// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.

/*============================================================
**
** 
** 
**
**
** Purpose: A Stream whose backing store is memory.  Great
** for temporary storage without creating a temp file.  Also
** lets users expose a byte[] as a stream.
**
**
===========================================================*/

using System;
using System.Runtime;
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Diagnostics.Contracts;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Security.Permissions;

namespace System.IO {
    // A MemoryStream represents a Stream in memory (ie, it has no backing store).
    // This stream may reduce the need for temporary buffers and files in 
    // an application.  
    // 
    // There are two ways to create a MemoryStream.  You can initialize one
    // from an unsigned byte array, or you can create an empty one.  Empty 
    // memory streams are resizable, while ones created with a byte array provide
    // a stream "view" of the data.
    [Serializable]
    [ComVisible(true)]
    public class MemoryStream : Stream
    {
        private byte[] _buffer;    // Either allocated internally or externally.
        private int _origin;       // For user-provided arrays, start at this origin
        private int _position;     // read/write head.
        [ContractPublicPropertyName("Length")]
        private int _length;       // Number of bytes within the memory stream
        private int _capacity;     // length of usable portion of buffer for stream
        // Note that _capacity == _buffer.Length for non-user-provided byte[]'s

        private bool _expandable;  // User-provided buffers aren't expandable.
        private bool _writable;    // Can user write to this stream?
        private bool _exposable;   // Whether the array can be returned to the user.
        private bool _isOpen;      // Is this stream open or closed?

        [NonSerialized]
        private Task<int> _lastReadTask; // The last successful task returned from ReadAsync

        private const int MemStreamMaxLength = Int32.MaxValue;

        public MemoryStream() 
            : this(0) {
        }
        
        public MemoryStream(int capacity) {
            if (capacity < 0) {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(capacity), Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NegativeCapacity"));
            }
            Contract.EndContractBlock();

            _buffer = capacity != 0 ? new byte[capacity] : EmptyArray<byte>.Value;
            _capacity = capacity;
            _expandable = true;
            _writable = true;
            _exposable = true;
            _origin = 0;      // Must be 0 for byte[]'s created by MemoryStream
            _isOpen = true;
        }
        
        public MemoryStream(byte[] buffer) 
            : this(buffer, true) {
        }
        
        public MemoryStream(byte[] buffer, bool writable) {
            if (buffer == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(buffer), Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentNull_Buffer"));
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
            _buffer = buffer;
            _length = _capacity = buffer.Length;
            _writable = writable;
            _exposable = false;
            _origin = 0;
            _isOpen = true;
        }
        
        public MemoryStream(byte[] buffer, int index, int count) 
            : this(buffer, index, count, true, false) {
        }
        
        public MemoryStream(byte[] buffer, int index, int count, bool writable) 
            : this(buffer, index, count, writable, false) {
        }
    
        public MemoryStream(byte[] buffer, int index, int count, bool writable, bool publiclyVisible) {
            if (buffer==null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(buffer), Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentNull_Buffer"));
            if (index < 0)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(index), Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum"));
            if (count < 0)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(count), Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum"));
            if (buffer.Length - index < count)
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Argument_InvalidOffLen"));
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
    
            _buffer = buffer;
            _origin = _position = index;
            _length = _capacity = index + count;
            _writable = writable;
            _exposable = publiclyVisible;  // Can TryGetBuffer/GetBuffer return the array?
            _expandable = false;
            _isOpen = true;
        }
    
        public override bool CanRead {
            [Pure]
            get { return _isOpen; }
        }
        
        public override bool CanSeek {
            [Pure]
            get { return _isOpen; }
        }
        
        public override bool CanWrite {
            [Pure]
            get { return _writable; }
        }

        private void EnsureWriteable() {
            if (!CanWrite) __Error.WriteNotSupported();
        }

        protected override void Dispose(bool disposing)
        {
            try {
                if (disposing) {
                    _isOpen = false;
                    _writable = false;
                    _expandable = false;
                    // Don't set buffer to null - allow TryGetBuffer, GetBuffer & ToArray to work.
                    _lastReadTask = null;
                }
            }
            finally {
                // Call base.Close() to cleanup async IO resources
                base.Dispose(disposing);
            }
        }
        
        // returns a bool saying whether we allocated a new array.
        private bool EnsureCapacity(int value) {
            // Check for overflow
            if (value < 0)
                throw new IOException(Environment.GetResourceString("IO.IO_StreamTooLong"));
            if (value > _capacity) {
                int newCapacity = value;
                if (newCapacity < 256)
                    newCapacity = 256;
                // We are ok with this overflowing since the next statement will deal
                // with the cases where _capacity*2 overflows.
                if (newCapacity < _capacity * 2)
                    newCapacity = _capacity * 2;
                // We want to expand the array up to Array.MaxArrayLengthOneDimensional
                // And we want to give the user the value that they asked for
                if ((uint)(_capacity * 2) > Array.MaxByteArrayLength)
                    newCapacity = value > Array.MaxByteArrayLength ? value : Array.MaxByteArrayLength;
                
                Capacity = newCapacity;
                return true;
            }
            return false;
        }
    
        public override void Flush() {
        }

        [ComVisible(false)]
        public override Task FlushAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken) {

            if (cancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested)
                return Task.FromCanceled(cancellationToken);

            try {

                Flush();
                return Task.CompletedTask;
        
            } catch(Exception ex) {

                return Task.FromException(ex);
            }
        }


        public virtual byte[] GetBuffer() {
            if (!_exposable)
                throw new UnauthorizedAccessException(Environment.GetResourceString("UnauthorizedAccess_MemStreamBuffer"));
            return _buffer;
        }

        public virtual bool TryGetBuffer(out ArraySegment<byte> buffer) {
            if (!_exposable) {
                buffer = default(ArraySegment<byte>);
                return false;
            }

            buffer = new ArraySegment<byte>(_buffer, offset:_origin, count:(_length - _origin));
            return true;
        }

        // -------------- PERF: Internal functions for fast direct access of MemoryStream buffer (cf. BinaryReader for usage) ---------------

        // PERF: Internal sibling of GetBuffer, always returns a buffer (cf. GetBuffer())
        internal byte[] InternalGetBuffer() {
            return _buffer;
        }

        // PERF: Get origin and length - used in ResourceWriter.
        [FriendAccessAllowed]
        internal void InternalGetOriginAndLength(out int origin, out int length)
        {
            if (!_isOpen) __Error.StreamIsClosed();
            origin = _origin;
            length = _length;
        }

        // PERF: True cursor position, we don't need _origin for direct access
        internal int InternalGetPosition() {
            if (!_isOpen) __Error.StreamIsClosed();
            return _position;
        }

        // PERF: Takes out Int32 as fast as possible
        internal int InternalReadInt32() {
           if (!_isOpen)
               __Error.StreamIsClosed();

           int pos = (_position += 4); // use temp to avoid a race condition
           if (pos > _length)
           {
               _position = _length;
               __Error.EndOfFile();
           }
           return (int)(_buffer[pos-4] | _buffer[pos-3] << 8 | _buffer[pos-2] << 16 | _buffer[pos-1] << 24);
        }

        // PERF: Get actual length of bytes available for read; do sanity checks; shift position - i.e. everything except actual copying bytes
        internal int InternalEmulateRead(int count) {
            if (!_isOpen) __Error.StreamIsClosed();

            int n = _length - _position;
            if (n > count) n = count;
            if (n < 0) n = 0;

            Debug.Assert(_position + n >= 0, "_position + n >= 0");  // len is less than 2^31 -1.
            _position += n;
            return n;
        }
       
        // Gets & sets the capacity (number of bytes allocated) for this stream.
        // The capacity cannot be set to a value less than the current length
        // of the stream.
        // 
        public virtual int Capacity {
            get { 
                if (!_isOpen) __Error.StreamIsClosed();
                return _capacity - _origin;
            }
            set {
                // Only update the capacity if the MS is expandable and the value is different than the current capacity.
                // Special behavior if the MS isn't expandable: we don't throw if value is the same as the current capacity
                if (value < Length) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(value), Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_SmallCapacity"));
                Contract.Ensures(_capacity - _origin == value);
                Contract.EndContractBlock();

                if (!_isOpen) __Error.StreamIsClosed();
                if (!_expandable && (value != Capacity)) __Error.MemoryStreamNotExpandable();

                // MemoryStream has this invariant: _origin > 0 => !expandable (see ctors)
                if (_expandable && value != _capacity) {
                    if (value > 0) {
                        byte[] newBuffer = new byte[value];
                        if (_length > 0) Buffer.InternalBlockCopy(_buffer, 0, newBuffer, 0, _length);
                        _buffer = newBuffer;
                    }
                    else {
                        _buffer = null;
                    }
                    _capacity = value;
                }
            }
        }        

        public override long Length {
            get {
                if (!_isOpen) __Error.StreamIsClosed();
                return _length - _origin;
            }
        }

        public override long Position {
            get { 
                if (!_isOpen) __Error.StreamIsClosed();
                return _position - _origin;
            }
            set {
                if (value < 0)
                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(value), Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum"));
                Contract.Ensures(Position == value);
                Contract.EndContractBlock();

                if (!_isOpen) __Error.StreamIsClosed();

                if (value > MemStreamMaxLength)
                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(value), Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_StreamLength"));
                _position = _origin + (int)value;
            }
        }

        public override int Read([In, Out] byte[] buffer, int offset, int count) {
            if (buffer==null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(buffer), Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentNull_Buffer"));
            if (offset < 0)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(offset), Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum"));
            if (count < 0)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(count), Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum"));
            if (buffer.Length - offset < count)
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Argument_InvalidOffLen"));
            Contract.EndContractBlock();

            if (!_isOpen) __Error.StreamIsClosed();

            int n = _length - _position;
            if (n > count) n = count;
            if (n <= 0)
                return 0;

            Debug.Assert(_position + n >= 0, "_position + n >= 0");  // len is less than 2^31 -1.

            if (n <= 8)
            {
                int byteCount = n;
                while (--byteCount >= 0)
                    buffer[offset + byteCount] = _buffer[_position + byteCount];
            }
            else
                Buffer.InternalBlockCopy(_buffer, _position, buffer, offset, n);
            _position += n;

            return n;
        }

        [ComVisible(false)]
        public override Task<int> ReadAsync(Byte[] buffer, int offset, int count, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
        {
            if (buffer==null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(buffer), Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentNull_Buffer"));
            if (offset < 0)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(offset), Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum"));
            if (count < 0)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(count), Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum"));
            if (buffer.Length - offset < count)
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Argument_InvalidOffLen"));
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); // contract validation copied from Read(...)

            // If cancellation was requested, bail early
            if (cancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested) 
                return Task.FromCanceled<int>(cancellationToken);

            try
            {
                int n = Read(buffer, offset, count);
                var t = _lastReadTask;
                Debug.Assert(t == null || t.Status == TaskStatus.RanToCompletion, 
                    "Expected that a stored last task completed successfully");
                return (t != null && t.Result == n) ? t : (_lastReadTask = Task.FromResult<int>(n));
            }
            catch (OperationCanceledException oce)
            {
                return Task.FromCancellation<int>(oce);
            }
            catch (Exception exception)
            {
                return Task.FromException<int>(exception);
            }
        }


        public override int ReadByte() {
            if (!_isOpen) __Error.StreamIsClosed();
            
            if (_position >= _length) return -1;

            return _buffer[_position++];
        }

        public override void CopyTo(Stream destination, int bufferSize)
        {
            // Since we did not originally override this method, validate the arguments
            // the same way Stream does for back-compat.
            StreamHelpers.ValidateCopyToArgs(this, destination, bufferSize);

            // If we have been inherited into a subclass, the following implementation could be incorrect
            // since it does not call through to Read() which a subclass might have overridden.  
            // To be safe we will only use this implementation in cases where we know it is safe to do so,
            // and delegate to our base class (which will call into Read) when we are not sure.
            if (GetType() != typeof(MemoryStream))
            {
                base.CopyTo(destination, bufferSize);
                return;
            }
            
            int originalPosition = _position;

            // Seek to the end of the MemoryStream.
            int remaining = InternalEmulateRead(_length - originalPosition);

            // If we were already at or past the end, there's no copying to do so just quit.
            if (remaining > 0)
            {
                // Call Write() on the other Stream, using our internal buffer and avoiding any
                // intermediary allocations.
                destination.Write(_buffer, originalPosition, remaining);
            }
        }

        public override Task CopyToAsync(Stream destination, Int32 bufferSize, CancellationToken cancellationToken) {

            // This implementation offers beter performance compared to the base class version.

            StreamHelpers.ValidateCopyToArgs(this, destination, bufferSize);

            // If we have been inherited into a subclass, the following implementation could be incorrect
            // since it does not call through to ReadAsync() which a subclass might have overridden.  
            // To be safe we will only use this implementation in cases where we know it is safe to do so,
            // and delegate to our base class (which will call into ReadAsync) when we are not sure.
            if (this.GetType() != typeof(MemoryStream))
                return base.CopyToAsync(destination, bufferSize, cancellationToken);

            // If cancelled - return fast:
            if (cancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested)
                return Task.FromCanceled(cancellationToken);
           
            // Avoid copying data from this buffer into a temp buffer:
            //   (require that InternalEmulateRead does not throw,
            //    otherwise it needs to be wrapped into try-catch-Task.FromException like memStrDest.Write below)

            Int32 pos = _position;
            Int32 n = InternalEmulateRead(_length - _position);

            // If destination is not a memory stream, write there asynchronously:
            MemoryStream memStrDest = destination as MemoryStream;
            if (memStrDest == null)                 
                return destination.WriteAsync(_buffer, pos, n, cancellationToken);
           
            try {

                // If destination is a MemoryStream, CopyTo synchronously:
                memStrDest.Write(_buffer, pos, n);
                return Task.CompletedTask;

            } catch(Exception ex) {
                return Task.FromException(ex);
            }
        }


        public override long Seek(long offset, SeekOrigin loc) {
            if (!_isOpen) __Error.StreamIsClosed();

            if (offset > MemStreamMaxLength)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(offset), Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_StreamLength"));
            switch(loc) {
            case SeekOrigin.Begin: {
                int tempPosition = unchecked(_origin + (int)offset);
                if (offset < 0 || tempPosition < _origin)
                    throw new IOException(Environment.GetResourceString("IO.IO_SeekBeforeBegin"));
                _position = tempPosition;
                break;
            }  
            case SeekOrigin.Current: {
                int tempPosition = unchecked(_position + (int)offset);
                if (unchecked(_position + offset) < _origin || tempPosition < _origin)
                    throw new IOException(Environment.GetResourceString("IO.IO_SeekBeforeBegin"));
                _position = tempPosition;
                break;
            }    
            case SeekOrigin.End: {
                int tempPosition = unchecked(_length + (int)offset);
                if ( unchecked(_length + offset) < _origin || tempPosition < _origin )
                    throw new IOException(Environment.GetResourceString("IO.IO_SeekBeforeBegin"));
                _position = tempPosition;
                break;
            }
            default:
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Argument_InvalidSeekOrigin"));
            }

            Debug.Assert(_position >= 0, "_position >= 0");
            return _position;
        }
        
        // Sets the length of the stream to a given value.  The new
        // value must be nonnegative and less than the space remaining in
        // the array, Int32.MaxValue - origin
        // Origin is 0 in all cases other than a MemoryStream created on
        // top of an existing array and a specific starting offset was passed 
        // into the MemoryStream constructor.  The upper bounds prevents any 
        // situations where a stream may be created on top of an array then 
        // the stream is made longer than the maximum possible length of the 
        // array (Int32.MaxValue).
        // 
        public override void SetLength(long value) {
            if (value < 0 || value > Int32.MaxValue) {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(value), Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_StreamLength"));
            }
            Contract.Ensures(_length - _origin == value);
            Contract.EndContractBlock();
            EnsureWriteable();

            // Origin wasn't publicly exposed above.
            Debug.Assert(MemStreamMaxLength == Int32.MaxValue);  // Check parameter validation logic in this method if this fails.
            if (value > (Int32.MaxValue - _origin)) {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(value), Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_StreamLength"));
            }

            int newLength = _origin + (int)value;
            bool allocatedNewArray = EnsureCapacity(newLength);
            if (!allocatedNewArray && newLength > _length)
                Array.Clear(_buffer, _length, newLength - _length);
            _length = newLength;
            if (_position > newLength) _position = newLength;

        }
        
        public virtual byte[] ToArray() {
            BCLDebug.Perf(_exposable, "MemoryStream::GetBuffer will let you avoid a copy.");
            byte[] copy = new byte[_length - _origin];
            Buffer.InternalBlockCopy(_buffer, _origin, copy, 0, _length - _origin);
            return copy;
        }
    
        public override void Write(byte[] buffer, int offset, int count) {
            if (buffer==null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(buffer), Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentNull_Buffer"));
            if (offset < 0)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(offset), Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum"));
            if (count < 0)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(count), Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum"));
            if (buffer.Length - offset < count)
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Argument_InvalidOffLen"));
            Contract.EndContractBlock();

            if (!_isOpen) __Error.StreamIsClosed();
            EnsureWriteable();

            int i = _position + count;
            // Check for overflow
            if (i < 0)
                throw new IOException(Environment.GetResourceString("IO.IO_StreamTooLong"));

            if (i > _length) {
                bool mustZero = _position > _length;
                if (i > _capacity) {
                    bool allocatedNewArray = EnsureCapacity(i);
                    if (allocatedNewArray)
                        mustZero = false;
                }
                if (mustZero)
                    Array.Clear(_buffer, _length, i - _length);
                _length = i;
            }
            if ((count <= 8) && (buffer != _buffer))
            {
                int byteCount = count;
                while (--byteCount >= 0)
                    _buffer[_position + byteCount] = buffer[offset + byteCount];
            }
            else
                Buffer.InternalBlockCopy(buffer, offset, _buffer, _position, count);
            _position = i;

        }

        [ComVisible(false)]
        public override Task WriteAsync(Byte[] buffer, int offset, int count, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
        {
            if (buffer == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(buffer), Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentNull_Buffer"));
            if (offset < 0)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(offset), Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum"));
            if (count < 0)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(count), Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentOutOfRange_NeedNonNegNum"));
            if (buffer.Length - offset < count)
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Argument_InvalidOffLen"));
            Contract.EndContractBlock(); // contract validation copied from Write(...)

            // If cancellation is already requested, bail early
            if (cancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested) 
                return Task.FromCanceled(cancellationToken);

            try
            {
                Write(buffer, offset, count);
                return Task.CompletedTask;
            }
            catch (OperationCanceledException oce)
            {
                return Task.FromCancellation<VoidTaskResult>(oce);
            }
            catch (Exception exception)
            {
                return Task.FromException(exception);
            }
        }

        public override void WriteByte(byte value) {
            if (!_isOpen) __Error.StreamIsClosed();
            EnsureWriteable();
            
            if (_position >= _length) {
                int newLength = _position + 1;
                bool mustZero = _position > _length;
                if (newLength >= _capacity) {
                    bool allocatedNewArray = EnsureCapacity(newLength);
                    if (allocatedNewArray)
                        mustZero = false;
                }
                if (mustZero)
                    Array.Clear(_buffer, _length, _position - _length);
                _length = newLength;
            }
            _buffer[_position++] = value;

        }
    
        // Writes this MemoryStream to another stream.
        public virtual void WriteTo(Stream stream) {
            if (stream==null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(stream), Environment.GetResourceString("ArgumentNull_Stream"));
            Contract.EndContractBlock();

            if (!_isOpen) __Error.StreamIsClosed();
            stream.Write(_buffer, _origin, _length - _origin);
        }
    }
}