+    % affect previous text.
+    \par
+    %
+    % Do not fill out the last line with white space.
+    \parfillskip = 0in
+    %
+    % No extra space above this paragraph.
+    \parskip = 0in
+    %
+    % Do not prefer a separate line ending with a hyphen to fewer lines.
+    \finalhyphendemerits = 0
+    %
+    % \hangindent is only relevant when the entry text and page number
+    % don't both fit on one line.  In that case, bob suggests starting the
+    % dots pretty far over on the line.  Unfortunately, a large
+    % indentation looks wrong when the entry text itself is broken across
+    % lines.  So we use a small indentation and put up with long leaders.
+    %
+    % \hangafter is reset to 1 (which is the value we want) at the start
+    % of each paragraph, so we need not do anything with that.
+    \hangindent = 2em
+    %
+    % When the entry text needs to be broken, just fill out the first line
+    % with blank space.
+    \rightskip = 0pt plus1fil
+    %
+    % A bit of stretch before each entry for the benefit of balancing
+    % columns.
+    \vskip 0pt plus1pt
+    %
+    % Swallow the left brace of the text (first parameter):
+    \afterassignment\doentry
+    \let\temp =
+}
+\def\doentry{%
+    \bgroup % Instead of the swallowed brace.
+      \noindent
+      \aftergroup\finishentry
+      % And now comes the text of the entry.
+}
+\def\finishentry#1{%
+    % #1 is the page number.
+    %
+    % The following is kludged to not output a line of dots in the index if
+    % there are no page numbers.  The next person who breaks this will be
+    % cursed by a Unix daemon.
+    \setbox\boxA = \hbox{#1}%
+    \ifdim\wd\boxA = 0pt
+      \ %
+    \else
+      %
+      % If we must, put the page number on a line of its own, and fill out
+      % this line with blank space.  (The \hfil is overwhelmed with the
+      % fill leaders glue in \indexdotfill if the page number does fit.)
+      \hfil\penalty50
+      \null\nobreak\indexdotfill % Have leaders before the page number.
+      %
+      % The `\ ' here is removed by the implicit \unskip that TeX does as
+      % part of (the primitive) \par.  Without it, a spurious underfull
+      % \hbox ensues.
+      \ifpdf
+	\pdfgettoks#1.%
+	\ \the\toksA
+      \else
+	\ #1%
+      \fi
+    \fi
+    \par
+  \endgroup
+}
+
+% Like plain.tex's \dotfill, except uses up at least 1 em.
+\def\indexdotfill{\cleaders
+  \hbox{$\mathsurround=0pt \mkern1.5mu.\mkern1.5mu$}\hskip 1em plus 1fill}
+
+\def\primary #1{\line{#1\hfil}}
+
+\newskip\secondaryindent \secondaryindent=0.5cm
+\def\secondary#1#2{{%
+  \parfillskip=0in
+  \parskip=0in
+  \hangindent=1in
+  \hangafter=1
+  \noindent\hskip\secondaryindent\hbox{#1}\indexdotfill
+  \ifpdf
+    \pdfgettoks#2.\ \the\toksA % The page number ends the paragraph.
+  \else
+    #2
+  \fi
+  \par
+}}
+
+% Define two-column mode, which we use to typeset indexes.
+% Adapted from the TeXbook, page 416, which is to say,
+% the manmac.tex format used to print the TeXbook itself.
+\catcode`\@=11
+
+\newbox\partialpage
+\newdimen\doublecolumnhsize
+
+\def\begindoublecolumns{\begingroup % ended by \enddoublecolumns
+  % Grab any single-column material above us.
+  \output = {%
+    %
+    % Here is a possibility not foreseen in manmac: if we accumulate a
+    % whole lot of material, we might end up calling this \output
+    % routine twice in a row (see the doublecol-lose test, which is
+    % essentially a couple of indexes with @setchapternewpage off).  In
+    % that case we just ship out what is in \partialpage with the normal
+    % output routine.  Generally, \partialpage will be empty when this
+    % runs and this will be a no-op.  See the indexspread.tex test case.
+    \ifvoid\partialpage \else
+      \onepageout{\pagecontents\partialpage}%
+    \fi
+    %
+    \global\setbox\partialpage = \vbox{%
+      % Unvbox the main output page.
+      \unvbox\PAGE
+      \kern-\topskip \kern\baselineskip
+    }%
+  }%
+  \eject % run that output routine to set \partialpage
+  %
+  % Use the double-column output routine for subsequent pages.
+  \output = {\doublecolumnout}%
+  %
+  % Change the page size parameters.  We could do this once outside this
+  % routine, in each of @smallbook, @afourpaper, and the default 8.5x11
+  % format, but then we repeat the same computation.  Repeating a couple
+  % of assignments once per index is clearly meaningless for the
+  % execution time, so we may as well do it in one place.
+  %
+  % First we halve the line length, less a little for the gutter between
+  % the columns.  We compute the gutter based on the line length, so it
+  % changes automatically with the paper format.  The magic constant
+  % below is chosen so that the gutter has the same value (well, +-<1pt)
+  % as it did when we hard-coded it.
+  %
+  % We put the result in a separate register, \doublecolumhsize, so we
+  % can restore it in \pagesofar, after \hsize itself has (potentially)
+  % been clobbered.
+  %
+  \doublecolumnhsize = \hsize
+    \advance\doublecolumnhsize by -.04154\hsize
+    \divide\doublecolumnhsize by 2
+  \hsize = \doublecolumnhsize
+  %
+  % Double the \vsize as well.  (We don't need a separate register here,
+  % since nobody clobbers \vsize.)
+  \vsize = 2\vsize
+}
+
+% The double-column output routine for all double-column pages except
+% the last.
+%
+\def\doublecolumnout{%
+  \splittopskip=\topskip \splitmaxdepth=\maxdepth
+  % Get the available space for the double columns -- the normal
+  % (undoubled) page height minus any material left over from the
+  % previous page.
+  \dimen@ = \vsize
+  \divide\dimen@ by 2
+  \advance\dimen@ by -\ht\partialpage
+  %
+  % box0 will be the left-hand column, box2 the right.
+  \setbox0=\vsplit255 to\dimen@ \setbox2=\vsplit255 to\dimen@
+  \onepageout\pagesofar
+  \unvbox255
+  \penalty\outputpenalty
+}
+%
+% Re-output the contents of the output page -- any previous material,
+% followed by the two boxes we just split, in box0 and box2.
+\def\pagesofar{%
+  \unvbox\partialpage
+  %
+  \hsize = \doublecolumnhsize
+  \wd0=\hsize \wd2=\hsize
+  \hbox to\pagewidth{\box0\hfil\box2}%
+}
+%
+% All done with double columns.
+\def\enddoublecolumns{%
+  % The following penalty ensures that the page builder is exercised
+  % _before_ we change the output routine.  This is necessary in the
+  % following situation:
+  %
+  % The last section of the index consists only of a single entry.
+  % Before this section, \pagetotal is less than \pagegoal, so no
+  % break occurs before the last section starts.  However, the last
+  % section, consisting of \initial and the single \entry, does not
+  % fit on the page and has to be broken off.  Without the following
+  % penalty the page builder will not be exercised until \eject
+  % below, and by that time we'll already have changed the output
+  % routine to the \balancecolumns version, so the next-to-last
+  % double-column page will be processed with \balancecolumns, which
+  % is wrong:  The two columns will go to the main vertical list, with
+  % the broken-off section in the recent contributions.  As soon as
+  % the output routine finishes, TeX starts reconsidering the page
+  % break.  The two columns and the broken-off section both fit on the
+  % page, because the two columns now take up only half of the page
+  % goal.  When TeX sees \eject from below which follows the final
+  % section, it invokes the new output routine that we've set after
+  % \balancecolumns below; \onepageout will try to fit the two columns
+  % and the final section into the vbox of \pageheight (see
+  % \pagebody), causing an overfull box.
+  %
+  % Note that glue won't work here, because glue does not exercise the
+  % page builder, unlike penalties (see The TeXbook, pp. 280-281).
+  \penalty0
+  %
+  \output = {%
+    % Split the last of the double-column material.  Leave it on the
+    % current page, no automatic page break.
+    \balancecolumns
+    %
+    % If we end up splitting too much material for the current page,
+    % though, there will be another page break right after this \output
+    % invocation ends.  Having called \balancecolumns once, we do not
+    % want to call it again.  Therefore, reset \output to its normal
+    % definition right away.  (We hope \balancecolumns will never be
+    % called on to balance too much material, but if it is, this makes
+    % the output somewhat more palatable.)
+    \global\output = {\onepageout{\pagecontents\PAGE}}%
+  }%
+  \eject
+  \endgroup % started in \begindoublecolumns
+  %
+  % \pagegoal was set to the doubled \vsize above, since we restarted
+  % the current page.  We're now back to normal single-column
+  % typesetting, so reset \pagegoal to the normal \vsize (after the
+  % \endgroup where \vsize got restored).
+  \pagegoal = \vsize
+}
+%
+% Called at the end of the double column material.
+\def\balancecolumns{%
+  \setbox0 = \vbox{\unvbox255}% like \box255 but more efficient, see p.120.
+  \dimen@ = \ht0
+  \advance\dimen@ by \topskip
+  \advance\dimen@ by-\baselineskip
+  \divide\dimen@ by 2 % target to split to
+  %debug\message{final 2-column material height=\the\ht0, target=\the\dimen@.}%
+  \splittopskip = \topskip
+  % Loop until we get a decent breakpoint.
+  {%
+    \vbadness = 10000
+    \loop
+      \global\setbox3 = \copy0
+      \global\setbox1 = \vsplit3 to \dimen@
+    \ifdim\ht3>\dimen@
+      \global\advance\dimen@ by 1pt
+    \repeat
+  }%
+  %debug\message{split to \the\dimen@, column heights: \the\ht1, \the\ht3.}%
+  \setbox0=\vbox to\dimen@{\unvbox1}%
+  \setbox2=\vbox to\dimen@{\unvbox3}%
+  %
+  \pagesofar
+}
+\catcode`\@ = \other
+
+
+\message{sectioning,}
+% Chapters, sections, etc.
+
+% \unnumberedno is an oxymoron, of course.  But we count the unnumbered
+% sections so that we can refer to them unambiguously in the pdf
+% outlines by their "section number".  We avoid collisions with chapter
+% numbers by starting them at 10000.  (If a document ever has 10000
+% chapters, we're in trouble anyway, I'm sure.)
+\newcount\unnumberedno \unnumberedno = 10000
+\newcount\chapno
+\newcount\secno        \secno=0
+\newcount\subsecno     \subsecno=0
+\newcount\subsubsecno  \subsubsecno=0
+
+% This counter is funny since it counts through charcodes of letters A, B, ...
+\newcount\appendixno  \appendixno = `\@
+%
+% \def\appendixletter{\char\the\appendixno}
+% We do the following ugly conditional instead of the above simple
+% construct for the sake of pdftex, which needs the actual
+% letter in the expansion, not just typeset.
+%
+\def\appendixletter{%
+  \ifnum\appendixno=`A A%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`B B%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`C C%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`D D%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`E E%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`F F%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`G G%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`H H%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`I I%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`J J%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`K K%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`L L%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`M M%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`N N%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`O O%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`P P%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`Q Q%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`R R%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`S S%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`T T%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`U U%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`V V%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`W W%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`X X%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`Y Y%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`Z Z%
+  % The \the is necessary, despite appearances, because \appendixletter is
+  % expanded while writing the .toc file.  \char\appendixno is not
+  % expandable, thus it is written literally, thus all appendixes come out
+  % with the same letter (or @) in the toc without it.
+  \else\char\the\appendixno
+  \fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi
+  \fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi}
+
+% Each @chapter defines these (using marks) as the number+name, number
+% and name of the chapter.  Page headings and footings can use
+% these.  @section does likewise.
+\def\thischapter{}
+\def\thischapternum{}
+\def\thischaptername{}
+\def\thissection{}
+\def\thissectionnum{}
+\def\thissectionname{}
+
+\newcount\absseclevel % used to calculate proper heading level
+\newcount\secbase\secbase=0 % @raisesections/@lowersections modify this count
+
+% @raisesections: treat @section as chapter, @subsection as section, etc.
+\def\raisesections{\global\advance\secbase by -1}
+\let\up=\raisesections % original BFox name
+
+% @lowersections: treat @chapter as section, @section as subsection, etc.
+\def\lowersections{\global\advance\secbase by 1}
+\let\down=\lowersections % original BFox name
+
+% we only have subsub.
+\chardef\maxseclevel = 3
+%
+% A numbered section within an unnumbered changes to unnumbered too.
+% To achive this, remember the "biggest" unnum. sec. we are currently in:
+\chardef\unmlevel = \maxseclevel
+%
+% Trace whether the current chapter is an appendix or not:
+% \chapheadtype is "N" or "A", unnumbered chapters are ignored.
+\def\chapheadtype{N}
+
+% Choose a heading macro
+% #1 is heading type
+% #2 is heading level
+% #3 is text for heading
+\def\genhead#1#2#3{%
+  % Compute the abs. sec. level:
+  \absseclevel=#2
+  \advance\absseclevel by \secbase
+  % Make sure \absseclevel doesn't fall outside the range:
+  \ifnum \absseclevel < 0
+    \absseclevel = 0
+  \else
+    \ifnum \absseclevel > 3
+      \absseclevel = 3
+    \fi
+  \fi
+  % The heading type:
+  \def\headtype{#1}%
+  \if \headtype U%
+    \ifnum \absseclevel < \unmlevel
+      \chardef\unmlevel = \absseclevel
+    \fi
+  \else
+    % Check for appendix sections:
+    \ifnum \absseclevel = 0
+      \edef\chapheadtype{\headtype}%
+    \else
+      \if \headtype A\if \chapheadtype N%
+	\errmessage{@appendix... within a non-appendix chapter}%
+      \fi\fi
+    \fi
+    % Check for numbered within unnumbered:
+    \ifnum \absseclevel > \unmlevel
+      \def\headtype{U}%
+    \else
+      \chardef\unmlevel = 3
+    \fi
+  \fi
+  % Now print the heading:
+  \if \headtype U%
+    \ifcase\absseclevel
+	\unnumberedzzz{#3}%
+    \or \unnumberedseczzz{#3}%
+    \or \unnumberedsubseczzz{#3}%
+    \or \unnumberedsubsubseczzz{#3}%
+    \fi
+  \else
+    \if \headtype A%
+      \ifcase\absseclevel
+	  \appendixzzz{#3}%
+      \or \appendixsectionzzz{#3}%
+      \or \appendixsubseczzz{#3}%
+      \or \appendixsubsubseczzz{#3}%
+      \fi
+    \else
+      \ifcase\absseclevel
+	  \chapterzzz{#3}%
+      \or \seczzz{#3}%
+      \or \numberedsubseczzz{#3}%
+      \or \numberedsubsubseczzz{#3}%
+      \fi
+    \fi
+  \fi
+  \suppressfirstparagraphindent
+}
+
+% an interface:
+\def\numhead{\genhead N}
+\def\apphead{\genhead A}
+\def\unnmhead{\genhead U}
+
+% @chapter, @appendix, @unnumbered.  Increment top-level counter, reset
+% all lower-level sectioning counters to zero.
+%
+% Also set \chaplevelprefix, which we prepend to @float sequence numbers
+% (e.g., figures), q.v.  By default (before any chapter), that is empty.
+\let\chaplevelprefix = \empty
+%
+\outer\parseargdef\chapter{\numhead0{#1}} % normally numhead0 calls chapterzzz
+\def\chapterzzz#1{%
+  % section resetting is \global in case the chapter is in a group, such
+  % as an @include file.
+  \global\secno=0 \global\subsecno=0 \global\subsubsecno=0
+    \global\advance\chapno by 1
+  %
+  % Used for \float.
+  \gdef\chaplevelprefix{\the\chapno.}%
+  \resetallfloatnos
+  %
+  \message{\putwordChapter\space \the\chapno}%
+  %
+  % Write the actual heading.
+  \chapmacro{#1}{Ynumbered}{\the\chapno}%
+  %
+  % So @section and the like are numbered underneath this chapter.
+  \global\let\section = \numberedsec
+  \global\let\subsection = \numberedsubsec
+  \global\let\subsubsection = \numberedsubsubsec
+}
+
+\outer\parseargdef\appendix{\apphead0{#1}} % normally apphead0 calls appendixzzz
+\def\appendixzzz#1{%
+  \global\secno=0 \global\subsecno=0 \global\subsubsecno=0
+    \global\advance\appendixno by 1
+  \gdef\chaplevelprefix{\appendixletter.}%
+  \resetallfloatnos
+  %
+  \def\appendixnum{\putwordAppendix\space \appendixletter}%
+  \message{\appendixnum}%
+  %
+  \chapmacro{#1}{Yappendix}{\appendixletter}%
+  %
+  \global\let\section = \appendixsec
+  \global\let\subsection = \appendixsubsec
+  \global\let\subsubsection = \appendixsubsubsec
+}
+
+\outer\parseargdef\unnumbered{\unnmhead0{#1}} % normally unnmhead0 calls unnumberedzzz
+\def\unnumberedzzz#1{%
+  \global\secno=0 \global\subsecno=0 \global\subsubsecno=0
+    \global\advance\unnumberedno by 1
+  %
+  % Since an unnumbered has no number, no prefix for figures.
+  \global\let\chaplevelprefix = \empty
+  \resetallfloatnos
+  %
+  % This used to be simply \message{#1}, but TeX fully expands the
+  % argument to \message.  Therefore, if #1 contained @-commands, TeX
+  % expanded them.  For example, in `@unnumbered The @cite{Book}', TeX
+  % expanded @cite (which turns out to cause errors because \cite is meant
+  % to be executed, not expanded).
+  %
+  % Anyway, we don't want the fully-expanded definition of @cite to appear
+  % as a result of the \message, we just want `@cite' itself.  We use
+  % \the<toks register> to achieve this: TeX expands \the<toks> only once,
+  % simply yielding the contents of <toks register>.  (We also do this for
+  % the toc entries.)
+  \toks0 = {#1}%
+  \message{(\the\toks0)}%
+  %
+  \chapmacro{#1}{Ynothing}{\the\unnumberedno}%
+  %
+  \global\let\section = \unnumberedsec
+  \global\let\subsection = \unnumberedsubsec
+  \global\let\subsubsection = \unnumberedsubsubsec
+}
+
+% @centerchap is like @unnumbered, but the heading is centered.
+\outer\parseargdef\centerchap{%
+  % Well, we could do the following in a group, but that would break
+  % an assumption that \chapmacro is called at the outermost level.
+  % Thus we are safer this way:		--kasal, 24feb04
+  \let\centerparametersmaybe = \centerparameters
+  \unnmhead0{#1}%
+  \let\centerparametersmaybe = \relax
+}
+
+% @top is like @unnumbered.
+\let\top\unnumbered
+
+% Sections.
+\outer\parseargdef\numberedsec{\numhead1{#1}} % normally calls seczzz
+\def\seczzz#1{%
+  \global\subsecno=0 \global\subsubsecno=0  \global\advance\secno by 1
+  \sectionheading{#1}{sec}{Ynumbered}{\the\chapno.\the\secno}%
+}
+
+\outer\parseargdef\appendixsection{\apphead1{#1}} % normally calls appendixsectionzzz
+\def\appendixsectionzzz#1{%
+  \global\subsecno=0 \global\subsubsecno=0  \global\advance\secno by 1
+  \sectionheading{#1}{sec}{Yappendix}{\appendixletter.\the\secno}%
+}
+\let\appendixsec\appendixsection
+
+\outer\parseargdef\unnumberedsec{\unnmhead1{#1}} % normally calls unnumberedseczzz
+\def\unnumberedseczzz#1{%
+  \global\subsecno=0 \global\subsubsecno=0  \global\advance\secno by 1
+  \sectionheading{#1}{sec}{Ynothing}{\the\unnumberedno.\the\secno}%
+}
+
+% Subsections.
+\outer\parseargdef\numberedsubsec{\numhead2{#1}} % normally calls numberedsubseczzz
+\def\numberedsubseczzz#1{%
+  \global\subsubsecno=0  \global\advance\subsecno by 1
+  \sectionheading{#1}{subsec}{Ynumbered}{\the\chapno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno}%
+}
+
+\outer\parseargdef\appendixsubsec{\apphead2{#1}} % normally calls appendixsubseczzz
+\def\appendixsubseczzz#1{%
+  \global\subsubsecno=0  \global\advance\subsecno by 1
+  \sectionheading{#1}{subsec}{Yappendix}%
+                 {\appendixletter.\the\secno.\the\subsecno}%
+}
+
+\outer\parseargdef\unnumberedsubsec{\unnmhead2{#1}} %normally calls unnumberedsubseczzz
+\def\unnumberedsubseczzz#1{%
+  \global\subsubsecno=0  \global\advance\subsecno by 1
+  \sectionheading{#1}{subsec}{Ynothing}%
+                 {\the\unnumberedno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno}%
+}
+
+% Subsubsections.
+\outer\parseargdef\numberedsubsubsec{\numhead3{#1}} % normally numberedsubsubseczzz
+\def\numberedsubsubseczzz#1{%
+  \global\advance\subsubsecno by 1
+  \sectionheading{#1}{subsubsec}{Ynumbered}%
+                 {\the\chapno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno.\the\subsubsecno}%
+}
+
+\outer\parseargdef\appendixsubsubsec{\apphead3{#1}} % normally appendixsubsubseczzz
+\def\appendixsubsubseczzz#1{%
+  \global\advance\subsubsecno by 1
+  \sectionheading{#1}{subsubsec}{Yappendix}%
+                 {\appendixletter.\the\secno.\the\subsecno.\the\subsubsecno}%
+}
+
+\outer\parseargdef\unnumberedsubsubsec{\unnmhead3{#1}} %normally unnumberedsubsubseczzz
+\def\unnumberedsubsubseczzz#1{%
+  \global\advance\subsubsecno by 1
+  \sectionheading{#1}{subsubsec}{Ynothing}%
+                 {\the\unnumberedno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno.\the\subsubsecno}%
+}
+
+% These macros control what the section commands do, according
+% to what kind of chapter we are in (ordinary, appendix, or unnumbered).
+% Define them by default for a numbered chapter.
+\let\section = \numberedsec
+\let\subsection = \numberedsubsec
+\let\subsubsection = \numberedsubsubsec
+
+% Define @majorheading, @heading and @subheading
+
+% NOTE on use of \vbox for chapter headings, section headings, and such:
+%       1) We use \vbox rather than the earlier \line to permit
+%          overlong headings to fold.
+%       2) \hyphenpenalty is set to 10000 because hyphenation in a
+%          heading is obnoxious; this forbids it.
+%       3) Likewise, headings look best if no \parindent is used, and
+%          if justification is not attempted.  Hence \raggedright.
+
+
+\def\majorheading{%
+  {\advance\chapheadingskip by 10pt \chapbreak }%
+  \parsearg\chapheadingzzz
+}
+
+\def\chapheading{\chapbreak \parsearg\chapheadingzzz}
+\def\chapheadingzzz#1{%
+  {\chapfonts \vbox{\hyphenpenalty=10000\tolerance=5000
+                    \parindent=0pt\raggedright
+                    \rm #1\hfill}}%
+  \bigskip \par\penalty 200\relax
+  \suppressfirstparagraphindent
+}
+
+% @heading, @subheading, @subsubheading.
+\parseargdef\heading{\sectionheading{#1}{sec}{Yomitfromtoc}{}
+  \suppressfirstparagraphindent}
+\parseargdef\subheading{\sectionheading{#1}{subsec}{Yomitfromtoc}{}
+  \suppressfirstparagraphindent}
+\parseargdef\subsubheading{\sectionheading{#1}{subsubsec}{Yomitfromtoc}{}
+  \suppressfirstparagraphindent}
+
+% These macros generate a chapter, section, etc. heading only
+% (including whitespace, linebreaking, etc. around it),
+% given all the information in convenient, parsed form.
+
+%%% Args are the skip and penalty (usually negative)
+\def\dobreak#1#2{\par\ifdim\lastskip<#1\removelastskip\penalty#2\vskip#1\fi}
+
+%%% Define plain chapter starts, and page on/off switching for it
+% Parameter controlling skip before chapter headings (if needed)
+
+\newskip\chapheadingskip
+
+\def\chapbreak{\dobreak \chapheadingskip {-4000}}
+\def\chappager{\par\vfill\supereject}
+% Because \domark is called before \chapoddpage, the filler page will
+% get the headings for the next chapter, which is wrong.  But we don't
+% care -- we just disable all headings on the filler page.
+\def\chapoddpage{%
+  \chappager
+  \ifodd\pageno \else
+    \begingroup
+      \evenheadline={\hfil}\evenfootline={\hfil}%
+      \oddheadline={\hfil}\oddfootline={\hfil}%
+      \hbox to 0pt{}%
+      \chappager
+    \endgroup
+  \fi
+}
+
+\def\setchapternewpage #1 {\csname CHAPPAG#1\endcsname}
+
+\def\CHAPPAGoff{%
+\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chappager
+\global\let\pchapsepmacro=\chapbreak
+\global\let\pagealignmacro=\chappager}
+
+\def\CHAPPAGon{%
+\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chappager
+\global\let\pchapsepmacro=\chappager
+\global\let\pagealignmacro=\chappager
+\global\def\HEADINGSon{\HEADINGSsingle}}
+
+\def\CHAPPAGodd{%
+\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chapoddpage
+\global\let\pchapsepmacro=\chapoddpage
+\global\let\pagealignmacro=\chapoddpage
+\global\def\HEADINGSon{\HEADINGSdouble}}
+
+\CHAPPAGon
+
+% Chapter opening.
+%
+% #1 is the text, #2 is the section type (Ynumbered, Ynothing,
+% Yappendix, Yomitfromtoc), #3 the chapter number.
+%
+% To test against our argument.
+\def\Ynothingkeyword{Ynothing}
+\def\Yomitfromtockeyword{Yomitfromtoc}
+\def\Yappendixkeyword{Yappendix}
+%
+\def\chapmacro#1#2#3{%
+  % Insert the first mark before the heading break (see notes for \domark).
+  \let\prevchapterdefs=\lastchapterdefs
+  \let\prevsectiondefs=\lastsectiondefs
+  \gdef\lastsectiondefs{\gdef\thissectionname{}\gdef\thissectionnum{}%
+                        \gdef\thissection{}}%
+  %
+  \def\temptype{#2}%
+  \ifx\temptype\Ynothingkeyword
+    \gdef\lastchapterdefs{\gdef\thischaptername{#1}\gdef\thischapternum{}%
+                          \gdef\thischapter{\thischaptername}}%
+  \else\ifx\temptype\Yomitfromtockeyword
+    \gdef\lastchapterdefs{\gdef\thischaptername{#1}\gdef\thischapternum{}%
+                          \gdef\thischapter{}}%
+  \else\ifx\temptype\Yappendixkeyword
+    \toks0={#1}%
+    \xdef\lastchapterdefs{%
+      \gdef\noexpand\thischaptername{\the\toks0}%
+      \gdef\noexpand\thischapternum{\appendixletter}%
+      \gdef\noexpand\thischapter{\putwordAppendix{} \noexpand\thischapternum:
+                                 \noexpand\thischaptername}%
+    }%
+  \else
+    \toks0={#1}%
+    \xdef\lastchapterdefs{%
+      \gdef\noexpand\thischaptername{\the\toks0}%
+      \gdef\noexpand\thischapternum{\the\chapno}%
+      \gdef\noexpand\thischapter{\putwordChapter{} \noexpand\thischapternum:
+                                 \noexpand\thischaptername}%
+    }%
+  \fi\fi\fi
+  %
+  % Output the mark.  Pass it through \safewhatsit, to take care of
+  % the preceding space.
+  \safewhatsit\domark
+  %
+  % Insert the chapter heading break.
+  \pchapsepmacro
+  %
+  % Now the second mark, after the heading break.  No break points
+  % between here and the heading.
+  \let\prevchapterdefs=\lastchapterdefs
+  \let\prevsectiondefs=\lastsectiondefs
+  \domark
+  %
+  {%
+    \chapfonts \rm
+    %
+    % Have to define \lastsection before calling \donoderef, because the
+    % xref code eventually uses it.  On the other hand, it has to be called
+    % after \pchapsepmacro, or the headline will change too soon.
+    \gdef\lastsection{#1}%
+    %
+    % Only insert the separating space if we have a chapter/appendix
+    % number, and don't print the unnumbered ``number''.
+    \ifx\temptype\Ynothingkeyword
+      \setbox0 = \hbox{}%
+      \def\toctype{unnchap}%
+    \else\ifx\temptype\Yomitfromtockeyword
+      \setbox0 = \hbox{}% contents like unnumbered, but no toc entry
+      \def\toctype{omit}%
+    \else\ifx\temptype\Yappendixkeyword
+      \setbox0 = \hbox{\putwordAppendix{} #3\enspace}%
+      \def\toctype{app}%
+    \else
+      \setbox0 = \hbox{#3\enspace}%
+      \def\toctype{numchap}%
+    \fi\fi\fi
+    %
+    % Write the toc entry for this chapter.  Must come before the
+    % \donoderef, because we include the current node name in the toc
+    % entry, and \donoderef resets it to empty.
+    \writetocentry{\toctype}{#1}{#3}%
+    %
+    % For pdftex, we have to write out the node definition (aka, make
+    % the pdfdest) after any page break, but before the actual text has
+    % been typeset.  If the destination for the pdf outline is after the
+    % text, then jumping from the outline may wind up with the text not
+    % being visible, for instance under high magnification.
+    \donoderef{#2}%
+    %
+    % Typeset the actual heading.
+    \nobreak % Avoid page breaks at the interline glue.
+    \vbox{\hyphenpenalty=10000 \tolerance=5000 \parindent=0pt \raggedright
+          \hangindent=\wd0 \centerparametersmaybe
+          \unhbox0 #1\par}%
+  }%
+  \nobreak\bigskip % no page break after a chapter title
+  \nobreak
+}
+
+% @centerchap -- centered and unnumbered.
+\let\centerparametersmaybe = \relax
+\def\centerparameters{%
+  \advance\rightskip by 3\rightskip
+  \leftskip = \rightskip
+  \parfillskip = 0pt
+}
+
+
+% I don't think this chapter style is supported any more, so I'm not
+% updating it with the new noderef stuff.  We'll see.  --karl, 11aug03.
+%
+\def\setchapterstyle #1 {\csname CHAPF#1\endcsname}
+%
+\def\unnchfopen #1{%
+\chapoddpage {\chapfonts \vbox{\hyphenpenalty=10000\tolerance=5000
+                       \parindent=0pt\raggedright
+                       \rm #1\hfill}}\bigskip \par\nobreak
+}
+\def\chfopen #1#2{\chapoddpage {\chapfonts
+\vbox to 3in{\vfil \hbox to\hsize{\hfil #2} \hbox to\hsize{\hfil #1} \vfil}}%
+\par\penalty 5000 %
+}
+\def\centerchfopen #1{%
+\chapoddpage {\chapfonts \vbox{\hyphenpenalty=10000\tolerance=5000
+                       \parindent=0pt
+                       \hfill {\rm #1}\hfill}}\bigskip \par\nobreak
+}
+\def\CHAPFopen{%
+  \global\let\chapmacro=\chfopen
+  \global\let\centerchapmacro=\centerchfopen}
+
+
+% Section titles.  These macros combine the section number parts and
+% call the generic \sectionheading to do the printing.
+%
+\newskip\secheadingskip
+\def\secheadingbreak{\dobreak \secheadingskip{-1000}}
+
+% Subsection titles.
+\newskip\subsecheadingskip
+\def\subsecheadingbreak{\dobreak \subsecheadingskip{-500}}
+
+% Subsubsection titles.
+\def\subsubsecheadingskip{\subsecheadingskip}
+\def\subsubsecheadingbreak{\subsecheadingbreak}
+
+
+% Print any size, any type, section title.
+%
+% #1 is the text, #2 is the section level (sec/subsec/subsubsec), #3 is
+% the section type for xrefs (Ynumbered, Ynothing, Yappendix), #4 is the
+% section number.
+%
+\def\seckeyword{sec}
+%
+\def\sectionheading#1#2#3#4{%
+  {%
+    % Switch to the right set of fonts.
+    \csname #2fonts\endcsname \rm
+    %
+    \def\sectionlevel{#2}%
+    \def\temptype{#3}%
+    %
+    % Insert first mark before the heading break (see notes for \domark).
+    \let\prevsectiondefs=\lastsectiondefs
+    \ifx\temptype\Ynothingkeyword
+      \ifx\sectionlevel\seckeyword
+        \gdef\lastsectiondefs{\gdef\thissectionname{#1}\gdef\thissectionnum{}%
+                              \gdef\thissection{\thissectionname}}%
+      \fi
+    \else\ifx\temptype\Yomitfromtockeyword
+      % Don't redefine \thissection.
+    \else\ifx\temptype\Yappendixkeyword
+      \ifx\sectionlevel\seckeyword
+        \toks0={#1}%
+        \xdef\lastsectiondefs{%
+          \gdef\noexpand\thissectionname{\the\toks0}%
+          \gdef\noexpand\thissectionnum{#4}%
+          \gdef\noexpand\thissection{\putwordSection{} \noexpand\thissectionnum:
+                                     \noexpand\thissectionname}%
+        }%
+      \fi
+    \else
+      \ifx\sectionlevel\seckeyword
+        \toks0={#1}%
+        \xdef\lastsectiondefs{%
+          \gdef\noexpand\thissectionname{\the\toks0}%
+          \gdef\noexpand\thissectionnum{#4}%
+          \gdef\noexpand\thissection{\putwordSection{} \noexpand\thissectionnum:
+                                     \noexpand\thissectionname}%
+        }%
+      \fi
+    \fi\fi\fi
+    %
+    % Output the mark.  Pass it through \safewhatsit, to take care of
+    % the preceding space.
+    \safewhatsit\domark
+    %
+    % Insert space above the heading.
+    \csname #2headingbreak\endcsname
+    %
+    % Now the second mark, after the heading break.  No break points
+    % between here and the heading.
+    \let\prevsectiondefs=\lastsectiondefs
+    \domark
+    %
+    % Only insert the space after the number if we have a section number.
+    \ifx\temptype\Ynothingkeyword
+      \setbox0 = \hbox{}%
+      \def\toctype{unn}%
+      \gdef\lastsection{#1}%
+    \else\ifx\temptype\Yomitfromtockeyword
+      % for @headings -- no section number, don't include in toc,
+      % and don't redefine \lastsection.
+      \setbox0 = \hbox{}%
+      \def\toctype{omit}%
+      \let\sectionlevel=\empty
+    \else\ifx\temptype\Yappendixkeyword
+      \setbox0 = \hbox{#4\enspace}%
+      \def\toctype{app}%
+      \gdef\lastsection{#1}%
+    \else
+      \setbox0 = \hbox{#4\enspace}%
+      \def\toctype{num}%
+      \gdef\lastsection{#1}%
+    \fi\fi\fi
+    %
+    % Write the toc entry (before \donoderef).  See comments in \chapmacro.
+    \writetocentry{\toctype\sectionlevel}{#1}{#4}%
+    %
+    % Write the node reference (= pdf destination for pdftex).
+    % Again, see comments in \chapmacro.
+    \donoderef{#3}%
+    %
+    % Interline glue will be inserted when the vbox is completed.
+    % That glue will be a valid breakpoint for the page, since it'll be
+    % preceded by a whatsit (usually from the \donoderef, or from the
+    % \writetocentry if there was no node).  We don't want to allow that
+    % break, since then the whatsits could end up on page n while the
+    % section is on page n+1, thus toc/etc. are wrong.  Debian bug 276000.
+    \nobreak
+    %
+    % Output the actual section heading.
+    \vbox{\hyphenpenalty=10000 \tolerance=5000 \parindent=0pt \raggedright
+          \hangindent=\wd0  % zero if no section number
+          \unhbox0 #1}%
+  }%
+  % Add extra space after the heading -- half of whatever came above it.
+  % Don't allow stretch, though.
+  \kern .5 \csname #2headingskip\endcsname
+  %
+  % Do not let the kern be a potential breakpoint, as it would be if it
+  % was followed by glue.
+  \nobreak
+  %
+  % We'll almost certainly start a paragraph next, so don't let that
+  % glue accumulate.  (Not a breakpoint because it's preceded by a
+  % discardable item.)
+  \vskip-\parskip
+  %
+  % This is purely so the last item on the list is a known \penalty >
+  % 10000.  This is so \startdefun can avoid allowing breakpoints after
+  % section headings.  Otherwise, it would insert a valid breakpoint between:
+  %
+  %   @section sec-whatever
+  %   @deffn def-whatever
+  \penalty 10001
+}
+
+
+\message{toc,}
+% Table of contents.
+\newwrite\tocfile
+
+% Write an entry to the toc file, opening it if necessary.
+% Called from @chapter, etc.
+%
+% Example usage: \writetocentry{sec}{Section Name}{\the\chapno.\the\secno}
+% We append the current node name (if any) and page number as additional
+% arguments for the \{chap,sec,...}entry macros which will eventually
+% read this.  The node name is used in the pdf outlines as the
+% destination to jump to.
+%
+% We open the .toc file for writing here instead of at @setfilename (or
+% any other fixed time) so that @contents can be anywhere in the document.
+% But if #1 is `omit', then we don't do anything.  This is used for the
+% table of contents chapter openings themselves.
+%
+\newif\iftocfileopened
+\def\omitkeyword{omit}%
+%
+\def\writetocentry#1#2#3{%
+  \edef\writetoctype{#1}%
+  \ifx\writetoctype\omitkeyword \else
+    \iftocfileopened\else
+      \immediate\openout\tocfile = \jobname.toc
+      \global\tocfileopenedtrue
+    \fi
+    %
+    \iflinks
+      {\atdummies
+       \edef\temp{%
+         \write\tocfile{@#1entry{#2}{#3}{\lastnode}{\noexpand\folio}}}%
+       \temp
+      }%
+    \fi
+  \fi
+  %
+  % Tell \shipout to create a pdf destination on each page, if we're
+  % writing pdf.  These are used in the table of contents.  We can't
+  % just write one on every page because the title pages are numbered
+  % 1 and 2 (the page numbers aren't printed), and so are the first
+  % two pages of the document.  Thus, we'd have two destinations named
+  % `1', and two named `2'.
+  \ifpdf \global\pdfmakepagedesttrue \fi
+}
+
+
+% These characters do not print properly in the Computer Modern roman
+% fonts, so we must take special care.  This is more or less redundant
+% with the Texinfo input format setup at the end of this file.
+%
+\def\activecatcodes{%
+  \catcode`\"=\active
+  \catcode`\$=\active
+  \catcode`\<=\active
+  \catcode`\>=\active
+  \catcode`\\=\active
+  \catcode`\^=\active
+  \catcode`\_=\active
+  \catcode`\|=\active
+  \catcode`\~=\active
+}
+
+
+% Read the toc file, which is essentially Texinfo input.
+\def\readtocfile{%
+  \setupdatafile
+  \activecatcodes
+  \input \tocreadfilename
+}
+
+\newskip\contentsrightmargin \contentsrightmargin=1in
+\newcount\savepageno
+\newcount\lastnegativepageno \lastnegativepageno = -1
+
+% Prepare to read what we've written to \tocfile.
+%
+\def\startcontents#1{%
+  % If @setchapternewpage on, and @headings double, the contents should
+  % start on an odd page, unlike chapters.  Thus, we maintain
+  % \contentsalignmacro in parallel with \pagealignmacro.
+  % From: Torbjorn Granlund <tege@matematik.su.se>
+  \contentsalignmacro
+  \immediate\closeout\tocfile
+  %
+  % Don't need to put `Contents' or `Short Contents' in the headline.
+  % It is abundantly clear what they are.
+  \chapmacro{#1}{Yomitfromtoc}{}%
+  %
+  \savepageno = \pageno
+  \begingroup                  % Set up to handle contents files properly.
+    \raggedbottom              % Worry more about breakpoints than the bottom.
+    \advance\hsize by -\contentsrightmargin % Don't use the full line length.
+    %
+    % Roman numerals for page numbers.
+    \ifnum \pageno>0 \global\pageno = \lastnegativepageno \fi
+}
+
+% redefined for the two-volume lispref.  We always output on
+% \jobname.toc even if this is redefined.
+%
+\def\tocreadfilename{\jobname.toc}
+
+% Normal (long) toc.
+%
+\def\contents{%
+  \startcontents{\putwordTOC}%
+    \openin 1 \tocreadfilename\space
+    \ifeof 1 \else
+      \readtocfile
+    \fi
+    \vfill \eject
+    \contentsalignmacro % in case @setchapternewpage odd is in effect
+    \ifeof 1 \else
+      \pdfmakeoutlines
+    \fi
+    \closein 1
+  \endgroup
+  \lastnegativepageno = \pageno
+  \global\pageno = \savepageno
+}
+
+% And just the chapters.
+\def\summarycontents{%
+  \startcontents{\putwordShortTOC}%
+    %
+    \let\numchapentry = \shortchapentry
+    \let\appentry = \shortchapentry
+    \let\unnchapentry = \shortunnchapentry
+    % We want a true roman here for the page numbers.
+    \secfonts
+    \let\rm=\shortcontrm \let\bf=\shortcontbf
+    \let\sl=\shortcontsl \let\tt=\shortconttt
+    \rm
+    \hyphenpenalty = 10000
+    \advance\baselineskip by 1pt % Open it up a little.
+    \def\numsecentry##1##2##3##4{}
+    \let\appsecentry = \numsecentry
+    \let\unnsecentry = \numsecentry
+    \let\numsubsecentry = \numsecentry
+    \let\appsubsecentry = \numsecentry
+    \let\unnsubsecentry = \numsecentry
+    \let\numsubsubsecentry = \numsecentry
+    \let\appsubsubsecentry = \numsecentry
+    \let\unnsubsubsecentry = \numsecentry
+    \openin 1 \tocreadfilename\space
+    \ifeof 1 \else
+      \readtocfile
+    \fi
+    \closein 1
+    \vfill \eject
+    \contentsalignmacro % in case @setchapternewpage odd is in effect
+  \endgroup
+  \lastnegativepageno = \pageno
+  \global\pageno = \savepageno
+}
+\let\shortcontents = \summarycontents
+
+% Typeset the label for a chapter or appendix for the short contents.
+% The arg is, e.g., `A' for an appendix, or `3' for a chapter.
+%
+\def\shortchaplabel#1{%
+  % This space should be enough, since a single number is .5em, and the
+  % widest letter (M) is 1em, at least in the Computer Modern fonts.
+  % But use \hss just in case.
+  % (This space doesn't include the extra space that gets added after
+  % the label; that gets put in by \shortchapentry above.)
+  %
+  % We'd like to right-justify chapter numbers, but that looks strange
+  % with appendix letters.  And right-justifying numbers and
+  % left-justifying letters looks strange when there is less than 10
+  % chapters.  Have to read the whole toc once to know how many chapters
+  % there are before deciding ...
+  \hbox to 1em{#1\hss}%
+}
+
+% These macros generate individual entries in the table of contents.
+% The first argument is the chapter or section name.
+% The last argument is the page number.
+% The arguments in between are the chapter number, section number, ...
+
+% Chapters, in the main contents.
+\def\numchapentry#1#2#3#4{\dochapentry{#2\labelspace#1}{#4}}
+%
+% Chapters, in the short toc.
+% See comments in \dochapentry re vbox and related settings.
+\def\shortchapentry#1#2#3#4{%
+  \tocentry{\shortchaplabel{#2}\labelspace #1}{\doshortpageno\bgroup#4\egroup}%
+}
+
+% Appendices, in the main contents.
+% Need the word Appendix, and a fixed-size box.
+%
+\def\appendixbox#1{%
+  % We use M since it's probably the widest letter.
+  \setbox0 = \hbox{\putwordAppendix{} M}%
+  \hbox to \wd0{\putwordAppendix{} #1\hss}}
+%
+\def\appentry#1#2#3#4{\dochapentry{\appendixbox{#2}\labelspace#1}{#4}}
+
+% Unnumbered chapters.
+\def\unnchapentry#1#2#3#4{\dochapentry{#1}{#4}}
+\def\shortunnchapentry#1#2#3#4{\tocentry{#1}{\doshortpageno\bgroup#4\egroup}}
+
+% Sections.
+\def\numsecentry#1#2#3#4{\dosecentry{#2\labelspace#1}{#4}}
+\let\appsecentry=\numsecentry
+\def\unnsecentry#1#2#3#4{\dosecentry{#1}{#4}}
+
+% Subsections.
+\def\numsubsecentry#1#2#3#4{\dosubsecentry{#2\labelspace#1}{#4}}
+\let\appsubsecentry=\numsubsecentry
+\def\unnsubsecentry#1#2#3#4{\dosubsecentry{#1}{#4}}
+
+% And subsubsections.
+\def\numsubsubsecentry#1#2#3#4{\dosubsubsecentry{#2\labelspace#1}{#4}}
+\let\appsubsubsecentry=\numsubsubsecentry
+\def\unnsubsubsecentry#1#2#3#4{\dosubsubsecentry{#1}{#4}}
+
+% This parameter controls the indentation of the various levels.
+% Same as \defaultparindent.
+\newdimen\tocindent \tocindent = 15pt
+
+% Now for the actual typesetting. In all these, #1 is the text and #2 is the
+% page number.
+%
+% If the toc has to be broken over pages, we want it to be at chapters
+% if at all possible; hence the \penalty.
+\def\dochapentry#1#2{%
+   \penalty-300 \vskip1\baselineskip plus.33\baselineskip minus.25\baselineskip
+   \begingroup
+     \chapentryfonts
+     \tocentry{#1}{\dopageno\bgroup#2\egroup}%
+   \endgroup
+   \nobreak\vskip .25\baselineskip plus.1\baselineskip
+}
+
+\def\dosecentry#1#2{\begingroup
+  \secentryfonts \leftskip=\tocindent
+  \tocentry{#1}{\dopageno\bgroup#2\egroup}%
+\endgroup}
+
+\def\dosubsecentry#1#2{\begingroup
+  \subsecentryfonts \leftskip=2\tocindent
+  \tocentry{#1}{\dopageno\bgroup#2\egroup}%
+\endgroup}
+
+\def\dosubsubsecentry#1#2{\begingroup
+  \subsubsecentryfonts \leftskip=3\tocindent
+  \tocentry{#1}{\dopageno\bgroup#2\egroup}%
+\endgroup}
+
+% We use the same \entry macro as for the index entries.
+\let\tocentry = \entry
+
+% Space between chapter (or whatever) number and the title.
+\def\labelspace{\hskip1em \relax}
+
+\def\dopageno#1{{\rm #1}}
+\def\doshortpageno#1{{\rm #1}}
+
+\def\chapentryfonts{\secfonts \rm}
+\def\secentryfonts{\textfonts}
+\def\subsecentryfonts{\textfonts}
+\def\subsubsecentryfonts{\textfonts}
+
+
+\message{environments,}
+% @foo ... @end foo.
+
+% @point{}, @result{}, @expansion{}, @print{}, @equiv{}.
+%
+% Since these characters are used in examples, it should be an even number of
+% \tt widths. Each \tt character is 1en, so two makes it 1em.
+%
+\def\point{$\star$}
+\def\result{\leavevmode\raise.15ex\hbox to 1em{\hfil$\Rightarrow$\hfil}}
+\def\expansion{\leavevmode\raise.1ex\hbox to 1em{\hfil$\mapsto$\hfil}}
+\def\print{\leavevmode\lower.1ex\hbox to 1em{\hfil$\dashv$\hfil}}
+\def\equiv{\leavevmode\lower.1ex\hbox to 1em{\hfil$\ptexequiv$\hfil}}
+
+% The @error{} command.
+% Adapted from the TeXbook's \boxit.
+%
+\newbox\errorbox
+%
+{\tentt \global\dimen0 = 3em}% Width of the box.
+\dimen2 = .55pt % Thickness of rules
+% The text. (`r' is open on the right, `e' somewhat less so on the left.)
+\setbox0 = \hbox{\kern-.75pt \reducedsf error\kern-1.5pt}
+%
+\setbox\errorbox=\hbox to \dimen0{\hfil
+   \hsize = \dimen0 \advance\hsize by -5.8pt % Space to left+right.
+   \advance\hsize by -2\dimen2 % Rules.
+   \vbox{%
+      \hrule height\dimen2
+      \hbox{\vrule width\dimen2 \kern3pt          % Space to left of text.
+         \vtop{\kern2.4pt \box0 \kern2.4pt}% Space above/below.
+         \kern3pt\vrule width\dimen2}% Space to right.
+      \hrule height\dimen2}
+    \hfil}
+%
+\def\error{\leavevmode\lower.7ex\copy\errorbox}
+
+% @tex ... @end tex    escapes into raw Tex temporarily.
+% One exception: @ is still an escape character, so that @end tex works.
+% But \@ or @@ will get a plain tex @ character.
+
+\envdef\tex{%
+  \catcode `\\=0 \catcode `\{=1 \catcode `\}=2
+  \catcode `\$=3 \catcode `\&=4 \catcode `\#=6
+  \catcode `\^=7 \catcode `\_=8 \catcode `\~=\active \let~=\tie
+  \catcode `\%=14
+  \catcode `\+=\other
+  \catcode `\"=\other
+  \catcode `\|=\other
+  \catcode `\<=\other
+  \catcode `\>=\other
+  \escapechar=`\\
+  %
+  \let\b=\ptexb
+  \let\bullet=\ptexbullet
+  \let\c=\ptexc
+  \let\,=\ptexcomma
+  \let\.=\ptexdot
+  \let\dots=\ptexdots
+  \let\equiv=\ptexequiv
+  \let\!=\ptexexclam
+  \let\i=\ptexi
+  \let\indent=\ptexindent
+  \let\noindent=\ptexnoindent
+  \let\{=\ptexlbrace
+  \let\+=\tabalign
+  \let\}=\ptexrbrace
+  \let\/=\ptexslash
+  \let\*=\ptexstar
+  \let\t=\ptext
+  \let\frenchspacing=\plainfrenchspacing
+  %
+  \def\endldots{\mathinner{\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots}}%
+  \def\enddots{\relax\ifmmode\endldots\else$\mathsurround=0pt \endldots\,$\fi}%
+  \def\@{@}%
+}
+% There is no need to define \Etex.
+
+% Define @lisp ... @end lisp.
+% @lisp environment forms a group so it can rebind things,
+% including the definition of @end lisp (which normally is erroneous).
+
+% Amount to narrow the margins by for @lisp.
+\newskip\lispnarrowing \lispnarrowing=0.4in
+
+% This is the definition that ^^M gets inside @lisp, @example, and other
+% such environments.  \null is better than a space, since it doesn't
+% have any width.
+\def\lisppar{\null\endgraf}
+
+% This space is always present above and below environments.
+\newskip\envskipamount \envskipamount = 0pt
+
+% Make spacing and below environment symmetrical.  We use \parskip here
+% to help in doing that, since in @example-like environments \parskip
+% is reset to zero; thus the \afterenvbreak inserts no space -- but the
+% start of the next paragraph will insert \parskip.
+%
+\def\aboveenvbreak{{%
+  % =10000 instead of <10000 because of a special case in \itemzzz and
+  % \sectionheading, q.v.
+  \ifnum \lastpenalty=10000 \else
+    \advance\envskipamount by \parskip
+    \endgraf
+    \ifdim\lastskip<\envskipamount
+      \removelastskip
+      % it's not a good place to break if the last penalty was \nobreak
+      % or better ...
+      \ifnum\lastpenalty<10000 \penalty-50 \fi
+      \vskip\envskipamount
+    \fi
+  \fi
+}}
+
+\let\afterenvbreak = \aboveenvbreak
+
+% \nonarrowing is a flag.  If "set", @lisp etc don't narrow margins; it will
+% also clear it, so that its embedded environments do the narrowing again.
+\let\nonarrowing=\relax
+
+% @cartouche ... @end cartouche: draw rectangle w/rounded corners around
+% environment contents.
+\font\circle=lcircle10
+\newdimen\circthick
+\newdimen\cartouter\newdimen\cartinner
+\newskip\normbskip\newskip\normpskip\newskip\normlskip
+\circthick=\fontdimen8\circle
+%
+\def\ctl{{\circle\char'013\hskip -6pt}}% 6pt from pl file: 1/2charwidth
+\def\ctr{{\hskip 6pt\circle\char'010}}
+\def\cbl{{\circle\char'012\hskip -6pt}}
+\def\cbr{{\hskip 6pt\circle\char'011}}
+\def\carttop{\hbox to \cartouter{\hskip\lskip
+        \ctl\leaders\hrule height\circthick\hfil\ctr
+        \hskip\rskip}}
+\def\cartbot{\hbox to \cartouter{\hskip\lskip
+        \cbl\leaders\hrule height\circthick\hfil\cbr
+        \hskip\rskip}}
+%
+\newskip\lskip\newskip\rskip
+
+\envdef\cartouche{%
+  \ifhmode\par\fi  % can't be in the midst of a paragraph.
+  \startsavinginserts
+  \lskip=\leftskip \rskip=\rightskip
+  \leftskip=0pt\rightskip=0pt % we want these *outside*.
+  \cartinner=\hsize \advance\cartinner by-\lskip
+  \advance\cartinner by-\rskip
+  \cartouter=\hsize
+  \advance\cartouter by 18.4pt	% allow for 3pt kerns on either
+				% side, and for 6pt waste from
+				% each corner char, and rule thickness
+  \normbskip=\baselineskip \normpskip=\parskip \normlskip=\lineskip
+  % Flag to tell @lisp, etc., not to narrow margin.
+  \let\nonarrowing = t%
+  \vbox\bgroup
+      \baselineskip=0pt\parskip=0pt\lineskip=0pt
+      \carttop
+      \hbox\bgroup
+	  \hskip\lskip
+	  \vrule\kern3pt
+	  \vbox\bgroup
+	      \kern3pt
+	      \hsize=\cartinner
+	      \baselineskip=\normbskip
+	      \lineskip=\normlskip
+	      \parskip=\normpskip
+	      \vskip -\parskip
+	      \comment % For explanation, see the end of \def\group.
+}
+\def\Ecartouche{%
+              \ifhmode\par\fi
+	      \kern3pt
+	  \egroup
+	  \kern3pt\vrule
+	  \hskip\rskip
+      \egroup
+      \cartbot
+  \egroup
+  \checkinserts
+}
+
+
+% This macro is called at the beginning of all the @example variants,
+% inside a group.
+\def\nonfillstart{%
+  \aboveenvbreak
+  \hfuzz = 12pt % Don't be fussy
+  \sepspaces % Make spaces be word-separators rather than space tokens.
+  \let\par = \lisppar % don't ignore blank lines
+  \obeylines % each line of input is a line of output
+  \parskip = 0pt
+  \parindent = 0pt
+  \emergencystretch = 0pt % don't try to avoid overfull boxes
+  \ifx\nonarrowing\relax
+    \advance \leftskip by \lispnarrowing
+    \exdentamount=\lispnarrowing
+  \else
+    \let\nonarrowing = \relax
+  \fi
+  \let\exdent=\nofillexdent
+}
+
+% If you want all examples etc. small: @set dispenvsize small.
+% If you want even small examples the full size: @set dispenvsize nosmall.
+% This affects the following displayed environments:
+%    @example, @display, @format, @lisp
+%
+\def\smallword{small}
+\def\nosmallword{nosmall}
+\let\SETdispenvsize\relax
+\def\setnormaldispenv{%
+  \ifx\SETdispenvsize\smallword
+    % end paragraph for sake of leading, in case document has no blank
+    % line.  This is redundant with what happens in \aboveenvbreak, but
+    % we need to do it before changing the fonts, and it's inconvenient
+    % to change the fonts afterward.
+    \ifnum \lastpenalty=10000 \else \endgraf \fi
+    \smallexamplefonts \rm
+  \fi
+}
+\def\setsmalldispenv{%
+  \ifx\SETdispenvsize\nosmallword
+  \else
+    \ifnum \lastpenalty=10000 \else \endgraf \fi
+    \smallexamplefonts \rm
+  \fi
+}
+
+% We often define two environments, @foo and @smallfoo.
+% Let's do it by one command:
+\def\makedispenv #1#2{
+  \expandafter\envdef\csname#1\endcsname {\setnormaldispenv #2}
+  \expandafter\envdef\csname small#1\endcsname {\setsmalldispenv #2}
+  \expandafter\let\csname E#1\endcsname \afterenvbreak
+  \expandafter\let\csname Esmall#1\endcsname \afterenvbreak
+}
+
+% Define two synonyms:
+\def\maketwodispenvs #1#2#3{
+  \makedispenv{#1}{#3}
+  \makedispenv{#2}{#3}
+}
+
+% @lisp: indented, narrowed, typewriter font; @example: same as @lisp.
+%
+% @smallexample and @smalllisp: use smaller fonts.
+% Originally contributed by Pavel@xerox.
+%
+\maketwodispenvs {lisp}{example}{%
+  \nonfillstart
+  \tt\quoteexpand
+  \let\kbdfont = \kbdexamplefont % Allow @kbd to do something special.
+  \gobble       % eat return
+}
+% @display/@smalldisplay: same as @lisp except keep current font.
+%
+\makedispenv {display}{%
+  \nonfillstart
+  \gobble
+}
+
+% @format/@smallformat: same as @display except don't narrow margins.
+%
+\makedispenv{format}{%
+  \let\nonarrowing = t%
+  \nonfillstart
+  \gobble
+}
+
+% @flushleft: same as @format, but doesn't obey \SETdispenvsize.
+\envdef\flushleft{%
+  \let\nonarrowing = t%
+  \nonfillstart
+  \gobble
+}
+\let\Eflushleft = \afterenvbreak
+
+% @flushright.
+%
+\envdef\flushright{%
+  \let\nonarrowing = t%
+  \nonfillstart
+  \advance\leftskip by 0pt plus 1fill
+  \gobble
+}
+\let\Eflushright = \afterenvbreak
+
+
+% @quotation does normal linebreaking (hence we can't use \nonfillstart)
+% and narrows the margins.  We keep \parskip nonzero in general, since
+% we're doing normal filling.  So, when using \aboveenvbreak and
+% \afterenvbreak, temporarily make \parskip 0.
+%
+\envdef\quotation{%
+  {\parskip=0pt \aboveenvbreak}% because \aboveenvbreak inserts \parskip
+  \parindent=0pt
+  %
+  % @cartouche defines \nonarrowing to inhibit narrowing at next level down.
+  \ifx\nonarrowing\relax
+    \advance\leftskip by \lispnarrowing
+    \advance\rightskip by \lispnarrowing
+    \exdentamount = \lispnarrowing
+  \else
+    \let\nonarrowing = \relax
+  \fi
+  \parsearg\quotationlabel
+}
+
+% We have retained a nonzero parskip for the environment, since we're
+% doing normal filling.
+%
+\def\Equotation{%
+  \par
+  \ifx\quotationauthor\undefined\else
+    % indent a bit.
+    \leftline{\kern 2\leftskip \sl ---\quotationauthor}%
+  \fi
+  {\parskip=0pt \afterenvbreak}%
+}
+
+% If we're given an argument, typeset it in bold with a colon after.
+\def\quotationlabel#1{%
+  \def\temp{#1}%
+  \ifx\temp\empty \else
+    {\bf #1: }%
+  \fi
+}
+
+
+% LaTeX-like @verbatim...@end verbatim and @verb{<char>...<char>}
+% If we want to allow any <char> as delimiter,
+% we need the curly braces so that makeinfo sees the @verb command, eg:
+% `@verbx...x' would look like the '@verbx' command.  --janneke@gnu.org
+%
+% [Knuth]: Donald Ervin Knuth, 1996.  The TeXbook.
+%
+% [Knuth] p.344; only we need to do the other characters Texinfo sets
+% active too.  Otherwise, they get lost as the first character on a
+% verbatim line.
+\def\dospecials{%
+  \do\ \do\\\do\{\do\}\do\$\do\&%
+  \do\#\do\^\do\^^K\do\_\do\^^A\do\%\do\~%
+  \do\<\do\>\do\|\do\@\do+\do\"%
+}
+%
+% [Knuth] p. 380
+\def\uncatcodespecials{%
+  \def\do##1{\catcode`##1=\other}\dospecials}
+%
+% [Knuth] pp. 380,381,391
+% Disable Spanish ligatures ?` and !` of \tt font
+\begingroup
+  \catcode`\`=\active\gdef`{\relax\lq}
+\endgroup
+%
+% Setup for the @verb command.
+%
+% Eight spaces for a tab
+\begingroup
+  \catcode`\^^I=\active
+  \gdef\tabeightspaces{\catcode`\^^I=\active\def^^I{\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ }}
+\endgroup
+%
+\def\setupverb{%
+  \tt  % easiest (and conventionally used) font for verbatim
+  \def\par{\leavevmode\endgraf}%
+  \catcode`\`=\active
+  \tabeightspaces
+  % Respect line breaks,
+  % print special symbols as themselves, and
+  % make each space count
+  % must do in this order:
+  \obeylines \uncatcodespecials \sepspaces
+}
+
+% Setup for the @verbatim environment
+%
+% Real tab expansion
+\newdimen\tabw \setbox0=\hbox{\tt\space} \tabw=8\wd0 % tab amount
+%
+\def\starttabbox{\setbox0=\hbox\bgroup}
+
+% Allow an option to not replace quotes with a regular directed right
+% quote/apostrophe (char 0x27), but instead use the undirected quote
+% from cmtt (char 0x0d).  The undirected quote is ugly, so don't make it
+% the default, but it works for pasting with more pdf viewers (at least
+% evince), the lilypond developers report.  xpdf does work with the
+% regular 0x27.
+%
+\def\codequoteright{%
+  \expandafter\ifx\csname SETtxicodequoteundirected\endcsname\relax
+    \expandafter\ifx\csname SETcodequoteundirected\endcsname\relax
+      '%
+    \else \char'15 \fi
+  \else \char'15 \fi
+}
+%
+% and a similar option for the left quote char vs. a grave accent.
+% Modern fonts display ASCII 0x60 as a grave accent, so some people like
+% the code environments to do likewise.
+%
+\def\codequoteleft{%
+  \expandafter\ifx\csname SETtxicodequotebacktick\endcsname\relax
+    \expandafter\ifx\csname SETcodequotebacktick\endcsname\relax
+      `%
+    \else \char'22 \fi
+  \else \char'22 \fi
+}
+%
+\begingroup
+  \catcode`\^^I=\active
+  \gdef\tabexpand{%
+    \catcode`\^^I=\active
+    \def^^I{\leavevmode\egroup
+      \dimen0=\wd0 % the width so far, or since the previous tab
+      \divide\dimen0 by\tabw
+      \multiply\dimen0 by\tabw % compute previous multiple of \tabw
+      \advance\dimen0 by\tabw  % advance to next multiple of \tabw
+      \wd0=\dimen0 \box0 \starttabbox
+    }%
+  }
+  \catcode`\'=\active
+  \gdef\rquoteexpand{\catcode\rquoteChar=\active \def'{\codequoteright}}%
+  %
+  \catcode`\`=\active
+  \gdef\lquoteexpand{\catcode\lquoteChar=\active \def`{\codequoteleft}}%
+  %
+  \gdef\quoteexpand{\rquoteexpand \lquoteexpand}%
+\endgroup
+
+% start the verbatim environment.
+\def\setupverbatim{%
+  \let\nonarrowing = t%
+  \nonfillstart
+  % Easiest (and conventionally used) font for verbatim
+  \tt
+  \def\par{\leavevmode\egroup\box0\endgraf}%
+  \catcode`\`=\active
+  \tabexpand
+  \quoteexpand
+  % Respect line breaks,
+  % print special symbols as themselves, and
+  % make each space count
+  % must do in this order:
+  \obeylines \uncatcodespecials \sepspaces
+  \everypar{\starttabbox}%
+}
+
+% Do the @verb magic: verbatim text is quoted by unique
+% delimiter characters.  Before first delimiter expect a
+% right brace, after last delimiter expect closing brace:
+%
+%    \def\doverb'{'<char>#1<char>'}'{#1}
+%
+% [Knuth] p. 382; only eat outer {}
+\begingroup
+  \catcode`[=1\catcode`]=2\catcode`\{=\other\catcode`\}=\other
+  \gdef\doverb{#1[\def\next##1#1}[##1\endgroup]\next]
+\endgroup
+%
+\def\verb{\begingroup\setupverb\doverb}
+%
+%
+% Do the @verbatim magic: define the macro \doverbatim so that
+% the (first) argument ends when '@end verbatim' is reached, ie:
+%
+%     \def\doverbatim#1@end verbatim{#1}
+%
+% For Texinfo it's a lot easier than for LaTeX,
+% because texinfo's \verbatim doesn't stop at '\end{verbatim}':
+% we need not redefine '\', '{' and '}'.
+%
+% Inspired by LaTeX's verbatim command set [latex.ltx]
+%
+\begingroup
+  \catcode`\ =\active
+  \obeylines %
+  % ignore everything up to the first ^^M, that's the newline at the end
+  % of the @verbatim input line itself.  Otherwise we get an extra blank
+  % line in the output.
+  \xdef\doverbatim#1^^M#2@end verbatim{#2\noexpand\end\gobble verbatim}%
+  % We really want {...\end verbatim} in the body of the macro, but
+  % without the active space; thus we have to use \xdef and \gobble.
+\endgroup
+%
+\envdef\verbatim{%
+    \setupverbatim\doverbatim
+}
+\let\Everbatim = \afterenvbreak
+
+
+% @verbatiminclude FILE - insert text of file in verbatim environment.
+%
+\def\verbatiminclude{\parseargusing\filenamecatcodes\doverbatiminclude}
+%
+\def\doverbatiminclude#1{%
+  {%
+    \makevalueexpandable
+    \setupverbatim
+    \input #1
+    \afterenvbreak
+  }%
+}
+
+% @copying ... @end copying.
+% Save the text away for @insertcopying later.
+%
+% We save the uninterpreted tokens, rather than creating a box.
+% Saving the text in a box would be much easier, but then all the
+% typesetting commands (@smallbook, font changes, etc.) have to be done
+% beforehand -- and a) we want @copying to be done first in the source
+% file; b) letting users define the frontmatter in as flexible order as
+% possible is very desirable.
+%
+\def\copying{\checkenv{}\begingroup\scanargctxt\docopying}
+\def\docopying#1@end copying{\endgroup\def\copyingtext{#1}}
+%
+\def\insertcopying{%
+  \begingroup
+    \parindent = 0pt  % paragraph indentation looks wrong on title page
+    \scanexp\copyingtext
+  \endgroup
+}
+
+
+\message{defuns,}
+% @defun etc.
+
+\newskip\defbodyindent \defbodyindent=.4in
+\newskip\defargsindent \defargsindent=50pt
+\newskip\deflastargmargin \deflastargmargin=18pt
+\newcount\defunpenalty
+
+% Start the processing of @deffn:
+\def\startdefun{%
+  \ifnum\lastpenalty<10000
+    \medbreak
+    \defunpenalty=10003 % Will keep this @deffn together with the
+                        % following @def command, see below.
+  \else
+    % If there are two @def commands in a row, we'll have a \nobreak,
+    % which is there to keep the function description together with its
+    % header.  But if there's nothing but headers, we need to allow a
+    % break somewhere.  Check specifically for penalty 10002, inserted
+    % by \printdefunline, instead of 10000, since the sectioning
+    % commands also insert a nobreak penalty, and we don't want to allow
+    % a break between a section heading and a defun.
+    %
+    % As a minor refinement, we avoid "club" headers by signalling
+    % with penalty of 10003 after the very first @deffn in the
+    % sequence (see above), and penalty of 10002 after any following
+    % @def command.
+    \ifnum\lastpenalty=10002 \penalty2000 \else \defunpenalty=10002 \fi
+    %
+    % Similarly, after a section heading, do not allow a break.
+    % But do insert the glue.
+    \medskip  % preceded by discardable penalty, so not a breakpoint
+  \fi
+  %
+  \parindent=0in
+  \advance\leftskip by \defbodyindent
+  \exdentamount=\defbodyindent
+}
+
+\def\dodefunx#1{%
+  % First, check whether we are in the right environment:
+  \checkenv#1%
+  %
+  % As above, allow line break if we have multiple x headers in a row.
+  % It's not a great place, though.
+  \ifnum\lastpenalty=10002 \penalty3000 \else \defunpenalty=10002 \fi
+  %
+  % And now, it's time to reuse the body of the original defun:
+  \expandafter\gobbledefun#1%
+}
+\def\gobbledefun#1\startdefun{}
+
+% \printdefunline \deffnheader{text}
+%
+\def\printdefunline#1#2{%
+  \begingroup
+    % call \deffnheader:
+    #1#2 \endheader
+    % common ending:
+    \interlinepenalty = 10000
+    \advance\rightskip by 0pt plus 1fil
+    \endgraf
+    \nobreak\vskip -\parskip
+    \penalty\defunpenalty  % signal to \startdefun and \dodefunx
+    % Some of the @defun-type tags do not enable magic parentheses,
+    % rendering the following check redundant.  But we don't optimize.
+    \checkparencounts
+  \endgroup
+}
+
+\def\Edefun{\endgraf\medbreak}
+
+% \makedefun{deffn} creates \deffn, \deffnx and \Edeffn;
+% the only thing remainnig is to define \deffnheader.
+%
+\def\makedefun#1{%
+  \expandafter\let\csname E#1\endcsname = \Edefun
+  \edef\temp{\noexpand\domakedefun
+    \makecsname{#1}\makecsname{#1x}\makecsname{#1header}}%
+  \temp
+}
+
+% \domakedefun \deffn \deffnx \deffnheader
+%
+% Define \deffn and \deffnx, without parameters.
+% \deffnheader has to be defined explicitly.
+%
+\def\domakedefun#1#2#3{%
+  \envdef#1{%
+    \startdefun
+    \parseargusing\activeparens{\printdefunline#3}%
+  }%
+  \def#2{\dodefunx#1}%
+  \def#3%
+}
+
+%%% Untyped functions:
+
+% @deffn category name args
+\makedefun{deffn}{\deffngeneral{}}
+
+% @deffn category class name args
+\makedefun{defop}#1 {\defopon{#1\ \putwordon}}
+
+% \defopon {category on}class name args
+\def\defopon#1#2 {\deffngeneral{\putwordon\ \code{#2}}{#1\ \code{#2}} }
+
+% \deffngeneral {subind}category name args
+%
+\def\deffngeneral#1#2 #3 #4\endheader{%
+  % Remember that \dosubind{fn}{foo}{} is equivalent to \doind{fn}{foo}.
+  \dosubind{fn}{\code{#3}}{#1}%
+  \defname{#2}{}{#3}\magicamp\defunargs{#4\unskip}%
+}
+
+%%% Typed functions:
+
+% @deftypefn category type name args
+\makedefun{deftypefn}{\deftypefngeneral{}}
+
+% @deftypeop category class type name args
+\makedefun{deftypeop}#1 {\deftypeopon{#1\ \putwordon}}
+
+% \deftypeopon {category on}class type name args
+\def\deftypeopon#1#2 {\deftypefngeneral{\putwordon\ \code{#2}}{#1\ \code{#2}} }
+
+% \deftypefngeneral {subind}category type name args
+%
+\def\deftypefngeneral#1#2 #3 #4 #5\endheader{%
+  \dosubind{fn}{\code{#4}}{#1}%
+  \defname{#2}{#3}{#4}\defunargs{#5\unskip}%
+}
+
+%%% Typed variables:
+
+% @deftypevr category type var args
+\makedefun{deftypevr}{\deftypecvgeneral{}}
+
+% @deftypecv category class type var args
+\makedefun{deftypecv}#1 {\deftypecvof{#1\ \putwordof}}
+
+% \deftypecvof {category of}class type var args
+\def\deftypecvof#1#2 {\deftypecvgeneral{\putwordof\ \code{#2}}{#1\ \code{#2}} }
+
+% \deftypecvgeneral {subind}category type var args
+%
+\def\deftypecvgeneral#1#2 #3 #4 #5\endheader{%
+  \dosubind{vr}{\code{#4}}{#1}%
+  \defname{#2}{#3}{#4}\defunargs{#5\unskip}%
+}
+
+%%% Untyped variables:
+
+% @defvr category var args
+\makedefun{defvr}#1 {\deftypevrheader{#1} {} }
+
+% @defcv category class var args
+\makedefun{defcv}#1 {\defcvof{#1\ \putwordof}}
+
+% \defcvof {category of}class var args
+\def\defcvof#1#2 {\deftypecvof{#1}#2 {} }
+
+%%% Type:
+% @deftp category name args
+\makedefun{deftp}#1 #2 #3\endheader{%
+  \doind{tp}{\code{#2}}%
+  \defname{#1}{}{#2}\defunargs{#3\unskip}%
+}
+
+% Remaining @defun-like shortcuts:
+\makedefun{defun}{\deffnheader{\putwordDeffunc} }
+\makedefun{defmac}{\deffnheader{\putwordDefmac} }
+\makedefun{defspec}{\deffnheader{\putwordDefspec} }
+\makedefun{deftypefun}{\deftypefnheader{\putwordDeffunc} }
+\makedefun{defvar}{\defvrheader{\putwordDefvar} }
+\makedefun{defopt}{\defvrheader{\putwordDefopt} }
+\makedefun{deftypevar}{\deftypevrheader{\putwordDefvar} }
+\makedefun{defmethod}{\defopon\putwordMethodon}
+\makedefun{deftypemethod}{\deftypeopon\putwordMethodon}
+\makedefun{defivar}{\defcvof\putwordInstanceVariableof}
+\makedefun{deftypeivar}{\deftypecvof\putwordInstanceVariableof}
+
+% \defname, which formats the name of the @def (not the args).
+% #1 is the category, such as "Function".
+% #2 is the return type, if any.
+% #3 is the function name.
+%
+% We are followed by (but not passed) the arguments, if any.
+%
+\def\defname#1#2#3{%
+  % Get the values of \leftskip and \rightskip as they were outside the @def...
+  \advance\leftskip by -\defbodyindent
+  %
+  % How we'll format the type name.  Putting it in brackets helps
+  % distinguish it from the body text that may end up on the next line
+  % just below it.
+  \def\temp{#1}%
+  \setbox0=\hbox{\kern\deflastargmargin \ifx\temp\empty\else [\rm\temp]\fi}
+  %
+  % Figure out line sizes for the paragraph shape.
+  % The first line needs space for \box0; but if \rightskip is nonzero,
+  % we need only space for the part of \box0 which exceeds it:
+  \dimen0=\hsize  \advance\dimen0 by -\wd0  \advance\dimen0 by \rightskip
+  % The continuations:
+  \dimen2=\hsize  \advance\dimen2 by -\defargsindent
+  % (plain.tex says that \dimen1 should be used only as global.)
+  \parshape 2 0in \dimen0 \defargsindent \dimen2
+  %
+  % Put the type name to the right margin.
+  \noindent
+  \hbox to 0pt{%
+    \hfil\box0 \kern-\hsize
+    % \hsize has to be shortened this way:
+    \kern\leftskip
+    % Intentionally do not respect \rightskip, since we need the space.
+  }%
+  %
+  % Allow all lines to be underfull without complaint:
+  \tolerance=10000 \hbadness=10000
+  \exdentamount=\defbodyindent
+  {%
+    % defun fonts. We use typewriter by default (used to be bold) because:
+    % . we're printing identifiers, they should be in tt in principle.
+    % . in languages with many accents, such as Czech or French, it's
+    %   common to leave accents off identifiers.  The result looks ok in
+    %   tt, but exceedingly strange in rm.
+    % . we don't want -- and --- to be treated as ligatures.
+    % . this still does not fix the ?` and !` ligatures, but so far no
+    %   one has made identifiers using them :).
+    \df \tt
+    \def\temp{#2}% return value type
+    \ifx\temp\empty\else \tclose{\temp} \fi
+    #3% output function name
+  }%
+  {\rm\enskip}% hskip 0.5 em of \tenrm
+  %
+  \boldbrax
+  % arguments will be output next, if any.
+}
+
+% Print arguments in slanted roman (not ttsl), inconsistently with using
+% tt for the name.  This is because literal text is sometimes needed in
+% the argument list (groff manual), and ttsl and tt are not very
+% distinguishable.  Prevent hyphenation at `-' chars.
+%
+\def\defunargs#1{%
+  % use sl by default (not ttsl),
+  % tt for the names.
+  \df \sl \hyphenchar\font=0
+  %
+  % On the other hand, if an argument has two dashes (for instance), we
+  % want a way to get ttsl.  Let's try @var for that.
+  \let\var=\ttslanted
+  #1%
+  \sl\hyphenchar\font=45
+}
+
+% We want ()&[] to print specially on the defun line.
+%
+\def\activeparens{%
+  \catcode`\(=\active \catcode`\)=\active
+  \catcode`\[=\active \catcode`\]=\active
+  \catcode`\&=\active
+}
+
+% Make control sequences which act like normal parenthesis chars.
+\let\lparen = ( \let\rparen = )
+
+% Be sure that we always have a definition for `(', etc.  For example,
+% if the fn name has parens in it, \boldbrax will not be in effect yet,
+% so TeX would otherwise complain about undefined control sequence.
+{
+  \activeparens
+  \global\let(=\lparen \global\let)=\rparen
+  \global\let[=\lbrack \global\let]=\rbrack
+  \global\let& = \&
+
+  \gdef\boldbrax{\let(=\opnr\let)=\clnr\let[=\lbrb\let]=\rbrb}
+  \gdef\magicamp{\let&=\amprm}
+}
+
+\newcount\parencount
+
+% If we encounter &foo, then turn on ()-hacking afterwards
+\newif\ifampseen
+\def\amprm#1 {\ampseentrue{\bf\&#1 }}
+
+\def\parenfont{%
+  \ifampseen
+    % At the first level, print parens in roman,
+    % otherwise use the default font.
+    \ifnum \parencount=1 \rm \fi
+  \else
+    % The \sf parens (in \boldbrax) actually are a little bolder than
+    % the contained text.  This is especially needed for [ and ] .
+    \sf
+  \fi
+}
+\def\infirstlevel#1{%
+  \ifampseen
+    \ifnum\parencount=1
+      #1%
+    \fi
+  \fi
+}
+\def\bfafterword#1 {#1 \bf}
+
+\def\opnr{%
+  \global\advance\parencount by 1
+  {\parenfont(}%
+  \infirstlevel \bfafterword
+}
+\def\clnr{%
+  {\parenfont)}%
+  \infirstlevel \sl
+  \global\advance\parencount by -1
+}
+
+\newcount\brackcount
+\def\lbrb{%
+  \global\advance\brackcount by 1
+  {\bf[}%
+}
+\def\rbrb{%
+  {\bf]}%
+  \global\advance\brackcount by -1
+}
+
+\def\checkparencounts{%
+  \ifnum\parencount=0 \else \badparencount \fi
+  \ifnum\brackcount=0 \else \badbrackcount \fi
+}
+% these should not use \errmessage; the glibc manual, at least, actually
+% has such constructs (when documenting function pointers).
+\def\badparencount{%
+  \message{Warning: unbalanced parentheses in @def...}%
+  \global\parencount=0
+}
+\def\badbrackcount{%
+  \message{Warning: unbalanced square brackets in @def...}%
+  \global\brackcount=0
+}
+
+
+\message{macros,}
+% @macro.
+
+% To do this right we need a feature of e-TeX, \scantokens,
+% which we arrange to emulate with a temporary file in ordinary TeX.
+\ifx\eTeXversion\undefined
+  \newwrite\macscribble
+  \def\scantokens#1{%
+    \toks0={#1}%
+    \immediate\openout\macscribble=\jobname.tmp
+    \immediate\write\macscribble{\the\toks0}%
+    \immediate\closeout\macscribble
+    \input \jobname.tmp
+  }
+\fi
+
+\def\scanmacro#1{%
+  \begingroup
+    \newlinechar`\^^M
+    \let\xeatspaces\eatspaces
+    % Undo catcode changes of \startcontents and \doprintindex
+    % When called from @insertcopying or (short)caption, we need active
+    % backslash to get it printed correctly.  Previously, we had
+    % \catcode`\\=\other instead.  We'll see whether a problem appears
+    % with macro expansion.				--kasal, 19aug04
+    \catcode`\@=0 \catcode`\\=\active \escapechar=`\@
+    % ... and \example
+    \spaceisspace
+    %
+    % Append \endinput to make sure that TeX does not see the ending newline.
+    % I've verified that it is necessary both for e-TeX and for ordinary TeX
+    %							--kasal, 29nov03
+    \scantokens{#1\endinput}%
+  \endgroup
+}
+
+\def\scanexp#1{%
+  \edef\temp{\noexpand\scanmacro{#1}}%
+  \temp
+}
+
+\newcount\paramno   % Count of parameters
+\newtoks\macname    % Macro name
+\newif\ifrecursive  % Is it recursive?
+
+% List of all defined macros in the form
+%    \definedummyword\macro1\definedummyword\macro2...
+% Currently is also contains all @aliases; the list can be split
+% if there is a need.
+\def\macrolist{}
+
+% Add the macro to \macrolist
+\def\addtomacrolist#1{\expandafter \addtomacrolistxxx \csname#1\endcsname}
+\def\addtomacrolistxxx#1{%
+     \toks0 = \expandafter{\macrolist\definedummyword#1}%
+     \xdef\macrolist{\the\toks0}%
+}
+
+% Utility routines.
+% This does \let #1 = #2, with \csnames; that is,
+%   \let \csname#1\endcsname = \csname#2\endcsname
+% (except of course we have to play expansion games).
+%
+\def\cslet#1#2{%
+  \expandafter\let
+  \csname#1\expandafter\endcsname
+  \csname#2\endcsname
+}
+
+% Trim leading and trailing spaces off a string.
+% Concepts from aro-bend problem 15 (see CTAN).
+{\catcode`\@=11
+\gdef\eatspaces #1{\expandafter\trim@\expandafter{#1 }}
+\gdef\trim@ #1{\trim@@ @#1 @ #1 @ @@}
+\gdef\trim@@ #1@ #2@ #3@@{\trim@@@\empty #2 @}
+\def\unbrace#1{#1}
+\unbrace{\gdef\trim@@@ #1 } #2@{#1}
+}
+
+% Trim a single trailing ^^M off a string.
+{\catcode`\^^M=\other \catcode`\Q=3%
+\gdef\eatcr #1{\eatcra #1Q^^MQ}%
+\gdef\eatcra#1^^MQ{\eatcrb#1Q}%
+\gdef\eatcrb#1Q#2Q{#1}%
+}
+
+% Macro bodies are absorbed as an argument in a context where
+% all characters are catcode 10, 11 or 12, except \ which is active
+% (as in normal texinfo). It is necessary to change the definition of \.
+
+% Non-ASCII encodings make 8-bit characters active, so un-activate
+% them to avoid their expansion.  Must do this non-globally, to
+% confine the change to the current group.
+
+% It's necessary to have hard CRs when the macro is executed. This is
+% done by  making ^^M (\endlinechar) catcode 12 when reading the macro
+% body, and then making it the \newlinechar in \scanmacro.
+
+\def\scanctxt{%
+  \catcode`\"=\other
+  \catcode`\+=\other
+  \catcode`\<=\other
+  \catcode`\>=\other
+  \catcode`\@=\other
+  \catcode`\^=\other
+  \catcode`\_=\other
+  \catcode`\|=\other
+  \catcode`\~=\other
+  \ifx\declaredencoding\ascii \else \setnonasciicharscatcodenonglobal\other \fi
+}
+
+\def\scanargctxt{%
+  \scanctxt
+  \catcode`\\=\other
+  \catcode`\^^M=\other
+}
+
+\def\macrobodyctxt{%
+  \scanctxt
+  \catcode`\{=\other
+  \catcode`\}=\other
+  \catcode`\^^M=\other
+  \usembodybackslash
+}
+
+\def\macroargctxt{%
+  \scanctxt
+  \catcode`\\=\other
+}
+
+% \mbodybackslash is the definition of \ in @macro bodies.
+% It maps \foo\ => \csname macarg.foo\endcsname => #N
+% where N is the macro parameter number.
+% We define \csname macarg.\endcsname to be \realbackslash, so
+% \\ in macro replacement text gets you a backslash.
+
+{\catcode`@=0 @catcode`@\=@active
+ @gdef@usembodybackslash{@let\=@mbodybackslash}
+ @gdef@mbodybackslash#1\{@csname macarg.#1@endcsname}
+}
+\expandafter\def\csname macarg.\endcsname{\realbackslash}
+
+\def\macro{\recursivefalse\parsearg\macroxxx}
+\def\rmacro{\recursivetrue\parsearg\macroxxx}
+
+\def\macroxxx#1{%
+  \getargs{#1}%           now \macname is the macname and \argl the arglist
+  \ifx\argl\empty       % no arguments
+     \paramno=0%
+  \else
+     \expandafter\parsemargdef \argl;%
+  \fi
+  \if1\csname ismacro.\the\macname\endcsname
+     \message{Warning: redefining \the\macname}%
+  \else
+     \expandafter\ifx\csname \the\macname\endcsname \relax
+     \else \errmessage{Macro name \the\macname\space already defined}\fi
+     \global\cslet{macsave.\the\macname}{\the\macname}%
+     \global\expandafter\let\csname ismacro.\the\macname\endcsname=1%
+     \addtomacrolist{\the\macname}%
+  \fi
+  \begingroup \macrobodyctxt
+  \ifrecursive \expandafter\parsermacbody
+  \else \expandafter\parsemacbody
+  \fi}
+
+\parseargdef\unmacro{%
+  \if1\csname ismacro.#1\endcsname
+    \global\cslet{#1}{macsave.#1}%
+    \global\expandafter\let \csname ismacro.#1\endcsname=0%
+    % Remove the macro name from \macrolist:
+    \begingroup
+      \expandafter\let\csname#1\endcsname \relax
+      \let\definedummyword\unmacrodo
+      \xdef\macrolist{\macrolist}%
+    \endgroup
+  \else
+    \errmessage{Macro #1 not defined}%
+  \fi
+}
+
+% Called by \do from \dounmacro on each macro.  The idea is to omit any
+% macro definitions that have been changed to \relax.
+%
+\def\unmacrodo#1{%
+  \ifx #1\relax
+    % remove this
+  \else
+    \noexpand\definedummyword \noexpand#1%
+  \fi
+}
+
+% This makes use of the obscure feature that if the last token of a
+% <parameter list> is #, then the preceding argument is delimited by
+% an opening brace, and that opening brace is not consumed.
+\def\getargs#1{\getargsxxx#1{}}
+\def\getargsxxx#1#{\getmacname #1 \relax\getmacargs}
+\def\getmacname #1 #2\relax{\macname={#1}}
+\def\getmacargs#1{\def\argl{#1}}
+
+% Parse the optional {params} list.  Set up \paramno and \paramlist
+% so \defmacro knows what to do.  Define \macarg.blah for each blah
+% in the params list, to be ##N where N is the position in that list.
+% That gets used by \mbodybackslash (above).
+
+% We need to get `macro parameter char #' into several definitions.
+% The technique used is stolen from LaTeX:  let \hash be something
+% unexpandable, insert that wherever you need a #, and then redefine
+% it to # just before using the token list produced.
+%
+% The same technique is used to protect \eatspaces till just before
+% the macro is used.
+
+\def\parsemargdef#1;{\paramno=0\def\paramlist{}%
+        \let\hash\relax\let\xeatspaces\relax\parsemargdefxxx#1,;,}
+\def\parsemargdefxxx#1,{%
+  \if#1;\let\next=\relax
+  \else \let\next=\parsemargdefxxx
+    \advance\paramno by 1%
+    \expandafter\edef\csname macarg.\eatspaces{#1}\endcsname
+        {\xeatspaces{\hash\the\paramno}}%
+    \edef\paramlist{\paramlist\hash\the\paramno,}%
+  \fi\next}
+
+% These two commands read recursive and nonrecursive macro bodies.
+% (They're different since rec and nonrec macros end differently.)
+
+\long\def\parsemacbody#1@end macro%
+{\xdef\temp{\eatcr{#1}}\endgroup\defmacro}%
+\long\def\parsermacbody#1@end rmacro%
+{\xdef\temp{\eatcr{#1}}\endgroup\defmacro}%
+
+% This defines the macro itself. There are six cases: recursive and
+% nonrecursive macros of zero, one, and many arguments.
+% Much magic with \expandafter here.
+% \xdef is used so that macro definitions will survive the file
+% they're defined in; @include reads the file inside a group.
+\def\defmacro{%
+  \let\hash=##% convert placeholders to macro parameter chars
+  \ifrecursive
+    \ifcase\paramno
+    % 0
+      \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
+        \noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}}%
+    \or % 1
+      \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
+         \bgroup\noexpand\macroargctxt
+         \noexpand\braceorline
+         \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname}%
+      \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname##1{%
+         \egroup\noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}}%
+    \else % many
+      \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
+         \bgroup\noexpand\macroargctxt
+         \noexpand\csname\the\macname xx\endcsname}%
+      \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname xx\endcsname##1{%
+          \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname ##1,}%
+      \expandafter\expandafter
+      \expandafter\xdef
+      \expandafter\expandafter
+        \csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname
+          \paramlist{\egroup\noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}}%
+    \fi
+  \else
+    \ifcase\paramno
+    % 0
+      \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
+        \noexpand\norecurse{\the\macname}%
+        \noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}\egroup}%
+    \or % 1
+      \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
+         \bgroup\noexpand\macroargctxt
+         \noexpand\braceorline
+         \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname}%
+      \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname##1{%
+        \egroup
+        \noexpand\norecurse{\the\macname}%
+        \noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}\egroup}%
+    \else % many
+      \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
+         \bgroup\noexpand\macroargctxt
+         \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname xx\endcsname}%
+      \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname xx\endcsname##1{%
+          \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname ##1,}%
+      \expandafter\expandafter
+      \expandafter\xdef
+      \expandafter\expandafter
+      \csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname
+      \paramlist{%
+          \egroup
+          \noexpand\norecurse{\the\macname}%
+          \noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}\egroup}%
+    \fi
+  \fi}
+
+\def\norecurse#1{\bgroup\cslet{#1}{macsave.#1}}
+
+% \braceorline decides whether the next nonwhitespace character is a
+% {.  If so it reads up to the closing }, if not, it reads the whole
+% line.  Whatever was read is then fed to the next control sequence
+% as an argument (by \parsebrace or \parsearg)
+\def\braceorline#1{\let\macnamexxx=#1\futurelet\nchar\braceorlinexxx}
+\def\braceorlinexxx{%
+  \ifx\nchar\bgroup\else
+    \expandafter\parsearg
+  \fi \macnamexxx}
+
+
+% @alias.
+% We need some trickery to remove the optional spaces around the equal
+% sign.  Just make them active and then expand them all to nothing.
+\def\alias{\parseargusing\obeyspaces\aliasxxx}
+\def\aliasxxx #1{\aliasyyy#1\relax}
+\def\aliasyyy #1=#2\relax{%
+  {%
+    \expandafter\let\obeyedspace=\empty
+    \addtomacrolist{#1}%
+    \xdef\next{\global\let\makecsname{#1}=\makecsname{#2}}%
+  }%
+  \next
+}
+
+
+\message{cross references,}
+
+\newwrite\auxfile
+\newif\ifhavexrefs    % True if xref values are known.
+\newif\ifwarnedxrefs  % True if we warned once that they aren't known.
+
+% @inforef is relatively simple.
+\def\inforef #1{\inforefzzz #1,,,,**}
+\def\inforefzzz #1,#2,#3,#4**{\putwordSee{} \putwordInfo{} \putwordfile{} \file{\ignorespaces #3{}},
+  node \samp{\ignorespaces#1{}}}
+
+% @node's only job in TeX is to define \lastnode, which is used in
+% cross-references.  The @node line might or might not have commas, and
+% might or might not have spaces before the first comma, like:
+% @node foo , bar , ...
+% We don't want such trailing spaces in the node name.
+%
+\parseargdef\node{\checkenv{}\donode #1 ,\finishnodeparse}
+%
+% also remove a trailing comma, in case of something like this:
+% @node Help-Cross,  ,  , Cross-refs
+\def\donode#1 ,#2\finishnodeparse{\dodonode #1,\finishnodeparse}
+\def\dodonode#1,#2\finishnodeparse{\gdef\lastnode{#1}}
+
+\let\nwnode=\node
+\let\lastnode=\empty
+
+% Write a cross-reference definition for the current node.  #1 is the
+% type (Ynumbered, Yappendix, Ynothing).
+%
+\def\donoderef#1{%
+  \ifx\lastnode\empty\else
+    \setref{\lastnode}{#1}%
+    \global\let\lastnode=\empty
+  \fi
+}
+
+% @anchor{NAME} -- define xref target at arbitrary point.
+%
+\newcount\savesfregister
+%
+\def\savesf{\relax \ifhmode \savesfregister=\spacefactor \fi}
+\def\restoresf{\relax \ifhmode \spacefactor=\savesfregister \fi}
+\def\anchor#1{\savesf \setref{#1}{Ynothing}\restoresf \ignorespaces}
+
+% \setref{NAME}{SNT} defines a cross-reference point NAME (a node or an
+% anchor), which consists of three parts:
+% 1) NAME-title - the current sectioning name taken from \lastsection,
+%                 or the anchor name.
+% 2) NAME-snt   - section number and type, passed as the SNT arg, or
+%                 empty for anchors.
+% 3) NAME-pg    - the page number.
+%
+% This is called from \donoderef, \anchor, and \dofloat.  In the case of
+% floats, there is an additional part, which is not written here:
+% 4) NAME-lof   - the text as it should appear in a @listoffloats.
+%
+\def\setref#1#2{%
+  \pdfmkdest{#1}%
+  \iflinks
+    {%
+      \atdummies  % preserve commands, but don't expand them
+      \edef\writexrdef##1##2{%
+	\write\auxfile{@xrdef{#1-% #1 of \setref, expanded by the \edef
+	  ##1}{##2}}% these are parameters of \writexrdef
+      }%
+      \toks0 = \expandafter{\lastsection}%
+      \immediate \writexrdef{title}{\the\toks0 }%
+      \immediate \writexrdef{snt}{\csname #2\endcsname}% \Ynumbered etc.
+      \safewhatsit{\writexrdef{pg}{\folio}}% will be written later, during \shipout
+    }%
+  \fi
+}
+
+% @xref, @pxref, and @ref generate cross-references.  For \xrefX, #1 is
+% the node name, #2 the name of the Info cross-reference, #3 the printed
+% node name, #4 the name of the Info file, #5 the name of the printed
+% manual.  All but the node name can be omitted.
+%
+\def\pxref#1{\putwordsee{} \xrefX[#1,,,,,,,]}
+\def\xref#1{\putwordSee{} \xrefX[#1,,,,,,,]}
+\def\ref#1{\xrefX[#1,,,,,,,]}
+\def\xrefX[#1,#2,#3,#4,#5,#6]{\begingroup
+  \unsepspaces
+  \def\printedmanual{\ignorespaces #5}%
+  \def\printedrefname{\ignorespaces #3}%
+  \setbox1=\hbox{\printedmanual\unskip}%
+  \setbox0=\hbox{\printedrefname\unskip}%
+  \ifdim \wd0 = 0pt
+    % No printed node name was explicitly given.
+    \expandafter\ifx\csname SETxref-automatic-section-title\endcsname\relax
+      % Use the node name inside the square brackets.
+      \def\printedrefname{\ignorespaces #1}%
+    \else
+      % Use the actual chapter/section title appear inside
+      % the square brackets.  Use the real section title if we have it.
+      \ifdim \wd1 > 0pt
+        % It is in another manual, so we don't have it.
+        \def\printedrefname{\ignorespaces #1}%
+      \else
+        \ifhavexrefs
+          % We know the real title if we have the xref values.
+          \def\printedrefname{\refx{#1-title}{}}%
+        \else
+          % Otherwise just copy the Info node name.
+          \def\printedrefname{\ignorespaces #1}%
+        \fi%
+      \fi
+    \fi
+  \fi
+  %
+  % Make link in pdf output.
+  \ifpdf
+    \leavevmode
+    \getfilename{#4}%
+    {\indexnofonts
+     \turnoffactive
+     % See comments at \activebackslashdouble.
+     {\activebackslashdouble \xdef\pdfxrefdest{#1}%
+      \backslashparens\pdfxrefdest}%
+     %
+     \ifnum\filenamelength>0
+       \startlink attr{/Border [0 0 0]}%
+         goto file{\the\filename.pdf} name{\pdfxrefdest}%
+     \else
+       \startlink attr{/Border [0 0 0]}%
+         goto name{\pdfmkpgn{\pdfxrefdest}}%
+     \fi
+    }%
+    \setcolor{\linkcolor}%
+  \fi
+  %
+  % Float references are printed completely differently: "Figure 1.2"
+  % instead of "[somenode], p.3".  We distinguish them by the
+  % LABEL-title being set to a magic string.
+  {%
+    % Have to otherify everything special to allow the \csname to
+    % include an _ in the xref name, etc.
+    \indexnofonts
+    \turnoffactive
+    \expandafter\global\expandafter\let\expandafter\Xthisreftitle
+      \csname XR#1-title\endcsname
+  }%
+  \iffloat\Xthisreftitle
+    % If the user specified the print name (third arg) to the ref,
+    % print it instead of our usual "Figure 1.2".
+    \ifdim\wd0 = 0pt
+      \refx{#1-snt}{}%
+    \else
+      \printedrefname
+    \fi
+    %
+    % if the user also gave the printed manual name (fifth arg), append
+    % "in MANUALNAME".
+    \ifdim \wd1 > 0pt
+      \space \putwordin{} \cite{\printedmanual}%
+    \fi
+  \else
+    % node/anchor (non-float) references.
+    %
+    % If we use \unhbox0 and \unhbox1 to print the node names, TeX does not
+    % insert empty discretionaries after hyphens, which means that it will
+    % not find a line break at a hyphen in a node names.  Since some manuals
+    % are best written with fairly long node names, containing hyphens, this
+    % is a loss.  Therefore, we give the text of the node name again, so it
+    % is as if TeX is seeing it for the first time.
+    \ifdim \wd1 > 0pt
+      \putwordSection{} ``\printedrefname'' \putwordin{} \cite{\printedmanual}%
+    \else
+      % _ (for example) has to be the character _ for the purposes of the
+      % control sequence corresponding to the node, but it has to expand
+      % into the usual \leavevmode...\vrule stuff for purposes of
+      % printing. So we \turnoffactive for the \refx-snt, back on for the
+      % printing, back off for the \refx-pg.
+      {\turnoffactive
+       % Only output a following space if the -snt ref is nonempty; for
+       % @unnumbered and @anchor, it won't be.
+       \setbox2 = \hbox{\ignorespaces \refx{#1-snt}{}}%
+       \ifdim \wd2 > 0pt \refx{#1-snt}\space\fi
+      }%
+      % output the `[mynode]' via a macro so it can be overridden.
+      \xrefprintnodename\printedrefname
+      %
+      % But we always want a comma and a space:
+      ,\space
+      %
+      % output the `page 3'.
+      \turnoffactive \putwordpage\tie\refx{#1-pg}{}%
+    \fi
+  \fi
+  \endlink
+\endgroup}
+
+% This macro is called from \xrefX for the `[nodename]' part of xref
+% output.  It's a separate macro only so it can be changed more easily,
+% since square brackets don't work well in some documents.  Particularly
+% one that Bob is working on :).
+%
+\def\xrefprintnodename#1{[#1]}
+
+% Things referred to by \setref.
+%
+\def\Ynothing{}
+\def\Yomitfromtoc{}
+\def\Ynumbered{%
+  \ifnum\secno=0
+    \putwordChapter@tie \the\chapno
+  \else \ifnum\subsecno=0
+    \putwordSection@tie \the\chapno.\the\secno
+  \else \ifnum\subsubsecno=0
+    \putwordSection@tie \the\chapno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno
+  \else
+    \putwordSection@tie \the\chapno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno.\the\subsubsecno
+  \fi\fi\fi
+}
+\def\Yappendix{%
+  \ifnum\secno=0
+     \putwordAppendix@tie @char\the\appendixno{}%
+  \else \ifnum\subsecno=0
+     \putwordSection@tie @char\the\appendixno.\the\secno
+  \else \ifnum\subsubsecno=0
+    \putwordSection@tie @char\the\appendixno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno
+  \else
+    \putwordSection@tie
+      @char\the\appendixno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno.\the\subsubsecno
+  \fi\fi\fi
+}
+
+% Define \refx{NAME}{SUFFIX} to reference a cross-reference string named NAME.
+% If its value is nonempty, SUFFIX is output afterward.
+%
+\def\refx#1#2{%
+  {%
+    \indexnofonts
+    \otherbackslash
+    \expandafter\global\expandafter\let\expandafter\thisrefX
+      \csname XR#1\endcsname
+  }%
+  \ifx\thisrefX\relax
+    % If not defined, say something at least.
+    \angleleft un\-de\-fined\angleright
+    \iflinks
+      \ifhavexrefs
+        \message{\linenumber Undefined cross reference `#1'.}%
+      \else
+        \ifwarnedxrefs\else
+          \global\warnedxrefstrue
+          \message{Cross reference values unknown; you must run TeX again.}%
+        \fi
+      \fi
+    \fi
+  \else
+    % It's defined, so just use it.
+    \thisrefX
+  \fi
+  #2% Output the suffix in any case.
+}
+
+% This is the macro invoked by entries in the aux file.  Usually it's
+% just a \def (we prepend XR to the control sequence name to avoid
+% collisions).  But if this is a float type, we have more work to do.
+%
+\def\xrdef#1#2{%
+  {% The node name might contain 8-bit characters, which in our current
+   % implementation are changed to commands like @'e.  Don't let these
+   % mess up the control sequence name.
+    \indexnofonts
+    \turnoffactive
+    \xdef\safexrefname{#1}%
+  }%
+  %
+  \expandafter\gdef\csname XR\safexrefname\endcsname{#2}% remember this xref
+  %
+  % Was that xref control sequence that we just defined for a float?
+  \expandafter\iffloat\csname XR\safexrefname\endcsname
+    % it was a float, and we have the (safe) float type in \iffloattype.
+    \expandafter\let\expandafter\floatlist
+      \csname floatlist\iffloattype\endcsname
+    %
+    % Is this the first time we've seen this float type?
+    \expandafter\ifx\floatlist\relax
+      \toks0 = {\do}% yes, so just \do
+    \else
+      % had it before, so preserve previous elements in list.
+      \toks0 = \expandafter{\floatlist\do}%
+    \fi
+    %
+    % Remember this xref in the control sequence \floatlistFLOATTYPE,
+    % for later use in \listoffloats.
+    \expandafter\xdef\csname floatlist\iffloattype\endcsname{\the\toks0
+      {\safexrefname}}%
+  \fi
+}
+
+% Read the last existing aux file, if any.  No error if none exists.
+%
+\def\tryauxfile{%
+  \openin 1 \jobname.aux
+  \ifeof 1 \else
+    \readdatafile{aux}%
+    \global\havexrefstrue
+  \fi
+  \closein 1
+}
+
+\def\setupdatafile{%
+  \catcode`\^^@=\other
+  \catcode`\^^A=\other
+  \catcode`\^^B=\other
+  \catcode`\^^C=\other
+  \catcode`\^^D=\other
+  \catcode`\^^E=\other
+  \catcode`\^^F=\other
+  \catcode`\^^G=\other
+  \catcode`\^^H=\other
+  \catcode`\^^K=\other
+  \catcode`\^^L=\other
+  \catcode`\^^N=\other
+  \catcode`\^^P=\other
+  \catcode`\^^Q=\other
+  \catcode`\^^R=\other
+  \catcode`\^^S=\other
+  \catcode`\^^T=\other
+  \catcode`\^^U=\other
+  \catcode`\^^V=\other
+  \catcode`\^^W=\other
+  \catcode`\^^X=\other
+  \catcode`\^^Z=\other
+  \catcode`\^^[=\other
+  \catcode`\^^\=\other
+  \catcode`\^^]=\other
+  \catcode`\^^^=\other
+  \catcode`\^^_=\other
+  % It was suggested to set the catcode of ^ to 7, which would allow ^^e4 etc.
+  % in xref tags, i.e., node names.  But since ^^e4 notation isn't
+  % supported in the main text, it doesn't seem desirable.  Furthermore,
+  % that is not enough: for node names that actually contain a ^
+  % character, we would end up writing a line like this: 'xrdef {'hat
+  % b-title}{'hat b} and \xrdef does a \csname...\endcsname on the first
+  % argument, and \hat is not an expandable control sequence.  It could
+  % all be worked out, but why?  Either we support ^^ or we don't.
+  %
+  % The other change necessary for this was to define \auxhat:
+  % \def\auxhat{\def^{'hat }}% extra space so ok if followed by letter
+  % and then to call \auxhat in \setq.
+  %
+  \catcode`\^=\other
+  %
+  % Special characters.  Should be turned off anyway, but...
+  \catcode`\~=\other
+  \catcode`\[=\other
+  \catcode`\]=\other
+  \catcode`\"=\other
+  \catcode`\_=\other
+  \catcode`\|=\other
+  \catcode`\<=\other
+  \catcode`\>=\other
+  \catcode`\$=\other
+  \catcode`\#=\other
+  \catcode`\&=\other
+  \catcode`\%=\other
+  \catcode`+=\other % avoid \+ for paranoia even though we've turned it off
+  %
+  % This is to support \ in node names and titles, since the \
+  % characters end up in a \csname.  It's easier than
+  % leaving it active and making its active definition an actual \
+  % character.  What I don't understand is why it works in the *value*
+  % of the xrdef.  Seems like it should be a catcode12 \, and that
+  % should not typeset properly.  But it works, so I'm moving on for
+  % now.  --karl, 15jan04.
+  \catcode`\\=\other
+  %
+  % Make the characters 128-255 be printing characters.
+  {%
+    \count1=128
+    \def\loop{%
+      \catcode\count1=\other
+      \advance\count1 by 1
+      \ifnum \count1<256 \loop \fi
+    }%
+  }%
+  %
+  % @ is our escape character in .aux files, and we need braces.
+  \catcode`\{=1
+  \catcode`\}=2
+  \catcode`\@=0
+}
+
+\def\readdatafile#1{%
+\begingroup
+  \setupdatafile
+  \input\jobname.#1
+\endgroup}
+
+
+\message{insertions,}
+% including footnotes.
+
+\newcount \footnoteno
+
+% The trailing space in the following definition for supereject is
+% vital for proper filling; pages come out unaligned when you do a
+% pagealignmacro call if that space before the closing brace is
+% removed. (Generally, numeric constants should always be followed by a
+% space to prevent strange expansion errors.)
+\def\supereject{\par\penalty -20000\footnoteno =0 }
+
+% @footnotestyle is meaningful for info output only.
+\let\footnotestyle=\comment
+
+{\catcode `\@=11
+%
+% Auto-number footnotes.  Otherwise like plain.
+\gdef\footnote{%
+  \let\indent=\ptexindent
+  \let\noindent=\ptexnoindent
+  \global\advance\footnoteno by \@ne
+  \edef\thisfootno{$^{\the\footnoteno}$}%
+  %
+  % In case the footnote comes at the end of a sentence, preserve the
+  % extra spacing after we do the footnote number.
+  \let\@sf\empty
+  \ifhmode\edef\@sf{\spacefactor\the\spacefactor}\ptexslash\fi
+  %
+  % Remove inadvertent blank space before typesetting the footnote number.
+  \unskip
+  \thisfootno\@sf
+  \dofootnote
+}%
+
+% Don't bother with the trickery in plain.tex to not require the
+% footnote text as a parameter.  Our footnotes don't need to be so general.
+%
+% Oh yes, they do; otherwise, @ifset (and anything else that uses
+% \parseargline) fails inside footnotes because the tokens are fixed when
+% the footnote is read.  --karl, 16nov96.
+%
+\gdef\dofootnote{%
+  \insert\footins\bgroup
+  % We want to typeset this text as a normal paragraph, even if the
+  % footnote reference occurs in (for example) a display environment.
+  % So reset some parameters.
+  \hsize=\pagewidth
+  \interlinepenalty\interfootnotelinepenalty
+  \splittopskip\ht\strutbox % top baseline for broken footnotes
+  \splitmaxdepth\dp\strutbox
+  \floatingpenalty\@MM
+  \leftskip\z@skip
+  \rightskip\z@skip
+  \spaceskip\z@skip
+  \xspaceskip\z@skip
+  \parindent\defaultparindent
+  %
+  \smallfonts \rm
+  %
+  % Because we use hanging indentation in footnotes, a @noindent appears
+  % to exdent this text, so make it be a no-op.  makeinfo does not use
+  % hanging indentation so @noindent can still be needed within footnote
+  % text after an @example or the like (not that this is good style).
+  \let\noindent = \relax
+  %
+  % Hang the footnote text off the number.  Use \everypar in case the
+  % footnote extends for more than one paragraph.
+  \everypar = {\hang}%
+  \textindent{\thisfootno}%
+  %
+  % Don't crash into the line above the footnote text.  Since this
+  % expands into a box, it must come within the paragraph, lest it
+  % provide a place where TeX can split the footnote.
+  \footstrut
+  \futurelet\next\fo@t
+}
+}%end \catcode `\@=11
+
+% In case a @footnote appears in a vbox, save the footnote text and create
+% the real \insert just after the vbox finished.  Otherwise, the insertion
+% would be lost.
+% Similarly, if a @footnote appears inside an alignment, save the footnote
+% text to a box and make the \insert when a row of the table is finished.
+% And the same can be done for other insert classes.  --kasal, 16nov03.
+
+% Replace the \insert primitive by a cheating macro.
+% Deeper inside, just make sure that the saved insertions are not spilled
+% out prematurely.
+%
+\def\startsavinginserts{%
+  \ifx \insert\ptexinsert
+    \let\insert\saveinsert
+  \else
+    \let\checkinserts\relax
+  \fi
+}
+
+% This \insert replacement works for both \insert\footins{foo} and
+% \insert\footins\bgroup foo\egroup, but it doesn't work for \insert27{foo}.
+%
+\def\saveinsert#1{%
+  \edef\next{\noexpand\savetobox \makeSAVEname#1}%
+  \afterassignment\next
+  % swallow the left brace
+  \let\temp =
+}
+\def\makeSAVEname#1{\makecsname{SAVE\expandafter\gobble\string#1}}
+\def\savetobox#1{\global\setbox#1 = \vbox\bgroup \unvbox#1}
+
+\def\checksaveins#1{\ifvoid#1\else \placesaveins#1\fi}
+
+\def\placesaveins#1{%
+  \ptexinsert \csname\expandafter\gobblesave\string#1\endcsname
+    {\box#1}%
+}
+
+% eat @SAVE -- beware, all of them have catcode \other:
+{
+  \def\dospecials{\do S\do A\do V\do E} \uncatcodespecials  %  ;-)
+  \gdef\gobblesave @SAVE{}
+}
+
+% initialization:
+\def\newsaveins #1{%
+  \edef\next{\noexpand\newsaveinsX \makeSAVEname#1}%
+  \next
+}
+\def\newsaveinsX #1{%
+  \csname newbox\endcsname #1%
+  \expandafter\def\expandafter\checkinserts\expandafter{\checkinserts
+    \checksaveins #1}%
+}
+
+% initialize:
+\let\checkinserts\empty
+\newsaveins\footins
+\newsaveins\margin
+
+
+% @image.  We use the macros from epsf.tex to support this.
+% If epsf.tex is not installed and @image is used, we complain.
+%
+% Check for and read epsf.tex up front.  If we read it only at @image
+% time, we might be inside a group, and then its definitions would get
+% undone and the next image would fail.
+\openin 1 = epsf.tex
+\ifeof 1 \else
+  % Do not bother showing banner with epsf.tex v2.7k (available in
+  % doc/epsf.tex and on ctan).
+  \def\epsfannounce{\toks0 = }%
+  \input epsf.tex
+\fi
+\closein 1
+%
+% We will only complain once about lack of epsf.tex.
+\newif\ifwarnednoepsf
+\newhelp\noepsfhelp{epsf.tex must be installed for images to
+  work.  It is also included in the Texinfo distribution, or you can get
+  it from ftp://tug.org/tex/epsf.tex.}
+%
+\def\image#1{%
+  \ifx\epsfbox\undefined
+    \ifwarnednoepsf \else
+      \errhelp = \noepsfhelp
+      \errmessage{epsf.tex not found, images will be ignored}%
+      \global\warnednoepsftrue
+    \fi
+  \else
+    \imagexxx #1,,,,,\finish
+  \fi
+}
+%
+% Arguments to @image:
+% #1 is (mandatory) image filename; we tack on .eps extension.
+% #2 is (optional) width, #3 is (optional) height.
+% #4 is (ignored optional) html alt text.
+% #5 is (ignored optional) extension.
+% #6 is just the usual extra ignored arg for parsing this stuff.
+\newif\ifimagevmode
+\def\imagexxx#1,#2,#3,#4,#5,#6\finish{\begingroup
+  \catcode`\^^M = 5     % in case we're inside an example
+  \normalturnoffactive  % allow _ et al. in names
+  % If the image is by itself, center it.
+  \ifvmode
+    \imagevmodetrue
+    \nobreak\bigskip
+    % Usually we'll have text after the image which will insert
+    % \parskip glue, so insert it here too to equalize the space
+    % above and below.
+    \nobreak\vskip\parskip
+    \nobreak
+    \line\bgroup
+  \fi
+  %
+  % Output the image.
+  \ifpdf
+    \dopdfimage{#1}{#2}{#3}%
+  \else
+    % \epsfbox itself resets \epsf?size at each figure.
+    \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}\ifdim\wd0 > 0pt \epsfxsize=#2\relax \fi
+    \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #3}\ifdim\wd0 > 0pt \epsfysize=#3\relax \fi
+    \epsfbox{#1.eps}%
+  \fi
+  %
+  \ifimagevmode \egroup \bigbreak \fi  % space after the image
+\endgroup}
+
+
+% @float FLOATTYPE,LABEL,LOC ... @end float for displayed figures, tables,
+% etc.  We don't actually implement floating yet, we always include the
+% float "here".  But it seemed the best name for the future.
+%
+\envparseargdef\float{\eatcommaspace\eatcommaspace\dofloat#1, , ,\finish}
+
+% There may be a space before second and/or third parameter; delete it.
+\def\eatcommaspace#1, {#1,}
+
+% #1 is the optional FLOATTYPE, the text label for this float, typically
+% "Figure", "Table", "Example", etc.  Can't contain commas.  If omitted,
+% this float will not be numbered and cannot be referred to.
+%
+% #2 is the optional xref label.  Also must be present for the float to
+% be referable.
+%
+% #3 is the optional positioning argument; for now, it is ignored.  It
+% will somehow specify the positions allowed to float to (here, top, bottom).
+%
+% We keep a separate counter for each FLOATTYPE, which we reset at each
+% chapter-level command.
+\let\resetallfloatnos=\empty
+%
+\def\dofloat#1,#2,#3,#4\finish{%
+  \let\thiscaption=\empty
+  \let\thisshortcaption=\empty
+  %
+  % don't lose footnotes inside @float.
+  %
+  % BEWARE: when the floats start float, we have to issue warning whenever an
+  % insert appears inside a float which could possibly float. --kasal, 26may04
+  %
+  \startsavinginserts
+  %
+  % We can't be used inside a paragraph.
+  \par
+  %
+  \vtop\bgroup
+    \def\floattype{#1}%
+    \def\floatlabel{#2}%
+    \def\floatloc{#3}% we do nothing with this yet.
+    %
+    \ifx\floattype\empty
+      \let\safefloattype=\empty
+    \else
+      {%
+        % the floattype might have accents or other special characters,
+        % but we need to use it in a control sequence name.
+        \indexnofonts
+        \turnoffactive
+        \xdef\safefloattype{\floattype}%
+      }%
+    \fi
+    %
+    % If label is given but no type, we handle that as the empty type.
+    \ifx\floatlabel\empty \else
+      % We want each FLOATTYPE to be numbered separately (Figure 1,
+      % Table 1, Figure 2, ...).  (And if no label, no number.)
+      %
+      \expandafter\getfloatno\csname\safefloattype floatno\endcsname
+      \global\advance\floatno by 1
+      %
+      {%
+        % This magic value for \lastsection is output by \setref as the
+        % XREFLABEL-title value.  \xrefX uses it to distinguish float
+        % labels (which have a completely different output format) from
+        % node and anchor labels.  And \xrdef uses it to construct the
+        % lists of floats.
+        %
+        \edef\lastsection{\floatmagic=\safefloattype}%
+        \setref{\floatlabel}{Yfloat}%
+      }%
+    \fi
+    %
+    % start with \parskip glue, I guess.
+    \vskip\parskip
+    %
+    % Don't suppress indentation if a float happens to start a section.
+    \restorefirstparagraphindent
+}
+
+% we have these possibilities:
+% @float Foo,lbl & @caption{Cap}: Foo 1.1: Cap
+% @float Foo,lbl & no caption:    Foo 1.1
+% @float Foo & @caption{Cap}:     Foo: Cap
+% @float Foo & no caption:        Foo
+% @float ,lbl & Caption{Cap}:     1.1: Cap
+% @float ,lbl & no caption:       1.1
+% @float & @caption{Cap}:         Cap
+% @float & no caption:
+%
+\def\Efloat{%
+    \let\floatident = \empty
+    %
+    % In all cases, if we have a float type, it comes first.
+    \ifx\floattype\empty \else \def\floatident{\floattype}\fi
+    %
+    % If we have an xref label, the number comes next.
+    \ifx\floatlabel\empty \else
+      \ifx\floattype\empty \else % if also had float type, need tie first.
+        \appendtomacro\floatident{\tie}%
+      \fi
+      % the number.
+      \appendtomacro\floatident{\chaplevelprefix\the\floatno}%
+    \fi
+    %
+    % Start the printed caption with what we've constructed in
+    % \floatident, but keep it separate; we need \floatident again.
+    \let\captionline = \floatident
+    %
+    \ifx\thiscaption\empty \else
+      \ifx\floatident\empty \else
+	\appendtomacro\captionline{: }% had ident, so need a colon between
+      \fi
+      %
+      % caption text.
+      \appendtomacro\captionline{\scanexp\thiscaption}%
+    \fi
+    %
+    % If we have anything to print, print it, with space before.
+    % Eventually this needs to become an \insert.
+    \ifx\captionline\empty \else
+      \vskip.5\parskip
+      \captionline
+      %
+      % Space below caption.
+      \vskip\parskip
+    \fi
+    %
+    % If have an xref label, write the list of floats info.  Do this
+    % after the caption, to avoid chance of it being a breakpoint.
+    \ifx\floatlabel\empty \else
+      % Write the text that goes in the lof to the aux file as
+      % \floatlabel-lof.  Besides \floatident, we include the short
+      % caption if specified, else the full caption if specified, else nothing.
+      {%
+        \atdummies
+        %
+        % since we read the caption text in the macro world, where ^^M
+        % is turned into a normal character, we have to scan it back, so
+        % we don't write the literal three characters "^^M" into the aux file.
+	\scanexp{%
+	  \xdef\noexpand\gtemp{%
+	    \ifx\thisshortcaption\empty
+	      \thiscaption
+	    \else
+	      \thisshortcaption
+	    \fi
+	  }%
+	}%
+        \immediate\write\auxfile{@xrdef{\floatlabel-lof}{\floatident
+	  \ifx\gtemp\empty \else : \gtemp \fi}}%
+      }%
+    \fi
+  \egroup  % end of \vtop
+  %
+  % place the captured inserts
+  %
+  % BEWARE: when the floats start floating, we have to issue warning
+  % whenever an insert appears inside a float which could possibly
+  % float. --kasal, 26may04
+  %
+  \checkinserts
+}
+
+% Append the tokens #2 to the definition of macro #1, not expanding either.
+%
+\def\appendtomacro#1#2{%
+  \expandafter\def\expandafter#1\expandafter{#1#2}%
+}
+
+% @caption, @shortcaption
+%
+\def\caption{\docaption\thiscaption}
+\def\shortcaption{\docaption\thisshortcaption}
+\def\docaption{\checkenv\float \bgroup\scanargctxt\defcaption}
+\def\defcaption#1#2{\egroup \def#1{#2}}
+
+% The parameter is the control sequence identifying the counter we are
+% going to use.  Create it if it doesn't exist and assign it to \floatno.
+\def\getfloatno#1{%
+  \ifx#1\relax
+      % Haven't seen this figure type before.
+      \csname newcount\endcsname #1%
+      %
+      % Remember to reset this floatno at the next chap.
+      \expandafter\gdef\expandafter\resetallfloatnos
+        \expandafter{\resetallfloatnos #1=0 }%
+  \fi
+  \let\floatno#1%
+}
+
+% \setref calls this to get the XREFLABEL-snt value.  We want an @xref
+% to the FLOATLABEL to expand to "Figure 3.1".  We call \setref when we
+% first read the @float command.
+%
+\def\Yfloat{\floattype@tie \chaplevelprefix\the\floatno}%
+
+% Magic string used for the XREFLABEL-title value, so \xrefX can
+% distinguish floats from other xref types.
+\def\floatmagic{!!float!!}
+
+% #1 is the control sequence we are passed; we expand into a conditional
+% which is true if #1 represents a float ref.  That is, the magic
+% \lastsection value which we \setref above.
+%
+\def\iffloat#1{\expandafter\doiffloat#1==\finish}
+%
+% #1 is (maybe) the \floatmagic string.  If so, #2 will be the
+% (safe) float type for this float.  We set \iffloattype to #2.
+%
+\def\doiffloat#1=#2=#3\finish{%
+  \def\temp{#1}%
+  \def\iffloattype{#2}%
+  \ifx\temp\floatmagic
+}
+
+% @listoffloats FLOATTYPE - print a list of floats like a table of contents.
+%
+\parseargdef\listoffloats{%
+  \def\floattype{#1}% floattype
+  {%
+    % the floattype might have accents or other special characters,
+    % but we need to use it in a control sequence name.
+    \indexnofonts
+    \turnoffactive
+    \xdef\safefloattype{\floattype}%
+  }%
+  %
+  % \xrdef saves the floats as a \do-list in \floatlistSAFEFLOATTYPE.
+  \expandafter\ifx\csname floatlist\safefloattype\endcsname \relax
+    \ifhavexrefs
+      % if the user said @listoffloats foo but never @float foo.
+      \message{\linenumber No `\safefloattype' floats to list.}%
+    \fi
+  \else
+    \begingroup
+      \leftskip=\tocindent  % indent these entries like a toc
+      \let\do=\listoffloatsdo
+      \csname floatlist\safefloattype\endcsname
+    \endgroup
+  \fi
+}
+
+% This is called on each entry in a list of floats.  We're passed the
+% xref label, in the form LABEL-title, which is how we save it in the
+% aux file.  We strip off the -title and look up \XRLABEL-lof, which
+% has the text we're supposed to typeset here.
+%
+% Figures without xref labels will not be included in the list (since
+% they won't appear in the aux file).
+%
+\def\listoffloatsdo#1{\listoffloatsdoentry#1\finish}
+\def\listoffloatsdoentry#1-title\finish{{%
+  % Can't fully expand XR#1-lof because it can contain anything.  Just
+  % pass the control sequence.  On the other hand, XR#1-pg is just the
+  % page number, and we want to fully expand that so we can get a link
+  % in pdf output.
+  \toksA = \expandafter{\csname XR#1-lof\endcsname}%
+  %
+  % use the same \entry macro we use to generate the TOC and index.
+  \edef\writeentry{\noexpand\entry{\the\toksA}{\csname XR#1-pg\endcsname}}%
+  \writeentry
+}}
+
+
+\message{localization,}
+
+% @documentlanguage is usually given very early, just after
+% @setfilename.  If done too late, it may not override everything
+% properly.  Single argument is the language (de) or locale (de_DE)
+% abbreviation.  It would be nice if we could set up a hyphenation file.
+%
+{
+  \catcode`\_ = \active
+  \globaldefs=1
+\parseargdef\documentlanguage{\begingroup
+  \let_=\normalunderscore  % normal _ character for filenames
+  \tex % read txi-??.tex file in plain TeX.
+    % Read the file by the name they passed if it exists.
+    \openin 1 txi-#1.tex
+    \ifeof 1
+      \documentlanguagetrywithoutunderscore{#1_\finish}%
+    \else
+      \input txi-#1.tex
+    \fi
+    \closein 1
+  \endgroup
+\endgroup}
+}
+%
+% If they passed de_DE, and txi-de_DE.tex doesn't exist,
+% try txi-de.tex.
+%
+\def\documentlanguagetrywithoutunderscore#1_#2\finish{%
+  \openin 1 txi-#1.tex
+  \ifeof 1
+    \errhelp = \nolanghelp
+    \errmessage{Cannot read language file txi-#1.tex}%
+  \else
+    \input txi-#1.tex
+  \fi
+  \closein 1
+}
+%
+\newhelp\nolanghelp{The given language definition file cannot be found or
+is empty.  Maybe you need to install it?  In the current directory
+should work if nowhere else does.}
+
+% Set the catcode of characters 128 through 255 to the specified number.
+%
+\def\setnonasciicharscatcode#1{%
+   \count255=128
+   \loop\ifnum\count255<256
+      \global\catcode\count255=#1\relax
+      \advance\count255 by 1
+   \repeat
+}
+
+\def\setnonasciicharscatcodenonglobal#1{%
+   \count255=128
+   \loop\ifnum\count255<256
+      \catcode\count255=#1\relax
+      \advance\count255 by 1
+   \repeat
+}
+
+% @documentencoding sets the definition of non-ASCII characters
+% according to the specified encoding.
+%
+\parseargdef\documentencoding{%
+  % Encoding being declared for the document.
+  \def\declaredencoding{\csname #1.enc\endcsname}%
+  %
+  % Supported encodings: names converted to tokens in order to be able
+  % to compare them with \ifx.
+  \def\ascii{\csname US-ASCII.enc\endcsname}%
+  \def\latnine{\csname ISO-8859-15.enc\endcsname}%
+  \def\latone{\csname ISO-8859-1.enc\endcsname}%
+  \def\lattwo{\csname ISO-8859-2.enc\endcsname}%
+  \def\utfeight{\csname UTF-8.enc\endcsname}%
+  %
+  \ifx \declaredencoding \ascii
+     \asciichardefs
+  %
+  \else \ifx \declaredencoding \lattwo
+     \setnonasciicharscatcode\active
+     \lattwochardefs
+  %
+  \else \ifx \declaredencoding \latone
+     \setnonasciicharscatcode\active
+     \latonechardefs
+  %
+  \else \ifx \declaredencoding \latnine
+     \setnonasciicharscatcode\active
+     \latninechardefs
+  %
+  \else \ifx \declaredencoding \utfeight
+     \setnonasciicharscatcode\active
+     \utfeightchardefs
+  %
+  \else
+    \message{Unknown document encoding #1, ignoring.}%
+  %
+  \fi % utfeight
+  \fi % latnine
+  \fi % latone
+  \fi % lattwo
+  \fi % ascii
+}
+
+% A message to be logged when using a character that isn't available
+% the default font encoding (OT1).
+%
+\def\missingcharmsg#1{\message{Character missing in OT1 encoding: #1.}}
+
+% Take account of \c (plain) vs. \, (Texinfo) difference.
+\def\cedilla#1{\ifx\c\ptexc\c{#1}\else\,{#1}\fi}
+
+% First, make active non-ASCII characters in order for them to be
+% correctly categorized when TeX reads the replacement text of
+% macros containing the character definitions.
+\setnonasciicharscatcode\active
+%
+% Latin1 (ISO-8859-1) character definitions.
+\def\latonechardefs{%
+  \gdef^^a0{~}
+  \gdef^^a1{\exclamdown}
+  \gdef^^a2{\missingcharmsg{CENT SIGN}}
+  \gdef^^a3{{\pounds}}
+  \gdef^^a4{\missingcharmsg{CURRENCY SIGN}}
+  \gdef^^a5{\missingcharmsg{YEN SIGN}}
+  \gdef^^a6{\missingcharmsg{BROKEN BAR}}
+  \gdef^^a7{\S}
+  \gdef^^a8{\"{}}
+  \gdef^^a9{\copyright}
+  \gdef^^aa{\ordf}
+  \gdef^^ab{\missingcharmsg{LEFT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK}}
+  \gdef^^ac{$\lnot$}
+  \gdef^^ad{\-}
+  \gdef^^ae{\registeredsymbol}
+  \gdef^^af{\={}}
+  %
+  \gdef^^b0{\textdegree}
+  \gdef^^b1{$\pm$}
+  \gdef^^b2{$^2$}
+  \gdef^^b3{$^3$}
+  \gdef^^b4{\'{}}
+  \gdef^^b5{$\mu$}
+  \gdef^^b6{\P}
+  %
+  \gdef^^b7{$^.$}
+  \gdef^^b8{\cedilla\ }
+  \gdef^^b9{$^1$}
+  \gdef^^ba{\ordm}
+  %
+  \gdef^^bb{\missingcharmsg{RIGHT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK}}
+  \gdef^^bc{$1\over4$}
+  \gdef^^bd{$1\over2$}
+  \gdef^^be{$3\over4$}
+  \gdef^^bf{\questiondown}
+  %
+  \gdef^^c0{\`A}
+  \gdef^^c1{\'A}
+  \gdef^^c2{\^A}
+  \gdef^^c3{\~A}
+  \gdef^^c4{\"A}
+  \gdef^^c5{\ringaccent A}
+  \gdef^^c6{\AE}
+  \gdef^^c7{\cedilla C}
+  \gdef^^c8{\`E}
+  \gdef^^c9{\'E}
+  \gdef^^ca{\^E}
+  \gdef^^cb{\"E}
+  \gdef^^cc{\`I}
+  \gdef^^cd{\'I}
+  \gdef^^ce{\^I}
+  \gdef^^cf{\"I}
+  %
+  \gdef^^d0{\missingcharmsg{LATIN CAPITAL LETTER ETH}}
+  \gdef^^d1{\~N}
+  \gdef^^d2{\`O}
+  \gdef^^d3{\'O}
+  \gdef^^d4{\^O}
+  \gdef^^d5{\~O}
+  \gdef^^d6{\"O}
+  \gdef^^d7{$\times$}
+  \gdef^^d8{\O}
+  \gdef^^d9{\`U}
+  \gdef^^da{\'U}
+  \gdef^^db{\^U}
+  \gdef^^dc{\"U}
+  \gdef^^dd{\'Y}
+  \gdef^^de{\missingcharmsg{LATIN CAPITAL LETTER THORN}}
+  \gdef^^df{\ss}
+  %
+  \gdef^^e0{\`a}
+  \gdef^^e1{\'a}
+  \gdef^^e2{\^a}
+  \gdef^^e3{\~a}
+  \gdef^^e4{\"a}
+  \gdef^^e5{\ringaccent a}
+  \gdef^^e6{\ae}
+  \gdef^^e7{\cedilla c}
+  \gdef^^e8{\`e}
+  \gdef^^e9{\'e}
+  \gdef^^ea{\^e}
+  \gdef^^eb{\"e}
+  \gdef^^ec{\`{\dotless i}}
+  \gdef^^ed{\'{\dotless i}}
+  \gdef^^ee{\^{\dotless i}}
+  \gdef^^ef{\"{\dotless i}}
+  %
+  \gdef^^f0{\missingcharmsg{LATIN SMALL LETTER ETH}}
+  \gdef^^f1{\~n}
+  \gdef^^f2{\`o}
+  \gdef^^f3{\'o}
+  \gdef^^f4{\^o}
+  \gdef^^f5{\~o}
+  \gdef^^f6{\"o}
+  \gdef^^f7{$\div$}
+  \gdef^^f8{\o}
+  \gdef^^f9{\`u}
+  \gdef^^fa{\'u}
+  \gdef^^fb{\^u}
+  \gdef^^fc{\"u}
+  \gdef^^fd{\'y}
+  \gdef^^fe{\missingcharmsg{LATIN SMALL LETTER THORN}}
+  \gdef^^ff{\"y}
+}
+
+% Latin9 (ISO-8859-15) encoding character definitions.
+\def\latninechardefs{%
+  % Encoding is almost identical to Latin1.
+  \latonechardefs
+  %
+  \gdef^^a4{\euro}
+  \gdef^^a6{\v S}
+  \gdef^^a8{\v s}
+  \gdef^^b4{\v Z}
+  \gdef^^b8{\v z}
+  \gdef^^bc{\OE}
+  \gdef^^bd{\oe}
+  \gdef^^be{\"Y}
+}
+
+% Latin2 (ISO-8859-2) character definitions.
+\def\lattwochardefs{%
+  \gdef^^a0{~}
+  \gdef^^a1{\missingcharmsg{LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH OGONEK}}
+  \gdef^^a2{\u{}}
+  \gdef^^a3{\L}
+  \gdef^^a4{\missingcharmsg{CURRENCY SIGN}}
+  \gdef^^a5{\v L}
+  \gdef^^a6{\'S}
+  \gdef^^a7{\S}
+  \gdef^^a8{\"{}}
+  \gdef^^a9{\v S}
+  \gdef^^aa{\cedilla S}
+  \gdef^^ab{\v T}
+  \gdef^^ac{\'Z}
+  \gdef^^ad{\-}
+  \gdef^^ae{\v Z}
+  \gdef^^af{\dotaccent Z}
+  %
+  \gdef^^b0{\textdegree}
+  \gdef^^b1{\missingcharmsg{LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH OGONEK}}
+  \gdef^^b2{\missingcharmsg{OGONEK}}
+  \gdef^^b3{\l}
+  \gdef^^b4{\'{}}
+  \gdef^^b5{\v l}
+  \gdef^^b6{\'s}
+  \gdef^^b7{\v{}}
+  \gdef^^b8{\cedilla\ }
+  \gdef^^b9{\v s}
+  \gdef^^ba{\cedilla s}
+  \gdef^^bb{\v t}
+  \gdef^^bc{\'z}
+  \gdef^^bd{\H{}}
+  \gdef^^be{\v z}
+  \gdef^^bf{\dotaccent z}
+  %
+  \gdef^^c0{\'R}
+  \gdef^^c1{\'A}
+  \gdef^^c2{\^A}
+  \gdef^^c3{\u A}
+  \gdef^^c4{\"A}
+  \gdef^^c5{\'L}
+  \gdef^^c6{\'C}
+  \gdef^^c7{\cedilla C}
+  \gdef^^c8{\v C}
+  \gdef^^c9{\'E}
+  \gdef^^ca{\missingcharmsg{LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH OGONEK}}
+  \gdef^^cb{\"E}
+  \gdef^^cc{\v E}
+  \gdef^^cd{\'I}
+  \gdef^^ce{\^I}
+  \gdef^^cf{\v D}
+  %
+  \gdef^^d0{\missingcharmsg{LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH STROKE}}
+  \gdef^^d1{\'N}
+  \gdef^^d2{\v N}
+  \gdef^^d3{\'O}
+  \gdef^^d4{\^O}
+  \gdef^^d5{\H O}
+  \gdef^^d6{\"O}
+  \gdef^^d7{$\times$}
+  \gdef^^d8{\v R}
+  \gdef^^d9{\ringaccent U}
+  \gdef^^da{\'U}
+  \gdef^^db{\H U}
+  \gdef^^dc{\"U}
+  \gdef^^dd{\'Y}
+  \gdef^^de{\cedilla T}
+  \gdef^^df{\ss}
+  %
+  \gdef^^e0{\'r}
+  \gdef^^e1{\'a}
+  \gdef^^e2{\^a}
+  \gdef^^e3{\u a}
+  \gdef^^e4{\"a}
+  \gdef^^e5{\'l}
+  \gdef^^e6{\'c}
+  \gdef^^e7{\cedilla c}
+  \gdef^^e8{\v c}
+  \gdef^^e9{\'e}
+  \gdef^^ea{\missingcharmsg{LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH OGONEK}}
+  \gdef^^eb{\"e}
+  \gdef^^ec{\v e}
+  \gdef^^ed{\'\i}
+  \gdef^^ee{\^\i}
+  \gdef^^ef{\v d}
+  %
+  \gdef^^f0{\missingcharmsg{LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH STROKE}}
+  \gdef^^f1{\'n}
+  \gdef^^f2{\v n}
+  \gdef^^f3{\'o}
+  \gdef^^f4{\^o}
+  \gdef^^f5{\H o}
+  \gdef^^f6{\"o}
+  \gdef^^f7{$\div$}
+  \gdef^^f8{\v r}
+  \gdef^^f9{\ringaccent u}
+  \gdef^^fa{\'u}
+  \gdef^^fb{\H u}
+  \gdef^^fc{\"u}
+  \gdef^^fd{\'y}
+  \gdef^^fe{\cedilla t}
+  \gdef^^ff{\dotaccent{}}
+}
+
+% UTF-8 character definitions.
+%
+% This code to support UTF-8 is based on LaTeX's utf8.def, with some
+% changes for Texinfo conventions.  It is included here under the GPL by
+% permission from Frank Mittelbach and the LaTeX team.
+%
+\newcount\countUTFx
+\newcount\countUTFy
+\newcount\countUTFz
+
+\gdef\UTFviiiTwoOctets#1#2{\expandafter
+   \UTFviiiDefined\csname u8:#1\string #2\endcsname}
+%
+\gdef\UTFviiiThreeOctets#1#2#3{\expandafter
+   \UTFviiiDefined\csname u8:#1\string #2\string #3\endcsname}
+%
+\gdef\UTFviiiFourOctets#1#2#3#4{\expandafter
+   \UTFviiiDefined\csname u8:#1\string #2\string #3\string #4\endcsname}
+
+\gdef\UTFviiiDefined#1{%
+  \ifx #1\relax
+    \message{\linenumber Unicode char \string #1 not defined for Texinfo}%
+  \else
+    \expandafter #1%
+  \fi
+}
+
+\begingroup
+  \catcode`\~13
+  \catcode`\"12
+
+  \def\UTFviiiLoop{%
+    \global\catcode\countUTFx\active
+    \uccode`\~\countUTFx
+    \uppercase\expandafter{\UTFviiiTmp}%
+    \advance\countUTFx by 1
+    \ifnum\countUTFx < \countUTFy
+      \expandafter\UTFviiiLoop
+    \fi}
+
+  \countUTFx = "C2
+  \countUTFy = "E0
+  \def\UTFviiiTmp{%
+    \xdef~{\noexpand\UTFviiiTwoOctets\string~}}
+  \UTFviiiLoop
+
+  \countUTFx = "E0
+  \countUTFy = "F0
+  \def\UTFviiiTmp{%
+    \xdef~{\noexpand\UTFviiiThreeOctets\string~}}
+  \UTFviiiLoop
+
+  \countUTFx = "F0
+  \countUTFy = "F4
+  \def\UTFviiiTmp{%
+    \xdef~{\noexpand\UTFviiiFourOctets\string~}}
+  \UTFviiiLoop
+\endgroup
+
+\begingroup
+  \catcode`\"=12
+  \catcode`\<=12
+  \catcode`\.=12
+  \catcode`\,=12
+  \catcode`\;=12
+  \catcode`\!=12
+  \catcode`\~=13
+
+  \gdef\DeclareUnicodeCharacter#1#2{%
+    \countUTFz = "#1\relax
+    \wlog{\space\space defining Unicode char U+#1 (decimal \the\countUTFz)}%
+    \begingroup
+      \parseXMLCharref
+      \def\UTFviiiTwoOctets##1##2{%
+        \csname u8:##1\string ##2\endcsname}%
+      \def\UTFviiiThreeOctets##1##2##3{%
+        \csname u8:##1\string ##2\string ##3\endcsname}%
+      \def\UTFviiiFourOctets##1##2##3##4{%
+        \csname u8:##1\string ##2\string ##3\string ##4\endcsname}%
+      \expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter
+       \expandafter\expandafter\expandafter
+       \gdef\UTFviiiTmp{#2}%
+    \endgroup}
+
+  \gdef\parseXMLCharref{%
+    \ifnum\countUTFz < "A0\relax
+      \errhelp = \EMsimple
+      \errmessage{Cannot define Unicode char value < 00A0}%
+    \else\ifnum\countUTFz < "800\relax
+      \parseUTFviiiA,%
+      \parseUTFviiiB C\UTFviiiTwoOctets.,%
+    \else\ifnum\countUTFz < "10000\relax
+      \parseUTFviiiA;%
+      \parseUTFviiiA,%
+      \parseUTFviiiB E\UTFviiiThreeOctets.{,;}%
+    \else
+      \parseUTFviiiA;%
+      \parseUTFviiiA,%
+      \parseUTFviiiA!%
+      \parseUTFviiiB F\UTFviiiFourOctets.{!,;}%
+    \fi\fi\fi
+  }
+
+  \gdef\parseUTFviiiA#1{%
+    \countUTFx = \countUTFz
+    \divide\countUTFz by 64
+    \countUTFy = \countUTFz
+    \multiply\countUTFz by 64
+    \advance\countUTFx by -\countUTFz
+    \advance\countUTFx by 128
+    \uccode `#1\countUTFx
+    \countUTFz = \countUTFy}
+
+  \gdef\parseUTFviiiB#1#2#3#4{%
+    \advance\countUTFz by "#10\relax
+    \uccode `#3\countUTFz
+    \uppercase{\gdef\UTFviiiTmp{#2#3#4}}}
+\endgroup
+
+\def\utfeightchardefs{%
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00A0}{\tie}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00A1}{\exclamdown}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00A3}{\pounds}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00A8}{\"{ }}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00A9}{\copyright}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00AA}{\ordf}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00AB}{\guillemetleft}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00AD}{\-}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00AE}{\registeredsymbol}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00AF}{\={ }}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00B0}{\ringaccent{ }}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00B4}{\'{ }}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00B8}{\cedilla{ }}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00BA}{\ordm}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00BB}{\guillemetright}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00BF}{\questiondown}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C0}{\`A}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C1}{\'A}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C2}{\^A}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C3}{\~A}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C4}{\"A}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C5}{\AA}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C6}{\AE}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C7}{\cedilla{C}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C8}{\`E}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C9}{\'E}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00CA}{\^E}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00CB}{\"E}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00CC}{\`I}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00CD}{\'I}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00CE}{\^I}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00CF}{\"I}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D1}{\~N}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D2}{\`O}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D3}{\'O}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D4}{\^O}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D5}{\~O}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D6}{\"O}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D8}{\O}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D9}{\`U}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00DA}{\'U}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00DB}{\^U}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00DC}{\"U}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00DD}{\'Y}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00DF}{\ss}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E0}{\`a}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E1}{\'a}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E2}{\^a}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E3}{\~a}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E4}{\"a}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E5}{\aa}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E6}{\ae}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E7}{\cedilla{c}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E8}{\`e}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E9}{\'e}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00EA}{\^e}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00EB}{\"e}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00EC}{\`{\dotless{i}}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00ED}{\'{\dotless{i}}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00EE}{\^{\dotless{i}}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00EF}{\"{\dotless{i}}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F1}{\~n}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F2}{\`o}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F3}{\'o}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F4}{\^o}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F5}{\~o}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F6}{\"o}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F8}{\o}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F9}{\`u}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00FA}{\'u}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00FB}{\^u}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00FC}{\"u}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00FD}{\'y}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00FF}{\"y}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0100}{\=A}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0101}{\=a}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0102}{\u{A}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0103}{\u{a}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0106}{\'C}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0107}{\'c}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0108}{\^C}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0109}{\^c}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{010A}{\dotaccent{C}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{010B}{\dotaccent{c}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{010C}{\v{C}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{010D}{\v{c}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{010E}{\v{D}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0112}{\=E}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0113}{\=e}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0114}{\u{E}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0115}{\u{e}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0116}{\dotaccent{E}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0117}{\dotaccent{e}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{011A}{\v{E}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{011B}{\v{e}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{011C}{\^G}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{011D}{\^g}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{011E}{\u{G}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{011F}{\u{g}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0120}{\dotaccent{G}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0121}{\dotaccent{g}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0124}{\^H}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0125}{\^h}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0128}{\~I}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0129}{\~{\dotless{i}}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{012A}{\=I}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{012B}{\={\dotless{i}}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{012C}{\u{I}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{012D}{\u{\dotless{i}}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0130}{\dotaccent{I}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0131}{\dotless{i}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0132}{IJ}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0133}{ij}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0134}{\^J}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0135}{\^{\dotless{j}}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0139}{\'L}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{013A}{\'l}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0141}{\L}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0142}{\l}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0143}{\'N}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0144}{\'n}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0147}{\v{N}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0148}{\v{n}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{014C}{\=O}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{014D}{\=o}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{014E}{\u{O}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{014F}{\u{o}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0150}{\H{O}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0151}{\H{o}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0152}{\OE}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0153}{\oe}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0154}{\'R}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0155}{\'r}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0158}{\v{R}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0159}{\v{r}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{015A}{\'S}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{015B}{\'s}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{015C}{\^S}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{015D}{\^s}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{015E}{\cedilla{S}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{015F}{\cedilla{s}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0160}{\v{S}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0161}{\v{s}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0162}{\cedilla{t}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0163}{\cedilla{T}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0164}{\v{T}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0168}{\~U}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0169}{\~u}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{016A}{\=U}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{016B}{\=u}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{016C}{\u{U}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{016D}{\u{u}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{016E}{\ringaccent{U}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{016F}{\ringaccent{u}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0170}{\H{U}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0171}{\H{u}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0174}{\^W}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0175}{\^w}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0176}{\^Y}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0177}{\^y}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0178}{\"Y}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0179}{\'Z}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{017A}{\'z}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{017B}{\dotaccent{Z}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{017C}{\dotaccent{z}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{017D}{\v{Z}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{017E}{\v{z}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01C4}{D\v{Z}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01C5}{D\v{z}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01C6}{d\v{z}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01C7}{LJ}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01C8}{Lj}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01C9}{lj}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01CA}{NJ}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01CB}{Nj}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01CC}{nj}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01CD}{\v{A}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01CE}{\v{a}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01CF}{\v{I}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01D0}{\v{\dotless{i}}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01D1}{\v{O}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01D2}{\v{o}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01D3}{\v{U}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01D4}{\v{u}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01E2}{\={\AE}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01E3}{\={\ae}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01E6}{\v{G}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01E7}{\v{g}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01E8}{\v{K}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01E9}{\v{k}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01F0}{\v{\dotless{j}}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01F1}{DZ}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01F2}{Dz}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01F3}{dz}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01F4}{\'G}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01F5}{\'g}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01F8}{\`N}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01F9}{\`n}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01FC}{\'{\AE}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01FD}{\'{\ae}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01FE}{\'{\O}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01FF}{\'{\o}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{021E}{\v{H}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{021F}{\v{h}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0226}{\dotaccent{A}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0227}{\dotaccent{a}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0228}{\cedilla{E}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0229}{\cedilla{e}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{022E}{\dotaccent{O}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{022F}{\dotaccent{o}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0232}{\=Y}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0233}{\=y}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0237}{\dotless{j}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E02}{\dotaccent{B}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E03}{\dotaccent{b}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E04}{\udotaccent{B}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E05}{\udotaccent{b}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E06}{\ubaraccent{B}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E07}{\ubaraccent{b}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E0A}{\dotaccent{D}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E0B}{\dotaccent{d}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E0C}{\udotaccent{D}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E0D}{\udotaccent{d}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E0E}{\ubaraccent{D}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E0F}{\ubaraccent{d}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E1E}{\dotaccent{F}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E1F}{\dotaccent{f}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E20}{\=G}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E21}{\=g}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E22}{\dotaccent{H}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E23}{\dotaccent{h}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E24}{\udotaccent{H}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E25}{\udotaccent{h}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E26}{\"H}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E27}{\"h}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E30}{\'K}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E31}{\'k}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E32}{\udotaccent{K}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E33}{\udotaccent{k}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E34}{\ubaraccent{K}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E35}{\ubaraccent{k}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E36}{\udotaccent{L}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E37}{\udotaccent{l}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E3A}{\ubaraccent{L}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E3B}{\ubaraccent{l}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E3E}{\'M}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E3F}{\'m}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E40}{\dotaccent{M}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E41}{\dotaccent{m}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E42}{\udotaccent{M}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E43}{\udotaccent{m}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E44}{\dotaccent{N}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E45}{\dotaccent{n}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E46}{\udotaccent{N}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E47}{\udotaccent{n}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E48}{\ubaraccent{N}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E49}{\ubaraccent{n}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E54}{\'P}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E55}{\'p}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E56}{\dotaccent{P}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E57}{\dotaccent{p}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E58}{\dotaccent{R}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E59}{\dotaccent{r}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E5A}{\udotaccent{R}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E5B}{\udotaccent{r}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E5E}{\ubaraccent{R}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E5F}{\ubaraccent{r}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E60}{\dotaccent{S}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E61}{\dotaccent{s}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E62}{\udotaccent{S}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E63}{\udotaccent{s}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E6A}{\dotaccent{T}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E6B}{\dotaccent{t}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E6C}{\udotaccent{T}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E6D}{\udotaccent{t}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E6E}{\ubaraccent{T}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E6F}{\ubaraccent{t}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E7C}{\~V}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E7D}{\~v}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E7E}{\udotaccent{V}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E7F}{\udotaccent{v}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E80}{\`W}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E81}{\`w}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E82}{\'W}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E83}{\'w}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E84}{\"W}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E85}{\"w}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E86}{\dotaccent{W}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E87}{\dotaccent{w}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E88}{\udotaccent{W}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E89}{\udotaccent{w}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E8A}{\dotaccent{X}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E8B}{\dotaccent{x}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E8C}{\"X}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E8D}{\"x}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E8E}{\dotaccent{Y}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E8F}{\dotaccent{y}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E90}{\^Z}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E91}{\^z}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E92}{\udotaccent{Z}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E93}{\udotaccent{z}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E94}{\ubaraccent{Z}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E95}{\ubaraccent{z}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E96}{\ubaraccent{h}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E97}{\"t}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E98}{\ringaccent{w}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E99}{\ringaccent{y}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EA0}{\udotaccent{A}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EA1}{\udotaccent{a}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EB8}{\udotaccent{E}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EB9}{\udotaccent{e}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EBC}{\~E}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EBD}{\~e}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1ECA}{\udotaccent{I}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1ECB}{\udotaccent{i}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1ECC}{\udotaccent{O}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1ECD}{\udotaccent{o}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EE4}{\udotaccent{U}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EE5}{\udotaccent{u}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EF2}{\`Y}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EF3}{\`y}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EF4}{\udotaccent{Y}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EF8}{\~Y}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EF9}{\~y}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2013}{--}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2014}{---}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2018}{\quoteleft}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2019}{\quoteright}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{201A}{\quotesinglbase}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{201C}{\quotedblleft}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{201D}{\quotedblright}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{201E}{\quotedblbase}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2022}{\bullet}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2026}{\dots}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2039}{\guilsinglleft}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{203A}{\guilsinglright}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{20AC}{\euro}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2192}{\expansion}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21D2}{\result}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2212}{\minus}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2217}{\point}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2261}{\equiv}
+}% end of \utfeightchardefs
+
+
+% US-ASCII character definitions.
+\def\asciichardefs{% nothing need be done
+   \relax
+}
+
+% Make non-ASCII characters printable again for compatibility with
+% existing Texinfo documents that may use them, even without declaring a
+% document encoding.
+%
+\setnonasciicharscatcode \other
+
+
+\message{formatting,}
+
+\newdimen\defaultparindent \defaultparindent = 15pt
+
+\chapheadingskip = 15pt plus 4pt minus 2pt
+\secheadingskip = 12pt plus 3pt minus 2pt
+\subsecheadingskip = 9pt plus 2pt minus 2pt
+
+% Prevent underfull vbox error messages.
+\vbadness = 10000
+
+% Don't be so finicky about underfull hboxes, either.
+\hbadness = 2000
+
+% Following George Bush, get rid of widows and orphans.
+\widowpenalty=10000
+\clubpenalty=10000
+
+% Use TeX 3.0's \emergencystretch to help line breaking, but if we're
+% using an old version of TeX, don't do anything.  We want the amount of
+% stretch added to depend on the line length, hence the dependence on
+% \hsize.  We call this whenever the paper size is set.
+%
+\def\setemergencystretch{%
+  \ifx\emergencystretch\thisisundefined
+    % Allow us to assign to \emergencystretch anyway.
+    \def\emergencystretch{\dimen0}%
+  \else
+    \emergencystretch = .15\hsize
+  \fi
+}
+
+% Parameters in order: 1) textheight; 2) textwidth;
+% 3) voffset; 4) hoffset; 5) binding offset; 6) topskip;
+% 7) physical page height; 8) physical page width.
+%
+% We also call \setleading{\textleading}, so the caller should define
+% \textleading.  The caller should also set \parskip.
+%
+\def\internalpagesizes#1#2#3#4#5#6#7#8{%
+  \voffset = #3\relax
+  \topskip = #6\relax
+  \splittopskip = \topskip
+  %
+  \vsize = #1\relax
+  \advance\vsize by \topskip
+  \outervsize = \vsize
+  \advance\outervsize by 2\topandbottommargin
+  \pageheight = \vsize
+  %
+  \hsize = #2\relax
+  \outerhsize = \hsize
+  \advance\outerhsize by 0.5in
+  \pagewidth = \hsize
+  %
+  \normaloffset = #4\relax
+  \bindingoffset = #5\relax
+  %
+  \ifpdf
+    \pdfpageheight #7\relax
+    \pdfpagewidth #8\relax
+    % if we don't reset these, they will remain at "1 true in" of
+    % whatever layout pdftex was dumped with.
+    \pdfhorigin = 1 true in
+    \pdfvorigin = 1 true in
+  \fi
+  %
+  \setleading{\textleading}
+  %
+  \parindent = \defaultparindent
+  \setemergencystretch
+}
+
+% @letterpaper (the default).
+\def\letterpaper{{\globaldefs = 1
+  \parskip = 3pt plus 2pt minus 1pt
+  \textleading = 13.2pt
+  %
+  % If page is nothing but text, make it come out even.
+  \internalpagesizes{607.2pt}{6in}% that's 46 lines
+                    {\voffset}{.25in}%
+                    {\bindingoffset}{36pt}%
+                    {11in}{8.5in}%
+}}
+
+% Use @smallbook to reset parameters for 7x9.25 trim size.
+\def\smallbook{{\globaldefs = 1
+  \parskip = 2pt plus 1pt
+  \textleading = 12pt
+  %
+  \internalpagesizes{7.5in}{5in}%
+                    {-.2in}{0in}%
+                    {\bindingoffset}{16pt}%
+                    {9.25in}{7in}%
+  %
+  \lispnarrowing = 0.3in
+  \tolerance = 700
+  \hfuzz = 1pt
+  \contentsrightmargin = 0pt
+  \defbodyindent = .5cm
+}}
+
+% Use @smallerbook to reset parameters for 6x9 trim size.
+% (Just testing, parameters still in flux.)
+\def\smallerbook{{\globaldefs = 1
+  \parskip = 1.5pt plus 1pt
+  \textleading = 12pt
+  %
+  \internalpagesizes{7.4in}{4.8in}%
+                    {-.2in}{-.4in}%
+                    {0pt}{14pt}%
+                    {9in}{6in}%
+  %
+  \lispnarrowing = 0.25in
+  \tolerance = 700
+  \hfuzz = 1pt
+  \contentsrightmargin = 0pt
+  \defbodyindent = .4cm
+}}
+
+% Use @afourpaper to print on European A4 paper.
+\def\afourpaper{{\globaldefs = 1
+  \parskip = 3pt plus 2pt minus 1pt
+  \textleading = 13.2pt
+  %
+  % Double-side printing via postscript on Laserjet 4050
+  % prints double-sided nicely when \bindingoffset=10mm and \hoffset=-6mm.
+  % To change the settings for a different printer or situation, adjust
+  % \normaloffset until the front-side and back-side texts align.  Then
+  % do the same for \bindingoffset.  You can set these for testing in
+  % your texinfo source file like this:
+  % @tex
+  % \global\normaloffset = -6mm
+  % \global\bindingoffset = 10mm
+  % @end tex
+  \internalpagesizes{673.2pt}{160mm}% that's 51 lines
+                    {\voffset}{\hoffset}%
+                    {\bindingoffset}{44pt}%
+                    {297mm}{210mm}%
+  %
+  \tolerance = 700
+  \hfuzz = 1pt
+  \contentsrightmargin = 0pt
+  \defbodyindent = 5mm
+}}
+
+% Use @afivepaper to print on European A5 paper.
+% From romildo@urano.iceb.ufop.br, 2 July 2000.
+% He also recommends making @example and @lisp be small.
+\def\afivepaper{{\globaldefs = 1
+  \parskip = 2pt plus 1pt minus 0.1pt
+  \textleading = 12.5pt
+  %
+  \internalpagesizes{160mm}{120mm}%
+                    {\voffset}{\hoffset}%
+                    {\bindingoffset}{8pt}%
+                    {210mm}{148mm}%
+  %
+  \lispnarrowing = 0.2in
+  \tolerance = 800
+  \hfuzz = 1.2pt
+  \contentsrightmargin = 0pt
+  \defbodyindent = 2mm
+  \tableindent = 12mm
+}}
+
+% A specific text layout, 24x15cm overall, intended for A4 paper.
+\def\afourlatex{{\globaldefs = 1
+  \afourpaper
+  \internalpagesizes{237mm}{150mm}%
+                    {\voffset}{4.6mm}%
+                    {\bindingoffset}{7mm}%
+                    {297mm}{210mm}%
+  %
+  % Must explicitly reset to 0 because we call \afourpaper.
+  \globaldefs = 0
+}}
+
+% Use @afourwide to print on A4 paper in landscape format.
+\def\afourwide{{\globaldefs = 1
+  \afourpaper
+  \internalpagesizes{241mm}{165mm}%
+                    {\voffset}{-2.95mm}%
+                    {\bindingoffset}{7mm}%
+                    {297mm}{210mm}%
+  \globaldefs = 0
+}}
+
+% @pagesizes TEXTHEIGHT[,TEXTWIDTH]
+% Perhaps we should allow setting the margins, \topskip, \parskip,
+% and/or leading, also. Or perhaps we should compute them somehow.
+%
+\parseargdef\pagesizes{\pagesizesyyy #1,,\finish}
+\def\pagesizesyyy#1,#2,#3\finish{{%
+  \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}\ifdim\wd0 > 0pt \hsize=#2\relax \fi
+  \globaldefs = 1
+  %
+  \parskip = 3pt plus 2pt minus 1pt
+  \setleading{\textleading}%
+  %
+  \dimen0 = #1\relax
+  \advance\dimen0 by \voffset
+  %
+  \dimen2 = \hsize
+  \advance\dimen2 by \normaloffset
+  %
+  \internalpagesizes{#1}{\hsize}%
+                    {\voffset}{\normaloffset}%
+                    {\bindingoffset}{44pt}%
+                    {\dimen0}{\dimen2}%
+}}
+
+% Set default to letter.
+%
+\letterpaper
+
+
+\message{and turning on texinfo input format.}
+
+% Define macros to output various characters with catcode for normal text.
+\catcode`\"=\other
+\catcode`\~=\other
+\catcode`\^=\other
+\catcode`\_=\other
+\catcode`\|=\other
+\catcode`\<=\other
+\catcode`\>=\other
+\catcode`\+=\other
+\catcode`\$=\other
+\def\normaldoublequote{"}
+\def\normaltilde{~}
+\def\normalcaret{^}
+\def\normalunderscore{_}
+\def\normalverticalbar{|}
+\def\normalless{<}
+\def\normalgreater{>}
+\def\normalplus{+}
+\def\normaldollar{$}%$ font-lock fix
+
+% This macro is used to make a character print one way in \tt
+% (where it can probably be output as-is), and another way in other fonts,
+% where something hairier probably needs to be done.
+%
+% #1 is what to print if we are indeed using \tt; #2 is what to print
+% otherwise.  Since all the Computer Modern typewriter fonts have zero
+% interword stretch (and shrink), and it is reasonable to expect all
+% typewriter fonts to have this, we can check that font parameter.
+%
+\def\ifusingtt#1#2{\ifdim \fontdimen3\font=0pt #1\else #2\fi}
+
+% Same as above, but check for italic font.  Actually this also catches
+% non-italic slanted fonts since it is impossible to distinguish them from
+% italic fonts.  But since this is only used by $ and it uses \sl anyway
+% this is not a problem.
+\def\ifusingit#1#2{\ifdim \fontdimen1\font>0pt #1\else #2\fi}
+
+% Turn off all special characters except @
+% (and those which the user can use as if they were ordinary).
+% Most of these we simply print from the \tt font, but for some, we can
+% use math or other variants that look better in normal text.
+
+\catcode`\"=\active
+\def\activedoublequote{{\tt\char34}}
+\let"=\activedoublequote
+\catcode`\~=\active
+\def~{{\tt\char126}}
+\chardef\hat=`\^
+\catcode`\^=\active
+\def^{{\tt \hat}}
+
+\catcode`\_=\active
+\def_{\ifusingtt\normalunderscore\_}
+\let\realunder=_
+% Subroutine for the previous macro.
+\def\_{\leavevmode \kern.07em \vbox{\hrule width.3em height.1ex}\kern .07em }
+
+\catcode`\|=\active
+\def|{{\tt\char124}}
+\chardef \less=`\<
+\catcode`\<=\active
+\def<{{\tt \less}}
+\chardef \gtr=`\>
+\catcode`\>=\active
+\def>{{\tt \gtr}}
+\catcode`\+=\active
+\def+{{\tt \char 43}}
+\catcode`\$=\active
+\def${\ifusingit{{\sl\$}}\normaldollar}%$ font-lock fix
+
+% If a .fmt file is being used, characters that might appear in a file
+% name cannot be active until we have parsed the command line.
+% So turn them off again, and have \everyjob (or @setfilename) turn them on.
+% \otherifyactive is called near the end of this file.
+\def\otherifyactive{\catcode`+=\other \catcode`\_=\other}
+
+% Used sometimes to turn off (effectively) the active characters even after
+% parsing them.
+\def\turnoffactive{%
+  \normalturnoffactive
+  \otherbackslash
+}
+
+\catcode`\@=0
+
+% \backslashcurfont outputs one backslash character in current font,
+% as in \char`\\.
+\global\chardef\backslashcurfont=`\\
+\global\let\rawbackslashxx=\backslashcurfont  % let existing .??s files work
+
+% \realbackslash is an actual character `\' with catcode other, and
+% \doublebackslash is two of them (for the pdf outlines).
+{\catcode`\\=\other @gdef@realbackslash{\} @gdef@doublebackslash{\\}}
+
+% In texinfo, backslash is an active character; it prints the backslash
+% in fixed width font.
+\catcode`\\=\active
+@def@normalbackslash{{@tt@backslashcurfont}}
+% On startup, @fixbackslash assigns:
+%  @let \ = @normalbackslash
+
+% \rawbackslash defines an active \ to do \backslashcurfont.
+% \otherbackslash defines an active \ to be a literal `\' character with
+% catcode other.
+@gdef@rawbackslash{@let\=@backslashcurfont}
+@gdef@otherbackslash{@let\=@realbackslash}
+
+% Same as @turnoffactive except outputs \ as {\tt\char`\\} instead of
+% the literal character `\'.
+%
+@def@normalturnoffactive{%
+  @let\=@normalbackslash
+  @let"=@normaldoublequote
+  @let~=@normaltilde
+  @let^=@normalcaret
+  @let_=@normalunderscore
+  @let|=@normalverticalbar
+  @let<=@normalless
+  @let>=@normalgreater
+  @let+=@normalplus
+  @let$=@normaldollar %$ font-lock fix
+  @unsepspaces
+}
+
+% Make _ and + \other characters, temporarily.
+% This is canceled by @fixbackslash.
+@otherifyactive
+
+% If a .fmt file is being used, we don't want the `\input texinfo' to show up.
+% That is what \eatinput is for; after that, the `\' should revert to printing
+% a backslash.
+%
+@gdef@eatinput input texinfo{@fixbackslash}
+@global@let\ = @eatinput
+
+% On the other hand, perhaps the file did not have a `\input texinfo'. Then
+% the first `\' in the file would cause an error. This macro tries to fix
+% that, assuming it is called before the first `\' could plausibly occur.
+% Also turn back on active characters that might appear in the input
+% file name, in case not using a pre-dumped format.
+%
+@gdef@fixbackslash{%
+  @ifx\@eatinput @let\ = @normalbackslash @fi
+  @catcode`+=@active
+  @catcode`@_=@active
+}
+
+% Say @foo, not \foo, in error messages.
+@escapechar = `@@
+
+% These look ok in all fonts, so just make them not special.
+@catcode`@& = @other
+@catcode`@# = @other
+@catcode`@% = @other
+
+
+@c Local variables:
+@c eval: (add-hook 'write-file-hooks 'time-stamp)
+@c page-delimiter: "^\\\\message"
+@c time-stamp-start: "def\\\\texinfoversion{"
+@c time-stamp-format: "%:y-%02m-%02d.%02H"
+@c time-stamp-end: "}"
+@c End:
+
+@c vim:sw=2:
+
+@ignore
+   arch-tag: e1b36e32-c96e-4135-a41a-0b2efa2ea115
+@end ignore
diff --git a/lang/python/examples/assuan.py b/lang/python/examples/assuan.py
index dd42ad4..6784c9e 100644
--- a/lang/python/examples/assuan.py
+++ b/lang/python/examples/assuan.py
@@ -14,14 +14,14 @@
 #
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 # along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
 """Demonstrate the use of the Assuan protocol engine"""
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 import gpg
 
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
 with gpg.Context(protocol=gpg.constants.protocol.ASSUAN) as c:
     # Invoke the pinentry to get a confirmation.
     err = c.assuan_transact(['GET_CONFIRMATION', 'Hello there'])
diff --git a/lang/python/examples/decryption-filter.py b/lang/python/examples/decryption-filter.py
index 987dfd1..4d99330 100644
--- a/lang/python/examples/decryption-filter.py
+++ b/lang/python/examples/decryption-filter.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 #
-# Copyright (C) 2016 g10 Code GmbH
+# Copyright (C) 2016, 2018 g10 Code GmbH
 #
 # This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 #
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 # along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
 """A decryption filter
 
 This demonstrates decryption using gpg3 in three lines of code.  To
@@ -25,8 +24,10 @@ be used like this:
 """
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 import sys
 import gpg
+
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
 gpg.Context().decrypt(sys.stdin, sink=sys.stdout)
diff --git a/lang/python/examples/delkey.py b/lang/python/examples/delkey.py
index 12510f3..30b3145 100755
--- a/lang/python/examples/delkey.py
+++ b/lang/python/examples/delkey.py
@@ -20,10 +20,11 @@
 # It deletes keys for joe@example.org generated by genkey.py script
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 import gpg
 
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
 with gpg.Context() as c:
     # Note: We must not modify the key store during iteration,
     # therefore, we explicitly make a list.
diff --git a/lang/python/examples/exportimport.py b/lang/python/examples/exportimport.py
index d84a01c..36ced57 100755
--- a/lang/python/examples/exportimport.py
+++ b/lang/python/examples/exportimport.py
@@ -20,12 +20,13 @@
 # It uses keys for joe+gpg@example.org generated by genkey.py script
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 import sys
 import os
 import gpg
 
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
 user = "joe+gpg@example.org"
 
 with gpg.Context(armor=True) as c, gpg.Data() as expkey:
diff --git a/lang/python/examples/genkey.py b/lang/python/examples/genkey.py
index a043500..710a530 100755
--- a/lang/python/examples/genkey.py
+++ b/lang/python/examples/genkey.py
@@ -18,10 +18,11 @@
 # along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 import gpg
 
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
 # This is the example from the GPGME manual.
 
 parms = """<GnupgKeyParms format="internal">
diff --git a/lang/python/examples/howto/add-userid.py b/lang/python/examples/howto/add-userid.py
index b868979..0c7bb89 100755
--- a/lang/python/examples/howto/add-userid.py
+++ b/lang/python/examples/howto/add-userid.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
 # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 # ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
 # FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License and the GNU
-# Lesser General Public Licensefor more details.
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
 #
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and the GNU
 # Lesser General Public along with this program; if not, see
diff --git a/lang/python/examples/howto/advanced/cython/keycount.pyx b/lang/python/examples/howto/advanced/cython/keycount.pyx
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..2aa636d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lang/python/examples/howto/advanced/cython/keycount.pyx
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import cython
+import gpg
+
+c = gpg.Context()
+seckeys = c.keylist(pattern=None, secret=True)
+pubkeys = c.keylist(pattern=None, secret=False)
+
+seclist = list(seckeys)
+secnum = len(seclist)
+
+publist = list(pubkeys)
+pubnum = len(publist)
+
+if cython.compiled is True:
+    cc = "Powered by Cython compiled C code."
+else:
+    cc = "Powered by Python."
+
+print("""
+    Number of secret keys:  {0}
+    Number of public keys:  {1}
+
+  {2}
+""".format(secnum, pubnum, cc))
diff --git a/lang/python/examples/howto/advanced/cython/setup.py b/lang/python/examples/howto/advanced/cython/setup.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f8dce03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lang/python/examples/howto/advanced/cython/setup.py
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+from distutils.core import setup
+from Cython.Build import cythonize
+
+setup(
+    ext_modules = cythonize("keycount.pyx", annotate=True)
+)
diff --git a/lang/python/examples/howto/clear-sign-file.py b/lang/python/examples/howto/clear-sign-file.py
index 597bbc5..9d350e2 100755
--- a/lang/python/examples/howto/clear-sign-file.py
+++ b/lang/python/examples/howto/clear-sign-file.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
 # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 # ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
 # FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License and the GNU
-# Lesser General Public Licensefor more details.
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
 #
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and the GNU
 # Lesser General Public along with this program; if not, see
diff --git a/lang/python/examples/howto/create-key.py b/lang/python/examples/howto/create-key.py
index 429ab1f..02d1cb3 100755
--- a/lang/python/examples/howto/create-key.py
+++ b/lang/python/examples/howto/create-key.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
 # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 # ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
 # FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License and the GNU
-# Lesser General Public Licensefor more details.
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
 #
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and the GNU
 # Lesser General Public along with this program; if not, see
diff --git a/lang/python/examples/howto/decrypt-file.py b/lang/python/examples/howto/decrypt-file.py
index 60a050b..8eba1f2 100755
--- a/lang/python/examples/howto/decrypt-file.py
+++ b/lang/python/examples/howto/decrypt-file.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
 # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 # ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
 # FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License and the GNU
-# Lesser General Public Licensefor more details.
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
 #
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and the GNU
 # Lesser General Public along with this program; if not, see
@@ -32,13 +32,20 @@ if len(sys.argv) == 3:
     newfile = sys.argv[2]
 elif len(sys.argv) == 2:
     ciphertext = sys.argv[1]
-    newfile = input("Enter path and filename of file to save decrypted data to: ")
+    newfile = input("Enter path and filename to save decrypted data to: ")
 else:
     ciphertext = input("Enter path and filename of encrypted file: ")
-    newfile = input("Enter path and filename of file to save decrypted data to: ")
+    newfile = input("Enter path and filename to save decrypted data to: ")
 
 with open(ciphertext, "rb") as cfile:
-    plaintext, result, verify_result = gpg.Context().decrypt(cfile)
+    try:
+        plaintext, result, verify_result = gpg.Context().decrypt(cfile)
+    except gpg.errors.GPGMEError as e:
+        plaintext = None
+        print(e)
 
-with open(newfile, "wb") as nfile:
-    nfile.write(plaintext)
+if plaintext is not None:
+    with open(newfile, "wb") as nfile:
+        nfile.write(plaintext)
+else:
+    pass
diff --git a/lang/python/examples/howto/detach-sign-file.py b/lang/python/examples/howto/detach-sign-file.py
index 99fbe65..a0c5a2a 100755
--- a/lang/python/examples/howto/detach-sign-file.py
+++ b/lang/python/examples/howto/detach-sign-file.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
 # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 # ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
 # FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License and the GNU
-# Lesser General Public Licensefor more details.
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
 #
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and the GNU
 # Lesser General Public along with this program; if not, see
diff --git a/lang/python/examples/howto/encrypt-file.py b/lang/python/examples/howto/encrypt-file.py
index ad4e1ce..8951cb5 100755
--- a/lang/python/examples/howto/encrypt-file.py
+++ b/lang/python/examples/howto/encrypt-file.py
@@ -3,6 +3,9 @@
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
 
+import gpg
+import sys
+
 # Copyright (C) 2018 Ben McGinnes <ben@gnupg.org>
 #
 # This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
@@ -18,15 +21,12 @@ from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
 # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 # ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
 # FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License and the GNU
-# Lesser General Public Licensefor more details.
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
 #
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and the GNU
 # Lesser General Public along with this program; if not, see
 # <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
-import gpg
-import sys
-
 """
 Encrypts a file to a specified key.  If entering both the key and the filename
 on the command line, the key must be entered first.
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ with open(filename, "rb") as f:
 with gpg.Context(armor=True) as ca:
     try:
         ciphertext, result, sign_result = ca.encrypt(text, recipients=rkey,
-                                                    sign=False)
+                                                     sign=False)
         with open("{0}.asc".format(filename), "wb") as fa:
             fa.write(ciphertext)
     except gpg.errors.InvalidRecipients as e:
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ with gpg.Context(armor=True) as ca:
 with gpg.Context() as cg:
     try:
         ciphertext, result, sign_result = cg.encrypt(text, recipients=rkey,
-                                                    sign=False)
+                                                     sign=False)
         with open("{0}.gpg".format(filename), "wb") as fg:
             fg.write(ciphertext)
     except gpg.errors.InvalidRecipients as e:
diff --git a/lang/python/examples/howto/encrypt-sign-file.py b/lang/python/examples/howto/encrypt-sign-file.py
index 41aaac8..6610ee0 100755
--- a/lang/python/examples/howto/encrypt-sign-file.py
+++ b/lang/python/examples/howto/encrypt-sign-file.py
@@ -3,6 +3,9 @@
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
 
+import gpg
+import sys
+
 # Copyright (C) 2018 Ben McGinnes <ben@gnupg.org>
 #
 # This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
@@ -18,15 +21,12 @@ from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
 # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 # ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
 # FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License and the GNU
-# Lesser General Public Licensefor more details.
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
 #
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and the GNU
 # Lesser General Public along with this program; if not, see
 # <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
-import gpg
-import sys
-
 """
 Signs and encrypts a file to a specified key.  If entering both the key and the
 filename on the command line, the key must be entered first.
@@ -58,13 +58,13 @@ with open(filename, "rb") as f:
 with gpg.Context(armor=True) as ca:
     ciphertext, result, sign_result = ca.encrypt(text, recipients=rkey,
                                                  always_trust=True,
-                                                     add_encrypt_to=True)
+                                                 add_encrypt_to=True)
     with open("{0}.asc".format(filename), "wb") as fa:
         fa.write(ciphertext)
 
 with gpg.Context() as cg:
     ciphertext, result, sign_result = cg.encrypt(text, recipients=rkey,
                                                  always_trust=True,
-                                                     add_encrypt_to=True)
+                                                 add_encrypt_to=True)
     with open("{0}.gpg".format(filename), "wb") as fg:
         fg.write(ciphertext)
diff --git a/lang/python/examples/howto/encrypt-to-group-gullible.py b/lang/python/examples/howto/encrypt-to-group-gullible.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..5ba82bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lang/python/examples/howto/encrypt-to-group-gullible.py
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+import gpg
+import sys
+from groups import group_lists
+
+# Copyright (C) 2018 Ben McGinnes <ben@gnupg.org>
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+# the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
+# Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
+# version.
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+# the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
+# Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
+# any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License and the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and the GNU
+# Lesser General Public along with this program; if not, see
+# <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+"""
+Uses the groups module to encrypt to multiple recipients.
+
+"""
+
+c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+
+if len(sys.argv) > 3:
+    group_id = sys.argv[1]
+    filepath = sys.argv[2:]
+elif len(sys.argv) == 3:
+    group_id = sys.argv[1]
+    filepath = sys.argv[2]
+elif len(sys.argv) == 2:
+    group_id = sys.argv[1]
+    filepath = input("Enter the filename to encrypt: ")
+else:
+    group_id = input("Enter the group name to encrypt to: ")
+    filepath = input("Enter the filename to encrypt: ")
+
+with open(filepath, "rb") as f:
+    text = f.read()
+
+for i in range(len(group_lists)):
+    if group_lists[i][0] == group_id:
+        klist = group_lists[i][1]
+    else:
+        klist = None
+
+logrus = []
+
+if klist is not None:
+    for i in range(len(klist)):
+        apattern = list(c.keylist(pattern=klist[i], secret=False))
+        if apattern[0].can_encrypt == 1:
+            logrus.append(apattern[0])
+        else:
+            pass
+    try:
+        ciphertext, result, sign_result = c.encrypt(text, recipients=logrus,
+                                                    add_encrypt_to=True)
+    except:
+        ciphertext, result, sign_result = c.encrypt(text, recipients=logrus,
+                                                    add_encrypt_to=True,
+                                                    always_trust=True)
+    with open("{0}.asc".format(filepath), "wb") as f:
+        f.write(ciphertext)
+else:
+    pass
+
+# EOF
diff --git a/lang/python/examples/howto/encrypt-to-group-trustno1.py b/lang/python/examples/howto/encrypt-to-group-trustno1.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..680c9ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lang/python/examples/howto/encrypt-to-group-trustno1.py
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+import gpg
+import sys
+from groups import group_lists
+
+# Copyright (C) 2018 Ben McGinnes <ben@gnupg.org>
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+# the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
+# Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
+# version.
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+# the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
+# Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
+# any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License and the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and the GNU
+# Lesser General Public along with this program; if not, see
+# <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+"""
+Uses the groups module to encrypt to multiple recipients.
+
+"""
+
+c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+
+if len(sys.argv) > 3:
+    group_id = sys.argv[1]
+    filepath = sys.argv[2:]
+elif len(sys.argv) == 3:
+    group_id = sys.argv[1]
+    filepath = sys.argv[2]
+elif len(sys.argv) == 2:
+    group_id = sys.argv[1]
+    filepath = input("Enter the filename to encrypt: ")
+else:
+    group_id = input("Enter the group name to encrypt to: ")
+    filepath = input("Enter the filename to encrypt: ")
+
+with open(filepath, "rb") as f:
+    text = f.read()
+
+for i in range(len(group_lists)):
+    if group_lists[i][0] == group_id:
+        klist = group_lists[i][1]
+    else:
+        klist = None
+
+logrus = []
+
+if klist is not None:
+    for i in range(len(klist)):
+        apattern = list(c.keylist(pattern=klist[i], secret=False))
+        if apattern[0].can_encrypt == 1:
+            logrus.append(apattern[0])
+        else:
+            pass
+    try:
+        ciphertext, result, sign_result = c.encrypt(text, recipients=logrus,
+                                                    add_encrypt_to=True)
+    except gpg.errors.InvalidRecipients as e:
+        for i in range(len(e.recipients)):
+            for n in range(len(logrus)):
+                if logrus[n].fpr == e.recipients[i].fpr:
+                    logrus.remove(logrus[n])
+                else:
+                    pass
+        try:
+            ciphertext, result, sign_result = c.encrypt(text,
+                                                        recipients=logrus,
+                                                        add_encrypt_to=True)
+        except:
+            pass
+    with open("{0}.asc".format(filepath), "wb") as f:
+        f.write(ciphertext)
+else:
+    pass
+
+# EOF
diff --git a/lang/python/examples/howto/encrypt-to-group.py b/lang/python/examples/howto/encrypt-to-group.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..e4ef1b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lang/python/examples/howto/encrypt-to-group.py
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+import gpg
+import sys
+from groups import group_lists
+
+# Copyright (C) 2018 Ben McGinnes <ben@gnupg.org>
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+# the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
+# Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
+# version.
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+# the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
+# Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
+# any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License and the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and the GNU
+# Lesser General Public along with this program; if not, see
+# <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+"""
+Uses the groups module to encrypt to multiple recipients.
+
+"""
+
+c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+
+if len(sys.argv) > 3:
+    group_id = sys.argv[1]
+    filepath = sys.argv[2:]
+elif len(sys.argv) == 3:
+    group_id = sys.argv[1]
+    filepath = sys.argv[2]
+elif len(sys.argv) == 2:
+    group_id = sys.argv[1]
+    filepath = input("Enter the filename to encrypt: ")
+else:
+    group_id = input("Enter the group name to encrypt to: ")
+    filepath = input("Enter the filename to encrypt: ")
+
+with open(filepath, "rb") as f:
+    text = f.read()
+
+for i in range(len(group_lists)):
+    if group_lists[i][0] == group_id:
+        klist = group_lists[i][1]
+    else:
+        klist = None
+
+logrus = []
+
+if klist is not None:
+    for i in range(len(klist)):
+        apattern = list(c.keylist(pattern=klist[i], secret=False))
+        if apattern[0].can_encrypt == 1:
+            logrus.append(apattern[0])
+        else:
+            pass
+    try:
+        ciphertext, result, sign_result = c.encrypt(text, recipients=logrus,
+                                                    add_encrypt_to=True)
+    except gpg.errors.InvalidRecipients as e:
+        for i in range(len(e.recipients)):
+            for n in range(len(logrus)):
+                if logrus[n].fpr == e.recipients[i].fpr:
+                    logrus.remove(logrus[n])
+                else:
+                    pass
+        try:
+            ciphertext, result, sign_result = c.encrypt(text,
+                                                        recipients=logrus,
+                                                        add_encrypt_to=True,
+                                                        always_trust=True)
+        except:
+            pass
+    with open("{0}.asc".format(filepath), "wb") as f:
+        f.write(ciphertext)
+else:
+    pass
+
+# EOF
diff --git a/lang/python/examples/howto/export-key.py b/lang/python/examples/howto/export-key.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..ff3345a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lang/python/examples/howto/export-key.py
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+import gpg
+import os.path
+import sys
+
+# Copyright (C) 2018 Ben McGinnes <ben@gnupg.org>
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+# the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
+# Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
+# version.
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+# the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
+# Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
+# any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License and the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and the GNU
+# Lesser General Public along with this program; if not, see
+# <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+print("""
+This script exports one or more public keys.
+""")
+
+c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+
+if len(sys.argv) >= 4:
+    keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+    logrus = sys.argv[2]
+    homedir = sys.argv[3]
+elif len(sys.argv) == 3:
+    keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+    logrus = sys.argv[2]
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+elif len(sys.argv) == 2:
+    keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+    logrus = input("Enter the UID matching the key(s) to export: ")
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+else:
+    keyfile = input("Enter the path and filename to save the key(s) to: ")
+    logrus = input("Enter the UID matching the key(s) to export: ")
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+
+if len(homedir) == 0:
+    homedir = None
+elif homedir.startswith("~"):
+    userdir = os.path.expanduser(homedir)
+    if os.path.exists(userdir) is True:
+        homedir = os.path.realpath(userdir)
+    else:
+        homedir = None
+else:
+    homedir = os.path.realpath(homedir)
+
+if homedir is not None and os.path.exists(homedir) is False:
+    homedir = None
+elif homedir is not None and os.path.exists(homedir) is True:
+    if os.path.isdir(homedir) is False:
+        homedir = None
+    else:
+        pass
+
+if homedir is not None:
+    c.home_dir = homedir
+else:
+    pass
+
+try:
+    result = c.key_export(pattern=logrus)
+except:
+    result = c.key_export(pattern=None)
+
+if result is not None:
+    with open(keyfile, "wb") as f:
+        f.write(result)
+else:
+    pass
diff --git a/lang/python/examples/howto/export-minimised-key.py b/lang/python/examples/howto/export-minimised-key.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..ffd7524
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lang/python/examples/howto/export-minimised-key.py
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+import gpg
+import os.path
+import sys
+
+# Copyright (C) 2018 Ben McGinnes <ben@gnupg.org>
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+# the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
+# Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
+# version.
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+# the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
+# Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
+# any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License and the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and the GNU
+# Lesser General Public along with this program; if not, see
+# <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+print("""
+This script exports one or more public keys in minimised form.
+""")
+
+c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+
+if len(sys.argv) >= 4:
+    keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+    logrus = sys.argv[2]
+    homedir = sys.argv[3]
+elif len(sys.argv) == 3:
+    keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+    logrus = sys.argv[2]
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+elif len(sys.argv) == 2:
+    keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+    logrus = input("Enter the UID matching the key(s) to export: ")
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+else:
+    keyfile = input("Enter the path and filename to save the key(s) to: ")
+    logrus = input("Enter the UID matching the key(s) to export: ")
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+
+if len(homedir) == 0:
+    homedir = None
+elif homedir.startswith("~"):
+    userdir = os.path.expanduser(homedir)
+    if os.path.exists(userdir) is True:
+        homedir = os.path.realpath(userdir)
+    else:
+        homedir = None
+else:
+    homedir = os.path.realpath(homedir)
+
+if homedir is not None and os.path.exists(homedir) is False:
+    homedir = None
+elif homedir is not None and os.path.exists(homedir) is True:
+    if os.path.isdir(homedir) is False:
+        homedir = None
+    else:
+        pass
+
+if homedir is not None:
+    c.home_dir = homedir
+else:
+    pass
+
+try:
+    result = c.key_export_minimal(pattern=logrus)
+except:
+    result = c.key_export_minimal(pattern=None)
+
+if result is not None:
+    with open(keyfile, "wb") as f:
+        f.write(result)
+else:
+    pass
diff --git a/lang/python/examples/howto/export-secret-key.py b/lang/python/examples/howto/export-secret-key.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..af1aa70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lang/python/examples/howto/export-secret-key.py
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+import gpg
+import os
+import os.path
+import sys
+
+# Copyright (C) 2018 Ben McGinnes <ben@gnupg.org>
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+# the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
+# Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
+# version.
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+# the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
+# Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
+# any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License and the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and the GNU
+# Lesser General Public along with this program; if not, see
+# <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+print("""
+This script exports one or more secret keys.
+
+The gpg-agent and pinentry are invoked to authorise the export.
+""")
+
+c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+
+if len(sys.argv) >= 4:
+    keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+    logrus = sys.argv[2]
+    homedir = sys.argv[3]
+elif len(sys.argv) == 3:
+    keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+    logrus = sys.argv[2]
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+elif len(sys.argv) == 2:
+    keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+    logrus = input("Enter the UID matching the secret key(s) to export: ")
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+else:
+    keyfile = input("Enter the path and filename to save the secret key to: ")
+    logrus = input("Enter the UID matching the secret key(s) to export: ")
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+
+if len(homedir) == 0:
+    homedir = None
+elif homedir.startswith("~"):
+    userdir = os.path.expanduser(homedir)
+    if os.path.exists(userdir) is True:
+        homedir = os.path.realpath(userdir)
+    else:
+        homedir = None
+else:
+    homedir = os.path.realpath(homedir)
+
+if homedir is not None and os.path.exists(homedir) is False:
+    homedir = None
+elif homedir is not None and os.path.exists(homedir) is True:
+    if os.path.isdir(homedir) is False:
+        homedir = None
+    else:
+        pass
+
+if homedir is not None:
+    c.home_dir = homedir
+else:
+    pass
+
+try:
+    result = c.key_export_secret(pattern=logrus)
+except:
+    result = c.key_export_secret(pattern=None)
+
+if result is not None:
+    with open(keyfile, "wb") as f:
+        f.write(result)
+    os.chmod(keyfile, 0o600)
+else:
+    pass
diff --git a/lang/python/examples/howto/export-secret-keys.py b/lang/python/examples/howto/export-secret-keys.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..f4e5008
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lang/python/examples/howto/export-secret-keys.py
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+import gpg
+import os
+import os.path
+import subprocess
+import sys
+
+# Copyright (C) 2018 Ben McGinnes <ben@gnupg.org>
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+# the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
+# Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
+# version.
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+# the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
+# Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
+# any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License and the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and the GNU
+# Lesser General Public along with this program; if not, see
+# <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+print("""
+This script exports one or more secret keys as both ASCII armored and binary
+file formats, saved in files within the user's GPG home directory.
+
+The gpg-agent and pinentry are invoked to authorise the export.
+""")
+
+if sys.platform == "win32":
+    gpgconfcmd = "gpgconf.exe --list-dirs homedir"
+else:
+    gpgconfcmd = "gpgconf --list-dirs homedir"
+
+a = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+b = gpg.Context()
+c = gpg.Context()
+
+if len(sys.argv) >= 4:
+    keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+    logrus = sys.argv[2]
+    homedir = sys.argv[3]
+elif len(sys.argv) == 3:
+    keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+    logrus = sys.argv[2]
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+elif len(sys.argv) == 2:
+    keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+    logrus = input("Enter the UID matching the secret key(s) to export: ")
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+else:
+    keyfile = input("Enter the filename to save the secret key to: ")
+    logrus = input("Enter the UID matching the secret key(s) to export: ")
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+
+if len(homedir) == 0:
+    homedir = None
+elif homedir.startswith("~"):
+    userdir = os.path.expanduser(homedir)
+    if os.path.exists(userdir) is True:
+        homedir = os.path.realpath(userdir)
+    else:
+        homedir = None
+else:
+    homedir = os.path.realpath(homedir)
+
+if homedir is not None and os.path.exists(homedir) is False:
+    homedir = None
+elif homedir is not None and os.path.exists(homedir) is True:
+    if os.path.isdir(homedir) is False:
+        homedir = None
+    else:
+        pass
+
+if homedir is not None:
+    c.home_dir = homedir
+else:
+    pass
+
+if c.home_dir is not None:
+    if c.home_dir.endswith("/"):
+        gpgfile = "{0}{1}.gpg".format(c.home_dir, keyfile)
+        ascfile = "{0}{1}.asc".format(c.home_dir, keyfile)
+    else:
+        gpgfile = "{0}/{1}.gpg".format(c.home_dir, keyfile)
+        ascfile = "{0}/{1}.asc".format(c.home_dir, keyfile)
+else:
+    if os.path.exists(os.environ["GNUPGHOME"]) is True:
+        hd = os.environ["GNUPGHOME"]
+    else:
+        try:
+            hd = subprocess.getoutput(gpgconfcmd)
+        except:
+            process = subprocess.Popen(gpgconfcmd.split(),
+                                       stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
+            procom = process.communicate()
+            if sys.version_info[0] == 2:
+                hd = procom[0].strip()
+            else:
+                hd = procom[0].decode().strip()
+    gpgfile = "{0}/{1}.gpg".format(hd, keyfile)
+    ascfile = "{0}/{1}.asc".format(hd, keyfile)
+
+try:
+    a_result = a.key_export_secret(pattern=logrus)
+    b_result = b.key_export_secret(pattern=logrus)
+except:
+    a_result = a.key_export_secret(pattern=None)
+    b_result = b.key_export_secret(pattern=None)
+
+if a_result is not None:
+    with open(ascfile, "wb") as f:
+        f.write(a_result)
+    os.chmod(ascfile, 0o600)
+else:
+    pass
+
+if b_result is not None:
+    with open(gpgfile, "wb") as f:
+        f.write(b_result)
+    os.chmod(gpgfile, 0o600)
+else:
+    pass
diff --git a/lang/python/examples/howto/groups.py b/lang/python/examples/howto/groups.py
index 5e7fdf6..3d51b25 100644
--- a/lang/python/examples/howto/groups.py
+++ b/lang/python/examples/howto/groups.py
@@ -17,13 +17,14 @@ from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
 # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 # ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
 # FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License and the GNU
-# Lesser General Public Licensefor more details.
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
 #
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and the GNU
 # Lesser General Public along with this program; if not, see
 # <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 import subprocess
+import sys
 
 """
 Intended for use with other scripts.
@@ -31,7 +32,20 @@ Intended for use with other scripts.
 Usage: from groups import group_lists
 """
 
-lines = subprocess.getoutput("gpgconf --list-options gpg").splitlines()
+if sys.platform == "win32":
+    gpgconfcmd = "gpgconf.exe --list-options gpg"
+else:
+    gpgconfcmd = "gpgconf --list-options gpg"
+
+try:
+    lines = subprocess.getoutput(gpgconfcmd).splitlines()
+except:
+    process = subprocess.Popen(gpgconfcmd.split(), stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
+    procom = process.communicate()
+    if sys.version_info[0] == 2:
+        lines = procom[0].splitlines()
+    else:
+        lines = procom[0].decode().splitlines()
 
 for i in range(len(lines)):
     if lines[i].startswith("group") is True:
@@ -41,10 +55,12 @@ for i in range(len(lines)):
 
 groups = line.split(":")[-1].replace('"', '').split(',')
 
-group_lines = groups
-for i in range(len(group_lines)):
-    group_lines[i] = group_lines[i].split("=")
+group_lines = []
+group_lists = []
+
+for i in range(len(groups)):
+    group_lines.append(groups[i].split("="))
+    group_lists.append(groups[i].split("="))
 
-group_lists = group_lines
 for i in range(len(group_lists)):
     group_lists[i][1] = group_lists[i][1].split()
diff --git a/lang/python/examples/howto/import-key.py b/lang/python/examples/howto/import-key.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..ab52ba2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lang/python/examples/howto/import-key.py
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+import gpg
+import os.path
+import sys
+
+del absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+# Copyright (C) 2018 Ben McGinnes <ben@gnupg.org>
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+# the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
+# Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
+# version.
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+# the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
+# Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
+# any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License and the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and the GNU
+# Lesser General Public along with this program; if not, see
+# <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+print("""
+This script imports one or more public keys from a single file.
+""")
+
+c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+
+if len(sys.argv) >= 3:
+    keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+    homedir = sys.argv[2]
+elif len(sys.argv) == 2:
+    keyfile = sys.argv[1]
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+else:
+    keyfile = input("Enter the path and filename to import the key(s) from: ")
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+
+if homedir.startswith("~"):
+    if os.path.exists(os.path.expanduser(homedir)) is True:
+        c.home_dir = os.path.expanduser(homedir)
+    else:
+        pass
+elif os.path.exists(homedir) is True:
+    c.home_dir = homedir
+else:
+    pass
+
+if os.path.isfile(keyfile) is True:
+    with open(keyfile, "rb") as f:
+        incoming = f.read()
+    result = c.key_import(incoming)
+else:
+    result = None
+
+if result is not None and hasattr(result, "considered") is False:
+    print(result)
+elif result is not None and hasattr(result, "considered") is True:
+    num_keys = len(result.imports)
+    new_revs = result.new_revocations
+    new_sigs = result.new_signatures
+    new_subs = result.new_sub_keys
+    new_uids = result.new_user_ids
+    new_scrt = result.secret_imported
+    nochange = result.unchanged
+    print("""
+The total number of keys considered for import was:  {0}
+
+   Number of keys revoked:  {1}
+ Number of new signatures:  {2}
+    Number of new subkeys:  {3}
+   Number of new user IDs:  {4}
+Number of new secret keys:  {5}
+ Number of unchanged keys:  {6}
+
+The key IDs for all considered keys were:
+""".format(num_keys, new_revs, new_sigs, new_subs, new_uids, new_scrt,
+           nochange))
+    for i in range(num_keys):
+        print(result.imports[i].fpr)
+    print("")
+elif result is None:
+    print("You must specify a key file to import.")
diff --git a/lang/python/examples/howto/import-keys-hkp.py b/lang/python/examples/howto/import-keys-hkp.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..d50e465
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lang/python/examples/howto/import-keys-hkp.py
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+import gpg
+import hkp4py
+import sys
+
+# Copyright (C) 2018 Ben McGinnes <ben@gnupg.org>
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+# the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
+# Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
+# version.
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+# the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
+# Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
+# any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License and the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and the GNU
+# Lesser General Public along with this program; if not, see
+# <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+print("""
+This script imports one or more public keys from the SKS keyservers.
+""")
+
+c = gpg.Context()
+server = hkp4py.KeyServer("hkps://hkps.pool.sks-keyservers.net")
+results = []
+
+if len(sys.argv) > 2:
+    pattern = " ".join(sys.argv[1:])
+elif len(sys.argv) == 2:
+    pattern = sys.argv[1]
+else:
+    pattern = input("Enter the pattern to search for keys or user IDs: ")
+
+try:
+    keys = server.search(pattern)
+    print("Found {0} key(s).".format(len(keys)))
+except Exception as e:
+    keys = []
+    for logrus in pattern.split():
+        if logrus.startswith("0x") is True:
+            key = server.search(logrus)
+        else:
+            key = server.search("0x{0}".format(logrus))
+        keys.append(key[0])
+    print("Found {0} key(s).".format(len(keys)))
+
+for key in keys:
+    import_result = c.key_import(key.key_blob)
+    results.append(import_result)
+
+for result in results:
+    if result is not None and hasattr(result, "considered") is False:
+        print(result)
+    elif result is not None and hasattr(result, "considered") is True:
+        num_keys = len(result.imports)
+        new_revs = result.new_revocations
+        new_sigs = result.new_signatures
+        new_subs = result.new_sub_keys
+        new_uids = result.new_user_ids
+        new_scrt = result.secret_imported
+        nochange = result.unchanged
+        print("""
+The total number of keys considered for import was:  {0}
+
+   Number of keys revoked:  {1}
+ Number of new signatures:  {2}
+    Number of new subkeys:  {3}
+   Number of new user IDs:  {4}
+Number of new secret keys:  {5}
+ Number of unchanged keys:  {6}
+
+The key IDs for all considered keys were:
+""".format(num_keys, new_revs, new_sigs, new_subs, new_uids, new_scrt,
+           nochange))
+        for i in range(num_keys):
+            print(result.imports[i].fpr)
+        print("")
+    else:
+        pass
diff --git a/lang/python/examples/howto/import-keys.py b/lang/python/examples/howto/import-keys.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..d1a268e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lang/python/examples/howto/import-keys.py
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+import gpg
+import os.path
+import requests
+
+# Copyright (C) 2018 Ben McGinnes <ben@gnupg.org>
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+# the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
+# Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
+# version.
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+# the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
+# Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
+# any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License and the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and the GNU
+# Lesser General Public along with this program; if not, see
+# <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+print("""
+This script imports one or more public keys from the SKS keyservers.
+""")
+
+c = gpg.Context()
+url = "https://sks-keyservers.net/pks/lookup"
+pattern = input("Enter the pattern to search for key or user IDs: ")
+payload = {"op": "get", "search": pattern}
+
+r = requests.get(url, verify=True, params=payload)
+result = c.key_import(r.content)
+
+if result is not None and hasattr(result, "considered") is False:
+    print(result)
+elif result is not None and hasattr(result, "considered") is True:
+    num_keys = len(result.imports)
+    new_revs = result.new_revocations
+    new_sigs = result.new_signatures
+    new_subs = result.new_sub_keys
+    new_uids = result.new_user_ids
+    new_scrt = result.secret_imported
+    nochange = result.unchanged
+    print("""
+The total number of keys considered for import was:  {0}
+
+   Number of keys revoked:  {1}
+ Number of new signatures:  {2}
+    Number of new subkeys:  {3}
+   Number of new user IDs:  {4}
+Number of new secret keys:  {5}
+ Number of unchanged keys:  {6}
+
+The key IDs for all considered keys were:
+""".format(num_keys, new_revs, new_sigs, new_subs, new_uids, new_scrt,
+           nochange))
+    for i in range(num_keys):
+        print(result.imports[i].fpr)
+    print("")
+else:
+    pass
diff --git a/lang/python/examples/howto/keycount.py b/lang/python/examples/howto/keycount.py
index 8e25454..af47272 100755
--- a/lang/python/examples/howto/keycount.py
+++ b/lang/python/examples/howto/keycount.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
 # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 # ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
 # FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License and the GNU
-# Lesser General Public Licensefor more details.
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
 #
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and the GNU
 # Lesser General Public along with this program; if not, see
diff --git a/lang/python/examples/howto/local-sign-group.py b/lang/python/examples/howto/local-sign-group.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..0353646
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lang/python/examples/howto/local-sign-group.py
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+import gpg
+import os.path
+import subprocess
+import sys
+
+from groups import group_lists
+
+# Copyright (C) 2018 Ben McGinnes <ben@gnupg.org>
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+# the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
+# Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
+# version.
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+# the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
+# Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
+# any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License and the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and the GNU
+# Lesser General Public along with this program; if not, see
+# <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+print("""
+This script applies a local signature or certification to every key in a group.
+
+Usage: local-sign-group.py <group name> [signing keyid] [gnupg homedir]
+""")
+
+c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+mkfpr = None
+defkey_fpr = None
+enckey_fpr = None
+to_certify = []
+
+if len(sys.argv) >= 4:
+    clique = sys.argv[1]
+    sigkey = sys.argv[2]
+    homedir = sys.argv[3]
+elif len(sys.argv) == 3:
+    clique = sys.argv[1]
+    sigkey = sys.argv[2]
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+elif len(sys.argv) == 2:
+    clique = sys.argv[1]
+    sigkey = input("Enter the key ID to sign with (conditionally optional): ")
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+else:
+    clique = input("Enter the group matching the key(s) to locally sign: ")
+    sigkey = input("Enter the key ID to sign with (conditionally optional): ")
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+
+if len(homedir) == 0:
+    homedir = None
+elif homedir.startswith("~"):
+    userdir = os.path.expanduser(homedir)
+    if os.path.exists(userdir) is True:
+        homedir = os.path.realpath(userdir)
+    else:
+        homedir = None
+else:
+    homedir = os.path.realpath(homedir)
+
+if homedir is not None and os.path.exists(homedir) is False:
+    homedir = None
+elif homedir is not None and os.path.exists(homedir) is True:
+    if os.path.isdir(homedir) is False:
+        homedir = None
+    else:
+        pass
+
+if homedir is not None:
+    c.home_dir = homedir
+else:
+    pass
+
+if len(sigkey) == 0:
+    sigkey = None
+else:
+    pass
+
+if sys.platform == "win32":
+    gpgconfcmd = "gpgconf.exe --list-options gpg"
+else:
+    gpgconfcmd = "gpgconf --list-options gpg"
+
+try:
+    lines = subprocess.getoutput(gpgconfcmd).splitlines()
+except:
+    process = subprocess.Popen(gpgconfcmd.split(), stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
+    procom = process.communicate()
+    if sys.version_info[0] == 2:
+        lines = procom[0].splitlines()
+    else:
+        lines = procom[0].decode().splitlines()
+
+for i in range(len(lines)):
+    if lines[i].startswith("default-key") is True:
+        dline = lines[i]
+    elif lines[i].startswith("encrypt-to") is True:
+        eline = lines[i]
+    else:
+        pass
+
+defkey_fpr = dline.split(":")[-1].replace('"', '').split(',')[0].upper()
+enckey_fpr = eline.split(":")[-1].replace('"', '').split(',')[0].upper()
+
+try:
+    dkey = c.keylist(pattern=defkey_fpr, secret=True)
+    dk = list(dkey)
+except Exception as de:
+    print(de)
+    dk = None
+    print("No valid default key.")
+
+try:
+    ekey = c.keylist(pattern=defkey_fpr, secret=True)
+    ek = list(ekey)
+except Exception as ee:
+    print(ee)
+    ek = None
+    print("No valid always encrypt to key.")
+
+if sigkey is not None:
+    mykey = c.keylist(pattern=sigkey, secret=True)
+    mk = list(mykey)
+    mkfpr = mk[0].fpr.upper()
+    c.signers = mk
+else:
+    if dk is None and ek is not None:
+        c.signers = ek
+    else:
+        pass
+
+for group in group_lists:
+    if group[0] == clique:
+        for logrus in group[1]:
+            khole = c.keylist(pattern=logrus)
+            k = list(khole)
+            to_certify.append(k[0].fpr.upper())
+    else:
+        pass
+
+if mkfpr is not None:
+    if to_certify.count(mkfpr) > 0:
+        for n in range(to_certify.count(mkfpr)):
+            to_certify.remove(mkfpr)
+    else:
+        pass
+else:
+    pass
+
+if defkey_fpr is not None:
+    if to_certify.count(defkey_fpr) > 0:
+        for n in range(to_certify.count(defkey_fpr)):
+            to_certify.remove(defkey_fpr)
+    else:
+        pass
+else:
+    pass
+
+if enckey_fpr is not None:
+    if to_certify.count(enckey_fpr) > 0:
+        for n in range(to_certify.count(enckey_fpr)):
+            to_certify.remove(enckey_fpr)
+    else:
+        pass
+else:
+    pass
+
+for fpr in to_certify:
+    key = c.get_key(fpr)
+    c.key_sign(key, uids=None, expires_in=False, local=True)
diff --git a/lang/python/examples/howto/mutt-groups.py b/lang/python/examples/howto/mutt-groups.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..6572a21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lang/python/examples/howto/mutt-groups.py
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+# Copyright (C) 2018 Ben McGinnes <ben@gnupg.org>
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+# the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
+# Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
+# version.
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+# the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
+# Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
+# any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License and the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and the GNU
+# Lesser General Public along with this program; if not, see
+# <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+import sys
+from groups import group_lists
+
+"""
+Uses the groups module to generate Mutt crypt-hooks from gpg.conf.
+
+"""
+
+if len(sys.argv) >= 2:
+    hook_file = sys.argv[1]
+else:
+    hook_file = input("Enter the filename to save the crypt-hooks in: ")
+
+with open(hook_file, "w") as f:
+    f.write("""# Change settings based upon message recipient
+#
+#	send-hook [!]<pattern> <command>
+#
+# <command> is executed when sending mail to an address matching <pattern>
+#
+# crypt-hook regexp key-id
+#     The crypt-hook command provides a method by which you can
+#     specify the ID of the public key to be used when encrypting
+#     messages to a certain recipient.  The meaning of "key ID" is to
+#     be taken broadly: This can be a different e-mail address, a
+#     numerical key ID, or even just an arbitrary search string.  You
+#     may use multiple crypt-hooks with the same regexp; multiple
+#     matching crypt-hooks result in the use of multiple key-ids for a
+#     recipient.
+""")
+
+for n in range(len(group_lists)):
+    rule = group_lists[n][0].replace(".", "\\\\.")
+    with open(hook_file, "a") as f:
+        f.write("\n")
+        f.write("# {0}\n".format(group_lists[n][0]))
+        for i in range(len(group_lists[n][1])):
+            f.write("crypt-hook {0} {1}\n".format(rule, group_lists[n][1][i]))
diff --git a/lang/python/examples/howto/pmkey-import-alt.py b/lang/python/examples/howto/pmkey-import-alt.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..c7822f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lang/python/examples/howto/pmkey-import-alt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+import gpg
+import os.path
+import requests
+import sys
+
+del absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+# Copyright (C) 2018 Ben McGinnes <ben@gnupg.org>
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+# the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
+# Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
+# version.
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+# the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
+# Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
+# any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License and the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and the GNU
+# Lesser General Public along with this program; if not, see
+# <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+print("""
+This script searches the ProtonMail key server for the specified key and
+imports it.  Optionally enables specifying a different GnuPG home directory.
+
+Usage:  pmkey-import-alt.py [search string] [homedir]
+""")
+
+c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+url = "https://api.protonmail.ch/pks/lookup"
+ksearch = []
+
+if len(sys.argv) >= 3:
+    keyterm = sys.argv[1]
+    homedir = sys.argv[2]
+elif len(sys.argv) == 2:
+    keyterm = sys.argv[1]
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+else:
+    keyterm = input("Enter the key ID, UID or search string: ")
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+
+if homedir.startswith("~"):
+    if os.path.exists(os.path.expanduser(homedir)) is True:
+        c.home_dir = os.path.expanduser(homedir)
+    else:
+        pass
+elif os.path.exists(homedir) is True:
+    c.home_dir = homedir
+else:
+    pass
+
+if keyterm.count("@") == 2 and keyterm.startswith("@") is True:
+    ksearch.append(keyterm[1:])
+    ksearch.append(keyterm[1:])
+    ksearch.append(keyterm[1:])
+elif keyterm.count("@") == 1 and keyterm.startswith("@") is True:
+    ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.com".format(keyterm[1:]))
+    ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.ch".format(keyterm[1:]))
+    ksearch.append("{0}@pm.me".format(keyterm[1:]))
+elif keyterm.count("@") == 0:
+    ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.com".format(keyterm))
+    ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.ch".format(keyterm))
+    ksearch.append("{0}@pm.me".format(keyterm))
+elif keyterm.count("@") == 2 and keyterm.startswith("@") is False:
+    uidlist = keyterm.split("@")
+    for uid in uidlist:
+        ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.com".format(uid))
+        ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.ch".format(uid))
+        ksearch.append("{0}@pm.me".format(uid))
+elif keyterm.count("@") > 2:
+    uidlist = keyterm.split("@")
+    for uid in uidlist:
+        ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.com".format(uid))
+        ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.ch".format(uid))
+        ksearch.append("{0}@pm.me".format(uid))
+else:
+    ksearch.append(keyterm)
+
+for k in ksearch:
+    payload = {"op": "get", "search": k}
+    try:
+        r = requests.get(url, verify=True, params=payload)
+        if r.ok is True:
+            result = c.key_import(r.content)
+        elif r.ok is False:
+            result = r.content
+    except Exception as e:
+        result = None
+
+    if result is not None and hasattr(result, "considered") is False:
+        print("{0} for {1}".format(result.decode(), k))
+    elif result is not None and hasattr(result, "considered") is True:
+        num_keys = len(result.imports)
+        new_revs = result.new_revocations
+        new_sigs = result.new_signatures
+        new_subs = result.new_sub_keys
+        new_uids = result.new_user_ids
+        new_scrt = result.secret_imported
+        nochange = result.unchanged
+        print("""
+The total number of keys considered for import was:  {0}
+
+With UIDs wholely or partially matching the following string:
+
+        {1}
+
+   Number of keys revoked:  {2}
+ Number of new signatures:  {3}
+    Number of new subkeys:  {4}
+   Number of new user IDs:  {5}
+Number of new secret keys:  {6}
+ Number of unchanged keys:  {7}
+
+The key IDs for all considered keys were:
+""".format(num_keys, k, new_revs, new_sigs, new_subs, new_uids, new_scrt,
+           nochange))
+        for i in range(num_keys):
+            print(result.imports[i].fpr)
+        print("")
+    elif result is None:
+        print(e)
diff --git a/lang/python/examples/howto/pmkey-import-hkp-alt.py b/lang/python/examples/howto/pmkey-import-hkp-alt.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..61fcd8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lang/python/examples/howto/pmkey-import-hkp-alt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+import gpg
+import hkp4py
+import os.path
+import sys
+
+del absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+# Copyright (C) 2018 Ben McGinnes <ben@gnupg.org>
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+# the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
+# Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
+# version.
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+# the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
+# Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
+# any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License and the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and the GNU
+# Lesser General Public along with this program; if not, see
+# <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+print("""
+This script searches the ProtonMail key server for the specified key and
+imports it.  Optionally enables specifying a different GnuPG home directory.
+
+Usage:  pmkey-import-hkp.py [homedir] [search string]
+   or:  pmkey-import-hkp.py [search string]
+""")
+
+c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+server = hkp4py.KeyServer("hkps://api.protonmail.ch")
+keyterms = []
+ksearch = []
+allkeys = []
+results = []
+paradox = []
+homeless = None
+
+if len(sys.argv) > 3:
+    homedir = sys.argv[1]
+    keyterms = sys.argv[2:]
+elif len(sys.argv) == 3:
+    homedir = sys.argv[1]
+    keyterm = sys.argv[2]
+    keyterms.append(keyterm)
+elif len(sys.argv) == 2:
+    homedir = ""
+    keyterm = sys.argv[1]
+    keyterms.append(keyterm)
+else:
+    keyterm = input("Enter the key ID, UID or search string: ")
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+    keyterms.append(keyterm)
+
+if len(homedir) == 0:
+    homedir = None
+    homeless = False
+
+if homedir is not None:
+    if homedir.startswith("~"):
+        if os.path.exists(os.path.expanduser(homedir)) is True:
+            if os.path.isdir(os.path.expanduser(homedir)) is True:
+                c.home_dir = os.path.realpath(os.path.expanduser(homedir))
+            else:
+                homeless = True
+        else:
+            homeless = True
+    elif os.path.exists(os.path.realpath(homedir)) is True:
+        if os.path.isdir(os.path.realpath(homedir)) is True:
+            c.home_dir = os.path.realpath(homedir)
+        else:
+            homeless = True
+    else:
+        homeless = True
+
+# First check to see if the homedir really is a homedir and if not, treat it as
+# a search string.
+if homeless is True:
+    keyterms.append(homedir)
+    c.home_dir = None
+else:
+    pass
+
+for keyterm in keyterms:
+    if keyterm.count("@") == 2 and keyterm.startswith("@") is True:
+        ksearch.append(keyterm[1:])
+        ksearch.append(keyterm[1:])
+        ksearch.append(keyterm[1:])
+    elif keyterm.count("@") == 1 and keyterm.startswith("@") is True:
+        ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.com".format(keyterm[1:]))
+        ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.ch".format(keyterm[1:]))
+        ksearch.append("{0}@pm.me".format(keyterm[1:]))
+    elif keyterm.count("@") == 0:
+        ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.com".format(keyterm))
+        ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.ch".format(keyterm))
+        ksearch.append("{0}@pm.me".format(keyterm))
+    elif keyterm.count("@") == 2 and keyterm.startswith("@") is False:
+        uidlist = keyterm.split("@")
+        for uid in uidlist:
+            ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.com".format(uid))
+            ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.ch".format(uid))
+            ksearch.append("{0}@pm.me".format(uid))
+    elif keyterm.count("@") > 2:
+        uidlist = keyterm.split("@")
+        for uid in uidlist:
+            ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.com".format(uid))
+            ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.ch".format(uid))
+            ksearch.append("{0}@pm.me".format(uid))
+    else:
+        ksearch.append(keyterm)
+
+for k in ksearch:
+    print("Checking for key for: {0}".format(k))
+    try:
+        keys = server.search(k)
+        if isinstance(keys, list) is True:
+            for key in keys:
+                allkeys.append(key)
+                try:
+                    import_result = c.key_import(key.key_blob)
+                except Exception as e:
+                    import_result = c.key_import(key.key)
+        else:
+            paradox.append(keys)
+            import_result = None
+    except Exception as e:
+        import_result = None
+    results.append(import_result)
+
+for result in results:
+    if result is not None and hasattr(result, "considered") is False:
+        print("{0} for {1}".format(result.decode(), k))
+    elif result is not None and hasattr(result, "considered") is True:
+        num_keys = len(result.imports)
+        new_revs = result.new_revocations
+        new_sigs = result.new_signatures
+        new_subs = result.new_sub_keys
+        new_uids = result.new_user_ids
+        new_scrt = result.secret_imported
+        nochange = result.unchanged
+        print("""
+The total number of keys considered for import was:  {0}
+
+With UIDs wholely or partially matching the following string:
+
+        {1}
+
+   Number of keys revoked:  {2}
+ Number of new signatures:  {3}
+    Number of new subkeys:  {4}
+   Number of new user IDs:  {5}
+Number of new secret keys:  {6}
+ Number of unchanged keys:  {7}
+
+The key IDs for all considered keys were:
+""".format(num_keys, k, new_revs, new_sigs, new_subs, new_uids, new_scrt,
+           nochange))
+        for i in range(num_keys):
+            print(result.imports[i].fpr)
+        print("")
+    elif result is None:
+        pass
diff --git a/lang/python/examples/howto/pmkey-import-hkp.py b/lang/python/examples/howto/pmkey-import-hkp.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..66223a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lang/python/examples/howto/pmkey-import-hkp.py
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+import gpg
+import hkp4py
+import os.path
+import sys
+
+del absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+# Copyright (C) 2018 Ben McGinnes <ben@gnupg.org>
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+# the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
+# Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
+# version.
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+# the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
+# Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
+# any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License and the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and the GNU
+# Lesser General Public along with this program; if not, see
+# <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+print("""
+This script searches the ProtonMail key server for the specified key and
+imports it.
+
+Usage:  pmkey-import-hkp.py [search strings]
+""")
+
+c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+server = hkp4py.KeyServer("hkps://api.protonmail.ch")
+keyterms = []
+ksearch = []
+allkeys = []
+results = []
+paradox = []
+homeless = None
+
+if len(sys.argv) > 2:
+    keyterms = sys.argv[1:]
+elif len(sys.argv) == 2:
+    keyterm = sys.argv[1]
+    keyterms.append(keyterm)
+else:
+    key_term = input("Enter the key ID, UID or search string: ")
+    keyterms = key_term.split()
+
+for keyterm in keyterms:
+    if keyterm.count("@") == 2 and keyterm.startswith("@") is True:
+        ksearch.append(keyterm[1:])
+        ksearch.append(keyterm[1:])
+        ksearch.append(keyterm[1:])
+    elif keyterm.count("@") == 1 and keyterm.startswith("@") is True:
+        ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.com".format(keyterm[1:]))
+        ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.ch".format(keyterm[1:]))
+        ksearch.append("{0}@pm.me".format(keyterm[1:]))
+    elif keyterm.count("@") == 0:
+        ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.com".format(keyterm))
+        ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.ch".format(keyterm))
+        ksearch.append("{0}@pm.me".format(keyterm))
+    elif keyterm.count("@") == 2 and keyterm.startswith("@") is False:
+        uidlist = keyterm.split("@")
+        for uid in uidlist:
+            ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.com".format(uid))
+            ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.ch".format(uid))
+            ksearch.append("{0}@pm.me".format(uid))
+    elif keyterm.count("@") > 2:
+        uidlist = keyterm.split("@")
+        for uid in uidlist:
+            ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.com".format(uid))
+            ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.ch".format(uid))
+            ksearch.append("{0}@pm.me".format(uid))
+    else:
+        ksearch.append(keyterm)
+
+for k in ksearch:
+    print("Checking for key for: {0}".format(k))
+    try:
+        keys = server.search(k)
+        if isinstance(keys, list) is True:
+            for key in keys:
+                allkeys.append(key)
+                try:
+                    import_result = c.key_import(key.key_blob)
+                except Exception as e:
+                    import_result = c.key_import(key.key)
+        else:
+            paradox.append(keys)
+            import_result = None
+    except Exception as e:
+        import_result = None
+    results.append(import_result)
+
+for result in results:
+    if result is not None and hasattr(result, "considered") is False:
+        print("{0} for {1}".format(result.decode(), k))
+    elif result is not None and hasattr(result, "considered") is True:
+        num_keys = len(result.imports)
+        new_revs = result.new_revocations
+        new_sigs = result.new_signatures
+        new_subs = result.new_sub_keys
+        new_uids = result.new_user_ids
+        new_scrt = result.secret_imported
+        nochange = result.unchanged
+        print("""
+The total number of keys considered for import was:  {0}
+
+With UIDs wholely or partially matching the following string:
+
+        {1}
+
+   Number of keys revoked:  {2}
+ Number of new signatures:  {3}
+    Number of new subkeys:  {4}
+   Number of new user IDs:  {5}
+Number of new secret keys:  {6}
+ Number of unchanged keys:  {7}
+
+The key IDs for all considered keys were:
+""".format(num_keys, k, new_revs, new_sigs, new_subs, new_uids, new_scrt,
+           nochange))
+        for i in range(num_keys):
+            print(result.imports[i].fpr)
+        print("")
+    elif result is None:
+        pass
diff --git a/lang/python/examples/howto/pmkey-import.py b/lang/python/examples/howto/pmkey-import.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..58a01c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lang/python/examples/howto/pmkey-import.py
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+import gpg
+import requests
+import sys
+
+del absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+# Copyright (C) 2018 Ben McGinnes <ben@gnupg.org>
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+# the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
+# Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
+# version.
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+# the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
+# Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
+# any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License and the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and the GNU
+# Lesser General Public along with this program; if not, see
+# <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+print("""
+This script searches the ProtonMail key server for the specified key and
+imports it.
+
+Usage:  pmkey-import.py [search string]
+""")
+
+c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+url = "https://api.protonmail.ch/pks/lookup"
+ksearch = []
+
+if len(sys.argv) >= 2:
+    keyterm = sys.argv[1]
+else:
+    keyterm = input("Enter the key ID, UID or search string: ")
+
+if keyterm.count("@") == 2 and keyterm.startswith("@") is True:
+    ksearch.append(keyterm[1:])
+    ksearch.append(keyterm[1:])
+    ksearch.append(keyterm[1:])
+elif keyterm.count("@") == 1 and keyterm.startswith("@") is True:
+    ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.com".format(keyterm[1:]))
+    ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.ch".format(keyterm[1:]))
+    ksearch.append("{0}@pm.me".format(keyterm[1:]))
+elif keyterm.count("@") == 0:
+    ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.com".format(keyterm))
+    ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.ch".format(keyterm))
+    ksearch.append("{0}@pm.me".format(keyterm))
+elif keyterm.count("@") == 2 and keyterm.startswith("@") is False:
+    uidlist = keyterm.split("@")
+    for uid in uidlist:
+        ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.com".format(uid))
+        ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.ch".format(uid))
+        ksearch.append("{0}@pm.me".format(uid))
+elif keyterm.count("@") > 2:
+    uidlist = keyterm.split("@")
+    for uid in uidlist:
+        ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.com".format(uid))
+        ksearch.append("{0}@protonmail.ch".format(uid))
+        ksearch.append("{0}@pm.me".format(uid))
+else:
+    ksearch.append(keyterm)
+
+for k in ksearch:
+    payload = {"op": "get", "search": k}
+    try:
+        r = requests.get(url, verify=True, params=payload)
+        if r.ok is True:
+            result = c.key_import(r.content)
+        elif r.ok is False:
+            result = r.content
+    except Exception as e:
+        result = None
+
+    if result is not None and hasattr(result, "considered") is False:
+        print("{0} for {1}".format(result.decode(), k))
+    elif result is not None and hasattr(result, "considered") is True:
+        num_keys = len(result.imports)
+        new_revs = result.new_revocations
+        new_sigs = result.new_signatures
+        new_subs = result.new_sub_keys
+        new_uids = result.new_user_ids
+        new_scrt = result.secret_imported
+        nochange = result.unchanged
+        print("""
+The total number of keys considered for import was:  {0}
+
+With UIDs wholely or partially matching the following string:
+
+        {1}
+
+   Number of keys revoked:  {2}
+ Number of new signatures:  {3}
+    Number of new subkeys:  {4}
+   Number of new user IDs:  {5}
+Number of new secret keys:  {6}
+ Number of unchanged keys:  {7}
+
+The key IDs for all considered keys were:
+""".format(num_keys, k, new_revs, new_sigs, new_subs, new_uids, new_scrt,
+           nochange))
+        for i in range(num_keys):
+            print(result.imports[i].fpr)
+        print("")
+    elif result is None:
+        print(e)
diff --git a/lang/python/examples/howto/revoke-userid.py b/lang/python/examples/howto/revoke-userid.py
index 7a3d190..be34748 100755
--- a/lang/python/examples/howto/revoke-userid.py
+++ b/lang/python/examples/howto/revoke-userid.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
 # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 # ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
 # FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License and the GNU
-# Lesser General Public Licensefor more details.
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
 #
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and the GNU
 # Lesser General Public along with this program; if not, see
diff --git a/lang/python/examples/howto/send-key-to-keyserver.py b/lang/python/examples/howto/send-key-to-keyserver.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..261c8b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lang/python/examples/howto/send-key-to-keyserver.py
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+import gpg
+import hkp4py
+import os.path
+import sys
+
+# Copyright (C) 2018 Ben McGinnes <ben@gnupg.org>
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+# the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
+# Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
+# version.
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+# the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
+# Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
+# any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License and the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and the GNU
+# Lesser General Public along with this program; if not, see
+# <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+print("""
+This script sends one or more public keys to the SKS keyservers and is
+essentially a slight variation on the export-key.py script.
+
+The default is to send all keys if there is no pattern or search term.
+""")
+
+c = gpg.Context(armor=True)
+server = hkp4py.KeyServer("hkps://hkps.pool.sks-keyservers.net")
+
+if len(sys.argv) >= 3:
+    logrus = sys.argv[1]
+    homedir = sys.argv[2]
+elif len(sys.argv) == 2:
+    logrus = sys.argv[1]
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+else:
+    logrus = input("Enter the UID matching the key(s) to export: ")
+    homedir = input("Enter the GPG configuration directory path (optional): ")
+
+if len(homedir) == 0:
+    homedir = None
+elif homedir.startswith("~"):
+    userdir = os.path.expanduser(homedir)
+    if os.path.exists(userdir) is True:
+        homedir = os.path.realpath(userdir)
+    else:
+        homedir = None
+else:
+    homedir = os.path.realpath(homedir)
+
+if homedir is not None and os.path.exists(homedir) is False:
+    homedir = None
+elif homedir is not None and os.path.exists(homedir) is True:
+    if os.path.isdir(homedir) is False:
+        homedir = None
+    else:
+        pass
+
+if homedir is not None:
+    c.home_dir = homedir
+else:
+    pass
+
+if len(logrus) > 0:
+    try:
+        export_result = c.key_export(pattern=logrus)
+    except Exception as e:
+        print(e)
+        export_result = None
+else:
+    export_result = c.key_export(pattern=None)
+
+if export_result is not None:
+    try:
+        try:
+            send_result = server.add(export_result)
+        except:
+            send_result = server.add(export_result.decode())
+        if send_result is not None:
+            print(send_result)
+        else:
+            pass
+    except Exception as e:
+        print(e)
+else:
+    pass
diff --git a/lang/python/examples/howto/sign-file.py b/lang/python/examples/howto/sign-file.py
index 01006df..f680965 100755
--- a/lang/python/examples/howto/sign-file.py
+++ b/lang/python/examples/howto/sign-file.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
 # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 # ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
 # FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License and the GNU
-# Lesser General Public Licensefor more details.
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
 #
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and the GNU
 # Lesser General Public along with this program; if not, see
diff --git a/lang/python/examples/howto/sign-key.py b/lang/python/examples/howto/sign-key.py
index b1afe13..6d32c57 100755
--- a/lang/python/examples/howto/sign-key.py
+++ b/lang/python/examples/howto/sign-key.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
 # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 # ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
 # FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License and the GNU
-# Lesser General Public Licensefor more details.
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
 #
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and the GNU
 # Lesser General Public along with this program; if not, see
diff --git a/lang/python/examples/howto/symcrypt-file.py b/lang/python/examples/howto/symcrypt-file.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..bce9286
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lang/python/examples/howto/symcrypt-file.py
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+import gpg
+import sys
+
+# Copyright (C) 2018 Ben McGinnes <ben@gnupg.org>
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+# the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
+# Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
+# version.
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+# the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
+# Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
+# any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License and the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and the GNU
+# Lesser General Public along with this program; if not, see
+# <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+"""
+Symmetrically encrypts a file.  Passphrase will be prompted for via Pinentry.
+
+Will produce both an ASCII armoured and GPG binary format copy of the encrypted
+file.
+"""
+
+if len(sys.argv) > 2:
+    filename = " ".join(sys.argv[1:])
+elif len(sys.argv) == 2:
+    filename = sys.argv[1]
+else:
+    filename = input("Enter the path and filename to encrypt: ")
+
+with open(filename, "rb") as f:
+    text = f.read()
+
+with gpg.Context(armor=True) as ca:
+    try:
+        ciphertext, result, sign_result = ca.encrypt(text, passphrase=None,
+                                                     sign=False)
+        with open("{0}.asc".format(filename), "wb") as fa:
+            fa.write(ciphertext)
+    except gpg.errors.GPGMEError as e:
+        print(e)
+
+with gpg.Context() as cg:
+    try:
+        ciphertext, result, sign_result = cg.encrypt(text, passphrase=None,
+                                                     sign=False)
+        with open("{0}.gpg".format(filename), "wb") as fg:
+            fg.write(ciphertext)
+    except gpg.errors.GPGMEError as e:
+        print(e)
diff --git a/lang/python/examples/howto/temp-homedir-config.py b/lang/python/examples/howto/temp-homedir-config.py
index ddd7932..98bde36 100755
--- a/lang/python/examples/howto/temp-homedir-config.py
+++ b/lang/python/examples/howto/temp-homedir-config.py
@@ -3,6 +3,10 @@
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
 
+import os
+import os.path
+import sys
+
 # Copyright (C) 2018 Ben McGinnes <ben@gnupg.org>
 #
 # This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
@@ -18,16 +22,12 @@ from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
 # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 # ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
 # FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License and the GNU
-# Lesser General Public Licensefor more details.
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
 #
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and the GNU
 # Lesser General Public along with this program; if not, see
 # <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
-import os
-import os.path
-import sys
-
 intro = """
 This script creates a temporary directory to use as a homedir for
 testing key generation tasks with the correct permissions, along
@@ -54,6 +54,13 @@ message telling you to specify a new directory name.  There is no
 default directory name.
 """
 
+ciphers256 = "TWOFISH CAMELLIA256 AES256"
+ciphers192 = "CAMELLIA192 AES192"
+ciphers128 = "CAMELLIA128 AES"
+ciphersBad = "BLOWFISH IDEA CAST5 3DES"
+digests = "SHA512 SHA384 SHA256 SHA224 RIPEMD160 SHA1"
+compress = "ZLIB BZIP2 ZIP Uncompressed"
+
 gpgconf = """# gpg.conf settings for key generation:
 expert
 allow-freeform-uid
@@ -63,11 +70,11 @@ tofu-default-policy unknown
 enable-large-rsa
 enable-dsa2
 cert-digest-algo SHA512
-default-preference-list TWOFISH CAMELLIA256 AES256 CAMELLIA192 AES192 CAMELLIA128 AES BLOWFISH IDEA CAST5 3DES SHA512 SHA384 SHA256 SHA224 RIPEMD160 SHA1 ZLIB BZIP2 ZIP Uncompressed
-personal-cipher-preferences TWOFISH CAMELLIA256 AES256 CAMELLIA192 AES192 CAMELLIA128 AES BLOWFISH IDEA CAST5 3DES
-personal-digest-preferences SHA512 SHA384 SHA256 SHA224 RIPEMD160 SHA1
-personal-compress-preferences ZLIB BZIP2 ZIP Uncompressed
-"""
+default-preference-list {0} {1} {2} {3} {4} {5}
+personal-cipher-preferences {0} {1} {2} {3}
+personal-digest-preferences {4}
+personal-compress-preferences {5}
+""".format(ciphers256, ciphers192, ciphers128, ciphersBad, digests, compress)
 
 agentconf = """# gpg-agent.conf settings for key generation:
 default-cache-ttl 300
@@ -84,17 +91,17 @@ else:
 userdir = os.path.expanduser("~")
 
 if new_homedir.startswith("~"):
-    new_homdir.replace("~", "")
+    new_homedir.replace("~", "")
 else:
     pass
 
 if new_homedir.startswith("/"):
-    new_homdir.replace("/", "")
+    new_homedir.replace("/", "")
 else:
     pass
 
 if new_homedir.startswith("."):
-    new_homdir.replace(".", "_")
+    new_homedir.replace(".", "_")
 else:
     pass
 
diff --git a/lang/python/examples/howto/verify-signatures.py b/lang/python/examples/howto/verify-signatures.py
index 8aafc3b..aa4331c 100755
--- a/lang/python/examples/howto/verify-signatures.py
+++ b/lang/python/examples/howto/verify-signatures.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
 # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 # ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
 # FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License and the GNU
-# Lesser General Public Licensefor more details.
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
 #
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and the GNU
 # Lesser General Public along with this program; if not, see
diff --git a/lang/python/examples/howto/verify-signed-file.py b/lang/python/examples/howto/verify-signed-file.py
index 9f8702f..c561fe8 100755
--- a/lang/python/examples/howto/verify-signed-file.py
+++ b/lang/python/examples/howto/verify-signed-file.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
 # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 # ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
 # FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License and the GNU
-# Lesser General Public Licensefor more details.
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
 #
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and the GNU
 # Lesser General Public along with this program; if not, see
diff --git a/lang/python/examples/inter-edit.py b/lang/python/examples/inter-edit.py
index ed0d8c4..5b58c97 100644
--- a/lang/python/examples/inter-edit.py
+++ b/lang/python/examples/inter-edit.py
@@ -15,15 +15,15 @@
 #
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 # along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
 """Simple interactive editor to test editor scripts"""
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 import sys
 import gpg
 
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
 if len(sys.argv) != 2:
     sys.exit("Usage: %s <Gpg key pattern>\n" % sys.argv[0])
 
@@ -40,10 +40,12 @@ with gpg.Context() as c:
     print("Editing key {} ({}):".format(key.uids[0].uid, key.subkeys[0].fpr))
 
     def edit_fnc(keyword, args):
-        print("Status: {}, args: {} > ".format(
-            keyword, args), end='', flush=True)
+        print(
+            "Status: {}, args: {} > ".format(keyword, args),
+            end='',
+            flush=True)
 
-        if not 'GET' in keyword:
+        if 'GET' not in keyword:
             # no prompt
             print()
             return None
diff --git a/lang/python/examples/low_level-encrypt_to_all.py b/lang/python/examples/low_level-encrypt_to_all.py
index bad4220..5c10d3d 100755
--- a/lang/python/examples/low_level-encrypt_to_all.py
+++ b/lang/python/examples/low_level-encrypt_to_all.py
@@ -16,18 +16,18 @@
 #
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 # along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
 """
 This program will try to encrypt a simple message to each key on your
 keyring.  If your keyring has any invalid keys on it, those keys will
 be skipped and it will re-try the encryption."""
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 import sys
 import gpg
 
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
 with gpg.Context(armor=True) as c:
     recipients = list()
     for key in c.keylist():
@@ -40,14 +40,15 @@ with gpg.Context(armor=True) as c:
     while not ciphertext:
         print("Encrypting to %d recipients" % len(recipients))
         try:
-            ciphertext, _, _ = c.encrypt(b'This is my message.',
-                                         recipients=recipients)
+            ciphertext, _, _ = c.encrypt(
+                b'This is my message.', recipients=recipients)
         except gpg.errors.InvalidRecipients as e:
             print("Encryption failed for these keys:\n{0!s}".format(e))
 
             # filter out the bad keys
             bad_keys = {bad.fpr for bad in e.recipients}
-            recipients = [r for r in recipients
-                          if not r.subkeys[0].fpr in bad_keys]
+            recipients = [
+                r for r in recipients if not r.subkeys[0].fpr in bad_keys
+            ]
 
     sys.stdout.buffer.write(ciphertext)
diff --git a/lang/python/examples/sign.py b/lang/python/examples/sign.py
index 16c2256..5b90b4b 100755
--- a/lang/python/examples/sign.py
+++ b/lang/python/examples/sign.py
@@ -17,12 +17,13 @@
 # along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 import sys
 import gpg
 from gpg.constants.sig import mode
 
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
 with gpg.Context() as c:
     signed, _ = c.sign(b"Test message", mode=mode.CLEAR)
     sys.stdout.buffer.write(signed)
diff --git a/lang/python/examples/signverify.py b/lang/python/examples/signverify.py
index 5870ca9..2df7275 100755
--- a/lang/python/examples/signverify.py
+++ b/lang/python/examples/signverify.py
@@ -20,12 +20,13 @@
 # It uses keys for joe+gpg@example.org generated by genkey.py script
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 import sys
 import gpg
 from gpg.constants.sig import mode
 
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
 user = "joe+gpg"
 
 with gpg.Context(pinentry_mode=gpg.constants.PINENTRY_MODE_LOOPBACK) as c:
diff --git a/lang/python/examples/simple.py b/lang/python/examples/simple.py
index 8f451d7..17c3eba 100755
--- a/lang/python/examples/simple.py
+++ b/lang/python/examples/simple.py
@@ -18,11 +18,12 @@
 # along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 import sys
 import gpg
 
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
 with gpg.Context(armor=True) as c:
     recipients = []
     print("Enter name of your recipient(s), end with a blank line.")
@@ -40,8 +41,8 @@ with gpg.Context(armor=True) as c:
     if not recipients:
         sys.exit("No recipients.")
 
-    print("Encrypting for {}.".format(", ".join(k.uids[0].name
-                                                for k in recipients)))
+    print("Encrypting for {}.".format(", ".join(
+        k.uids[0].name for k in recipients)))
 
     ciphertext, _, _ = c.encrypt(b"This is my message,", recipients)
     sys.stdout.buffer.write(ciphertext)
diff --git a/lang/python/examples/testCMSgetkey.py b/lang/python/examples/testCMSgetkey.py
index d4c0884..f1cdb2c 100644
--- a/lang/python/examples/testCMSgetkey.py
+++ b/lang/python/examples/testCMSgetkey.py
@@ -15,15 +15,15 @@
 #
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 # along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
 """A test applicaton for the CMS protocol."""
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 import sys
 import gpg
 
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
 if len(sys.argv) != 2:
     sys.exit("fingerprint or unique key ID for gpgme_get_key()")
 
diff --git a/lang/python/examples/verifydetails.py b/lang/python/examples/verifydetails.py
index b3ca133..dc0e7d3 100755
--- a/lang/python/examples/verifydetails.py
+++ b/lang/python/examples/verifydetails.py
@@ -18,11 +18,13 @@
 # along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 import sys
 import gpg
 
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+
 def print_engine_infos():
     print("gpgme version:", gpg.core.check_version(None))
     print("engines:")
@@ -31,8 +33,9 @@ def print_engine_infos():
         print(engine.file_name, engine.version)
 
     for proto in [gpg.constants.protocol.OpenPGP, gpg.constants.protocol.CMS]:
-        print("Have {}? {}".format(gpg.core.get_protocol_name(proto),
-                                   gpg.core.engine_check_version(proto)))
+        print("Have {}? {}".format(
+            gpg.core.get_protocol_name(proto),
+            gpg.core.engine_check_version(proto)))
 
 
 def verifyprintdetails(filename, detached_sig_filename=None):
@@ -40,9 +43,9 @@ def verifyprintdetails(filename, detached_sig_filename=None):
     with gpg.Context() as c:
 
         # Verify.
-        data, result = c.verify(open(filename),
-                                open(detached_sig_filename)
-                                if detached_sig_filename else None)
+        data, result = c.verify(
+            open(filename),
+            open(detached_sig_filename) if detached_sig_filename else None)
 
         # List results for all signatures. Status equal 0 means "Ok".
         for index, sign in enumerate(result.signatures):
@@ -57,15 +60,15 @@ def verifyprintdetails(filename, detached_sig_filename=None):
     if data:
         sys.stdout.buffer.write(data)
 
+
 def main():
     print_engine_infos()
     print()
 
     argc = len(sys.argv)
     if argc < 2 or argc > 3:
-        sys.exit(
-            "Usage: {} <filename>[ <detached_signature_filename>]".format(
-                sys.argv[0]))
+        sys.exit("Usage: {} <filename>[ <detached_signature_filename>]".format(
+            sys.argv[0]))
 
     if argc == 2:
         print("trying to verify file {}.".format(sys.argv[1]))
@@ -74,5 +77,6 @@ def main():
         print("trying to verify signature {1} for file {0}.".format(*sys.argv))
         verifyprintdetails(sys.argv[1], sys.argv[2])
 
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     main()
diff --git a/lang/python/gpgme.i b/lang/python/gpgme.i
index 492326b..f3d14a7 100644
--- a/lang/python/gpgme.i
+++ b/lang/python/gpgme.i
@@ -21,6 +21,12 @@
 %include "cpointer.i"
 %include "cstring.i"
 
+%{
+/* We use public symbols (eg. "_obsolete_class") which are marked as
+ * deprecated but we need to keep them.  Silence the warning.  */
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wdeprecated-declarations"
+%}
+
 /* Generate doc strings for all methods.
 
    This will generate docstrings of the form
@@ -575,7 +581,8 @@ off_t gpgme_data_seek (gpgme_data_t dh, off_t offset, int whence=SEEK_SET);
 %}
 
 /* This is for notations, where we want to hide the length fields, and
-   the unused bit field block.  */
+ * the unused bit field block.  We silence the warning.  */
+%warnfilter(302) _gpgme_sig_notation;
 struct _gpgme_sig_notation
 {
   struct _gpgme_sig_notation *next;
diff --git a/lang/python/setup.py.in b/lang/python/setup.py.in
index 2595073..65a4be0 100755
--- a/lang/python/setup.py.in
+++ b/lang/python/setup.py.in
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 
-# Copyright (C) 2016-2017 g10 Code GmbH
+# Copyright (C) 2016-2018 g10 Code GmbH
 # Copyright (C) 2004,2008 Igor Belyi <belyi@users.sourceforge.net>
 # Copyright (C) 2002 John Goerzen <jgoerzen@complete.org>
 #
@@ -19,11 +19,15 @@
 #    Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307  USA
 
 from distutils.core import setup, Extension
-import os, os.path, sys
+from distutils.command.build import build
+
 import glob
+import os
+import os.path
 import re
 import shutil
 import subprocess
+import sys
 
 # Out-of-tree build of the gpg bindings.
 gpg_error_config = ["gpg-error-config"]
@@ -40,9 +44,11 @@ top_builddir = os.environ.get("top_builddir")
 if top_builddir:
     # In-tree build.
     in_tree = True
-    gpgme_config = [os.path.join(top_builddir, "src/gpgme-config")] + gpgme_config_flags
+    gpgme_config = [os.path.join(top_builddir, "src/gpgme-config")
+                    ] + gpgme_config_flags
     gpgme_h = os.path.join(top_builddir, "src/gpgme.h")
-    library_dirs = [os.path.join(top_builddir, "src/.libs")] # XXX uses libtool internals
+    library_dirs = [os.path.join(top_builddir,
+                                 "src/.libs")]  # XXX uses libtool internals
     extra_macros.update(
         HAVE_CONFIG_H=1,
         HAVE_DATA_H=1,
@@ -55,17 +61,18 @@ else:
     devnull = open(os.devnull, "w")
 
 try:
-    subprocess.check_call(gpgme_config + ['--version'],
-                          stdout=devnull)
+    subprocess.check_call(gpgme_config + ['--version'], stdout=devnull)
 except:
     sys.exit("Could not find gpgme-config.  " +
              "Please install the libgpgme development package.")
 
+
 def getconfig(what, config=gpgme_config):
-    confdata = subprocess.Popen(config + ["--%s" % what],
-                                stdout=subprocess.PIPE).communicate()[0]
+    confdata = subprocess.Popen(
+        config + ["--%s" % what], stdout=subprocess.PIPE).communicate()[0]
     return [x for x in confdata.decode('utf-8').split() if x != '']
 
+
 version = version_raw = getconfig("version")[0]
 if '-' in version:
     version = version.split('-')[0]
@@ -90,7 +97,7 @@ for item in getconfig('cflags'):
         include_dirs.append(item[2:])
     elif item.startswith("-D"):
         defitem = item[2:].split("=", 1)
-        if len(defitem)==2:
+        if len(defitem) == 2:
             define_macros.append((defitem[0], defitem[1]))
         else:
             define_macros.append((defitem[0], None))
@@ -98,49 +105,67 @@ for item in getconfig('cflags'):
 # Adjust include and library locations in case of win32
 uname_s = os.popen("uname -s").read()
 if uname_s.startswith("MINGW32"):
-   mnts = [x.split()[0:3:2] for x in os.popen("mount").read().split("\n") if x]
-   tmplist = sorted([(len(x[1]), x[1], x[0]) for x in mnts])
-   tmplist.reverse()
-   extra_dirs = []
-   for item in include_dirs:
-       for ln, mnt, tgt in tmplist:
-           if item.startswith(mnt):
-               item = os.path.normpath(item[ln:])
-               while item[0] == os.path.sep:
-                   item = item[1:]
-               extra_dirs.append(os.path.join(tgt, item))
-               break
-   include_dirs += extra_dirs
-   for item in [x[2:] for x in libs if x.startswith("-L")]:
-       for ln, mnt, tgt in tmplist:
-           if item.startswith(mnt):
-               item = os.path.normpath(item[ln:])
-               while item[0] == os.path.sep:
-                   item = item[1:]
-               library_dirs.append(os.path.join(tgt, item))
-               break
+    mnts = [
+        x.split()[0:3:2] for x in os.popen("mount").read().split("\n") if x
+    ]
+    tmplist = sorted([(len(x[1]), x[1], x[0]) for x in mnts])
+    tmplist.reverse()
+    extra_dirs = []
+    for item in include_dirs:
+        for ln, mnt, tgt in tmplist:
+            if item.startswith(mnt):
+                item = os.path.normpath(item[ln:])
+                while item[0] == os.path.sep:
+                    item = item[1:]
+                extra_dirs.append(os.path.join(tgt, item))
+                break
+    include_dirs += extra_dirs
+    for item in [x[2:] for x in libs if x.startswith("-L")]:
+        for ln, mnt, tgt in tmplist:
+            if item.startswith(mnt):
+                item = os.path.normpath(item[ln:])
+                while item[0] == os.path.sep:
+                    item = item[1:]
+                library_dirs.append(os.path.join(tgt, item))
+                break
+
 
 def in_srcdir(name):
     return os.path.join(os.environ.get("srcdir", ""), name)
+
+
 def up_to_date(source, target):
-    return (os.path.exists(target)
-            and os.path.getmtime(source) <= os.path.getmtime(target))
+    return (os.path.exists(target) and
+            os.path.getmtime(source) <= os.path.getmtime(target))
+
 
 # We build an Extension using SWIG, which generates a Python module.
 # By default, the 'build_py' step is run before 'build_ext', and
 # therefore the generated Python module is not copied into the build
 # directory.
-# Bug: http://bugs.python.org/issue1016626
+# Bugs: https://bugs.python.org/issue1016626
+#       https://bugs.python.org/issue2624
 # Workaround:
-# http://stackoverflow.com/questions/12491328/python-distutils-not-include-the-swig-generated-module
-from distutils.command.build import build
-class BuildExtFirstHack(build):
+# https://stackoverflow.com/questions/12491328/python-distutils-not-include-the-swig-generated-module
+#
+# To install to multiple Python installations or to alternate ones run the
+# following three commands (yes, run the build one twice):
+#
+# /path/to/pythonX.Y setup.py build
+# /path/to/pythonX.Y setup.py build
+# /path/to/pythonX.Y setup.py install
+#
+# It is highly likely that this will need to be run as root or with sudo (or
+# sudo -H).  It may or may not work with venv. and outside a virtualenv
 
+class BuildExtFirstHack(build):
     def _read_header(self, header, cflags):
         tmp_include = self._in_build_base("include1.h")
         with open(tmp_include, 'w') as f:
             f.write("#include <%s>" % header)
-        return subprocess.check_output(os.environ.get('CPP', 'cc -E').split() + cflags + [tmp_include]).decode('utf-8')
+        return subprocess.check_output(
+            os.environ.get('CPP', 'cc -E').split() + cflags +
+            [tmp_include]).decode('utf-8')
 
     def _write_if_unchanged(self, target, content):
         if os.path.exists(target):
@@ -158,13 +183,14 @@ class BuildExtFirstHack(build):
     def _generate_errors_i(self):
 
         try:
-            subprocess.check_call(gpg_error_config + ['--version'],
-                                  stdout=devnull)
+            subprocess.check_call(
+                gpg_error_config + ['--version'], stdout=devnull)
         except:
             sys.exit("Could not find gpg-error-config.  " +
                      "Please install the libgpg-error development package.")
 
-        gpg_error_content = self._read_header("gpg-error.h", getconfig("cflags", config=gpg_error_config))
+        gpg_error_content = self._read_header(
+            "gpg-error.h", getconfig("cflags", config=gpg_error_config))
 
         filter_re = re.compile(r'GPG_ERR_[^ ]* =')
         rewrite_re = re.compile(r' *(.*) = .*')
@@ -173,9 +199,11 @@ class BuildExtFirstHack(build):
         for line in gpg_error_content.splitlines():
             if not filter_re.search(line):
                 continue
-            errors_i_content += rewrite_re.sub(r'%constant long \1 = \1;'+'\n', line.strip())
+            errors_i_content += rewrite_re.sub(
+                r'%constant long \1 = \1;' + '\n', line.strip())
 
-        self._write_if_unchanged(self._in_build_base("errors.i"), errors_i_content)
+        self._write_if_unchanged(
+            self._in_build_base("errors.i"), errors_i_content)
 
     def _in_build_base(self, name):
         return os.path.join(self.build_base, name)
@@ -191,7 +219,8 @@ class BuildExtFirstHack(build):
         # Copy due to http://bugs.python.org/issue2624
         # Avoid creating in srcdir
         for source, target in ((in_srcdir(n), self._in_build_base(n))
-                               for n in ('gpgme.i', 'helpers.c', 'private.h', 'helpers.h')):
+                               for n in ('gpgme.i', 'helpers.c', 'private.h',
+                                         'helpers.h')):
             if not up_to_date(source, target):
                 shutil.copy2(source, target)
 
@@ -203,52 +232,60 @@ class BuildExtFirstHack(build):
     def run(self):
         self._generate()
 
-        swig_sources.extend((self._in_build_base('gpgme.i'), self._in_build_base('helpers.c')))
-        swig_opts.extend(['-I' + self.build_base,
-                          '-outdir', os.path.join(self.build_lib, 'gpg')])
+        swig_sources.extend((self._in_build_base('gpgme.i'),
+                             self._in_build_base('helpers.c')))
+        swig_opts.extend([
+            '-I' + self.build_base, '-outdir',
+            os.path.join(self.build_lib, 'gpg')
+        ])
         include_dirs.insert(0, self.build_base)
 
         self.run_command('build_ext')
         build.run(self)
 
+
 py3 = [] if sys.version_info.major < 3 else ['-py3']
 swig_sources = []
 swig_opts = ['-threads'] + py3 + extra_swig_opts
-swige = Extension("gpg._gpgme",
-                  sources = swig_sources,
-                  swig_opts = swig_opts,
-                  include_dirs = include_dirs,
-                  define_macros = define_macros,
-                  library_dirs = library_dirs,
-                  extra_link_args = libs)
-
-setup(name="gpg",
-      cmdclass={'build': BuildExtFirstHack},
-      version="@VERSION@",
-      description='Python bindings for GPGME GnuPG cryptography library',
-      # XXX add a long description
-      #long_description=long_description,
-      author='The GnuPG hackers',
-      author_email='gnupg-devel@gnupg.org',
-      url='https://www.gnupg.org',
-      ext_modules=[swige],
-      packages = ['gpg', 'gpg.constants', 'gpg.constants.data',
-                  'gpg.constants.keylist', 'gpg.constants.sig',
-                  'gpg.constants.tofu'],
-      license="LGPL2.1+ (the library), GPL2+ (tests and examples)",
-      classifiers=[
-          'Development Status :: 4 - Beta',
-          'Intended Audience :: Developers',
-          'License :: OSI Approved :: GNU Lesser General Public License v2 or later (LGPLv2+)',
-          'Programming Language :: Python :: 2',
-          'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7',
-          'Programming Language :: Python :: 3',
-          'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4',
-          'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5',
-          'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.6',
-          'Operating System :: POSIX',
-          'Operating System :: Microsoft :: Windows',
-          'Topic :: Communications :: Email',
-          'Topic :: Security :: Cryptography',
-      ],
+swige = Extension(
+    "gpg._gpgme",
+    sources=swig_sources,
+    swig_opts=swig_opts,
+    include_dirs=include_dirs,
+    define_macros=define_macros,
+    library_dirs=library_dirs,
+    extra_link_args=libs)
+
+setup(
+    name="gpg",
+    cmdclass={'build': BuildExtFirstHack},
+    version="@VERSION@",
+    description='Python bindings for GPGME GnuPG cryptography library',
+    # TODO: add a long description
+    # long_description=long_description,
+    author='The GnuPG hackers',
+    author_email='gnupg-devel@gnupg.org',
+    url='https://www.gnupg.org',
+    ext_modules=[swige],
+    packages=[
+        'gpg', 'gpg.constants', 'gpg.constants.data', 'gpg.constants.keylist',
+        'gpg.constants.sig', 'gpg.constants.tofu'
+    ],
+    license="LGPL2.1+ (the library), GPL2+ (tests and examples)",
+    classifiers=[
+        'Development Status :: 4 - Beta',
+        'Intended Audience :: Developers',
+        'License :: OSI Approved :: GNU Lesser General Public License v2 or later (LGPLv2+)',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 2',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.6',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.7',
+        'Operating System :: POSIX',
+        'Operating System :: Microsoft :: Windows',
+        'Topic :: Communications :: Email',
+        'Topic :: Security :: Cryptography',
+    ],
 )
diff --git a/lang/python/src/__init__.py b/lang/python/src/__init__.py
index 385b17e..30e638c 100644
--- a/lang/python/src/__init__.py
+++ b/lang/python/src/__init__.py
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
 # License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
 # Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307  USA
-
 """gpg: GnuPG Interface for Python (GPGME bindings)
 
 Welcome to gpg, the GnuPG Interface for Python.
@@ -96,7 +95,6 @@ GPGME documentation: https://www.gnupg.org/documentation/manuals/gpgme/
 """
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 from . import core
 from . import errors
@@ -107,6 +105,8 @@ from . import version
 from .core import Context
 from .core import Data
 
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
 # Interface hygiene.
 
 # Drop the low-level gpgme that creeps in for some reason.
@@ -117,5 +117,7 @@ del gpgme
 _ = [Context, Data, core, errors, constants, util, callbacks, version]
 del _
 
-__all__ = ["Context", "Data",
-           "core", "errors", "constants", "util", "callbacks", "version"]
+__all__ = [
+    "Context", "Data", "core", "errors", "constants", "util", "callbacks",
+    "version"
+]
diff --git a/lang/python/src/callbacks.py b/lang/python/src/callbacks.py
index b25a9a7..9aacf56 100644
--- a/lang/python/src/callbacks.py
+++ b/lang/python/src/callbacks.py
@@ -16,26 +16,30 @@
 #    Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307  USA
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 from getpass import getpass
 
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+
 def passphrase_stdin(hint, desc, prev_bad, hook=None):
     """This is a sample callback that will read a passphrase from
     the terminal.  The hook here, if present, will be used to describe
     why the passphrase is needed."""
     why = ''
-    if hook != None:
+    if hook is not None:
         why = ' ' + hook
     if prev_bad:
         why += ' (again)'
     print("Please supply %s' password%s:" % (hint, why))
     return getpass()
 
+
 def progress_stdout(what, type, current, total, hook=None):
-    print("PROGRESS UPDATE: what = %s, type = %d, current = %d, total = %d" %\
+    print("PROGRESS UPDATE: what = %s, type = %d, current = %d, total = %d" %
           (what, type, current, total))
 
+
 def readcb_fh(count, hook):
     """A callback for data.  hook should be a Python file-like object."""
     if count:
diff --git a/lang/python/src/constants/__init__.py b/lang/python/src/constants/__init__.py
index 484ffd2..7a953aa 100644
--- a/lang/python/src/constants/__init__.py
+++ b/lang/python/src/constants/__init__.py
@@ -18,23 +18,29 @@
 # License along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 from gpg import util
+# Globals may need to be set prior to module import, if so this prevents PEP8
+# compliance, but better that than code breakage.
 util.process_constants('GPGME_', globals())
-del util
 
 # For convenience, we import the modules here.
-from . import data, keylist, sig, tofu # The subdirs.
-from . import create, event, keysign, md, pk, protocol, sigsum, status, validity
+from . import data, keylist, sig, tofu  # The subdirs.
+# The remaining modules can no longer fit on one line.
+from . import create, event, keysign, md, pk, protocol, sigsum, status
+from . import validity
+
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals, util
 
 # A complication arises because 'import' is a reserved keyword.
 # Import it as 'Import' instead.
-globals()['Import'] = getattr(__import__('', globals(), locals(),
-                                         [str('import')], 1), "import")
+globals()['Import'] = getattr(
+    __import__('', globals(), locals(), [str('import')], 1), "import")
 
-__all__ = ['data', 'event', 'import', 'keysign', 'keylist', 'md', 'pk',
-           'protocol', 'sig', 'sigsum', 'status', 'tofu', 'validity', 'create']
+__all__ = [
+    'data', 'event', 'import', 'keysign', 'keylist', 'md', 'pk', 'protocol',
+    'sig', 'sigsum', 'status', 'tofu', 'validity', 'create'
+]
 
 # GPGME 1.7 replaced gpgme_op_edit with gpgme_op_interact.  We
 # implement gpg.Context.op_edit using gpgme_op_interact, so the
diff --git a/lang/python/src/constants/create.py b/lang/python/src/constants/create.py
index 132e96d..382dad9 100644
--- a/lang/python/src/constants/create.py
+++ b/lang/python/src/constants/create.py
@@ -18,8 +18,7 @@
 # License along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 from gpg import util
 util.process_constants('GPGME_CREATE_', globals())
-del util
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals, util
diff --git a/lang/python/src/constants/data/__init__.py b/lang/python/src/constants/data/__init__.py
index 8274ab9..c085667 100644
--- a/lang/python/src/constants/data/__init__.py
+++ b/lang/python/src/constants/data/__init__.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 from . import encoding
 __all__ = ['encoding']
+
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
diff --git a/lang/python/src/constants/data/encoding.py b/lang/python/src/constants/data/encoding.py
index e76a22e..9afa732 100644
--- a/lang/python/src/constants/data/encoding.py
+++ b/lang/python/src/constants/data/encoding.py
@@ -16,8 +16,7 @@
 #    Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307  USA
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 from gpg import util
 util.process_constants('GPGME_DATA_ENCODING_', globals())
-del util
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals, util
diff --git a/lang/python/src/constants/event.py b/lang/python/src/constants/event.py
index 1b14d1d..9f9273d 100644
--- a/lang/python/src/constants/event.py
+++ b/lang/python/src/constants/event.py
@@ -16,8 +16,7 @@
 #    Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307  USA
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 from gpg import util
 util.process_constants('GPGME_EVENT_', globals())
-del util
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals, util
diff --git a/lang/python/src/constants/import.py b/lang/python/src/constants/import.py
index 47c296c..e477eb2 100644
--- a/lang/python/src/constants/import.py
+++ b/lang/python/src/constants/import.py
@@ -16,8 +16,7 @@
 #    Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307  USA
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 from gpg import util
 util.process_constants('GPGME_IMPORT_', globals())
-del util
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals, util
diff --git a/lang/python/src/constants/keylist/__init__.py b/lang/python/src/constants/keylist/__init__.py
index 2ce0edf..fa8f7f0 100644
--- a/lang/python/src/constants/keylist/__init__.py
+++ b/lang/python/src/constants/keylist/__init__.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 from . import mode
 __all__ = ['mode']
+
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
diff --git a/lang/python/src/constants/keylist/mode.py b/lang/python/src/constants/keylist/mode.py
index 39e1819..bda7710 100644
--- a/lang/python/src/constants/keylist/mode.py
+++ b/lang/python/src/constants/keylist/mode.py
@@ -16,8 +16,7 @@
 #    Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307  USA
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 from gpg import util
 util.process_constants('GPGME_KEYLIST_MODE_', globals())
-del util
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals, util
diff --git a/lang/python/src/constants/keysign.py b/lang/python/src/constants/keysign.py
index fccdbc4..328dfb9 100644
--- a/lang/python/src/constants/keysign.py
+++ b/lang/python/src/constants/keysign.py
@@ -18,8 +18,7 @@
 # License along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 from gpg import util
 util.process_constants('GPGME_KEYSIGN_', globals())
-del util
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals, util
diff --git a/lang/python/src/constants/md.py b/lang/python/src/constants/md.py
index f3e8bbd..068b31d 100644
--- a/lang/python/src/constants/md.py
+++ b/lang/python/src/constants/md.py
@@ -16,8 +16,7 @@
 #    Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307  USA
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 from gpg import util
 util.process_constants('GPGME_MD_', globals())
-del util
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals, util
diff --git a/lang/python/src/constants/pk.py b/lang/python/src/constants/pk.py
index 6bf2a21..3a826d1 100644
--- a/lang/python/src/constants/pk.py
+++ b/lang/python/src/constants/pk.py
@@ -16,8 +16,7 @@
 #    Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307  USA
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 from gpg import util
 util.process_constants('GPGME_PK_', globals())
-del util
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals, util
diff --git a/lang/python/src/constants/protocol.py b/lang/python/src/constants/protocol.py
index d086bbd..cc9ca07 100644
--- a/lang/python/src/constants/protocol.py
+++ b/lang/python/src/constants/protocol.py
@@ -16,8 +16,7 @@
 #    Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307  USA
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 from gpg import util
 util.process_constants('GPGME_PROTOCOL_', globals())
-del util
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals, util
diff --git a/lang/python/src/constants/sig/__init__.py b/lang/python/src/constants/sig/__init__.py
index 39d4e6e..f45af00 100644
--- a/lang/python/src/constants/sig/__init__.py
+++ b/lang/python/src/constants/sig/__init__.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 from . import mode, notation
 __all__ = ['mode', 'notation']
+
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
diff --git a/lang/python/src/constants/sig/mode.py b/lang/python/src/constants/sig/mode.py
index 0f4f0ef..3a2d17a 100644
--- a/lang/python/src/constants/sig/mode.py
+++ b/lang/python/src/constants/sig/mode.py
@@ -16,8 +16,7 @@
 #    Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307  USA
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 from gpg import util
 util.process_constants('GPGME_SIG_MODE_', globals())
-del util
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals, util
diff --git a/lang/python/src/constants/sig/notation.py b/lang/python/src/constants/sig/notation.py
index 9a79e01..9e56be3 100644
--- a/lang/python/src/constants/sig/notation.py
+++ b/lang/python/src/constants/sig/notation.py
@@ -18,8 +18,7 @@
 # License along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 from gpg import util
 util.process_constants('GPGME_SIG_NOTATION_', globals())
-del util
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals, util
diff --git a/lang/python/src/constants/sigsum.py b/lang/python/src/constants/sigsum.py
index 09ef9d7..0fe0e77 100644
--- a/lang/python/src/constants/sigsum.py
+++ b/lang/python/src/constants/sigsum.py
@@ -16,8 +16,7 @@
 #    Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307  USA
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 from gpg import util
 util.process_constants('GPGME_SIGSUM_', globals())
-del util
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals, util
diff --git a/lang/python/src/constants/tofu/__init__.py b/lang/python/src/constants/tofu/__init__.py
index 819a58b..5e58a6a 100644
--- a/lang/python/src/constants/tofu/__init__.py
+++ b/lang/python/src/constants/tofu/__init__.py
@@ -18,7 +18,8 @@
 # License along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 from . import policy
 __all__ = ['policy']
+
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
diff --git a/lang/python/src/constants/tofu/policy.py b/lang/python/src/constants/tofu/policy.py
index 5a61f06..53d853d 100644
--- a/lang/python/src/constants/tofu/policy.py
+++ b/lang/python/src/constants/tofu/policy.py
@@ -18,8 +18,7 @@
 # License along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 from gpg import util
 util.process_constants('GPGME_TOFU_POLICY_', globals())
-del util
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals, util
diff --git a/lang/python/src/constants/validity.py b/lang/python/src/constants/validity.py
index d3c5345..4ecf4ec 100644
--- a/lang/python/src/constants/validity.py
+++ b/lang/python/src/constants/validity.py
@@ -16,8 +16,7 @@
 #    Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307  USA
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 from gpg import util
 util.process_constants('GPGME_VALIDITY_', globals())
-del util
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals, util
diff --git a/lang/python/src/core.py b/lang/python/src/core.py
index bd95d23..6e92592 100644
--- a/lang/python/src/core.py
+++ b/lang/python/src/core.py
@@ -1,5 +1,22 @@
-# Copyright (C) 2016-2017 g10 Code GmbH
-# Copyright (C) 2004,2008 Igor Belyi <belyi@users.sourceforge.net>
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+import re
+import os
+import warnings
+import weakref
+
+from . import gpgme
+from .errors import errorcheck, GPGMEError
+from . import constants
+from . import errors
+from . import util
+
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+# Copyright (C) 2016-2018 g10 Code GmbH
+# Copyright (C) 2004, 2008 Igor Belyi <belyi@users.sourceforge.net>
 # Copyright (C) 2002 John Goerzen <jgoerzen@complete.org>
 #
 #    This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
@@ -15,7 +32,6 @@
 #    You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
 #    License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
 #    Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307  USA
-
 """Core functionality
 
 Core functionality of GPGME wrapped in a object-oriented fashion.
@@ -24,18 +40,6 @@ and the 'Data' class describing buffers of data.
 
 """
 
-from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-
-import re
-import os
-import warnings
-import weakref
-from . import gpgme
-from .errors import errorcheck, GPGMEError
-from . import constants
-from . import errors
-from . import util
 
 class GpgmeWrapper(object):
     """Base wrapper class
@@ -49,8 +53,8 @@ class GpgmeWrapper(object):
         self.wrapped = wrapped
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '<{}/{!r}>'.format(super(GpgmeWrapper, self).__repr__(),
-                                  self.wrapped)
+        return '<{}/{!r}>'.format(
+            super(GpgmeWrapper, self).__repr__(), self.wrapped)
 
     def __str__(self):
         acc = ['{}.{}'.format(__name__, self.__class__.__name__)]
@@ -64,7 +68,7 @@ class GpgmeWrapper(object):
         return hash(repr(self.wrapped))
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
-        if other == None:
+        if other is None:
             return False
         else:
             return repr(self.wrapped) == repr(other.wrapped)
@@ -98,12 +102,12 @@ class GpgmeWrapper(object):
     _boolean_properties = set()
 
     def __wrap_boolean_property(self, key, do_set=False, value=None):
-        get_func = getattr(gpgme,
-                           "{}get_{}".format(self._cprefix, key))
-        set_func = getattr(gpgme,
-                           "{}set_{}".format(self._cprefix, key))
+        get_func = getattr(gpgme, "{}get_{}".format(self._cprefix, key))
+        set_func = getattr(gpgme, "{}set_{}".format(self._cprefix, key))
+
         def get(slf):
             return bool(get_func(slf.wrapped))
+
         def set_(slf, value):
             set_func(slf.wrapped, bool(value))
 
@@ -116,9 +120,10 @@ class GpgmeWrapper(object):
             return get(self)
 
     _munge_docstring = re.compile(r'gpgme_([^(]*)\(([^,]*), (.*\) -> .*)')
+
     def __getattr__(self, key):
         """On-the-fly generation of wrapper methods and properties"""
-        if key[0] == '_' or self._cprefix == None:
+        if key[0] == '_' or self._cprefix is None:
             return None
 
         if key in self._boolean_properties:
@@ -128,12 +133,14 @@ class GpgmeWrapper(object):
         func = getattr(gpgme, name)
 
         if self._errorcheck(name):
+
             def _funcwrap(slf, *args):
                 result = func(slf.wrapped, *args)
                 if slf._callback_excinfo:
                     gpgme.gpg_raise_callback_exception(slf)
                 return errorcheck(result, name)
         else:
+
             def _funcwrap(slf, *args):
                 result = func(slf.wrapped, *args)
                 if slf._callback_excinfo:
@@ -149,6 +156,7 @@ class GpgmeWrapper(object):
         # Bind the method to 'self'.
         def wrapper(*args):
             return _funcwrap(self, *args)
+
         wrapper.__doc__ = doc
 
         return wrapper
@@ -160,6 +168,7 @@ class GpgmeWrapper(object):
         else:
             super(GpgmeWrapper, self).__setattr__(key, value)
 
+
 class Context(GpgmeWrapper):
     """Context for cryptographic operations
 
@@ -173,10 +182,15 @@ class Context(GpgmeWrapper):
 
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, armor=False, textmode=False, offline=False,
-                 signers=[], pinentry_mode=constants.PINENTRY_MODE_DEFAULT,
+    def __init__(self,
+                 armor=False,
+                 textmode=False,
+                 offline=False,
+                 signers=[],
+                 pinentry_mode=constants.PINENTRY_MODE_DEFAULT,
                  protocol=constants.PROTOCOL_OpenPGP,
-                 wrapped=None, home_dir=None):
+                 wrapped=None,
+                 home_dir=None):
         """Construct a context object
 
         Keyword arguments:
@@ -212,22 +226,29 @@ class Context(GpgmeWrapper):
         Helper function to retrieve the results of an operation, or
         None if SINK is given.
         """
-        if sink or data == None:
+        if sink or data is None:
             return None
         data.seek(0, os.SEEK_SET)
         return data.read()
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return (
-            "Context(armor={0.armor}, "
-            "textmode={0.textmode}, offline={0.offline}, "
-            "signers={0.signers}, pinentry_mode={0.pinentry_mode}, "
-            "protocol={0.protocol}, home_dir={0.home_dir}"
-            ")").format(self)
-
-    def encrypt(self, plaintext, recipients=[], sign=True, sink=None,
-                passphrase=None, always_trust=False, add_encrypt_to=False,
-                prepare=False, expect_sign=False, compress=True):
+        return ("Context(armor={0.armor}, "
+                "textmode={0.textmode}, offline={0.offline}, "
+                "signers={0.signers}, pinentry_mode={0.pinentry_mode}, "
+                "protocol={0.protocol}, home_dir={0.home_dir}"
+                ")").format(self)
+
+    def encrypt(self,
+                plaintext,
+                recipients=[],
+                sign=True,
+                sink=None,
+                passphrase=None,
+                always_trust=False,
+                add_encrypt_to=False,
+                prepare=False,
+                expect_sign=False,
+                compress=True):
         """Encrypt data
 
         Encrypt the given plaintext for the given recipients.  If the
@@ -267,12 +288,14 @@ class Context(GpgmeWrapper):
         flags |= expect_sign * constants.ENCRYPT_EXPECT_SIGN
         flags |= (not compress) * constants.ENCRYPT_NO_COMPRESS
 
-        if passphrase != None:
+        if passphrase is not None:
             old_pinentry_mode = self.pinentry_mode
             old_passphrase_cb = getattr(self, '_passphrase_cb', None)
             self.pinentry_mode = constants.PINENTRY_MODE_LOOPBACK
+
             def passphrase_cb(hint, desc, prev_bad, hook=None):
                 return passphrase
+
             self.set_passphrase_cb(passphrase_cb)
 
         try:
@@ -283,25 +306,26 @@ class Context(GpgmeWrapper):
         except errors.GPGMEError as e:
             result = self.op_encrypt_result()
             sig_result = self.op_sign_result() if sign else None
-            results = (self.__read__(sink, ciphertext),
-                       result, sig_result)
+            results = (self.__read__(sink, ciphertext), result, sig_result)
             if e.getcode() == errors.UNUSABLE_PUBKEY:
                 if result.invalid_recipients:
-                    raise errors.InvalidRecipients(result.invalid_recipients,
-                                                   error=e.error,
-                                                   results=results)
+                    raise errors.InvalidRecipients(
+                        result.invalid_recipients,
+                        error=e.error,
+                        results=results)
             if e.getcode() == errors.UNUSABLE_SECKEY:
                 sig_result = self.op_sign_result()
                 if sig_result.invalid_signers:
-                    raise errors.InvalidSigners(sig_result.invalid_signers,
-                                                error=e.error,
-                                                results=results)
+                    raise errors.InvalidSigners(
+                        sig_result.invalid_signers,
+                        error=e.error,
+                        results=results)
             # Otherwise, just raise the error, but attach the results
             # first.
             e.results = results
             raise e
         finally:
-            if passphrase != None:
+            if passphrase is not None:
                 self.pinentry_mode = old_pinentry_mode
                 if old_passphrase_cb:
                     self.set_passphrase_cb(*old_passphrase_cb[1:])
@@ -342,37 +366,62 @@ class Context(GpgmeWrapper):
         GPGMEError	-- as signaled by the underlying library
 
         """
+        sink_result = None
+        verify_sigs = None
         plaintext = sink if sink else Data()
 
-        if passphrase != None:
+        if passphrase is not None:
             old_pinentry_mode = self.pinentry_mode
             old_passphrase_cb = getattr(self, '_passphrase_cb', None)
             self.pinentry_mode = constants.PINENTRY_MODE_LOOPBACK
+
             def passphrase_cb(hint, desc, prev_bad, hook=None):
                 return passphrase
+
             self.set_passphrase_cb(passphrase_cb)
 
         try:
-            if verify:
+            if verify is not None:
+                if isinstance(verify, bool) is True:
+                    if verify is False:
+                        verify = True
+                        sink_result = True
+                    else:
+                        pass
+                elif isinstance(verify, list) is True:
+                    if len(verify) > 0:
+                        verify_sigs = True
+                    else:
+                        pass
+                else:
+                    verify = True
                 self.op_decrypt_verify(ciphertext, plaintext)
             else:
                 self.op_decrypt(ciphertext, plaintext)
         except errors.GPGMEError as e:
             result = self.op_decrypt_result()
-            verify_result = self.op_verify_result() if verify else None
+            if verify is not None and sink_result is None:
+                verify_result = self.op_verify_result()
+            else:
+                verify_result = None
             # Just raise the error, but attach the results first.
-            e.results = (self.__read__(sink, plaintext),
-                         result, verify_result)
+            e.results = (self.__read__(sink, plaintext), result, verify_result)
             raise e
         finally:
-            if passphrase != None:
+            if passphrase is not None:
                 self.pinentry_mode = old_pinentry_mode
                 if old_passphrase_cb:
                     self.set_passphrase_cb(*old_passphrase_cb[1:])
 
         result = self.op_decrypt_result()
-        verify_result = self.op_verify_result() if verify else None
+
+        if verify is not None and sink_result is None:
+            verify_result = self.op_verify_result()
+        else:
+            verify_result = None
+
         results = (self.__read__(sink, plaintext), result, verify_result)
+
         if result.unsupported_algorithm:
             raise errors.UnsupportedAlgorithm(result.unsupported_algorithm,
                                               results=results)
@@ -382,8 +431,8 @@ class Context(GpgmeWrapper):
                    for s in verify_result.signatures):
                 raise errors.BadSignatures(verify_result, results=results)
 
-        if verify and verify != True:
-            missing = list()
+        if verify_sigs is not None:
+            missing = []
             for key in verify:
                 ok = False
                 for subkey in key.subkeys:
@@ -398,8 +447,29 @@ class Context(GpgmeWrapper):
                 if not ok:
                     missing.append(key)
             if missing:
-                raise errors.MissingSignatures(verify_result, missing,
-                                               results=results)
+                try:
+                    raise errors.MissingSignatures(verify_result, missing,
+                                                   results=results)
+                except errors.MissingSignatures as e:
+                    raise e
+                    # mse = e
+                    # mserr = "gpg.errors.MissingSignatures:"
+                    # print(mserr, miss_e, "\n")
+                    # # The full details can then be found in mse.results,
+                    # # mse.result, mse.missing if necessary.
+                    # mse_list = []
+                    # msp = "Missing signatures from: \n".format()
+                    # print(msp)
+                    # for key in mse.missing:
+                    #     mse_list.append(key.fpr)
+                    #     msl = []
+                    #     msl.append(key.fpr)
+                    #     for user in key.uids:
+                    #         msl.append(user.name)
+                    #         msl.append(user.email)
+                    #         # msl.append(user.uid)
+                    #     print(" ".join(msl))
+                    # raise mse
 
         return results
 
@@ -431,13 +501,13 @@ class Context(GpgmeWrapper):
         try:
             self.op_sign(data, signeddata, mode)
         except errors.GPGMEError as e:
-            results = (self.__read__(sink, signeddata),
-                       self.op_sign_result())
+            results = (self.__read__(sink, signeddata), self.op_sign_result())
             if e.getcode() == errors.UNUSABLE_SECKEY:
                 if results[1].invalid_signers:
-                    raise errors.InvalidSigners(results[1].invalid_signers,
-                                                error=e.error,
-                                                results=results)
+                    raise errors.InvalidSigners(
+                        results[1].invalid_signers,
+                        error=e.error,
+                        results=results)
             e.results = results
             raise e
 
@@ -481,8 +551,7 @@ class Context(GpgmeWrapper):
                 self.op_verify(signed_data, None, data)
         except errors.GPGMEError as e:
             # Just raise the error, but attach the results first.
-            e.results = (self.__read__(sink, data),
-                         self.op_verify_result())
+            e.results = (self.__read__(sink, data), self.op_verify_result())
             raise e
 
         results = (self.__read__(sink, data), self.op_verify_result())
@@ -504,12 +573,171 @@ class Context(GpgmeWrapper):
             if not ok:
                 missing.append(key)
         if missing:
-            raise errors.MissingSignatures(results[1], missing,
-                                           results=results)
+            raise errors.MissingSignatures(
+                results[1], missing, results=results)
 
         return results
 
-    def keylist(self, pattern=None, secret=False,
+    def key_import(self, data):
+        """Import data
+
+        Imports the given data into the Context.
+
+        Returns:
+                -- an object describing the results of imported or updated
+                   keys
+
+        Raises:
+        TypeError      -- Very rarely.
+        GPGMEError     -- as signaled by the underlying library:
+
+                          Import status errors, when they occur, will usually
+                          be of NODATA.  NO_PUBKEY indicates something
+                          managed to run the function without any
+                          arguments, while an argument of None triggers
+                          the first NODATA of errors.GPGME in the
+                          exception.
+        """
+        try:
+            self.op_import(data)
+            result = self.op_import_result()
+            if result.considered == 0:
+                status = constants.STATUS_IMPORT_PROBLEM
+            else:
+                status = constants.STATUS_KEY_CONSIDERED
+        except Exception as e:
+            if e == errors.GPGMEError:
+                if e.code_str == "No data":
+                    status = constants.STATUS_NODATA
+                else:
+                    status = constants.STATUS_FILE_ERROR
+            elif e == TypeError and hasattr(data, "decode") is True:
+                status = constants.STATUS_NO_PUBKEY
+            elif e == TypeError and hasattr(data, "encode") is True:
+                status = constants.STATUS_FILE_ERROR
+            else:
+                status = constants.STATUS_ERROR
+
+        if status == constants.STATUS_KEY_CONSIDERED:
+            import_result = result
+        else:
+            import_result = status
+
+        return import_result
+
+    def key_export(self, pattern=None):
+        """Export keys.
+
+        Exports public keys matching the pattern specified.  If no
+        pattern is specified then exports all available keys.
+
+        Keyword arguments:
+        pattern	-- return keys matching pattern (default: all keys)
+
+        Returns:
+                -- A key block containing one or more OpenPGP keys in
+                   either ASCII armoured or binary format as determined
+                   by the Context().  If there are no matching keys it
+                   returns None.
+
+        Raises:
+        GPGMEError     -- as signaled by the underlying library.
+        """
+        data = Data()
+        mode = 0
+        try:
+            self.op_export(pattern, mode, data)
+            data.seek(0, os.SEEK_SET)
+            pk_result = data.read()
+        except GPGMEError as e:
+            pk_result = e
+
+        if len(pk_result) > 0:
+            result = pk_result
+        else:
+            result = None
+
+        return result
+
+    def key_export_minimal(self, pattern=None):
+        """Export keys.
+
+        Exports public keys matching the pattern specified in a
+        minimised format.  If no pattern is specified then exports all
+        available keys.
+
+        Keyword arguments:
+        pattern	-- return keys matching pattern (default: all keys)
+
+        Returns:
+                -- A key block containing one or more minimised OpenPGP
+                   keys in either ASCII armoured or binary format as
+                   determined by the Context().  If there are no matching
+                   keys it returns None.
+
+        Raises:
+        GPGMEError     -- as signaled by the underlying library.
+        """
+        data = Data()
+        mode = gpgme.GPGME_EXPORT_MODE_MINIMAL
+        try:
+            self.op_export(pattern, mode, data)
+            data.seek(0, os.SEEK_SET)
+            pk_result = data.read()
+        except GPGMEError as e:
+            pk_result = e
+
+        if len(pk_result) > 0:
+            result = pk_result
+        else:
+            result = None
+
+        return result
+
+    def key_export_secret(self, pattern=None):
+        """Export secret keys.
+
+        Exports secret keys matching the pattern specified.  If no
+        pattern is specified then exports or attempts to export all
+        available secret keys.
+
+        IMPORTANT: Each secret key to be exported will prompt for its
+        passphrase via an invocation of pinentry and gpg-agent.  If the
+        passphrase is not entered or does not match then no data will be
+        exported.  This is the same result as when specifying a pattern
+        that is not matched by the available keys.
+
+        Keyword arguments:
+        pattern	-- return keys matching pattern (default: all keys)
+
+        Returns:
+                -- On success a key block containing one or more OpenPGP
+                   secret keys in either ASCII armoured or binary format
+                   as determined by the Context().
+                -- On failure while not raising an exception, returns None.
+
+        Raises:
+        GPGMEError     -- as signaled by the underlying library.
+        """
+        data = Data()
+        mode = gpgme.GPGME_EXPORT_MODE_SECRET
+        try:
+            self.op_export(pattern, mode, data)
+            data.seek(0, os.SEEK_SET)
+            sk_result = data.read()
+        except GPGMEError as e:
+            sk_result = e
+
+        if len(sk_result) > 0:
+            result = sk_result
+        else:
+            result = None
+
+        return result
+
+    def keylist(self,
+                pattern=None,
+                secret=False,
                 mode=constants.keylist.mode.LOCAL,
                 source=None):
         """List keys
@@ -544,9 +772,17 @@ class Context(GpgmeWrapper):
             key = self.op_keylist_next()
         self.op_keylist_end()
 
-    def create_key(self, userid, algorithm=None, expires_in=0, expires=True,
-                   sign=False, encrypt=False, certify=False, authenticate=False,
-                   passphrase=None, force=False):
+    def create_key(self,
+                   userid,
+                   algorithm=None,
+                   expires_in=0,
+                   expires=True,
+                   sign=False,
+                   encrypt=False,
+                   certify=False,
+                   authenticate=False,
+                   passphrase=None,
+                   force=False):
         """Create a primary key
 
         Create a primary key for the user id USERID.
@@ -583,9 +819,10 @@ class Context(GpgmeWrapper):
         encrypt      -- request the encryption capability (see above)
         certify      -- request the certification capability (see above)
         authenticate -- request the authentication capability (see above)
-        passphrase   -- protect the key with a passphrase (default: no passphrase)
-        force        -- force key creation even if a key with the same userid exists
-                                                          (default: False)
+        passphrase   -- protect the key with a passphrase (default: no
+                        passphrase)
+        force        -- force key creation even if a key with the same userid
+                        exists (default: False)
 
         Returns:
                      -- an object describing the result of the key creation
@@ -598,22 +835,26 @@ class Context(GpgmeWrapper):
             old_pinentry_mode = self.pinentry_mode
             old_passphrase_cb = getattr(self, '_passphrase_cb', None)
             self.pinentry_mode = constants.PINENTRY_MODE_LOOPBACK
+
             def passphrase_cb(hint, desc, prev_bad, hook=None):
                 return passphrase
+
             self.set_passphrase_cb(passphrase_cb)
 
         try:
-            self.op_createkey(userid, algorithm,
-                              0, # reserved
-                              expires_in,
-                              None, # extrakey
-                              ((constants.create.SIGN if sign else 0)
-                               | (constants.create.ENCR if encrypt else 0)
-                               | (constants.create.CERT if certify else 0)
-                               | (constants.create.AUTH if authenticate else 0)
-                               | (constants.create.NOPASSWD if passphrase == None else 0)
-                               | (0 if expires else constants.create.NOEXPIRE)
-                               | (constants.create.FORCE if force else 0)))
+            self.op_createkey(
+                userid,
+                algorithm,
+                0,  # reserved
+                expires_in,
+                None,  # extrakey
+                ((constants.create.SIGN if sign else 0) |
+                 (constants.create.ENCR if encrypt else 0) |
+                 (constants.create.CERT if certify else 0) |
+                 (constants.create.AUTH if authenticate else 0) |
+                 (constants.create.NOPASSWD if passphrase is None else 0) |
+                 (0 if expires else constants.create.NOEXPIRE) |
+                 (constants.create.FORCE if force else 0)))
         finally:
             if util.is_a_string(passphrase):
                 self.pinentry_mode = old_pinentry_mode
@@ -622,8 +863,15 @@ class Context(GpgmeWrapper):
 
         return self.op_genkey_result()
 
-    def create_subkey(self, key, algorithm=None, expires_in=0, expires=True,
-                      sign=False, encrypt=False, authenticate=False, passphrase=None):
+    def create_subkey(self,
+                      key,
+                      algorithm=None,
+                      expires_in=0,
+                      expires=True,
+                      sign=False,
+                      encrypt=False,
+                      authenticate=False,
+                      passphrase=None):
         """Create a subkey
 
         Create a subkey for the given KEY.  As subkeys are a concept
@@ -659,7 +907,8 @@ class Context(GpgmeWrapper):
         sign         -- request the signing capability (see above)
         encrypt      -- request the encryption capability (see above)
         authenticate -- request the authentication capability (see above)
-        passphrase   -- protect the subkey with a passphrase (default: no passphrase)
+        passphrase   -- protect the subkey with a passphrase (default: no
+                        passphrase)
 
         Returns:
                      -- an object describing the result of the subkey creation
@@ -672,20 +921,23 @@ class Context(GpgmeWrapper):
             old_pinentry_mode = self.pinentry_mode
             old_passphrase_cb = getattr(self, '_passphrase_cb', None)
             self.pinentry_mode = constants.PINENTRY_MODE_LOOPBACK
+
             def passphrase_cb(hint, desc, prev_bad, hook=None):
                 return passphrase
+
             self.set_passphrase_cb(passphrase_cb)
 
         try:
-            self.op_createsubkey(key, algorithm,
-                                 0, # reserved
-                                 expires_in,
-                                 ((constants.create.SIGN if sign else 0)
-                                  | (constants.create.ENCR if encrypt else 0)
-                                  | (constants.create.AUTH if authenticate else 0)
-                                  | (constants.create.NOPASSWD
-                                     if passphrase == None else 0)
-                                  | (0 if expires else constants.create.NOEXPIRE)))
+            self.op_createsubkey(
+                key,
+                algorithm,
+                0,  # reserved
+                expires_in,
+                ((constants.create.SIGN if sign else 0) |
+                 (constants.create.ENCR if encrypt else 0) |
+                 (constants.create.AUTH if authenticate else 0) |
+                 (constants.create.NOPASSWD if passphrase is None else 0) |
+                 (0 if expires else constants.create.NOEXPIRE)))
         finally:
             if util.is_a_string(passphrase):
                 self.pinentry_mode = old_pinentry_mode
@@ -745,8 +997,8 @@ class Context(GpgmeWrapper):
 
         """
         flags = 0
-        if uids == None or util.is_a_string(uids):
-            pass#through unchanged
+        if uids is None or util.is_a_string(uids):
+            pass  # through unchanged
         else:
             flags |= constants.keysign.LFSEP
             uids = "\n".join(uids)
@@ -771,8 +1023,11 @@ class Context(GpgmeWrapper):
         """
         self.op_tofu_policy(key, policy)
 
-    def assuan_transact(self, command,
-                        data_cb=None, inquire_cb=None, status_cb=None):
+    def assuan_transact(self,
+                        command,
+                        data_cb=None,
+                        inquire_cb=None,
+                        status_cb=None):
         """Issue a raw assuan command
 
         This function can be used to issue a raw assuan command to the
@@ -803,12 +1058,10 @@ class Context(GpgmeWrapper):
         errptr = gpgme.new_gpgme_error_t_p()
 
         err = gpgme.gpgme_op_assuan_transact_ext(
-            self.wrapped,
-            cmd,
-            (weakref.ref(self), data_cb) if data_cb else None,
-            (weakref.ref(self), inquire_cb) if inquire_cb else None,
-            (weakref.ref(self), status_cb) if status_cb else None,
-            errptr)
+            self.wrapped, cmd, (weakref.ref(self), data_cb)
+            if data_cb else None, (weakref.ref(self), inquire_cb)
+            if inquire_cb else None, (weakref.ref(self), status_cb)
+            if status_cb else None, errptr)
 
         if self._callback_excinfo:
             gpgme.gpg_raise_callback_exception(self)
@@ -836,10 +1089,10 @@ class Context(GpgmeWrapper):
         GPGMEError	-- as signaled by the underlying library
 
         """
-        if key == None:
+        if key is None:
             raise ValueError("First argument cannot be None")
 
-        if sink == None:
+        if sink is None:
             sink = Data()
 
         if fnc_value:
@@ -847,8 +1100,8 @@ class Context(GpgmeWrapper):
         else:
             opaquedata = (weakref.ref(self), func)
 
-        result = gpgme.gpgme_op_interact(self.wrapped, key, flags,
-                                         opaquedata, sink)
+        result = gpgme.gpgme_op_interact(self.wrapped, key, flags, opaquedata,
+                                         sink)
         if self._callback_excinfo:
             gpgme.gpg_raise_callback_exception(self)
         errorcheck(result)
@@ -857,6 +1110,7 @@ class Context(GpgmeWrapper):
     def signers(self):
         """Keys used for signing"""
         return [self.signers_enum(i) for i in range(self.signers_count())]
+
     @signers.setter
     def signers(self, signers):
         old = self.signers
@@ -872,6 +1126,7 @@ class Context(GpgmeWrapper):
     def pinentry_mode(self):
         """Pinentry mode"""
         return self.get_pinentry_mode()
+
     @pinentry_mode.setter
     def pinentry_mode(self, value):
         self.set_pinentry_mode(value)
@@ -880,6 +1135,7 @@ class Context(GpgmeWrapper):
     def protocol(self):
         """Protocol to use"""
         return self.get_protocol()
+
     @protocol.setter
     def protocol(self, value):
         errorcheck(gpgme.gpgme_engine_check_version(value))
@@ -889,6 +1145,7 @@ class Context(GpgmeWrapper):
     def home_dir(self):
         """Engine's home directory"""
         return self.engine_info.home_dir
+
     @home_dir.setter
     def home_dir(self, value):
         self.set_engine_info(self.protocol, home_dir=value)
@@ -901,24 +1158,16 @@ class Context(GpgmeWrapper):
         # The list of functions is created using:
         #
         # $ grep '^gpgme_error_t ' obj/lang/python/python3.5-gpg/gpgme.h \
-        #   | grep -v _op_ | awk "/\(gpgme_ctx/ { printf (\"'%s',\\n\", \$2) } "
-        return ((name.startswith('gpgme_op_')
-                 and not name.endswith('_result'))
-                or name in {
-                    'gpgme_new',
-                    'gpgme_set_ctx_flag',
-                    'gpgme_set_protocol',
-                    'gpgme_set_sub_protocol',
-                    'gpgme_set_keylist_mode',
-                    'gpgme_set_pinentry_mode',
-                    'gpgme_set_locale',
-                    'gpgme_ctx_set_engine_info',
-                    'gpgme_signers_add',
-                    'gpgme_sig_notation_add',
-                    'gpgme_set_sender',
-                    'gpgme_cancel',
-                    'gpgme_cancel_async',
-                    'gpgme_get_key',
+        # | grep -v _op_ | awk "/\(gpgme_ctx/ { printf (\"'%s',\\n\", \$2) } "
+        return ((name.startswith('gpgme_op_') and not
+                 name.endswith('_result')) or name in {
+                     'gpgme_new', 'gpgme_set_ctx_flag', 'gpgme_set_protocol',
+                     'gpgme_set_sub_protocol', 'gpgme_set_keylist_mode',
+                     'gpgme_set_pinentry_mode', 'gpgme_set_locale',
+                     'gpgme_ctx_set_engine_info', 'gpgme_signers_add',
+                     'gpgme_sig_notation_add', 'gpgme_set_sender',
+                     'gpgme_cancel', 'gpgme_cancel_async', 'gpgme_get_key',
+                     'gpgme_get_sig_key',
                 })
 
     _boolean_properties = {'armor', 'textmode', 'offline'}
@@ -938,6 +1187,7 @@ class Context(GpgmeWrapper):
     # Implement the context manager protocol.
     def __enter__(self):
         return self
+
     def __exit__(self, type, value, tb):
         self.__del__()
 
@@ -1032,10 +1282,10 @@ class Context(GpgmeWrapper):
 
         Please see the GPGME manual for more information.
         """
-        if func == None:
+        if func is None:
             hookdata = None
         else:
-            if hook == None:
+            if hook is None:
                 hookdata = (weakref.ref(self), func)
             else:
                 hookdata = (weakref.ref(self), func, hook)
@@ -1057,10 +1307,10 @@ class Context(GpgmeWrapper):
         Please see the GPGME manual for more information.
 
         """
-        if func == None:
+        if func is None:
             hookdata = None
         else:
-            if hook == None:
+            if hook is None:
                 hookdata = (weakref.ref(self), func)
             else:
                 hookdata = (weakref.ref(self), func, hook)
@@ -1081,10 +1331,10 @@ class Context(GpgmeWrapper):
         Please see the GPGME manual for more information.
 
         """
-        if func == None:
+        if func is None:
             hookdata = None
         else:
-            if hook == None:
+            if hook is None:
                 hookdata = (weakref.ref(self), func)
             else:
                 hookdata = (weakref.ref(self), func, hook)
@@ -1152,8 +1402,8 @@ class Context(GpgmeWrapper):
         magic numbers will break as a result.
 
         """
-        warnings.warn("Call to deprecated method op_edit.",
-                      category=DeprecationWarning)
+        warnings.warn(
+            "Call to deprecated method op_edit.", category=DeprecationWarning)
         return self.interact(key, func, sink=out, fnc_value=fnc_value)
 
 
@@ -1182,7 +1432,8 @@ class Data(GpgmeWrapper):
         # This list is compiled using
         #
         # $ grep -v '^gpgme_error_t ' obj/lang/python/python3.5-gpg/gpgme.h \
-        #   | awk "/\(gpgme_data_t/ { printf (\"'%s',\\n\", \$2) } " | sed "s/'\\*/'/"
+        #   | awk "/\(gpgme_data_t/ { printf (\"'%s',\\n\", \$2) } " \
+        #   | sed "s/'\\*/'/"
         return name not in {
             'gpgme_data_read',
             'gpgme_data_write',
@@ -1191,11 +1442,17 @@ class Data(GpgmeWrapper):
             'gpgme_data_release_and_get_mem',
             'gpgme_data_get_encoding',
             'gpgme_data_get_file_name',
+            'gpgme_data_set_flag',
             'gpgme_data_identify',
         }
 
-    def __init__(self, string=None, file=None, offset=None,
-                 length=None, cbs=None, copy=True):
+    def __init__(self,
+                 string=None,
+                 file=None,
+                 offset=None,
+                 length=None,
+                 cbs=None,
+                 copy=True):
         """Initialize a new gpgme_data_t object.
 
         If no args are specified, make it an empty object.
@@ -1239,13 +1496,13 @@ class Data(GpgmeWrapper):
         super(Data, self).__init__(None)
         self.data_cbs = None
 
-        if cbs != None:
+        if cbs is not None:
             self.new_from_cbs(*cbs)
-        elif string != None:
+        elif string is not None:
             self.new_from_mem(string, copy)
-        elif file != None and offset != None and length != None:
+        elif file is not None and offset is not None and length is not None:
             self.new_from_filepart(file, offset, length)
-        elif file != None:
+        elif file is not None:
             if util.is_a_string(file):
                 self.new_from_file(file, copy)
             else:
@@ -1258,7 +1515,7 @@ class Data(GpgmeWrapper):
             # At interpreter shutdown, gpgme is set to NONE.
             return
 
-        if self.wrapped != None and gpgme.gpgme_data_release:
+        if self.wrapped is not None and gpgme.gpgme_data_release:
             gpgme.gpgme_data_release(self.wrapped)
             if self._callback_excinfo:
                 gpgme.gpg_raise_callback_exception(self)
@@ -1268,6 +1525,7 @@ class Data(GpgmeWrapper):
     # Implement the context manager protocol.
     def __enter__(self):
         return self
+
     def __exit__(self, type, value, tb):
         self.__del__()
 
@@ -1282,7 +1540,8 @@ class Data(GpgmeWrapper):
 
     def new_from_mem(self, string, copy=True):
         tmp = gpgme.new_gpgme_data_t_p()
-        errorcheck(gpgme.gpgme_data_new_from_mem(tmp,string,len(string),copy))
+        errorcheck(
+            gpgme.gpgme_data_new_from_mem(tmp, string, len(string), copy))
         self.wrapped = gpgme.gpgme_data_t_p_value(tmp)
         gpgme.delete_gpgme_data_t_p(tmp)
 
@@ -1300,12 +1559,12 @@ class Data(GpgmeWrapper):
 
     def new_from_cbs(self, read_cb, write_cb, seek_cb, release_cb, hook=None):
         tmp = gpgme.new_gpgme_data_t_p()
-        if hook != None:
-            hookdata = (weakref.ref(self),
-                        read_cb, write_cb, seek_cb, release_cb, hook)
+        if hook is not None:
+            hookdata = (weakref.ref(self), read_cb, write_cb, seek_cb,
+                        release_cb, hook)
         else:
-            hookdata = (weakref.ref(self),
-                        read_cb, write_cb, seek_cb, release_cb)
+            hookdata = (weakref.ref(self), read_cb, write_cb, seek_cb,
+                        release_cb)
         gpgme.gpg_data_new_from_cbs(self, hookdata, tmp)
         self.wrapped = gpgme.gpgme_data_t_p_value(tmp)
         gpgme.delete_gpgme_data_t_p(tmp)
@@ -1327,12 +1586,13 @@ class Data(GpgmeWrapper):
             filename = file
         else:
             fp = gpgme.fdopen(file.fileno(), file.mode)
-            if fp == None:
-                raise ValueError("Failed to open file from %s arg %s" % \
-                      (str(type(file)), str(file)))
+            if fp is None:
+                raise ValueError("Failed to open file from %s arg %s" % (str(
+                    type(file)), str(file)))
 
-        errorcheck(gpgme.gpgme_data_new_from_filepart(tmp, filename, fp,
-                                                      offset, length))
+        errorcheck(
+            gpgme.gpgme_data_new_from_filepart(tmp, filename, fp, offset,
+                                               length))
         self.wrapped = gpgme.gpgme_data_t_p_value(tmp)
         gpgme.delete_gpgme_data_t_p(tmp)
 
@@ -1349,10 +1609,16 @@ class Data(GpgmeWrapper):
 
     def new_from_stream(self, file):
         """This wrap around gpgme_data_new_from_stream is an alias for
-        new_from_fd() method since in python there's not difference
-        between file stream and file descriptor"""
+        new_from_fd() method since in python there's no difference
+        between file stream and file descriptor."""
         self.new_from_fd(file)
 
+    def new_from_estream(self, file):
+        """This wrap around gpgme_data_new_from_estream is an alias for
+        new_from_fd() method since in python there's no difference
+        between file stream and file descriptor, but using fd broke."""
+        self.new_from_stream(file)
+
     def write(self, buffer):
         """Write buffer given as string or bytes.
 
@@ -1365,7 +1631,7 @@ class Data(GpgmeWrapper):
                 raise GPGMEError.fromSyserror()
         return written
 
-    def read(self, size = -1):
+    def read(self, size=-1):
         """Read at most size bytes, returned as bytes.
 
         If the size argument is negative or omitted, read until EOF is reached.
@@ -1400,6 +1666,7 @@ class Data(GpgmeWrapper):
                 chunks.append(result)
             return b''.join(chunks)
 
+
 def pubkey_algo_string(subkey):
     """Return short algorithm string
 
@@ -1412,6 +1679,7 @@ def pubkey_algo_string(subkey):
     """
     return gpgme.gpgme_pubkey_algo_string(subkey)
 
+
 def pubkey_algo_name(algo):
     """Return name of public key algorithm
 
@@ -1424,6 +1692,7 @@ def pubkey_algo_name(algo):
     """
     return gpgme.gpgme_pubkey_algo_name(algo)
 
+
 def hash_algo_name(algo):
     """Return name of hash algorithm
 
@@ -1436,6 +1705,7 @@ def hash_algo_name(algo):
     """
     return gpgme.gpgme_hash_algo_name(algo)
 
+
 def get_protocol_name(proto):
     """Get protocol description
 
@@ -1447,6 +1717,7 @@ def get_protocol_name(proto):
     """
     return gpgme.gpgme_get_protocol_name(proto)
 
+
 def addrspec_from_uid(uid):
     """Return the address spec
 
@@ -1458,22 +1729,26 @@ def addrspec_from_uid(uid):
     """
     return gpgme.gpgme_addrspec_from_uid(uid)
 
+
 def check_version(version=None):
     return gpgme.gpgme_check_version(version)
 
+
 # check_version also makes sure that several subsystems are properly
 # initialized, and it must be run at least once before invoking any
 # other function.  We do it here so that the user does not have to do
 # it unless she really wants to check for a certain version.
 check_version()
 
-def engine_check_version (proto):
+
+def engine_check_version(proto):
     try:
         errorcheck(gpgme.gpgme_engine_check_version(proto))
         return True
     except errors.GPGMEError:
         return False
 
+
 def get_engine_info():
     ptr = gpgme.new_gpgme_engine_info_t_p()
     try:
@@ -1484,6 +1759,7 @@ def get_engine_info():
     gpgme.delete_gpgme_engine_info_t_p(ptr)
     return info
 
+
 def set_engine_info(proto, file_name, home_dir=None):
     """Changes the default configuration of the crypto engine implementing
     the protocol 'proto'. 'file_name' is the file name of
@@ -1492,10 +1768,12 @@ def set_engine_info(proto, file_name, home_dir=None):
     used if omitted)."""
     errorcheck(gpgme.gpgme_set_engine_info(proto, file_name, home_dir))
 
+
 def set_locale(category, value):
     """Sets the default locale used by contexts"""
     errorcheck(gpgme.gpgme_set_locale(None, category, value))
 
+
 def wait(hang):
     """Wait for asynchronous call on any Context  to finish.
     Wait forever if hang is True.
@@ -1509,7 +1787,7 @@ def wait(hang):
     context = gpgme.gpgme_wait(None, ptr, hang)
     status = gpgme.gpgme_error_t_p_value(ptr)
     gpgme.delete_gpgme_error_t_p(ptr)
-    if context == None:
+    if context is None:
         errorcheck(status)
     else:
         context = Context(context)
diff --git a/lang/python/src/errors.py b/lang/python/src/errors.py
index c41ac69..9c7f037 100644
--- a/lang/python/src/errors.py
+++ b/lang/python/src/errors.py
@@ -17,11 +17,12 @@
 #    Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307  USA
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 from . import gpgme
 from . import util
 
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
 # To appease static analysis tools, we define some constants here.
 # They are overwritten with the proper values by process_constants.
 NO_ERROR = None
@@ -30,6 +31,7 @@ EOF = None
 util.process_constants('GPG_ERR_', globals())
 del util
 
+
 class GpgError(Exception):
     """A GPG Error
 
@@ -55,6 +57,7 @@ class GpgError(Exception):
     exception objects.
 
     """
+
     def __init__(self, error=None, context=None, results=None):
         self.error = error
         self.context = context
@@ -62,37 +65,38 @@ class GpgError(Exception):
 
     @property
     def code(self):
-        if self.error == None:
+        if self.error is None:
             return None
         return gpgme.gpgme_err_code(self.error)
 
     @property
     def code_str(self):
-        if self.error == None:
+        if self.error is None:
             return None
         return gpgme.gpgme_strerror(self.error)
 
     @property
     def source(self):
-        if self.error == None:
+        if self.error is None:
             return None
         return gpgme.gpgme_err_source(self.error)
 
     @property
     def source_str(self):
-        if self.error == None:
+        if self.error is None:
             return None
         return gpgme.gpgme_strsource(self.error)
 
     def __str__(self):
         msgs = []
-        if self.context != None:
+        if self.context is not None:
             msgs.append(self.context)
-        if self.error != None:
+        if self.error is not None:
             msgs.append(self.source_str)
             msgs.append(self.code_str)
         return ': '.join(msgs)
 
+
 class GPGMEError(GpgError):
     '''Generic error
 
@@ -101,24 +105,30 @@ class GPGMEError(GpgError):
     returns an error.  This is the error that was used in PyME.
 
     '''
+
     @classmethod
     def fromSyserror(cls):
         return cls(gpgme.gpgme_err_code_from_syserror())
+
     @property
     def message(self):
         return self.context
+
     def getstring(self):
         return str(self)
+
     def getcode(self):
         return self.code
+
     def getsource(self):
         return self.source
 
 
-def errorcheck(retval, extradata = None):
+def errorcheck(retval, extradata=None):
     if retval:
         raise GPGMEError(retval, extradata)
 
+
 class KeyNotFound(GPGMEError, KeyError):
     """Raised if a key was not found
 
@@ -127,63 +137,76 @@ class KeyNotFound(GPGMEError, KeyError):
     indicating EOF, and a KeyError.
 
     """
+
     def __init__(self, keystr):
         self.keystr = keystr
         GPGMEError.__init__(self, EOF)
+
     def __str__(self):
         return self.keystr
 
+
 # These errors are raised in the idiomatic interface code.
 
+
 class EncryptionError(GpgError):
     pass
 
+
 class InvalidRecipients(EncryptionError):
     def __init__(self, recipients, **kwargs):
         EncryptionError.__init__(self, **kwargs)
         self.recipients = recipients
+
     def __str__(self):
-        return ", ".join("{}: {}".format(r.fpr,
-                                         gpgme.gpgme_strerror(r.reason))
+        return ", ".join("{}: {}".format(r.fpr, gpgme.gpgme_strerror(r.reason))
                          for r in self.recipients)
 
+
 class DeryptionError(GpgError):
     pass
 
+
 class UnsupportedAlgorithm(DeryptionError):
     def __init__(self, algorithm, **kwargs):
         DeryptionError.__init__(self, **kwargs)
         self.algorithm = algorithm
+
     def __str__(self):
         return self.algorithm
 
+
 class SigningError(GpgError):
     pass
 
+
 class InvalidSigners(SigningError):
     def __init__(self, signers, **kwargs):
         SigningError.__init__(self, **kwargs)
         self.signers = signers
+
     def __str__(self):
-        return ", ".join("{}: {}".format(s.fpr,
-                                         gpgme.gpgme_strerror(s.reason))
+        return ", ".join("{}: {}".format(s.fpr, gpgme.gpgme_strerror(s.reason))
                          for s in self.signers)
 
+
 class VerificationError(GpgError):
     def __init__(self, result, **kwargs):
         GpgError.__init__(self, **kwargs)
         self.result = result
 
+
 class BadSignatures(VerificationError):
     def __str__(self):
-        return ", ".join("{}: {}".format(s.fpr,
-                                         gpgme.gpgme_strerror(s.status))
+        return ", ".join("{}: {}".format(s.fpr, gpgme.gpgme_strerror(s.status))
                          for s in self.result.signatures
                          if s.status != NO_ERROR)
 
+
 class MissingSignatures(VerificationError):
     def __init__(self, result, missing, **kwargs):
         VerificationError.__init__(self, result, **kwargs)
         self.missing = missing
+
     def __str__(self):
         return ", ".join(k.subkeys[0].fpr for k in self.missing)
diff --git a/lang/python/src/results.py b/lang/python/src/results.py
index bfd0f68..6b5f63c 100644
--- a/lang/python/src/results.py
+++ b/lang/python/src/results.py
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-
 """Robust result objects
 
 Results returned by the underlying library are fragile, i.e. they are
@@ -30,23 +29,28 @@ therefore create deep copies of the results.
 
 """
 
+
 class Result(object):
     """Result object
 
     Describes the result of an operation.
 
     """
-
     """Convert to types"""
     _type = {}
-
     """Map functions over list attributes"""
     _map = {}
-
     """Automatically copy unless blacklisted"""
     _blacklist = {
-        'acquire', 'append', 'disown', 'next', 'own', 'this', 'thisown',
+        'acquire',
+        'append',
+        'disown',
+        'next',
+        'own',
+        'this',
+        'thisown',
     }
+
     def __init__(self, fragile):
         for key, func in self._type.items():
             if hasattr(fragile, key):
@@ -67,52 +71,67 @@ class Result(object):
     def __repr__(self):
         return '{}({})'.format(
             self.__class__.__name__,
-            ', '.join('{}={!r}'.format(k, getattr(self, k))
-                      for k in dir(self) if not k.startswith('_')))
+            ', '.join('{}={!r}'.format(k, getattr(self, k)) for k in dir(self)
+                      if not k.startswith('_')))
+
 
 class InvalidKey(Result):
     pass
 
+
 class EncryptResult(Result):
     _map = dict(invalid_recipients=InvalidKey)
 
+
 class Recipient(Result):
     pass
 
+
 class DecryptResult(Result):
     _type = dict(wrong_key_usage=bool, is_de_vs=bool)
     _map = dict(recipients=Recipient)
 
+
 class NewSignature(Result):
     pass
 
+
 class SignResult(Result):
     _map = dict(invalid_signers=InvalidKey, signatures=NewSignature)
 
+
 class Notation(Result):
     pass
 
+
 class Signature(Result):
     _type = dict(wrong_key_usage=bool, chain_model=bool, is_de_vs=bool)
     _map = dict(notations=Notation)
 
+
 class VerifyResult(Result):
     _map = dict(signatures=Signature)
 
+
 class ImportStatus(Result):
     pass
 
+
 class ImportResult(Result):
     _map = dict(imports=ImportStatus)
 
+
 class GenkeyResult(Result):
     _type = dict(primary=bool, sub=bool)
 
+
 class KeylistResult(Result):
     _type = dict(truncated=bool)
 
+
 class VFSMountResult(Result):
     pass
 
+
 class EngineInfo(Result):
     pass
diff --git a/lang/python/src/util.py b/lang/python/src/util.py
index e4fca4c..320a823 100644
--- a/lang/python/src/util.py
+++ b/lang/python/src/util.py
@@ -17,10 +17,12 @@
 #    Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307  USA
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 import sys
 
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+
 def process_constants(prefix, scope):
     """Called by the constant modules to load up the constants from the C
     library starting with PREFIX.  Matching constants will be inserted
@@ -30,17 +32,19 @@ def process_constants(prefix, scope):
     """
     from . import gpgme
     index = len(prefix)
-    constants = {identifier[index:]: getattr(gpgme, identifier)
-                 for identifier in dir(gpgme)
-                 if identifier.startswith(prefix)}
+    constants = {
+        identifier[index:]: getattr(gpgme, identifier)
+        for identifier in dir(gpgme) if identifier.startswith(prefix)
+    }
     scope.update(constants)
     return list(constants.keys())
 
+
 def percent_escape(s):
-    return ''.join(
-        '%{0:2x}'.format(ord(c))
-        if c == '+' or c == '"' or c == '%' or ord(c) <= 0x20 else c
-        for c in s)
+    return ''.join('%{0:2x}'.format(ord(c))
+                   if c == '+' or c == '"' or c == '%' or ord(c) <= 0x20 else c
+                   for c in s)
+
 
 # Python2/3 compatibility
 if sys.version_info[0] == 3:
diff --git a/lang/python/tests/Makefile.am b/lang/python/tests/Makefile.am
index 3864f8b..d26d33d 100644
--- a/lang/python/tests/Makefile.am
+++ b/lang/python/tests/Makefile.am
@@ -21,7 +21,8 @@ GPG_AGENT = gpg-agent
 
 test_srcdir = $(top_srcdir)/tests/gpg
 
-TESTS_ENVIRONMENT = GNUPGHOME=$(abs_builddir) \
+GNUPGHOME=$(abs_builddir)
+TESTS_ENVIRONMENT = GNUPGHOME=$(GNUPGHOME) \
 	LC_ALL=C GPG_AGENT_INFO= \
 	top_srcdir=$(top_srcdir) \
 	srcdir=$(srcdir) \
@@ -118,3 +119,7 @@ gpg.conf:
 gpg-agent.conf:
 # This is required for gpg2, which does not support command fd.
 	echo pinentry-program $(abs_top_srcdir)/tests/gpg/pinentry >$@
+	echo disable-scdaemon >> $@
+
+
+# end-of-file
diff --git a/lang/python/tests/Makefile.in b/lang/python/tests/Makefile.in
index c7512dd..9efd7ee 100644
--- a/lang/python/tests/Makefile.in
+++ b/lang/python/tests/Makefile.in
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ am__aclocal_m4_deps = $(top_srcdir)/m4/ax_cxx_compile_stdcxx.m4 \
 am__configure_deps = $(am__aclocal_m4_deps) $(CONFIGURE_DEPENDENCIES) \
 	$(ACLOCAL_M4)
 mkinstalldirs = $(SHELL) $(top_srcdir)/build-aux/mkinstalldirs
-CONFIG_HEADER = $(top_builddir)/config.h
+CONFIG_HEADER = $(top_builddir)/conf/config.h
 CONFIG_CLEAN_FILES =
 CONFIG_CLEAN_VPATH_FILES =
 AM_V_P = $(am__v_P_@AM_V@)
@@ -334,7 +334,8 @@ top_srcdir = @top_srcdir@
 GPG = gpg
 GPG_AGENT = gpg-agent
 test_srcdir = $(top_srcdir)/tests/gpg
-TESTS_ENVIRONMENT = GNUPGHOME=$(abs_builddir) \
+GNUPGHOME = $(abs_builddir)
+TESTS_ENVIRONMENT = GNUPGHOME=$(GNUPGHOME) \
 	LC_ALL=C GPG_AGENT_INFO= \
 	top_srcdir=$(top_srcdir) \
 	srcdir=$(srcdir) \
@@ -626,6 +627,9 @@ gpg.conf:
 gpg-agent.conf:
 # This is required for gpg2, which does not support command fd.
 	echo pinentry-program $(abs_top_srcdir)/tests/gpg/pinentry >$@
+	echo disable-scdaemon >> $@
+
+# end-of-file
 
 # Tell versions [3.59,3.63) of GNU make to not export all variables.
 # Otherwise a system limit (for SysV at least) may be exceeded.
diff --git a/lang/python/tests/final.py b/lang/python/tests/final.py
index 65375cb..d0d52dc 100755
--- a/lang/python/tests/final.py
+++ b/lang/python/tests/final.py
@@ -18,12 +18,15 @@
 # License along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 import os
 import subprocess
 import support
-_ = support # to appease pyflakes.
+_ = support  # to appease pyflakes.
+
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
-subprocess.check_call([os.path.join(os.getenv('top_srcdir'),
-                                    "tests", "start-stop-agent"), "--stop"])
+subprocess.check_call([
+    os.path.join(os.getenv('top_srcdir'), "tests", "start-stop-agent"),
+    "--stop"
+])
diff --git a/lang/python/tests/initial.py b/lang/python/tests/initial.py
index 49e4f82..30a8de7 100755
--- a/lang/python/tests/initial.py
+++ b/lang/python/tests/initial.py
@@ -18,17 +18,20 @@
 # License along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 import os
 import subprocess
 import gpg
 import support
 
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
 print("Using gpg module from {0!r}.".format(os.path.dirname(gpg.__file__)))
 
-subprocess.check_call([os.path.join(os.getenv('top_srcdir'),
-                                    "tests", "start-stop-agent"), "--start"])
+subprocess.check_call([
+    os.path.join(os.getenv('top_srcdir'), "tests", "start-stop-agent"),
+    "--start"
+])
 
 with gpg.Context() as c:
     alpha = c.get_key("A0FF4590BB6122EDEF6E3C542D727CC768697734", False)
diff --git a/lang/python/tests/run-tests.py b/lang/python/tests/run-tests.py
index 95df197..cec13b5 100644
--- a/lang/python/tests/run-tests.py
+++ b/lang/python/tests/run-tests.py
@@ -17,10 +17,8 @@
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
 # License along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import division
-from __future__ import print_function
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division
+from __future__ import print_function, unicode_literals
 
 import argparse
 import glob
@@ -28,34 +26,50 @@ import os
 import subprocess
 import sys
 
+del absolute_import, division, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+
 class SplitAndAccumulate(argparse.Action):
     def __call__(self, parser, namespace, values, option_string=None):
         current = getattr(namespace, self.dest, list())
         current.extend(values.split())
         setattr(namespace, self.dest, current)
 
+
 parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Run tests.')
-parser.add_argument('tests', metavar='TEST', type=str, nargs='+',
-                    help='A test to run')
-parser.add_argument('-v', '--verbose', action="store_true", default=False,
-                    help='Be verbose.')
-parser.add_argument('-q', '--quiet', action="store_true", default=False,
-                    help='Be quiet.')
-parser.add_argument('--interpreters', metavar='PYTHON', type=str,
-                    default=[], action=SplitAndAccumulate,
-                    help='Use these interpreters to run the tests, ' +
-                    'separated by spaces.')
-parser.add_argument('--srcdir', type=str,
-                    default=os.environ.get("srcdir", ""),
-                    help='Location of the tests.')
-parser.add_argument('--builddir', type=str,
-                    default=os.environ.get("abs_builddir", ""),
-                    help='Location of the tests.')
-parser.add_argument('--python-libdir', type=str,
-                    default=None,
-                    help='Optional location of the in-tree module lib directory.')
-parser.add_argument('--parallel', action="store_true", default=False,
-                    help='Ignored.  For compatibility with run-tests.scm.')
+parser.add_argument(
+    'tests', metavar='TEST', type=str, nargs='+', help='A test to run')
+parser.add_argument(
+    '-v', '--verbose', action="store_true", default=False, help='Be verbose.')
+parser.add_argument(
+    '-q', '--quiet', action="store_true", default=False, help='Be quiet.')
+parser.add_argument(
+    '--interpreters',
+    metavar='PYTHON',
+    type=str,
+    default=[],
+    action=SplitAndAccumulate,
+    help='Use these interpreters to run the tests, ' + 'separated by spaces.')
+parser.add_argument(
+    '--srcdir',
+    type=str,
+    default=os.environ.get("srcdir", ""),
+    help='Location of the tests.')
+parser.add_argument(
+    '--builddir',
+    type=str,
+    default=os.environ.get("abs_builddir", ""),
+    help='Location of the tests.')
+parser.add_argument(
+    '--python-libdir',
+    type=str,
+    default=None,
+    help='Optional location of the in-tree module lib directory.')
+parser.add_argument(
+    '--parallel',
+    action="store_true",
+    default=False,
+    help='Ignored.  For compatibility with run-tests.scm.')
 
 args = parser.parse_args()
 if not args.interpreters:
@@ -64,26 +78,31 @@ if not args.interpreters:
 out = sys.stdout if args.verbose else None
 err = sys.stderr if args.verbose else None
 
+
 def status_to_str(code):
     return {0: "PASS", 77: "SKIP", 99: "ERROR"}.get(code, "FAIL")
 
+
 results = list()
 for interpreter in args.interpreters:
-    version = subprocess.check_output(
-        [interpreter, "-c", "import sys; print('{0}.{1}'.format(sys.version_info[0], sys.version_info[1]))"]).strip().decode()
+    version = subprocess.check_output([
+        interpreter, "-c",
+        "import sys; print('{0}.{1}'.format(sys.version_info[0], sys.version_info[1]))"
+    ]).strip().decode()
 
     if args.python_libdir:
         python_libdir = args.python_libdir
     else:
-        pattern = os.path.join(args.builddir, "..",
-                               "{0}-gpg".format(os.path.basename(interpreter)),
-                               "lib*")
+        pattern = os.path.join(args.builddir, "..", "{0}-gpg".format(
+            os.path.basename(interpreter)), "lib*")
         libdirs = glob.glob(pattern)
         if len(libdirs) == 0:
-            sys.exit("Build directory matching {0!r} not found.".format(pattern))
+            sys.exit(
+                "Build directory matching {0!r} not found.".format(pattern))
         elif len(libdirs) > 1:
-            sys.exit("Multiple build directories matching {0!r} found: {1}".format(
-                pattern, libdirs))
+            sys.exit(
+                "Multiple build directories matching {0!r} found: {1}".format(
+                    pattern, libdirs))
         python_libdir = libdirs[0]
 
     env = dict(os.environ)
@@ -95,16 +114,22 @@ for interpreter in args.interpreters:
     for test in args.tests:
         status = subprocess.call(
             [interpreter, os.path.join(args.srcdir, test)],
-            env=env, stdout=out, stderr=err)
+            env=env,
+            stdout=out,
+            stderr=err)
         if not args.quiet:
             print("{0}: {1}".format(status_to_str(status), test))
         results.append(status)
 
+
 def count(status):
     return len(list(filter(lambda x: x == status, results)))
+
+
 def failed():
     return len(list(filter(lambda x: x not in (0, 77, 99), results)))
 
+
 if not args.quiet:
     print("{0} tests run, {1} succeeded, {2} failed, {3} skipped.".format(
         len(results), count(0), failed(), count(77)))
diff --git a/lang/python/tests/support.py b/lang/python/tests/support.py
index efccf31..e6b3d8b 100644
--- a/lang/python/tests/support.py
+++ b/lang/python/tests/support.py
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 # License along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 import contextlib
 import shutil
@@ -27,20 +26,28 @@ import tempfile
 import time
 import gpg
 
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+
 def assert_gpg_version(version=(2, 1, 0)):
     with gpg.Context() as c:
-        clean_version = re.match(r'\d+\.\d+\.\d+', c.engine_info.version).group(0)
+        clean_version = re.match(r'\d+\.\d+\.\d+',
+                                 c.engine_info.version).group(0)
         if tuple(map(int, clean_version.split('.'))) < version:
             print("GnuPG too old: have {0}, need {1}.".format(
                 c.engine_info.version, '.'.join(map(str, version))))
             sys.exit(77)
 
+
 def have_tofu_support(ctx, some_uid):
-    keys = list(ctx.keylist(some_uid,
-                            mode=(gpg.constants.keylist.mode.LOCAL
-                                  |gpg.constants.keylist.mode.WITH_TOFU)))
+    keys = list(
+        ctx.keylist(
+            some_uid,
+            mode=(gpg.constants.keylist.mode.LOCAL |
+                  gpg.constants.keylist.mode.WITH_TOFU)))
     return len(keys) > 0
 
+
 # Skip the Python tests for GnuPG < 2.1.12.  Prior versions do not
 # understand the command line flags that we assume exist.  C.f. issue
 # 3008.
@@ -53,13 +60,18 @@ encrypt_only = "F52770D5C4DB41408D918C9F920572769B9FE19C"
 sign_only = "7CCA20CCDE5394CEE71C9F0BFED153F12F18F45D"
 no_such_key = "A" * 40
 
+
 def make_filename(name):
     return os.path.join(os.environ['top_srcdir'], 'tests', 'gpg', name)
 
+
 def in_srcdir(name):
     return os.path.join(os.environ['srcdir'], name)
 
+
 verbose = int(os.environ.get('verbose', 0)) > 1
+
+
 def print_data(data):
     if verbose:
         try:
@@ -75,10 +87,12 @@ def print_data(data):
         else:
             sys.stdout.write(data)
 
+
 def mark_key_trusted(ctx, key):
     class Editor(object):
         def __init__(self):
             self.steps = ["trust", "save"]
+
         def edit(self, status, args, out):
             if args == "keyedit.prompt":
                 result = self.steps.pop(0)
@@ -91,6 +105,7 @@ def mark_key_trusted(ctx, key):
             else:
                 result = None
             return result
+
     with gpg.Data() as sink:
         ctx.op_edit(key, Editor().edit, sink, sink)
 
@@ -103,9 +118,11 @@ class TemporaryDirectory(object):
     def __enter__(self):
         self.path = tempfile.mkdtemp()
         return self.path
+
     def __exit__(self, *args):
         shutil.rmtree(self.path, ignore_errors=True)
 
+
 @contextlib.contextmanager
 def EphemeralContext():
     with TemporaryDirectory() as tmp:
@@ -124,7 +141,7 @@ def EphemeralContext():
                 ctx.assuan_transact(["KILLAGENT"])
             except gpg.errors.GPGMEError as e:
                 if e.getcode() == gpg.errors.ASS_CONNECT_FAILED:
-                    pass # the agent was not running
+                    pass  # the agent was not running
                 else:
                     raise
 
diff --git a/lang/python/tests/t-callbacks.py b/lang/python/tests/t-callbacks.py
index 9a70cda..25a1c23 100755
--- a/lang/python/tests/t-callbacks.py
+++ b/lang/python/tests/t-callbacks.py
@@ -18,12 +18,13 @@
 # License along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 import os
 import gpg
 import support
-_ = support # to appease pyflakes.
+_ = support  # to appease pyflakes.
+
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 c = gpg.Context()
 c.set_pinentry_mode(gpg.constants.PINENTRY_MODE_LOOPBACK)
@@ -33,6 +34,7 @@ sink = gpg.Data()
 
 # Valid passphrases, both as string and bytes.
 for passphrase in ('foo', b'foo'):
+
     def passphrase_cb(hint, desc, prev_bad, hook=None):
         assert hook == passphrase
         return hook
@@ -40,10 +42,12 @@ for passphrase in ('foo', b'foo'):
     c.set_passphrase_cb(passphrase_cb, passphrase)
     c.op_encrypt([], 0, source, sink)
 
+
 # Returning an invalid type.
 def passphrase_cb(hint, desc, prev_bad, hook=None):
     return 0
 
+
 c.set_passphrase_cb(passphrase_cb, None)
 try:
     c.op_encrypt([], 0, source, sink)
@@ -55,9 +59,12 @@ else:
 
 # Raising an exception inside callback.
 myException = Exception()
+
+
 def passphrase_cb(hint, desc, prev_bad, hook=None):
     raise myException
 
+
 c.set_passphrase_cb(passphrase_cb, None)
 try:
     c.op_encrypt([], 0, source, sink)
@@ -66,10 +73,12 @@ except Exception as e:
 else:
     assert False, "Expected an error, got none"
 
+
 # Wrong kind of callback function.
 def bad_passphrase_cb():
     pass
 
+
 c.set_passphrase_cb(bad_passphrase_cb, None)
 try:
     c.op_encrypt([], 0, source, sink)
@@ -78,8 +87,6 @@ except Exception as e:
 else:
     assert False, "Expected an error, got none"
 
-
-
 # Test the progress callback.
 parms = """<GnupgKeyParms format="internal">
 Key-Type: RSA
@@ -88,26 +95,31 @@ Name-Real: Joe Tester
 Name-Comment: with stupid passphrase
 Name-Email: joe+gpg@example.org
 Passphrase: Crypt0R0cks
-Expire-Date: 2020-12-31
+Expire-Date: 2099-12-31
 </GnupgKeyParms>
 """
 
 messages = []
+
+
 def progress_cb(what, typ, current, total, hook=None):
     assert hook == messages
     messages.append(
         "PROGRESS UPDATE: what = {}, type = {}, current = {}, total = {}"
         .format(what, typ, current, total))
 
+
 c = gpg.Context()
 c.set_progress_cb(progress_cb, messages)
 c.op_genkey(parms, None, None)
 assert len(messages) > 0
 
+
 # Test exception handling.
 def progress_cb(what, typ, current, total, hook=None):
     raise myException
 
+
 c = gpg.Context()
 c.set_progress_cb(progress_cb, None)
 try:
@@ -117,7 +129,6 @@ except Exception as e:
 else:
     assert False, "Expected an error, got none"
 
-
 # Test the edit callback.
 c = gpg.Context()
 c.set_pinentry_mode(gpg.constants.PINENTRY_MODE_LOOPBACK)
@@ -127,11 +138,15 @@ alpha = c.get_key("A0FF4590BB6122EDEF6E3C542D727CC768697734", False)
 
 cookie = object()
 edit_cb_called = False
+
+
 def edit_cb(status, args, hook):
     global edit_cb_called
     edit_cb_called = True
     assert hook == cookie
     return "quit" if args == "keyedit.prompt" else None
+
+
 c.op_edit(alpha, edit_cb, cookie, sink)
 assert edit_cb_called
 
@@ -141,8 +156,11 @@ c.set_pinentry_mode(gpg.constants.PINENTRY_MODE_LOOPBACK)
 c.set_passphrase_cb(lambda *args: "abc")
 sink = gpg.Data()
 
+
 def edit_cb(status, args):
     raise myException
+
+
 try:
     c.op_edit(alpha, edit_cb, None, sink)
 except Exception as e:
@@ -150,18 +168,19 @@ except Exception as e:
 else:
     assert False, "Expected an error, got none"
 
-
-
 # Test the status callback.
 source = gpg.Data("Hallo Leute\n")
 sink = gpg.Data()
 
 status_cb_called = False
+
+
 def status_cb(keyword, args, hook=None):
     global status_cb_called
     status_cb_called = True
     assert hook == cookie
 
+
 c = gpg.Context()
 c.set_status_cb(status_cb, cookie)
 c.set_ctx_flag("full-status", "1")
@@ -172,9 +191,11 @@ assert status_cb_called
 source = gpg.Data("Hallo Leute\n")
 sink = gpg.Data()
 
+
 def status_cb(keyword, args):
     raise myException
 
+
 c = gpg.Context()
 c.set_status_cb(status_cb, None)
 c.set_ctx_flag("full-status", "1")
@@ -186,13 +207,16 @@ else:
     assert False, "Expected an error, got none"
 
 
-
 # Test the data callbacks.
 def read_cb(amount, hook=None):
     assert hook == cookie
     return 0
+
+
 def release_cb(hook=None):
     assert hook == cookie
+
+
 data = gpg.Data(cbs=(read_cb, None, None, release_cb, cookie))
 try:
     data.read()
@@ -201,8 +225,11 @@ except Exception as e:
 else:
     assert False, "Expected an error, got none"
 
+
 def read_cb(amount):
     raise myException
+
+
 data = gpg.Data(cbs=(read_cb, None, None, lambda: None))
 try:
     data.read()
@@ -215,6 +242,8 @@ else:
 def write_cb(what, hook=None):
     assert hook == cookie
     return "wrong type"
+
+
 data = gpg.Data(cbs=(None, write_cb, None, release_cb, cookie))
 try:
     data.write(b'stuff')
@@ -223,8 +252,11 @@ except Exception as e:
 else:
     assert False, "Expected an error, got none"
 
+
 def write_cb(what):
     raise myException
+
+
 data = gpg.Data(cbs=(None, write_cb, None, lambda: None))
 try:
     data.write(b'stuff')
@@ -237,6 +269,8 @@ else:
 def seek_cb(offset, whence, hook=None):
     assert hook == cookie
     return "wrong type"
+
+
 data = gpg.Data(cbs=(None, None, seek_cb, release_cb, cookie))
 try:
     data.seek(0, os.SEEK_SET)
@@ -245,8 +279,11 @@ except Exception as e:
 else:
     assert False, "Expected an error, got none"
 
+
 def seek_cb(offset, whence):
     raise myException
+
+
 data = gpg.Data(cbs=(None, None, seek_cb, lambda: None))
 try:
     data.seek(0, os.SEEK_SET)
diff --git a/lang/python/tests/t-data.py b/lang/python/tests/t-data.py
index 5cf074c..006c11f 100755
--- a/lang/python/tests/t-data.py
+++ b/lang/python/tests/t-data.py
@@ -18,14 +18,15 @@
 # License along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 import io
 import os
 import tempfile
 import gpg
 import support
-_ = support # to appease pyflakes.
+_ = support  # to appease pyflakes.
+
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 data = gpg.Data('Hello world!')
 assert data.read() == b'Hello world!'
@@ -94,7 +95,8 @@ with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile() as tmp:
 
     # Open using name, offset, and length.
     data = gpg.Data(file=tmp.name, offset=23, length=42)
-    assert data.read() == binjunk[23:23+42]
+    assert data.read() == binjunk[23:23 + 42]
+
 
 # Test callbacks.
 class DataObject(object):
@@ -118,6 +120,7 @@ class DataObject(object):
         assert not self.released
         self.released = True
 
+
 do = DataObject()
 cookie = object()
 data = gpg.Data(cbs=(do.read, do.write, do.seek, do.release, cookie))
diff --git a/lang/python/tests/t-decrypt-verify.py b/lang/python/tests/t-decrypt-verify.py
index 03bbc4b..991d18c 100755
--- a/lang/python/tests/t-decrypt-verify.py
+++ b/lang/python/tests/t-decrypt-verify.py
@@ -18,11 +18,13 @@
 # License along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 import gpg
 import support
 
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+
 def check_verify_result(result, summary, fpr, status):
     assert len(result.signatures) == 1, "Unexpected number of signatures"
     sig = result.signatures[0]
@@ -32,7 +34,9 @@ def check_verify_result(result, summary, fpr, status):
     assert len(sig.notations) == 0
     assert not sig.wrong_key_usage
     assert sig.validity == gpg.constants.validity.FULL
-    assert gpg.errors.GPGMEError(sig.validity_reason).getcode() == gpg.errors.NO_ERROR
+    assert gpg.errors.GPGMEError(
+        sig.validity_reason).getcode() == gpg.errors.NO_ERROR
+
 
 c = gpg.Context()
 
@@ -47,10 +51,9 @@ assert not result.unsupported_algorithm, \
 support.print_data(sink)
 
 verify_result = c.op_verify_result()
-check_verify_result(verify_result,
-                    gpg.constants.sigsum.VALID | gpg.constants.sigsum.GREEN,
-                    "A0FF4590BB6122EDEF6E3C542D727CC768697734",
-                    gpg.errors.NO_ERROR)
+check_verify_result(
+    verify_result, gpg.constants.sigsum.VALID | gpg.constants.sigsum.GREEN,
+    "A0FF4590BB6122EDEF6E3C542D727CC768697734", gpg.errors.NO_ERROR)
 
 # Idiomatic interface.
 with gpg.Context() as c:
@@ -60,15 +63,14 @@ with gpg.Context() as c:
         c.decrypt(open(support.make_filename("cipher-2.asc")), verify=[alpha])
     assert plaintext.find(b'Wenn Sie dies lesen k') >= 0, \
         'Plaintext not found'
-    check_verify_result(verify_result,
-                        gpg.constants.sigsum.VALID | gpg.constants.sigsum.GREEN,
-                        "A0FF4590BB6122EDEF6E3C542D727CC768697734",
-                        gpg.errors.NO_ERROR)
+    check_verify_result(
+        verify_result, gpg.constants.sigsum.VALID | gpg.constants.sigsum.GREEN,
+        "A0FF4590BB6122EDEF6E3C542D727CC768697734", gpg.errors.NO_ERROR)
 
     try:
-        c.decrypt(open(support.make_filename("cipher-2.asc")),
-                  verify=[alpha, bob])
-    except gpg.errors.MissingSignatures as e:
+        c.decrypt(
+            open(support.make_filename("cipher-2.asc")), verify=[alpha, bob])
+    except Exception as e:
         assert len(e.missing) == 1
         assert e.missing[0] == bob
     else:
diff --git a/lang/python/tests/t-decrypt.py b/lang/python/tests/t-decrypt.py
index 05b6d8b..f2417c9 100755
--- a/lang/python/tests/t-decrypt.py
+++ b/lang/python/tests/t-decrypt.py
@@ -18,11 +18,12 @@
 # License along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 import gpg
 import support
 
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
 c = gpg.Context()
 
 source = gpg.Data(file=support.make_filename("cipher-1.asc"))
diff --git a/lang/python/tests/t-edit.py b/lang/python/tests/t-edit.py
index b1075a9..cbc17d9 100755
--- a/lang/python/tests/t-edit.py
+++ b/lang/python/tests/t-edit.py
@@ -19,13 +19,15 @@
 # License along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 import sys
 import os
 import gpg
 import support
-_ = support # to appease pyflakes.
+_ = support  # to appease pyflakes.
+
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
 
 class KeyEditor(object):
     def __init__(self):
@@ -47,11 +49,12 @@ class KeyEditor(object):
             result = None
 
         if self.verbose:
-            sys.stderr.write("Code: {}, args: {!r}, Returning: {!r}\n"
-                             .format(status, args, result))
+            sys.stderr.write("Code: {}, args: {!r}, Returning: {!r}\n".format(
+                status, args, result))
 
         return result
 
+
 c = gpg.Context()
 c.set_pinentry_mode(gpg.constants.PINENTRY_MODE_LOOPBACK)
 c.set_passphrase_cb(lambda *args: "abc")
@@ -59,13 +62,15 @@ c.set_armor(True)
 
 # The deprecated interface.
 editor = KeyEditor()
-c.interact(c.get_key("A0FF4590BB6122EDEF6E3C542D727CC768697734", False),
-           editor.edit_fnc)
+c.interact(
+    c.get_key("A0FF4590BB6122EDEF6E3C542D727CC768697734", False),
+    editor.edit_fnc)
 assert editor.done
 
 # The deprecated interface.
 sink = gpg.Data()
 editor = KeyEditor()
-c.op_edit(c.get_key("A0FF4590BB6122EDEF6E3C542D727CC768697734", False),
-          editor.edit_fnc, sink, sink)
+c.op_edit(
+    c.get_key("A0FF4590BB6122EDEF6E3C542D727CC768697734", False),
+    editor.edit_fnc, sink, sink)
 assert editor.done
diff --git a/lang/python/tests/t-encrypt-large.py b/lang/python/tests/t-encrypt-large.py
index 5646085..18576ac 100755
--- a/lang/python/tests/t-encrypt-large.py
+++ b/lang/python/tests/t-encrypt-large.py
@@ -18,13 +18,14 @@
 # License along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 import sys
 import random
 import gpg
 import support
 
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
 if len(sys.argv) == 2:
     nbytes = int(sys.argv[1])
 else:
@@ -33,6 +34,8 @@ else:
 c = gpg.Context()
 
 ntoread = nbytes
+
+
 def read_cb(amount):
     global ntoread
     chunk = ntoread if ntoread < amount else amount
@@ -41,12 +44,16 @@ def read_cb(amount):
     assert chunk >= 0
     return bytes(bytearray(random.randrange(256) for i in range(chunk)))
 
+
 nwritten = 0
+
+
 def write_cb(data):
     global nwritten
     nwritten += len(data)
     return len(data)
 
+
 source = gpg.Data(cbs=(read_cb, None, None, lambda: None))
 sink = gpg.Data(cbs=(None, write_cb, None, lambda: None))
 
@@ -61,5 +68,5 @@ assert not result.invalid_recipients, \
 assert ntoread == 0
 
 if support.verbose:
-    sys.stderr.write(
-        "plaintext={} bytes, ciphertext={} bytes\n".format(nbytes, nwritten))
+    sys.stderr.write("plaintext={} bytes, ciphertext={} bytes\n".format(
+        nbytes, nwritten))
diff --git a/lang/python/tests/t-encrypt-sign.py b/lang/python/tests/t-encrypt-sign.py
index f04783f..84d1abb 100755
--- a/lang/python/tests/t-encrypt-sign.py
+++ b/lang/python/tests/t-encrypt-sign.py
@@ -18,15 +18,17 @@
 # License along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 import sys
 import gpg
 import support
 
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
 c = gpg.Context()
 c.set_armor(True)
 
+
 def check_result(r, typ):
     if r.invalid_signers:
         sys.exit("Invalid signer found: {}".format(r.invalid_signers.fpr))
@@ -42,7 +44,8 @@ def check_result(r, typ):
         sys.exit("Wrong pubkey algorithm reported: {}".format(
             signature.pubkey_algo))
 
-    if signature.hash_algo not in (gpg.constants.md.SHA1, gpg.constants.md.RMD160):
+    if signature.hash_algo not in (gpg.constants.md.SHA1,
+                                   gpg.constants.md.RMD160):
         sys.exit("Wrong hash algorithm reported: {}".format(
             signature.hash_algo))
 
@@ -53,6 +56,7 @@ def check_result(r, typ):
     if signature.fpr != "A0FF4590BB6122EDEF6E3C542D727CC768697734":
         sys.exit("Wrong fingerprint reported: {}".format(signature.fpr))
 
+
 keys = []
 keys.append(c.get_key("A0FF4590BB6122EDEF6E3C542D727CC768697734", False))
 keys.append(c.get_key("D695676BDCEDCC2CDD6152BCFE180B1DA9E3B0B2", False))
@@ -61,7 +65,8 @@ for recipients in (keys, []):
     source = gpg.Data("Hallo Leute\n")
     sink = gpg.Data()
 
-    c.op_encrypt_sign(recipients, gpg.constants.ENCRYPT_ALWAYS_TRUST, source, sink)
+    c.op_encrypt_sign(recipients, gpg.constants.ENCRYPT_ALWAYS_TRUST, source,
+                      sink)
     result = c.op_encrypt_result()
     assert not result.invalid_recipients, \
         "Invalid recipient encountered: {}".format(
@@ -72,13 +77,11 @@ for recipients in (keys, []):
 
     support.print_data(sink)
 
-
 # Idiomatic interface.
 with gpg.Context(armor=True) as c:
     message = "Hallo Leute\n".encode()
-    ciphertext, _, sig_result = c.encrypt(message,
-                                          recipients=keys,
-                                          always_trust=True)
+    ciphertext, _, sig_result = c.encrypt(
+        message, recipients=keys, always_trust=True)
     assert len(ciphertext) > 0
     assert ciphertext.find(b'BEGIN PGP MESSAGE') > 0, 'Marker not found'
     check_result(sig_result, gpg.constants.sig.mode.NORMAL)
diff --git a/lang/python/tests/t-encrypt-sym.py b/lang/python/tests/t-encrypt-sym.py
index 8299293..9b099fe 100755
--- a/lang/python/tests/t-encrypt-sym.py
+++ b/lang/python/tests/t-encrypt-sym.py
@@ -18,12 +18,13 @@
 # License along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 import os
 import gpg
 import support
-_ = support # to appease pyflakes.
+_ = support  # to appease pyflakes.
+
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 for passphrase in ("abc", b"abc"):
     c = gpg.Context()
@@ -34,6 +35,7 @@ for passphrase in ("abc", b"abc"):
     cipher = gpg.Data()
 
     passphrase_cb_called = 0
+
     def passphrase_cb(hint, desc, prev_bad, hook=None):
         global passphrase_cb_called
         passphrase_cb_called += 1
@@ -55,7 +57,7 @@ for passphrase in ("abc", b"abc"):
 
     c.op_decrypt(cipher, plain)
     # Seems like the passphrase is cached.
-    #assert passphrase_cb_called == 2, \
+    # assert passphrase_cb_called == 2, \
     #    "Callback called {} times".format(passphrase_cb_called)
     support.print_data(plain)
 
@@ -70,12 +72,12 @@ for passphrase in ("abc", b"abc"):
         # Check that the passphrase callback is not altered.
         def f(*args):
             assert False
+
         c.set_passphrase_cb(f)
 
         message = "Hallo Leute\n".encode()
-        ciphertext, _, _ = c.encrypt(message,
-                                     passphrase=passphrase,
-                                     sign=False)
+        ciphertext, _, _ = c.encrypt(
+            message, passphrase=passphrase, sign=False)
         assert ciphertext.find(b'BEGIN PGP MESSAGE') > 0, 'Marker not found'
 
         plaintext, _, _ = c.decrypt(ciphertext, passphrase=passphrase)
diff --git a/lang/python/tests/t-encrypt.py b/lang/python/tests/t-encrypt.py
index 921502a..e702daa 100755
--- a/lang/python/tests/t-encrypt.py
+++ b/lang/python/tests/t-encrypt.py
@@ -18,11 +18,12 @@
 # License along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 import gpg
 import support
 
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
 c = gpg.Context()
 c.set_armor(True)
 
@@ -41,36 +42,37 @@ support.print_data(sink)
 
 # Idiomatic interface.
 with gpg.Context(armor=True) as c:
-    ciphertext, _, _ = c.encrypt("Hallo Leute\n".encode(),
-                                 recipients=keys,
-                                 sign=False,
-                                 always_trust=True)
+    ciphertext, _, _ = c.encrypt(
+        "Hallo Leute\n".encode(),
+        recipients=keys,
+        sign=False,
+        always_trust=True)
     assert len(ciphertext) > 0
     assert ciphertext.find(b'BEGIN PGP MESSAGE') > 0, 'Marker not found'
 
-    c.encrypt("Hallo Leute\n".encode(),
-              recipients=[c.get_key(support.encrypt_only, False)],
-              sign=False, always_trust=True)
+    c.encrypt(
+        "Hallo Leute\n".encode(),
+        recipients=[c.get_key(support.encrypt_only, False)],
+        sign=False,
+        always_trust=True)
 
     try:
-        c.encrypt("Hallo Leute\n".encode(),
-                  recipients=[c.get_key(support.sign_only, False)],
-                  sign=False, always_trust=True)
+        c.encrypt(
+            "Hallo Leute\n".encode(),
+            recipients=[c.get_key(support.sign_only, False)],
+            sign=False,
+            always_trust=True)
     except gpg.errors.InvalidRecipients as e:
         assert len(e.recipients) == 1
         assert support.sign_only.endswith(e.recipients[0].fpr)
     else:
         assert False, "Expected an InvalidRecipients error, got none"
 
-
-
     try:
         # People might be tempted to provide strings.
         # We should raise something useful.
-        ciphertext, _, _ = c.encrypt("Hallo Leute\n",
-                                     recipients=keys,
-                                     sign=False,
-                                     always_trust=True)
+        ciphertext, _, _ = c.encrypt(
+            "Hallo Leute\n", recipients=keys, sign=False, always_trust=True)
     except TypeError as e:
         # This test is a bit fragile, because the message
         # may very well change. So if the behaviour will change
diff --git a/lang/python/tests/t-export.py b/lang/python/tests/t-export.py
index b9d5204..6d771dd 100755
--- a/lang/python/tests/t-export.py
+++ b/lang/python/tests/t-export.py
@@ -18,11 +18,12 @@
 # License along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 import gpg
 import support
 
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
 c = gpg.Context()
 c.set_armor(True)
 
@@ -32,8 +33,8 @@ support.print_data(sink)
 
 # Again. Now using a key array.
 keys = []
-keys.append(c.get_key("0x68697734", False)) # Alpha
-keys.append(c.get_key("0xA9E3B0B2", False)) # Bob
+keys.append(c.get_key("0x68697734", False))  # Alpha
+keys.append(c.get_key("0xA9E3B0B2", False))  # Bob
 sink = gpg.Data()
 c.op_export_keys(keys, 0, sink)
 support.print_data(sink)
diff --git a/lang/python/tests/t-file-name.py b/lang/python/tests/t-file-name.py
index 32fe84a..d9c226f 100755
--- a/lang/python/tests/t-file-name.py
+++ b/lang/python/tests/t-file-name.py
@@ -18,12 +18,13 @@
 # License along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 import os
 import gpg
 import support
-_ = support # to appease pyflakes.
+_ = support  # to appease pyflakes.
+
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 testname = "abcde12345"
 
diff --git a/lang/python/tests/t-idiomatic.py b/lang/python/tests/t-idiomatic.py
index b7ae4eb..238bbf3 100755
--- a/lang/python/tests/t-idiomatic.py
+++ b/lang/python/tests/t-idiomatic.py
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 # License along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 import sys
 import io
@@ -26,7 +25,9 @@ import os
 import tempfile
 import gpg
 import support
-_ = support # to appease pyflakes.
+_ = support  # to appease pyflakes.
+
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 # Both Context and Data can be used as context manager:
 with gpg.Context() as c, gpg.Data() as d:
@@ -34,8 +35,9 @@ with gpg.Context() as c, gpg.Data() as d:
     d.write(b"Halloechen")
     leak_c = c
     leak_d = d
-assert leak_c.wrapped == None
-assert leak_d.wrapped == None
+assert leak_c.wrapped is None
+assert leak_d.wrapped is None
+
 
 def sign_and_verify(source, signed, sink):
     with gpg.Context() as c:
@@ -53,6 +55,7 @@ def sign_and_verify(source, signed, sink):
     sink.seek(0, os.SEEK_SET)
     assert sink.read() == b"Hallo Leute\n"
 
+
 # Demonstrate automatic wrapping of file-like objects with 'fileno'
 # method.
 with tempfile.TemporaryFile() as source, \
@@ -73,7 +76,7 @@ if sys.version_info[0] == 3:
     bio.truncate(1)
     if len(bio.getvalue()) != 1:
         # This version of Python is affected, preallocate buffer.
-        preallocate = 128*b'\x00'
+        preallocate = 128 * b'\x00'
     else:
         preallocate = b''
 
diff --git a/lang/python/tests/t-import.py b/lang/python/tests/t-import.py
index e2edf5a..82d3a4e 100755
--- a/lang/python/tests/t-import.py
+++ b/lang/python/tests/t-import.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 
-# Copyright (C) 2016 g10 Code GmbH
+# Copyright (C) 2016 Tobias Mueller <muelli at cryptobitch.de>
 #
 # This file is part of GPGME.
 #
@@ -18,45 +18,47 @@
 # License along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 import gpg
 import support
 
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+
 def check_result(result, fpr, secret):
     assert result.considered == 1 or (secret and result.considered == 3)
     assert result.no_user_id == 0
-    assert not ((secret and result.imported != 0)
-                or (not secret and (result.imported != 0
-                                    and result.imported != 1)))
+    assert not ((secret and result.imported != 0) or
+                (not secret and
+                 (result.imported != 0 and result.imported != 1)))
     assert result.imported_rsa == 0
-    assert not ((secret and (result.unchanged != 0 and result.unchanged != 1))
-                or (not secret and ((result.imported == 0
-                                     and result.unchanged != 1)
-                                 or (result.imported == 1
-                                     and result.unchanged != 0))))
+    assert not ((secret and
+                 (result.unchanged != 0 and result.unchanged != 1)) or
+                (not secret and
+                 ((result.imported == 0 and result.unchanged != 1) or
+                  (result.imported == 1 and result.unchanged != 0))))
     assert result.new_user_ids == 0
     assert result.new_sub_keys == 0
-    assert not ((secret
-                 and ((result.secret_imported == 0
-                       and result.new_signatures != 0)
-                      or (result.secret_imported == 1
-                          and result.new_signatures > 1)))
-                or (not secret and result.new_signatures != 0))
+    assert not ((secret and (
+        (result.secret_imported == 0 and result.new_signatures != 0) or
+        (result.secret_imported == 1 and result.new_signatures > 1))) or
+                (not secret and result.new_signatures != 0))
     assert result.new_revocations == 0
-    assert not ((secret and result.secret_read != 1 and result.secret_read != 3)
-                or (not secret and result.secret_read != 0))
-    assert not ((secret and result.secret_imported != 0
-                 and result.secret_imported != 1
-                 and result.secret_imported != 2)
-                or (not secret and result.secret_imported != 0))
-    assert not ((secret
-                 and ((result.secret_imported == 0
-                       and result.secret_unchanged != 1
-                       and result.secret_unchanged != 2)
-                      or (result.secret_imported == 1
-                          and result.secret_unchanged != 0)))
-                or (not secret and result.secret_unchanged != 0))
+    assert not (
+        (secret and result.secret_read != 1 and result.secret_read != 3) or
+        (not secret and result.secret_read != 0))
+    assert not (
+        (secret and result.secret_imported != 0 and result.
+            secret_imported != 1 and result.
+            secret_imported != 2) or (not secret and result.
+                                      secret_imported != 0))
+    assert not ((secret and
+                 ((result.secret_imported == 0 and result.
+                   secret_unchanged != 1 and result.
+                   secret_unchanged != 2) or (result.
+                                              secret_imported == 1 and result.
+                                              secret_unchanged != 0))) or
+                (not secret and result.secret_unchanged != 0))
     assert result.not_imported == 0
     if secret:
         assert not (len(result.imports) in (0, 3))
@@ -67,12 +69,17 @@ def check_result(result, fpr, secret):
     assert len(result.imports) == 1 or fpr == result.imports[1].fpr
     assert result.imports[0].result == 0
 
+
 c = gpg.Context()
 
-c.op_import(gpg.Data(file=support.make_filename("pubkey-1.asc")))
-result = c.op_import_result()
+result = c.key_import(open(support.make_filename("pubkey-1.asc"), 'rb').read())
 check_result(result, "ADAB7FCC1F4DE2616ECFA402AF82244F9CD9FD55", False)
 
-c.op_import(gpg.Data(file=support.make_filename("seckey-1.asc")))
-result = c.op_import_result()
+result = c.key_import(open(support.make_filename("seckey-1.asc"), 'rb').read())
 check_result(result, "ADAB7FCC1F4DE2616ECFA402AF82244F9CD9FD55", True)
+
+try:
+    result = c.key_import(b"thisisnotakey")
+except ValueError:
+    pass
+assert result == "IMPORT_PROBLEM"
diff --git a/lang/python/tests/t-keylist-from-data.py b/lang/python/tests/t-keylist-from-data.py
index 6503eb7..4fd9ba0 100755
--- a/lang/python/tests/t-keylist-from-data.py
+++ b/lang/python/tests/t-keylist-from-data.py
@@ -18,87 +18,142 @@
 # License along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 import gpg
 import support
 
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
 support.assert_gpg_version((2, 1, 14))
 
+
 # Check expration of keys.  This test assumes three subkeys of which
 # 2 are expired; it is used with the "Whisky" test key.  It has
 # already been checked that these 3 subkeys are available.
 def check_whisky(name, key):
-  sub1 = key.subkeys[2]
-  sub2 = key.subkeys[3]
+    sub1 = key.subkeys[2]
+    sub2 = key.subkeys[3]
+
+    assert sub1.expired and sub2.expired, \
+        "Subkey of `{}' not flagged as expired".format(name)
+    assert sub1.expires == 1129636886 and sub2.expires == 1129636939, \
+        "Subkey of `{}' has wrong expiration date".format(name)
 
-  assert sub1.expired and sub2.expired, \
-      "Subkey of `{}' not flagged as expired".format(name)
-  assert sub1.expires == 1129636886 and sub2.expires == 1129636939, \
-      "Subkey of `{}' has wrong expiration date".format(name)
 
 keys = [
-    [ "A0FF4590BB6122EDEF6E3C542D727CC768697734", "6AE6D7EE46A871F8",
-      [ [ "Alfa Test", "demo key", "alfa@example.net" ],
-        [ "Alpha Test", "demo key", "alpha@example.net" ],
-	[ "Alice", "demo key", "" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "D695676BDCEDCC2CDD6152BCFE180B1DA9E3B0B2", "5381EA4EE29BA37F",
-      [ [ "Bob", "demo key", "" ],
-	[ "Bravo Test", "demo key", "bravo@example.net" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "61EE841A2A27EB983B3B3C26413F4AF31AFDAB6C", "E71E72ACBC43DA60",
-      [ [ "Charlie Test", "demo key", "charlie@example.net" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "6560C59C43D031C54D7C588EEBA9F240EB9DC9E6", "06F22880B0C45424",
-      [ [ "Delta Test", "demo key", "delta@example.net" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "3531152DE293E26A07F504BC318C1FAEFAEF6D1B", "B5C79E1A7272144D",
-      [ [ "Echelon", "demo key", "" ],
-	[ "Echo Test", "demo key", "echo@example.net" ],
-	[ "Eve", "demo key", "" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "56D33268F7FE693FBB594762D4BF57F37372E243", "0A32EE79EE45198E",
-      [ [ "Foxtrot Test", "demo key", "foxtrot@example.net" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "C9C07DCC6621B9FB8D071B1D168410A48FC282E6", "247491CC9DCAD354",
-      [ [ "Golf Test", "demo key", "golf@example.net" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "9E91CBB11E4D4135583EF90513DB965534C6E3F1", "76E26537D622AD0A",
-      [ [ "Hotel Test", "demo key", "hotel@example.net" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "CD538D6CC9FB3D745ECDA5201FE8FC6F04259677", "C1C8EFDE61F76C73",
-      [ [ "India Test", "demo key", "india@example.net" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "F8F1EDC73995AB739AD54B380C820C71D2699313", "BD0B108735F8F136",
-      [ [ "Juliet Test", "demo key", "juliet@example.net" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "3FD11083779196C2ECDD9594AD1B0FAD43C2D0C7", "86CBB34A9AF64D02",
-      [ [ "Kilo Test", "demo key", "kilo@example.net" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "1DDD28CEF714F5B03B8C246937CAB51FB79103F8", "0363B449FE56350C",
-      [ [ "Lima Test", "demo key", "lima@example.net" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "2686AA191A278013992C72EBBE794852BE5CF886", "5F600A834F31EAE8",
-      [ [ "Mallory", "demo key", "" ],
-	[ "Mike Test", "demo key", "mike@example.net" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "5AB9D6D7BAA1C95B3BAA3D9425B00FD430CEC684", "4C1D63308B70E472",
-      [ [ "November Test", "demo key", "november@example.net" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "43929E89F8F79381678CAE515F6356BA6D9732AC", "FF0785712681619F",
-      [ [ "Oscar Test", "demo key", "oscar@example.net" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "6FAA9C201E5E26DCBAEC39FD5D15E01D3FF13206", "2764E18263330D9C",
-      [ [ "Papa test", "demo key", "papa@example.net" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "A7969DA1C3297AA96D49843F1C67EC133C661C84", "6CDCFC44A029ACF4",
-      [ [ "Quebec Test", "demo key", "quebec@example.net" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "38FBE1E4BF6A5E1242C8F6A13BDBEDB1777FBED3", "9FAB805A11D102EA",
-      [ [ "Romeo Test", "demo key", "romeo@example.net" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "045B2334ADD69FC221076841A5E67F7FA3AE3EA1", "93B88B0F0F1B50B4",
-      [ [ "Sierra Test", "demo key", "sierra@example.net" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "ECAC774F4EEEB0620767044A58CB9A4C85A81F38", "97B60E01101C0402",
-      [ [ "Tango Test", "demo key", "tango@example.net" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "0DBCAD3F08843B9557C6C4D4A94C0F75653244D6", "93079B915522BDB9",
-      [ [ "Uniform Test", "demo key", "uniform@example.net" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "E8143C489C8D41124DC40D0B47AF4B6961F04784", "04071FB807287134",
-      [ [ "Victor Test", "demo key", "victor@example.org" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "E8D6C90B683B0982BD557A99DEF0F7B8EC67DBDE", "D7FBB421FD6E27F6",
-      [ [ "Whisky Test", "demo key", "whisky@example.net" ] ], 3,
-      check_whisky ],
-    [ "04C1DF62EFA0EBB00519B06A8979A6C5567FB34A", "5CC6F87F41E408BE",
-      [ [ "XRay Test", "demo key", "xray@example.net" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "ED9B316F78644A58D042655A9EEF34CD4B11B25F", "5ADFD255F7B080AD",
-      [ [ "Yankee Test", "demo key", "yankee@example.net" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "23FD347A419429BACCD5E72D6BC4778054ACD246", "EF9DC276A172C881",
-      [ [ "Zulu Test", "demo key", "zulu@example.net" ] ], 1 ],
+    [
+        "A0FF4590BB6122EDEF6E3C542D727CC768697734", "6AE6D7EE46A871F8",
+        [["Alfa Test", "demo key", "alfa@example.net"],
+         ["Alpha Test", "demo key", "alpha@example.net"],
+         ["Alice", "demo key", ""]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "D695676BDCEDCC2CDD6152BCFE180B1DA9E3B0B2", "5381EA4EE29BA37F",
+        [["Bob", "demo key", ""],
+         ["Bravo Test", "demo key", "bravo@example.net"]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "61EE841A2A27EB983B3B3C26413F4AF31AFDAB6C", "E71E72ACBC43DA60",
+        [["Charlie Test", "demo key", "charlie@example.net"]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "6560C59C43D031C54D7C588EEBA9F240EB9DC9E6", "06F22880B0C45424",
+        [["Delta Test", "demo key", "delta@example.net"]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "3531152DE293E26A07F504BC318C1FAEFAEF6D1B", "B5C79E1A7272144D",
+        [["Echelon", "demo key",
+          ""], ["Echo Test", "demo key", "echo@example.net"],
+         ["Eve", "demo key", ""]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "56D33268F7FE693FBB594762D4BF57F37372E243", "0A32EE79EE45198E",
+        [["Foxtrot Test", "demo key", "foxtrot@example.net"]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "C9C07DCC6621B9FB8D071B1D168410A48FC282E6", "247491CC9DCAD354",
+        [["Golf Test", "demo key", "golf@example.net"]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "9E91CBB11E4D4135583EF90513DB965534C6E3F1", "76E26537D622AD0A",
+        [["Hotel Test", "demo key", "hotel@example.net"]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "CD538D6CC9FB3D745ECDA5201FE8FC6F04259677", "C1C8EFDE61F76C73",
+        [["India Test", "demo key", "india@example.net"]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "F8F1EDC73995AB739AD54B380C820C71D2699313", "BD0B108735F8F136",
+        [["Juliet Test", "demo key", "juliet@example.net"]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "3FD11083779196C2ECDD9594AD1B0FAD43C2D0C7", "86CBB34A9AF64D02",
+        [["Kilo Test", "demo key", "kilo@example.net"]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "1DDD28CEF714F5B03B8C246937CAB51FB79103F8", "0363B449FE56350C",
+        [["Lima Test", "demo key", "lima@example.net"]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "2686AA191A278013992C72EBBE794852BE5CF886", "5F600A834F31EAE8",
+        [["Mallory", "demo key", ""],
+         ["Mike Test", "demo key", "mike@example.net"]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "5AB9D6D7BAA1C95B3BAA3D9425B00FD430CEC684", "4C1D63308B70E472",
+        [["November Test", "demo key", "november@example.net"]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "43929E89F8F79381678CAE515F6356BA6D9732AC", "FF0785712681619F",
+        [["Oscar Test", "demo key", "oscar@example.net"]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "6FAA9C201E5E26DCBAEC39FD5D15E01D3FF13206", "2764E18263330D9C",
+        [["Papa test", "demo key", "papa@example.net"]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "A7969DA1C3297AA96D49843F1C67EC133C661C84", "6CDCFC44A029ACF4",
+        [["Quebec Test", "demo key", "quebec@example.net"]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "38FBE1E4BF6A5E1242C8F6A13BDBEDB1777FBED3", "9FAB805A11D102EA",
+        [["Romeo Test", "demo key", "romeo@example.net"]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "045B2334ADD69FC221076841A5E67F7FA3AE3EA1", "93B88B0F0F1B50B4",
+        [["Sierra Test", "demo key", "sierra@example.net"]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "ECAC774F4EEEB0620767044A58CB9A4C85A81F38", "97B60E01101C0402",
+        [["Tango Test", "demo key", "tango@example.net"]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "0DBCAD3F08843B9557C6C4D4A94C0F75653244D6", "93079B915522BDB9",
+        [["Uniform Test", "demo key", "uniform@example.net"]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "E8143C489C8D41124DC40D0B47AF4B6961F04784", "04071FB807287134",
+        [["Victor Test", "demo key", "victor@example.org"]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "E8D6C90B683B0982BD557A99DEF0F7B8EC67DBDE", "D7FBB421FD6E27F6",
+        [["Whisky Test", "demo key", "whisky@example.net"]], 3, check_whisky
+    ],
+    [
+        "04C1DF62EFA0EBB00519B06A8979A6C5567FB34A", "5CC6F87F41E408BE",
+        [["XRay Test", "demo key", "xray@example.net"]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "ED9B316F78644A58D042655A9EEF34CD4B11B25F", "5ADFD255F7B080AD",
+        [["Yankee Test", "demo key", "yankee@example.net"]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "23FD347A419429BACCD5E72D6BC4778054ACD246", "EF9DC276A172C881",
+        [["Zulu Test", "demo key", "zulu@example.net"]], 1
+    ],
 ]
 
+
 def check_global(key, uids, n_subkeys):
     assert not key.revoked, "Key unexpectedly revoked"
     assert not key.expired, "Key unexpectedly expired"
@@ -145,10 +200,11 @@ def check_subkey(fpr, which, subkey):
     assert not subkey.secret, which + " key unexpectedly secret"
     assert not subkey.is_cardkey, "Public key marked as card key"
     assert not subkey.card_number, "Public key with card number set"
-    assert not subkey.pubkey_algo != (gpg.constants.pk.DSA if which == "Primary"
-                                      else gpg.constants.pk.ELG_E), \
-        which + " key has unexpected public key algo: {}".\
-            format(subkey.pubkey_algo)
+    assert not subkey.pubkey_algo != \
+        (gpg.constants.pk.DSA if which == "Primary"
+         else gpg.constants.pk.ELG_E), \
+         which + " key has unexpected public key algo: {}".format(subkey.
+                                                                  pubkey_algo)
     assert subkey.length == 1024, \
         which + " key has unexpected length: {}".format(subkey.length)
     assert fpr.endswith(subkey.keyid), \
@@ -158,24 +214,26 @@ def check_subkey(fpr, which, subkey):
     assert not subkey.expires, \
         which + " key unexpectedly expires: {}".format(subkey.expires)
 
+
 def check_uid(which, ref, uid):
     assert not uid.revoked, which + " user ID unexpectedly revoked"
     assert not uid.invalid, which + " user ID unexpectedly invalid"
     assert uid.validity == gpg.constants.validity.UNKNOWN, \
-      which + " user ID has unexpected validity: {}".format(uid.validity)
+        which + " user ID has unexpected validity: {}".format(uid.validity)
     assert not uid.signatures, which + " user ID unexpectedly signed"
     assert uid.name == ref[0], \
-      "Unexpected name in {} user ID: {!r}".format(which.lower(), uid.name)
+        "Unexpected name in {} user ID: {!r}".format(which.lower(), uid.name)
     assert uid.comment == ref[1], \
-      "Unexpected comment in {} user ID: {!r}".format(which.lower(),
-                                                      uid.comment)
+        "Unexpected comment in {} user ID: {!r}".format(which.lower(),
+                                                        uid.comment)
     assert uid.email == ref[2], \
-      "Unexpected email in {} user ID: {!r}".format(which.lower(), uid.email)
+        "Unexpected email in {} user ID: {!r}".format(which.lower(), uid.email)
+
 
 # Export all the data from our keyring...
 key_data = gpg.Data()
 with gpg.Context() as c:
-  c.op_export_keys([c.get_key(k[0]) for k in keys], 0, key_data)
+    c.op_export_keys([c.get_key(k[0]) for k in keys], 0, key_data)
 
 # ... rewind the tape...
 key_data.rewind()
@@ -201,11 +259,11 @@ with support.EphemeralContext() as c:
         assert len(key.uids) == len(uids)
         check_uid("First", uids[0], key.uids[0])
         if len(key.uids) > 1:
-          check_uid("Second", uids[1], key.uids[1])
+            check_uid("Second", uids[1], key.uids[1])
         if len(key.uids) > 2:
-          check_uid("Third", uids[2], key.uids[2])
+            check_uid("Third", uids[2], key.uids[2])
 
         if misc_check:
-            misc_check (uids[0][0], key)
+            misc_check(uids[0][0], key)
 
     assert len(list(c.keylist())) == 0, "Keys were imported"
diff --git a/lang/python/tests/t-keylist.py b/lang/python/tests/t-keylist.py
index 4505d3c..9cbada5 100755
--- a/lang/python/tests/t-keylist.py
+++ b/lang/python/tests/t-keylist.py
@@ -18,87 +18,142 @@
 # License along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 import gpg
 import support
 
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
 c = gpg.Context()
 
+
 # Check expration of keys.  This test assumes three subkeys of which
 # 2 are expired; it is used with the "Whisky" test key.  It has
 # already been checked that these 3 subkeys are available.
 def check_whisky(name, key):
-  sub1 = key.subkeys[2]
-  sub2 = key.subkeys[3]
+    sub1 = key.subkeys[2]
+    sub2 = key.subkeys[3]
+
+    assert sub1.expired and sub2.expired, \
+        "Subkey of `{}' not flagged as expired".format(name)
+    assert sub1.expires == 1129636886 and sub2.expires == 1129636939, \
+        "Subkey of `{}' has wrong expiration date".format(name)
 
-  assert sub1.expired and sub2.expired, \
-      "Subkey of `{}' not flagged as expired".format(name)
-  assert sub1.expires == 1129636886 and sub2.expires == 1129636939, \
-      "Subkey of `{}' has wrong expiration date".format(name)
 
 keys = [
-    [ "A0FF4590BB6122EDEF6E3C542D727CC768697734", "6AE6D7EE46A871F8",
-      [ [ "Alfa Test", "demo key", "alfa@example.net" ],
-        [ "Alpha Test", "demo key", "alpha@example.net" ],
-	[ "Alice", "demo key", "" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "D695676BDCEDCC2CDD6152BCFE180B1DA9E3B0B2", "5381EA4EE29BA37F",
-      [ [ "Bob", "demo key", "" ],
-	[ "Bravo Test", "demo key", "bravo@example.net" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "61EE841A2A27EB983B3B3C26413F4AF31AFDAB6C", "E71E72ACBC43DA60",
-      [ [ "Charlie Test", "demo key", "charlie@example.net" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "6560C59C43D031C54D7C588EEBA9F240EB9DC9E6", "06F22880B0C45424",
-      [ [ "Delta Test", "demo key", "delta@example.net" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "3531152DE293E26A07F504BC318C1FAEFAEF6D1B", "B5C79E1A7272144D",
-      [ [ "Echelon", "demo key", "" ],
-	[ "Echo Test", "demo key", "echo@example.net" ],
-	[ "Eve", "demo key", "" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "56D33268F7FE693FBB594762D4BF57F37372E243", "0A32EE79EE45198E",
-      [ [ "Foxtrot Test", "demo key", "foxtrot@example.net" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "C9C07DCC6621B9FB8D071B1D168410A48FC282E6", "247491CC9DCAD354",
-      [ [ "Golf Test", "demo key", "golf@example.net" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "9E91CBB11E4D4135583EF90513DB965534C6E3F1", "76E26537D622AD0A",
-      [ [ "Hotel Test", "demo key", "hotel@example.net" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "CD538D6CC9FB3D745ECDA5201FE8FC6F04259677", "C1C8EFDE61F76C73",
-      [ [ "India Test", "demo key", "india@example.net" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "F8F1EDC73995AB739AD54B380C820C71D2699313", "BD0B108735F8F136",
-      [ [ "Juliet Test", "demo key", "juliet@example.net" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "3FD11083779196C2ECDD9594AD1B0FAD43C2D0C7", "86CBB34A9AF64D02",
-      [ [ "Kilo Test", "demo key", "kilo@example.net" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "1DDD28CEF714F5B03B8C246937CAB51FB79103F8", "0363B449FE56350C",
-      [ [ "Lima Test", "demo key", "lima@example.net" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "2686AA191A278013992C72EBBE794852BE5CF886", "5F600A834F31EAE8",
-      [ [ "Mallory", "demo key", "" ],
-	[ "Mike Test", "demo key", "mike@example.net" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "5AB9D6D7BAA1C95B3BAA3D9425B00FD430CEC684", "4C1D63308B70E472",
-      [ [ "November Test", "demo key", "november@example.net" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "43929E89F8F79381678CAE515F6356BA6D9732AC", "FF0785712681619F",
-      [ [ "Oscar Test", "demo key", "oscar@example.net" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "6FAA9C201E5E26DCBAEC39FD5D15E01D3FF13206", "2764E18263330D9C",
-      [ [ "Papa test", "demo key", "papa@example.net" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "A7969DA1C3297AA96D49843F1C67EC133C661C84", "6CDCFC44A029ACF4",
-      [ [ "Quebec Test", "demo key", "quebec@example.net" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "38FBE1E4BF6A5E1242C8F6A13BDBEDB1777FBED3", "9FAB805A11D102EA",
-      [ [ "Romeo Test", "demo key", "romeo@example.net" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "045B2334ADD69FC221076841A5E67F7FA3AE3EA1", "93B88B0F0F1B50B4",
-      [ [ "Sierra Test", "demo key", "sierra@example.net" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "ECAC774F4EEEB0620767044A58CB9A4C85A81F38", "97B60E01101C0402",
-      [ [ "Tango Test", "demo key", "tango@example.net" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "0DBCAD3F08843B9557C6C4D4A94C0F75653244D6", "93079B915522BDB9",
-      [ [ "Uniform Test", "demo key", "uniform@example.net" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "E8143C489C8D41124DC40D0B47AF4B6961F04784", "04071FB807287134",
-      [ [ "Victor Test", "demo key", "victor@example.org" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "E8D6C90B683B0982BD557A99DEF0F7B8EC67DBDE", "D7FBB421FD6E27F6",
-      [ [ "Whisky Test", "demo key", "whisky@example.net" ] ], 3,
-      check_whisky ],
-    [ "04C1DF62EFA0EBB00519B06A8979A6C5567FB34A", "5CC6F87F41E408BE",
-      [ [ "XRay Test", "demo key", "xray@example.net" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "ED9B316F78644A58D042655A9EEF34CD4B11B25F", "5ADFD255F7B080AD",
-      [ [ "Yankee Test", "demo key", "yankee@example.net" ] ], 1 ],
-    [ "23FD347A419429BACCD5E72D6BC4778054ACD246", "EF9DC276A172C881",
-      [ [ "Zulu Test", "demo key", "zulu@example.net" ] ], 1 ],
+    [
+        "A0FF4590BB6122EDEF6E3C542D727CC768697734", "6AE6D7EE46A871F8",
+        [["Alfa Test", "demo key",
+          "alfa@example.net"], ["Alpha Test", "demo key", "alpha@example.net"],
+         ["Alice", "demo key", ""]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "D695676BDCEDCC2CDD6152BCFE180B1DA9E3B0B2", "5381EA4EE29BA37F",
+        [["Bob", "demo key", ""],
+         ["Bravo Test", "demo key", "bravo@example.net"]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "61EE841A2A27EB983B3B3C26413F4AF31AFDAB6C", "E71E72ACBC43DA60",
+        [["Charlie Test", "demo key", "charlie@example.net"]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "6560C59C43D031C54D7C588EEBA9F240EB9DC9E6", "06F22880B0C45424",
+        [["Delta Test", "demo key", "delta@example.net"]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "3531152DE293E26A07F504BC318C1FAEFAEF6D1B", "B5C79E1A7272144D",
+        [["Echelon", "demo key",
+          ""], ["Echo Test", "demo key", "echo@example.net"],
+         ["Eve", "demo key", ""]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "56D33268F7FE693FBB594762D4BF57F37372E243", "0A32EE79EE45198E",
+        [["Foxtrot Test", "demo key", "foxtrot@example.net"]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "C9C07DCC6621B9FB8D071B1D168410A48FC282E6", "247491CC9DCAD354",
+        [["Golf Test", "demo key", "golf@example.net"]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "9E91CBB11E4D4135583EF90513DB965534C6E3F1", "76E26537D622AD0A",
+        [["Hotel Test", "demo key", "hotel@example.net"]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "CD538D6CC9FB3D745ECDA5201FE8FC6F04259677", "C1C8EFDE61F76C73",
+        [["India Test", "demo key", "india@example.net"]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "F8F1EDC73995AB739AD54B380C820C71D2699313", "BD0B108735F8F136",
+        [["Juliet Test", "demo key", "juliet@example.net"]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "3FD11083779196C2ECDD9594AD1B0FAD43C2D0C7", "86CBB34A9AF64D02",
+        [["Kilo Test", "demo key", "kilo@example.net"]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "1DDD28CEF714F5B03B8C246937CAB51FB79103F8", "0363B449FE56350C",
+        [["Lima Test", "demo key", "lima@example.net"]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "2686AA191A278013992C72EBBE794852BE5CF886", "5F600A834F31EAE8",
+        [["Mallory", "demo key", ""],
+         ["Mike Test", "demo key", "mike@example.net"]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "5AB9D6D7BAA1C95B3BAA3D9425B00FD430CEC684", "4C1D63308B70E472",
+        [["November Test", "demo key", "november@example.net"]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "43929E89F8F79381678CAE515F6356BA6D9732AC", "FF0785712681619F",
+        [["Oscar Test", "demo key", "oscar@example.net"]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "6FAA9C201E5E26DCBAEC39FD5D15E01D3FF13206", "2764E18263330D9C",
+        [["Papa test", "demo key", "papa@example.net"]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "A7969DA1C3297AA96D49843F1C67EC133C661C84", "6CDCFC44A029ACF4",
+        [["Quebec Test", "demo key", "quebec@example.net"]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "38FBE1E4BF6A5E1242C8F6A13BDBEDB1777FBED3", "9FAB805A11D102EA",
+        [["Romeo Test", "demo key", "romeo@example.net"]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "045B2334ADD69FC221076841A5E67F7FA3AE3EA1", "93B88B0F0F1B50B4",
+        [["Sierra Test", "demo key", "sierra@example.net"]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "ECAC774F4EEEB0620767044A58CB9A4C85A81F38", "97B60E01101C0402",
+        [["Tango Test", "demo key", "tango@example.net"]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "0DBCAD3F08843B9557C6C4D4A94C0F75653244D6", "93079B915522BDB9",
+        [["Uniform Test", "demo key", "uniform@example.net"]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "E8143C489C8D41124DC40D0B47AF4B6961F04784", "04071FB807287134",
+        [["Victor Test", "demo key", "victor@example.org"]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "E8D6C90B683B0982BD557A99DEF0F7B8EC67DBDE", "D7FBB421FD6E27F6",
+        [["Whisky Test", "demo key", "whisky@example.net"]], 3, check_whisky
+    ],
+    [
+        "04C1DF62EFA0EBB00519B06A8979A6C5567FB34A", "5CC6F87F41E408BE",
+        [["XRay Test", "demo key", "xray@example.net"]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "ED9B316F78644A58D042655A9EEF34CD4B11B25F", "5ADFD255F7B080AD",
+        [["Yankee Test", "demo key", "yankee@example.net"]], 1
+    ],
+    [
+        "23FD347A419429BACCD5E72D6BC4778054ACD246", "EF9DC276A172C881",
+        [["Zulu Test", "demo key", "zulu@example.net"]], 1
+    ],
 ]
 
+
 def check_global(key, uids, n_subkeys):
     assert not key.revoked, "Key unexpectedly revoked"
     assert not key.expired, "Key unexpectedly expired"
@@ -117,12 +172,12 @@ def check_global(key, uids, n_subkeys):
         "Key unexpectedly carries chain ID: {}".format(key.chain_id)
 
     # Only key Alfa is trusted
-    assert key.uids[0].name == 'Alfa Test' \
-      or key.owner_trust == gpg.constants.validity.UNKNOWN, \
-        "Key has unexpected owner trust: {}".format(key.owner_trust)
-    assert key.uids[0].name != 'Alfa Test' \
-      or key.owner_trust == gpg.constants.validity.ULTIMATE, \
-        "Key has unexpected owner trust: {}".format(key.owner_trust)
+    assert (key.uids[0].name == 'Alfa Test'
+            or key.owner_trust == gpg.constants.validity.UNKNOWN), \
+            "Key has unexpected owner trust: {}".format(key.owner_trust)
+    assert (key.uids[0].name != 'Alfa Test'
+            or key.owner_trust == gpg.constants.validity.ULTIMATE), \
+            "Key has unexpected owner trust: {}".format(key.owner_trust)
 
     assert len(key.subkeys) - 1 == n_subkeys, \
         "Key `{}' has unexpected number of subkeys".format(uids[0][0])
@@ -152,10 +207,11 @@ def check_subkey(fpr, which, subkey):
     assert not subkey.secret, which + " key unexpectedly secret"
     assert not subkey.is_cardkey, "Public key marked as card key"
     assert not subkey.card_number, "Public key with card number set"
-    assert not subkey.pubkey_algo != (gpg.constants.pk.DSA if which == "Primary"
-                                      else gpg.constants.pk.ELG_E), \
-        which + " key has unexpected public key algo: {}".\
-            format(subkey.pubkey_algo)
+    assert not subkey.pubkey_algo != \
+        (gpg.constants.pk.DSA if which == "Primary"
+         else gpg.constants.pk.ELG_E), \
+        which + " key has unexpected public key algo: {}".format(subkey.
+                                                             pubkey_algo)
     assert subkey.length == 1024, \
         which + " key has unexpected length: {}".format(subkey.length)
     assert fpr.endswith(subkey.keyid), \
@@ -165,6 +221,7 @@ def check_subkey(fpr, which, subkey):
     assert not subkey.expires, \
         which + " key unexpectedly expires: {}".format(subkey.expires)
 
+
 def check_uid(which, ref, uid):
     assert not uid.revoked, which + " user ID unexpectedly revoked"
     assert not uid.invalid, which + " user ID unexpectedly invalid"
@@ -172,19 +229,20 @@ def check_uid(which, ref, uid):
                             if uid.name.split()[0]
                             not in {'Alfa', 'Alpha', 'Alice'} else
                             gpg.constants.validity.ULTIMATE), \
-      which + " user ID has unexpectedly validity: {}".format(uid.validity)
+        which + " user ID has unexpectedly validity: {}".format(uid.validity)
     assert not uid.signatures, which + " user ID unexpectedly signed"
     assert uid.name == ref[0], \
-      "Unexpected name in {} user ID: {!r}".format(which.lower(), uid.name)
+        "Unexpected name in {} user ID: {!r}".format(which.lower(), uid.name)
     assert uid.comment == ref[1], \
-      "Unexpected comment in {} user ID: {!r}".format(which.lower(),
-                                                      uid.comment)
+        "Unexpected comment in {} user ID: {!r}".\
+        format(which.lower(), uid.comment)
     assert uid.email == ref[2], \
-      "Unexpected email in {} user ID: {!r}".format(which.lower(), uid.email)
+        "Unexpected email in {} user ID: {!r}".format(which.lower(), uid.email)
+
 
 i = 0
 c.op_keylist_start(None, False)
-key = c.op_keylist_next ()
+key = c.op_keylist_next()
 while key:
     try:
         if len(keys[i]) == 4:
@@ -204,20 +262,19 @@ while key:
     assert len(key.uids) == len(uids)
     check_uid("First", uids[0], key.uids[0])
     if len(key.uids) > 1:
-      check_uid("Second", uids[1], key.uids[1])
+        check_uid("Second", uids[1], key.uids[1])
     if len(key.uids) > 2:
-      check_uid("Third", uids[2], key.uids[2])
+        check_uid("Third", uids[2], key.uids[2])
 
     if misc_check:
-        misc_check (uids[0][0], key)
-    key = c.op_keylist_next ()
+        misc_check(uids[0][0], key)
+    key = c.op_keylist_next()
     i += 1
 
 c.op_keylist_end()
 result = c.op_keylist_result()
 assert not result.truncated, "Key listing unexpectedly truncated"
 
-
 # We test for a parameter-less keylist
 keyring_length = len(list(c.op_keylist_all()))
 assert keyring_length > 1,\
@@ -226,13 +283,12 @@ assert keyring_length > 1,\
 # Then we do want to call with a pattern, only
 # i.e. without giving secret=0
 alpha_keys = list(c.op_keylist_all(b"Alpha"))
-assert len(alpha_keys) == 1, "Expected only one key for 'Alpha', got %r" % len(alpha_keys)
-
+assert len(alpha_keys) == 1, "Expected only one key for 'Alpha', got %r" % len(
+    alpha_keys)
 
 # Check negative result.
 assert len(list(c.keylist("no such key in sight"))) == 0
 
-
 for i, key in enumerate(c.keylist()):
     try:
         if len(keys[i]) == 4:
@@ -252,31 +308,30 @@ for i, key in enumerate(c.keylist()):
     assert len(key.uids) == len(uids)
     check_uid("First", uids[0], key.uids[0])
     if len(key.uids) > 1:
-      check_uid("Second", uids[1], key.uids[1])
+        check_uid("Second", uids[1], key.uids[1])
     if len(key.uids) > 2:
-      check_uid("Third", uids[2], key.uids[2])
+        check_uid("Third", uids[2], key.uids[2])
 
     if misc_check:
-        misc_check (uids[0][0], key)
-
+        misc_check(uids[0][0], key)
 
 # check get_key()
 with gpg.Context() as c:
-  c.get_key(support.alpha)
-  c.get_key(support.alpha, secret=True)
-
-  c.get_key(support.bob)
-  try:
-    c.get_key(support.bob, secret=True)
-  except KeyError:
-    pass
-  else:
-    assert False, "Expected KeyError"
-
-  # Legacy error
-  try:
-    c.get_key(support.no_such_key)
-  except gpg.errors.GPGMEError:
-    pass
-  else:
-    assert False, "Expected GPGMEError"
+    c.get_key(support.alpha)
+    c.get_key(support.alpha, secret=True)
+
+    c.get_key(support.bob)
+    try:
+        c.get_key(support.bob, secret=True)
+    except KeyError:
+        pass
+    else:
+        assert False, "Expected KeyError"
+
+    # Legacy error
+    try:
+        c.get_key(support.no_such_key)
+    except gpg.errors.GPGMEError:
+        pass
+    else:
+        assert False, "Expected GPGMEError"
diff --git a/lang/python/tests/t-protocol-assuan.py b/lang/python/tests/t-protocol-assuan.py
index 8da5035..c337c3b 100755
--- a/lang/python/tests/t-protocol-assuan.py
+++ b/lang/python/tests/t-protocol-assuan.py
@@ -18,20 +18,21 @@
 # License along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 import gpg
 import support
-_ = support # to appease pyflakes.
+_ = support  # to appease pyflakes.
+
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 with gpg.Context(protocol=gpg.constants.protocol.ASSUAN) as c:
     # Do nothing.
     err = c.assuan_transact('nop')
-    assert err == None
+    assert err is None
     err = c.assuan_transact(b'NOP')
-    assert err == None
+    assert err is None
     err = c.assuan_transact(['NOP'])
-    assert err == None
+    assert err is None
 
     err = c.assuan_transact('idontexist')
     assert err.getsource() == gpg.errors.SOURCE_GPGAGENT
@@ -41,6 +42,7 @@ with gpg.Context(protocol=gpg.constants.protocol.ASSUAN) as c:
     c.assuan_transact(['GET_CONFIRMATION', 'Hello there'])
 
     data = []
+
     def data_cb(line):
         data.append(line)
 
@@ -57,6 +59,7 @@ with gpg.Context(protocol=gpg.constants.protocol.ASSUAN) as c:
     # XXX HELP sends status lines if we could use ASSUAN_CONVEY_COMMENTS.
 
     status = []
+
     def status_cb(line, args):
         status.append((line, args))
 
diff --git a/lang/python/tests/t-quick-key-creation.py b/lang/python/tests/t-quick-key-creation.py
index 8b7372e..b3303ff 100755
--- a/lang/python/tests/t-quick-key-creation.py
+++ b/lang/python/tests/t-quick-key-creation.py
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 # License along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 import gpg
 import itertools
@@ -27,6 +26,8 @@ import time
 import support
 support.assert_gpg_version((2, 1, 2))
 
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
 alpha = "Alpha <alpha@invalid.example.net>"
 
 with support.EphemeralContext() as ctx:
@@ -51,14 +52,16 @@ with support.EphemeralContext() as ctx:
     res2 = ctx.create_key(alpha, force=True)
     assert res.fpr != res2.fpr
 
-
 # From here on, we use one context, and create unique UIDs
 uid_counter = 0
+
+
 def make_uid():
     global uid_counter
     uid_counter += 1
     return "user{0}@invalid.example.org".format(uid_counter)
 
+
 with support.EphemeralContext() as ctx:
     # Check gpg.constants.create.NOEXPIRE...
     res = ctx.create_key(make_uid(), expires=False)
@@ -77,10 +80,11 @@ with support.EphemeralContext() as ctx:
         "Primary keys expiration time is off"
 
     # Check capabilities
-    for sign, encrypt, certify, authenticate in itertools.product([False, True],
-                                                                  [False, True],
-                                                                  [False, True],
-                                                                  [False, True]):
+    for sign, encrypt, certify, authenticate \
+            in itertools.product([False, True],
+                                 [False, True],
+                                 [False, True],
+                                 [False, True]):
         # Filter some out
         if not (sign or encrypt or certify or authenticate):
             # This triggers the default capabilities tested before.
@@ -89,9 +93,13 @@ with support.EphemeralContext() as ctx:
             # The primary key always certifies.
             continue
 
-        res = ctx.create_key(make_uid(), algorithm="rsa",
-                             sign=sign, encrypt=encrypt, certify=certify,
-                             authenticate=authenticate)
+        res = ctx.create_key(
+            make_uid(),
+            algorithm="rsa",
+            sign=sign,
+            encrypt=encrypt,
+            certify=certify,
+            authenticate=authenticate)
         key = ctx.get_key(res.fpr, secret=True)
         assert key.fpr == res.fpr
         assert len(key.subkeys) == 1, \
@@ -125,13 +133,16 @@ with support.EphemeralContext() as ctx:
     recipient = make_uid()
     passphrase = "streng geheim"
     res = ctx.create_key(recipient, passphrase=passphrase)
-    ciphertext, _, _ = ctx.encrypt(b"hello there", recipients=[ctx.get_key(res.fpr)])
+    ciphertext, _, _ = ctx.encrypt(
+        b"hello there", recipients=[ctx.get_key(res.fpr)])
 
     cb_called = False
+
     def cb(*args):
         global cb_called
         cb_called = True
         return passphrase
+
     ctx.pinentry_mode = gpg.constants.PINENTRY_MODE_LOOPBACK
     ctx.set_passphrase_cb(cb)
 
diff --git a/lang/python/tests/t-quick-key-manipulation.py b/lang/python/tests/t-quick-key-manipulation.py
index 37e05b3..ade171e 100755
--- a/lang/python/tests/t-quick-key-manipulation.py
+++ b/lang/python/tests/t-quick-key-manipulation.py
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 # License along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 import os
 import gpg
@@ -27,6 +26,8 @@ import sys
 import support
 support.assert_gpg_version((2, 1, 14))
 
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
 alpha = "Alpha <alpha@invalid.example.net>"
 bravo = "Bravo <bravo@invalid.example.net>"
 
@@ -111,9 +112,11 @@ with support.EphemeralContext() as ctx:
 
         ctx.key_tofu_policy(key, policy)
 
-        keys = list(ctx.keylist(key.uids[0].uid,
-                                mode=(gpg.constants.keylist.mode.LOCAL
-                                      |gpg.constants.keylist.mode.WITH_TOFU)))
+        keys = list(
+            ctx.keylist(
+                key.uids[0].uid,
+                mode=(gpg.constants.keylist.mode.LOCAL |
+                      gpg.constants.keylist.mode.WITH_TOFU)))
         assert len(keys) == 1
 
         if policy == gpg.constants.tofu.policy.AUTO:
diff --git a/lang/python/tests/t-quick-key-signing.py b/lang/python/tests/t-quick-key-signing.py
index 3d648c5..6f9b8a7 100755
--- a/lang/python/tests/t-quick-key-signing.py
+++ b/lang/python/tests/t-quick-key-signing.py
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 # License along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 import gpg
 import itertools
@@ -27,8 +26,11 @@ import time
 import support
 support.assert_gpg_version((2, 1, 1))
 
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
 with support.EphemeralContext() as ctx:
     uid_counter = 0
+
     def make_uid():
         global uid_counter
         uid_counter += 1
@@ -43,10 +45,16 @@ with support.EphemeralContext() as ctx:
         return key, uids
 
     def check_sigs(key, expected_sigs):
-        keys = list(ctx.keylist(key.fpr, mode=(gpg.constants.keylist.mode.LOCAL
-                                               |gpg.constants.keylist.mode.SIGS)))
+        keys = list(
+            ctx.keylist(
+                key.fpr,
+                mode=(gpg.constants.keylist.mode.LOCAL |
+                      gpg.constants.keylist.mode.SIGS)))
         assert len(keys) == 1
-        key_uids = {uid.uid: [s for s in uid.signatures] for uid in keys[0].uids}
+        key_uids = {
+            uid.uid: [s for s in uid.signatures]
+            for uid in keys[0].uids
+        }
         expected = list(expected_sigs)
 
         while key_uids and expected:
@@ -76,9 +84,12 @@ with support.EphemeralContext() as ctx:
         assert s.exportable
         assert s.expires == 0
 
-    check_sigs(key_b, itertools.product(uids_b, [key_b], [exportable_non_expiring]))
+    check_sigs(key_b,
+               itertools.product(uids_b, [key_b], [exportable_non_expiring]))
     ctx.key_sign(key_b)
-    check_sigs(key_b, itertools.product(uids_b, [key_b, key_a], [exportable_non_expiring]))
+    check_sigs(
+        key_b,
+        itertools.product(uids_b, [key_b, key_a], [exportable_non_expiring]))
 
     # Create a non-exportable signature, and explicitly name all uids.
     key_c, uids_c = make_key()
@@ -89,11 +100,12 @@ with support.EphemeralContext() as ctx:
         assert s.expires == 0
 
     ctx.key_sign(key_c, local=True, uids=uids_c)
-    check_sigs(key_c,
-               list(itertools.product(uids_c, [key_c],
-                                      [exportable_non_expiring]))
-               + list(itertools.product(uids_c, [key_b, key_a],
-                                        [non_exportable_non_expiring])))
+    check_sigs(
+        key_c,
+        list(itertools.product(uids_c, [key_c], [exportable_non_expiring])) +
+        list(
+            itertools.product(uids_c, [key_b, key_a],
+                              [non_exportable_non_expiring])))
 
     # Create a non-exportable, expiring signature for a single uid.
     key_d, uids_d = make_key()
@@ -106,16 +118,16 @@ with support.EphemeralContext() as ctx:
         assert abs(time.time() + expires_in - s.expires) < slack
 
     ctx.key_sign(key_d, local=True, expires_in=expires_in, uids=uids_d[0])
-    check_sigs(key_d,
-               list(itertools.product(uids_d, [key_d],
-                                      [exportable_non_expiring]))
-               + list(itertools.product(uids_d[:1], [key_c],
-                                        [non_exportable_expiring])))
+    check_sigs(
+        key_d,
+        list(itertools.product(uids_d, [key_d], [exportable_non_expiring])) +
+        list(
+            itertools.product(uids_d[:1], [key_c], [non_exportable_expiring])))
 
     # Now sign the second in the same fashion, but use a singleton list.
     ctx.key_sign(key_d, local=True, expires_in=expires_in, uids=uids_d[1:2])
-    check_sigs(key_d,
-               list(itertools.product(uids_d, [key_d],
-                                      [exportable_non_expiring]))
-               + list(itertools.product(uids_d[:2], [key_c],
-                                        [non_exportable_expiring])))
+    check_sigs(
+        key_d,
+        list(itertools.product(uids_d, [key_d], [exportable_non_expiring])) +
+        list(
+            itertools.product(uids_d[:2], [key_c], [non_exportable_expiring])))
diff --git a/lang/python/tests/t-quick-subkey-creation.py b/lang/python/tests/t-quick-subkey-creation.py
index ad4f35c..cdbb71b 100755
--- a/lang/python/tests/t-quick-subkey-creation.py
+++ b/lang/python/tests/t-quick-subkey-creation.py
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 # License along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 import gpg
 import itertools
@@ -26,6 +25,8 @@ import time
 
 import support
 
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
 alpha = "Alpha <alpha@invalid.example.net>"
 bravo = "Bravo <bravo@invalid.example.net>"
 
@@ -59,16 +60,17 @@ with support.EphemeralContext() as ctx:
         "subkeys expiration time is off"
 
     # Check capabilities
-    for sign, encrypt, authenticate in itertools.product([False, True],
-                                                         [False, True],
-                                                         [False, True]):
+    for sign, encrypt, authenticate \
+            in itertools.product([False, True],
+                                 [False, True],
+                                 [False, True]):
         # Filter some out
         if not (sign or encrypt or authenticate):
             # This triggers the default capabilities tested before.
             continue
 
-        res = ctx.create_subkey(key, sign=sign, encrypt=encrypt,
-                                authenticate=authenticate)
+        res = ctx.create_subkey(
+            key, sign=sign, encrypt=encrypt, authenticate=authenticate)
         subkey = get_subkey(res.fpr)
         assert sign == subkey.can_sign
         assert encrypt == subkey.can_encrypt
@@ -92,18 +94,21 @@ with support.EphemeralContext() as ctx:
     # so that we have a key with just one encryption subkey.
     bravo_res = ctx.create_key(bravo, certify=True)
     bravo_key = ctx.get_key(bravo_res.fpr)
-    assert len(bravo_key.subkeys) == 1, "Expected one primary key and no subkeys"
+    assert len(
+        bravo_key.subkeys) == 1, "Expected one primary key and no subkeys"
 
     passphrase = "streng geheim"
     res = ctx.create_subkey(bravo_key, passphrase=passphrase)
-    ciphertext, _, _ = ctx.encrypt(b"hello there",
-                                   recipients=[ctx.get_key(bravo_res.fpr)])
+    ciphertext, _, _ = ctx.encrypt(
+        b"hello there", recipients=[ctx.get_key(bravo_res.fpr)])
 
     cb_called = False
+
     def cb(*args):
         global cb_called
         cb_called = True
         return passphrase
+
     ctx.pinentry_mode = gpg.constants.PINENTRY_MODE_LOOPBACK
     ctx.set_passphrase_cb(cb)
 
diff --git a/lang/python/tests/t-sig-notation.py b/lang/python/tests/t-sig-notation.py
index bc8da2e..5960f44 100755
--- a/lang/python/tests/t-sig-notation.py
+++ b/lang/python/tests/t-sig-notation.py
@@ -18,29 +18,30 @@
 # License along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 import os
 import gpg
 import support
-_ = support # to appease pyflakes.
+_ = support  # to appease pyflakes.
+
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 expected_notations = {
-    "laughing@me": ("Just Squeeze Me", gpg.constants.sig.notation.HUMAN_READABLE),
-    "preferred-email-encoding@pgp.com": ("pgpmime",
-                                         gpg.constants.sig.notation.HUMAN_READABLE
-                                         | gpg.constants.sig.notation.CRITICAL),
+    "laughing@me": ("Just Squeeze Me",
+                    gpg.constants.sig.notation.HUMAN_READABLE),
+    "preferred-email-encoding@pgp.com":
+    ("pgpmime", gpg.constants.sig.notation.HUMAN_READABLE |
+     gpg.constants.sig.notation.CRITICAL),
     None: ("http://www.gnu.org/policy/", 0),
 }
 
 # GnuPG prior to 2.1.13 did not report the critical flag correctly.
 with gpg.Context() as c:
     version = c.engine_info.version
-    have_correct_sig_data = not (version.startswith("1.")
-                                 or version.startswith("2.0.")
-                                 or version == "2.1.1"
-                                 or (version.startswith("2.1.1")
-                                     and version[5] < '3'))
+    have_correct_sig_data = not (
+        version.startswith("1.") or version.startswith("2.0.") or
+        (version.startswith("2.1.") and int(version[4:]) < 13))
+
 
 def check_result(result):
     assert len(result.signatures) == 1, "Unexpected number of signatures"
@@ -48,8 +49,8 @@ def check_result(result):
     assert len(sig.notations) == len(expected_notations)
 
     for r in sig.notations:
-        assert not 'name_len' in dir(r)
-        assert not 'value_len' in dir(r)
+        assert 'name_len' not in dir(r)
+        assert 'value_len' not in dir(r)
         assert r.name in expected_notations
         value, flags = expected_notations.pop(r.name)
 
@@ -63,6 +64,7 @@ def check_result(result):
 
     assert len(expected_notations) == 0
 
+
 source = gpg.Data("Hallo Leute\n")
 signed = gpg.Data()
 
diff --git a/lang/python/tests/t-sign.py b/lang/python/tests/t-sign.py
index d375729..3ad05e8 100755
--- a/lang/python/tests/t-sign.py
+++ b/lang/python/tests/t-sign.py
@@ -18,15 +18,18 @@
 # License along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 import os
 import gpg
 import support
 
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+
 def fail(msg):
     raise RuntimeError(msg)
 
+
 def check_result(r, typ):
     if r.invalid_signers:
         fail("Invalid signer found: {}".format(r.invalid_signers.fpr))
@@ -43,16 +46,15 @@ def check_result(r, typ):
             signature.pubkey_algo))
 
     if signature.hash_algo != gpg.constants.md.SHA1:
-        fail("Wrong hash algorithm reported: {}".format(
-            signature.hash_algo))
+        fail("Wrong hash algorithm reported: {}".format(signature.hash_algo))
 
     if signature.sig_class != 1:
-        fail("Wrong signature class reported: {}".format(
-            signature.sig_class))
+        fail("Wrong signature class reported: {}".format(signature.sig_class))
 
     if signature.fpr != "A0FF4590BB6122EDEF6E3C542D727CC768697734":
         fail("Wrong fingerprint reported: {}".format(signature.fpr))
 
+
 c = gpg.Context()
 c.set_textmode(True)
 c.set_armor(True)
diff --git a/lang/python/tests/t-signers.py b/lang/python/tests/t-signers.py
index 5864ee5..119ab77 100755
--- a/lang/python/tests/t-signers.py
+++ b/lang/python/tests/t-signers.py
@@ -18,14 +18,17 @@
 # License along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 import gpg
 import support
 
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+
 def fail(msg):
     raise RuntimeError(msg)
 
+
 def check_result(r, typ):
     if r.invalid_signers:
         fail("Invalid signer found: {}".format(r.invalid_signers.fpr))
@@ -53,6 +56,7 @@ def check_result(r, typ):
                                  "23FD347A419429BACCD5E72D6BC4778054ACD246"):
             fail("Wrong fingerprint reported: {}".format(signature.fpr))
 
+
 c = gpg.Context()
 c.set_textmode(True)
 c.set_armor(True)
diff --git a/lang/python/tests/t-trustlist.py b/lang/python/tests/t-trustlist.py
index 89524bb..ffa0b96 100755
--- a/lang/python/tests/t-trustlist.py
+++ b/lang/python/tests/t-trustlist.py
@@ -18,18 +18,21 @@
 # License along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 import gpg
 import support
-_ = support # to appease pyflakes.
+_ = support  # to appease pyflakes.
+
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 c = gpg.Context()
 
+
 def dump_item(item):
-    print("l={} k={} t={} o={} v={} u={}".format(
-        item.level, item.keyid, item.type, item.owner_trust,
-        item.validity, item.name))
+    print("l={} k={} t={} o={} v={} u={}".format(item.level, item.keyid,
+                                                 item.type, item.owner_trust,
+                                                 item.validity, item.name))
+
 
 c.op_trustlist_start("alice", 0)
 while True:
diff --git a/lang/python/tests/t-verify.py b/lang/python/tests/t-verify.py
index 320dae6..70a6c1c 100755
--- a/lang/python/tests/t-verify.py
+++ b/lang/python/tests/t-verify.py
@@ -18,16 +18,17 @@
 # License along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 import sys
 import os
 import gpg
 import support
-_ = support # to appease pyflakes.
+_ = support  # to appease pyflakes.
+
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 test_text1 = b"Just GNU it!\n"
-test_text1f= b"Just GNU it?\n"
+test_text1f = b"Just GNU it?\n"
 test_sig1 = b"""-----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE-----
 
 iN0EABECAJ0FAjoS+i9FFIAAAAAAAwA5YmFyw7bDpMO8w58gZGFzIHdhcmVuIFVt
@@ -60,6 +61,7 @@ UqVooWlGXHwNw/xg/fVzt9VNbtjtJ/fhUqYo0/LyCGEA
 -----END PGP MESSAGE-----
 """
 
+
 def check_result(result, summary, validity, fpr, status, notation):
     assert len(result.signatures) == 1, "Unexpected number of signatures"
     sig = result.signatures[0]
@@ -76,14 +78,16 @@ def check_result(result, summary, validity, fpr, status, notation):
                     if sys.version_info[0] < 3 else
                     b"\xc3\xb6\xc3\xa4\xc3\xbc\xc3\x9f".decode() +
                     " das waren Umlaute und jetzt ein prozent%-Zeichen"),
-            "foobar.1":  "this is a notation data with 2 lines",
-            None: "http://www.gu.org/policy/",
+            "foobar.1":
+            "this is a notation data with 2 lines",
+            None:
+            "http://www.gu.org/policy/",
         }
         assert len(sig.notations) == len(expected_notations)
 
         for r in sig.notations:
-            assert not 'name_len' in dir(r)
-            assert not 'value_len' in dir(r)
+            assert 'name_len' not in dir(r)
+            assert 'value_len' not in dir(r)
             assert r.name in expected_notations
             assert r.value == expected_notations[r.name], \
                 "Expected {!r}, got {!r}".format(expected_notations[r.name],
@@ -96,7 +100,9 @@ def check_result(result, summary, validity, fpr, status, notation):
     assert sig.validity == validity, \
         "Unexpected signature validity: {}, want: {}".format(
             sig.validity, validity)
-    assert gpg.errors.GPGMEError(sig.validity_reason).getcode() == gpg.errors.NO_ERROR
+    assert gpg.errors.GPGMEError(
+        sig.validity_reason).getcode() == gpg.errors.NO_ERROR
+
 
 c = gpg.Context()
 c.set_armor(True)
@@ -108,9 +114,8 @@ c.op_verify(sig, text, None)
 result = c.op_verify_result()
 check_result(result, gpg.constants.sigsum.VALID | gpg.constants.sigsum.GREEN,
              gpg.constants.validity.FULL,
-             "A0FF4590BB6122EDEF6E3C542D727CC768697734",
-             gpg.errors.NO_ERROR, True)
-
+             "A0FF4590BB6122EDEF6E3C542D727CC768697734", gpg.errors.NO_ERROR,
+             True)
 
 # Checking a manipulated message.
 text = gpg.Data(test_text1f)
@@ -127,8 +132,8 @@ c.op_verify(sig, None, text)
 result = c.op_verify_result()
 check_result(result, gpg.constants.sigsum.VALID | gpg.constants.sigsum.GREEN,
              gpg.constants.validity.FULL,
-             "A0FF4590BB6122EDEF6E3C542D727CC768697734",
-             gpg.errors.NO_ERROR, False)
+             "A0FF4590BB6122EDEF6E3C542D727CC768697734", gpg.errors.NO_ERROR,
+             False)
 
 # Checking an invalid message.
 text = gpg.Data()
@@ -141,33 +146,32 @@ except Exception as e:
 else:
     assert False, "Expected an error but got none."
 
-
 # Idiomatic interface.
 with gpg.Context(armor=True) as c:
     # Checking a valid message.
     _, result = c.verify(test_text1, test_sig1)
-    check_result(result, gpg.constants.sigsum.VALID | gpg.constants.sigsum.GREEN,
-                 gpg.constants.validity.FULL,
-                 "A0FF4590BB6122EDEF6E3C542D727CC768697734",
-                 gpg.errors.NO_ERROR, True)
+    check_result(
+        result, gpg.constants.sigsum.VALID | gpg.constants.sigsum.GREEN,
+        gpg.constants.validity.FULL,
+        "A0FF4590BB6122EDEF6E3C542D727CC768697734", gpg.errors.NO_ERROR, True)
 
     # Checking a manipulated message.
     try:
         c.verify(test_text1f, test_sig1)
     except gpg.errors.BadSignatures as e:
         check_result(e.result, gpg.constants.sigsum.RED,
-                     gpg.constants.validity.UNKNOWN,
-                     "2D727CC768697734", gpg.errors.BAD_SIGNATURE, False)
+                     gpg.constants.validity.UNKNOWN, "2D727CC768697734",
+                     gpg.errors.BAD_SIGNATURE, False)
     else:
         assert False, "Expected an error but got none."
 
     # Checking a normal signature.
     sig = gpg.Data(test_sig2)
     data, result = c.verify(test_sig2)
-    check_result(result, gpg.constants.sigsum.VALID | gpg.constants.sigsum.GREEN,
-                 gpg.constants.validity.FULL,
-                 "A0FF4590BB6122EDEF6E3C542D727CC768697734",
-                 gpg.errors.NO_ERROR, False)
+    check_result(
+        result, gpg.constants.sigsum.VALID | gpg.constants.sigsum.GREEN,
+        gpg.constants.validity.FULL,
+        "A0FF4590BB6122EDEF6E3C542D727CC768697734", gpg.errors.NO_ERROR, False)
     assert data == test_text1
 
     # Checking an invalid message.
diff --git a/lang/python/tests/t-wait.py b/lang/python/tests/t-wait.py
index 3101301..907f450 100755
--- a/lang/python/tests/t-wait.py
+++ b/lang/python/tests/t-wait.py
@@ -18,12 +18,13 @@
 # License along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
-del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 import time
 import gpg
 import support
-_ = support # to appease pyflakes.
+_ = support  # to appease pyflakes.
+
+del absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
 c = gpg.Context()
 c.set_armor(True)
diff --git a/lang/python/tests/t-wrapper.py b/lang/python/tests/t-wrapper.py
index 08a320d..020e71e 100755
--- a/lang/python/tests/t-wrapper.py
+++ b/lang/python/tests/t-wrapper.py
@@ -19,9 +19,9 @@
 
 import gpg
 import support
-_ = support # to appease pyflakes.
+_ = support  # to appease pyflakes.
 
 d0 = gpg.Data()
-d0.seek # trigger on-demand-wrapping
+d0.seek  # trigger on-demand-wrapping
 assert d0.seek == d0.seek, "Generated wrapper functions are not cached"
 assert hasattr(gpg.Data, 'seek'), "Generated wrapper functions are not shared"
diff --git a/lang/python/version.py.in b/lang/python/version.py.in
index 1a1baf0..ad76eda 100644
--- a/lang/python/version.py.in
+++ b/lang/python/version.py.in
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-# Copyright (C) 2016 g10 Code GmbH
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+# Copyright (C) 2016-2018 g10 Code GmbH
 # Copyright (C) 2015 Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
 # Copyright (C) 2004 Igor Belyi <belyi@users.sourceforge.net>
 #
@@ -17,10 +19,11 @@
 # Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307  USA
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function
-del absolute_import, print_function
 
 from . import gpgme
 
+del absolute_import, print_function
+
 productname = 'gpg'
 versionstr = "@VERSION@"
 gpgme_versionstr = gpgme.GPGME_VERSION
@@ -32,8 +35,8 @@ minor = versionlist[1]
 patch = versionlist[2]
 
 copyright = """\
-Copyright (C) 2016 g10 Code GmbH
-Copyright (C) 2015 Ben McGinnes
+Copyright (C) 2016-2018 g10 Code GmbH
+Copyright (C) 2015 Benjamin D. McGinnes
 Copyright (C) 2014-2015 Martin Albrecht
 Copyright (C) 2004-2008 Igor Belyi
 Copyright (C) 2002 John Goerzen"""
@@ -44,8 +47,8 @@ author_email = "gnupg-devel@gnupg.org"
 description = "Python support for GPGME GnuPG cryptography library"
 homepage = "https://gnupg.org"
 
-license = """Copyright (C) 2016 g10 Code GmbH
-Copyright (C) 2015 Ben McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
+license = """Copyright (C) 2016-2018 g10 Code GmbH
+Copyright (C) 2015 Benjamin D. McGinnes <ben@adversary.org>
 Copyright (C) 2014, 2015 Martin Albrecht <martinralbrecht@googlemail.com>
 Copyright (C) 2004, 2008 Igor Belyi <belyi@users.sourceforge.net>
 Copyright (C) 2002 John Goerzen <jgoerzen@complete.org>
author	JinWang An <jinwang.an@samsung.com>	2021-12-01 16:54:37 +0900
committer	JinWang An <jinwang.an@samsung.com>	2021-12-01 16:54:37 +0900
commit	56c3832bc03cffe24fcca71370b668a6678d0cf9 (patch)
tree	7d2ccfe8d9c60dbb012bb62d7fcd6820db56dc61 /lang/python
parent	398648eddb70bc844e1bc5996521e87dea3188e9 (diff)
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