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</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="program_options.tutorial"></a>Tutorial</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc"><dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="section"><a href="tutorial.html#idm45555218472112">Getting Started</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="tutorial.html#idm45555218453872">Option Details</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="tutorial.html#idm45555218427440">Multiple Sources</a></span></dt>
</dl></div>
<p>In this section, we'll take a look at the most common usage scenarios
of the program_options library, starting with the simplest one. The examples
show only the interesting code parts, but the complete programs can be found
in the "BOOST_ROOT/libs/program_options/example" directory. Through all the
examples, we'll assume that the following namespace alias is in effect:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">namespace po = boost::program_options;</pre>
<p>
</p>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="idm45555218472112"></a>Getting Started</h3></div></div></div>
<p>The first example is the simplest possible: it only handles two
options. Here's the source code (the full program is in
"example/first.cpp"):
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
// Declare the supported options.
po::options_description desc("Allowed options");
desc.add_options()
("help", "produce help message")
("compression", po::value<int>(), "set compression level")
;
po::variables_map vm;
po::store(po::parse_command_line(ac, av, desc), vm);
po::notify(vm);
if (vm.count("help")) {
cout << desc << "\n";
return 1;
}
if (vm.count("compression")) {
cout << "Compression level was set to "
<< vm["compression"].as<int>() << ".\n";
} else {
cout << "Compression level was not set.\n";
}
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<p>We start by declaring all allowed options using the
<code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="../boost/program_options/options_description.html" title="Class options_description">options_description</a></code> class. The <code class="computeroutput">add_options</code> method of that
class returns a special proxy object that defines
<code class="computeroutput">operator()</code>. Calls to that operator actually declare
options. The parameters are option name, information about value, and option
description. In this example, the first option has no value, and the second
one has a value of type <code class="computeroutput">int</code>.
</p>
<p>After that, an object of class <code class="computeroutput">variables_map</code> is
declared. That class is intended to store values of options, and can store
values of arbitrary types. Next, the calls to <code class="computeroutput">store</code>,
<code class="computeroutput">parse_command_line</code> and <code class="computeroutput">notify</code> functions cause
<code class="computeroutput">vm</code> to contain all the options found on the command
line.</p>
<p>And now, finally, we can use the options as we like. The
<code class="computeroutput">variables_map</code> class can be used just like
<code class="computeroutput">std::map</code>, except that values stored there must be retrieved
with the <code class="computeroutput">as</code> method shown above. (If the type specified in the
call to the <code class="computeroutput">as</code> method is different from the actually stored
type, an exception is thrown.)
</p>
<p>It's now a good time to try compiling the code yourself, but if
you're not yet ready, here's an example session:
</p>
<pre class="screen">
$ <strong class="userinput"><code>bin/gcc/debug/first</code></strong>
Compression level was not set.
$ <strong class="userinput"><code>bin/gcc/debug/first --help</code></strong>
Allowed options:
--help : produce help message
--compression arg : set compression level
$ <strong class="userinput"><code>bin/gcc/debug/first --compression 10</code></strong>
Compression level was set to 10.
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="idm45555218453872"></a>Option Details</h3></div></div></div>
<p>An option value, surely, can have other types than <code class="computeroutput">int</code>, and
can have other interesting properties, which we'll discuss right now. The
complete version of the code snipped below can be found in
<code class="filename">example/options_description.cpp</code>.</p>
<p>Imagine we're writing a compiler. It should take the optimization
level, a number of include paths, and a number of input files, and perform some
interesting work. Let's describe the options:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
int opt;
po::options_description desc("Allowed options");
desc.add_options()
("help", "produce help message")
("optimization", po::value<int>(&opt)->default_value(10),
"optimization level")
("include-path,I", po::value< vector<string> >(),
"include path")
("input-file", po::value< vector<string> >(), "input file")
;
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<p>The <code class="literal">"help"</code> option should be familiar from
the previous example. It's a good idea to have this option in all cases.
</p>
<p>The <code class="literal">"optimization"</code> option shows two new features. First, we specify
the address of the variable(<code class="computeroutput">&opt</code>). After storing values, that
variable will have the value of the option. Second, we specify a default
value of 10, which will be used if no value is specified by the user.
</p>
<p>The <code class="literal">"include-path"</code> option is an example of the
only case where the interface of the <code class="computeroutput">options_description</code>
class serves only one
source -- the command line. Users typically like to use short option names
for common options, and the "include-path,I" name specifies that short
option name is "I". So, both "--include-path" and "-I" can be used.
</p>
<p>Note also that the type of the <code class="literal">"include-path"</code>
option is <span class="type">std::vector</span>. The library provides special
support for vectors -- it will be possible to specify the option several
times, and all specified values will be collected in one vector.
</p>
<p>The "input-file" option specifies the list of files to
process. That's okay for a start, but, of course, writing something like:
</p>
<pre class="screen">
<strong class="userinput"><code>compiler --input-file=a.cpp</code></strong>
</pre>
<p>
is a little non-standard, compared with
</p>
<pre class="screen">
<strong class="userinput"><code>compiler a.cpp</code></strong>
</pre>
<p>
We'll address this in a moment.
</p>
<p>
The command line tokens which have no option name, as above, are
called "positional options" by this library. They can be handled
too. With a little help from the user, the library can decide that "a.cpp"
really means the same as "--input-file=a.cpp". Here's the additional code
we need:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
po::positional_options_description p;
p.add("input-file", -1);
po::variables_map vm;
po::store(po::command_line_parser(ac, av).
options(desc).positional(p).run(), vm);
po::notify(vm);
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<p>
The first two lines say that all positional options should be translated
into "input-file" options. Also note that we use the
<code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="reference.html#boost.program_options.command_line_parser">command_line_parser</a></code> class to parse the command
line, not the <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="../boost/program_options/parse_command_line.html" title="Function template parse_command_line">parse_command_line</a></code>
function. The latter is a convenient wrapper for simple cases, but now we
need to pass additional information.
</p>
<p>By now, all options are described and parsed. We'll save ourselves the
trouble of implementing the rest of the compiler logic and only print the
options:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
if (vm.count("include-path"))
{
cout << "Include paths are: "
<< vm["include-path"].as< vector<string> >() << "\n";
}
if (vm.count("input-file"))
{
cout << "Input files are: "
<< vm["input-file"].as< vector<string> >() << "\n";
}
cout << "Optimization level is " << opt << "\n";
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<p>Here's an example session:
</p>
<pre class="screen">
$ <strong class="userinput"><code>bin/gcc/debug/options_description --help</code></strong>
Usage: options_description [options]
Allowed options:
--help : produce help message
--optimization arg : optimization level
-I [ --include-path ] arg : include path
--input-file arg : input file
$ <strong class="userinput"><code>bin/gcc/debug/options_description</code></strong>
Optimization level is 10
$ <strong class="userinput"><code>bin/gcc/debug/options_description --optimization 4 -I foo a.cpp</code></strong>
Include paths are: foo
Input files are: a.cpp
Optimization level is 4
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<p>
Oops, there's a slight problem. It's still possible to specify the
"--input-file" option, and usage message says so, which can be confusing
for the user. It would be nice to hide this information, but let's wait
for the next example.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="idm45555218427440"></a>Multiple Sources</h3></div></div></div>
<p>It's quite likely that specifying all options to our compiler on the
command line will annoy users. What if a user installs a new library and
wants to always pass an additional command line element? What if he has
made some choices which should be applied on every run? It's desirable to
create a config file with common settings which will be used together with
the command line.
</p>
<p>Of course, there will be a need to combine the values from command
line and config file. For example, the optimization level specified on the
command line should override the value from the config file. On the other
hand, include paths should be combined.
</p>
<p>Let's see the code now. The complete program is in
"examples/multiple_sources.cpp". The option definition has two interesting
details. First, we declare several instances of the
<code class="computeroutput">options_description</code> class. The reason is that, in general,
not all options are alike. Some options, like "input-file" above, should
not be presented in an automatic help message. Some options make sense only
in the config file. Finally, it's nice to have some structure in the help message,
not just a long list of options. Let's declare several option groups:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
// Declare a group of options that will be
// allowed only on command line
po::options_description generic("Generic options");
generic.add_options()
("version,v", "print version string")
("help", "produce help message")
;
// Declare a group of options that will be
// allowed both on command line and in
// config file
po::options_description config("Configuration");
config.add_options()
("optimization", po::value<int>(&opt)->default_value(10),
"optimization level")
("include-path,I",
po::value< vector<string> >()->composing(),
"include path")
;
// Hidden options, will be allowed both on command line and
// in config file, but will not be shown to the user.
po::options_description hidden("Hidden options");
hidden.add_options()
("input-file", po::value< vector<string> >(), "input file")
;
</pre>
<p>
Note the call to the <code class="computeroutput">composing</code> method in the declaration of the
"include-path" option. It tells the library that values from different sources
should be composed together, as we'll see shortly.
</p>
<p>
The <code class="computeroutput">add</code> method of the <code class="computeroutput">options_description</code>
class can be used to further group the options:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
po::options_description cmdline_options;
cmdline_options.add(generic).add(config).add(hidden);
po::options_description config_file_options;
config_file_options.add(config).add(hidden);
po::options_description visible("Allowed options");
visible.add(generic).add(config);
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<p>The parsing and storing of values follows the usual pattern, except that
we additionally call <code class="computeroutput">parse_config_file</code>, and
call the <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="../boost/program_options/store_idm45507045051456.html" title="Function store">store</a></code> function twice. But what
happens if the same value is specified both on the command line and in
config file? Usually, the value stored first is preferred. This is what
happens for the "--optimization" option. For "composing" options, like
"include-file", the values are merged.
</p>
<p>Here's an example session:
</p>
<pre class="screen">
$ <strong class="userinput"><code>bin/gcc/debug/multiple_sources</code></strong>
Include paths are: /opt
Optimization level is 1
$ <strong class="userinput"><code>bin/gcc/debug/multiple_sources --help</code></strong>
Allows options:
Generic options:
-v [ --version ] : print version string
--help : produce help message
Configuration:
--optimization n : optimization level
-I [ --include-path ] path : include path
$ <strong class="userinput"><code>bin/gcc/debug/multiple_sources --optimization=4 -I foo a.cpp b.cpp</code></strong>
Include paths are: foo /opt
Input files are: a.cpp b.cpp
Optimization level is 4
</pre>
<p>
The first invocation uses values from the configuration file. The second
invocation also uses values from command line. As we see, the include
paths on the command line and in the configuration file are merged,
while optimization is taken from the command line.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright © 2002-2004 Vladimir Prus<p>Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
(See accompanying file <code class="filename">LICENSE_1_0.txt</code> or copy at
<a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
</div></td>
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