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<div class="chapter">
<div class="titlepage"><div>
<div><h2 class="title">
<a name="chrono"></a>Chapter 7. Boost.Chrono 2.0.5</h2></div>
<div><div class="author"><h3 class="author">
<span class="firstname">Howard</span> <span class="surname">Hinnant</span>
</h3></div></div>
<div><div class="author"><h3 class="author">
<span class="firstname">Beman</span> <span class="surname">Dawes</span>
</h3></div></div>
<div><div class="author"><h3 class="author">
<span class="firstname">Vicente J.</span> <span class="surname">Botet Escriba</span>
</h3></div></div>
<div><p class="copyright">Copyright © 2008 Howard Hinnant</p></div>
<div><p class="copyright">Copyright © 2006, 2008 Beman Dawes</p></div>
<div><p class="copyright">Copyright © 2009-2013 Vicente J. Botet Escriba</p></div>
<div><div class="legalnotice">
<a name="chrono.legal"></a><p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
</div></div>
</div></div>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono.html#chrono.overview">Overview</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono.html#chrono.overview.motivation">Motivation</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono.html#chrono.overview.description">Description</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono/users_guide.html">User's Guide</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono/users_guide.html#chrono.users_guide.getting_started">Getting Started</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono/users_guide.html#chrono.users_guide.tutorial">Tutorial</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono/users_guide.html#chrono.users_guide.examples">Examples</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono/users_guide.html#chrono.users_guide.ext_references">External Resources</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono/reference.html">Reference </a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.chrono_include_hpp">Header <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special"><</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">chrono</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">include</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">></span></code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.cpp0x">Included on the C++11 Recommendation</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.io_v1">Chrono I/O V1</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.io">Chrono I/O V2</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.round">Chrono Rounding Utilities</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.other_clocks">Other Clocks</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono/appendices.html">Appendices</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono/appendices.html#chrono.appendices.history">Appendix: History</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono/appendices.html#chrono.appendices.rationale">Appendix: Rationale</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono/appendices.html#chrono.appendices.implementation">Appendix: Implementation
Notes</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono/appendices.html#chrono.appendices.faq">Appendix: FAQ</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono/appendices.html#chrono.appendices.acknowledgements">Appendix: Acknowledgements</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono/appendices.html#chrono.appendices.todo">Appendix: Future plans</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
]
</p>
<p>
]
</p>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="chrono.overview"></a><a class="link" href="chrono.html#chrono.overview" title="Overview">Overview</a>
</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc"><dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono.html#chrono.overview.motivation">Motivation</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono.html#chrono.overview.description">Description</a></span></dt>
</dl></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">What is time, then? If nobody asks me, I know; if I have to explain
it to someone who has asked me, I do not know."</span>”</span>
</p></blockquote></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<span class="bold"><strong><span class="emphasis"><em>-- Augustine </em></span></strong></span>
</p></blockquote></div>
<h4>
<a name="chrono.overview.h0"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="chrono.overview.how_to_use_this_documentation"></a></span><a class="link" href="chrono.html#chrono.overview.how_to_use_this_documentation">How
to Use This Documentation</a>
</h4>
<p>
This documentation makes use of the following naming and formatting conventions.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem">
Code is in <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">fixed</span> <span class="identifier">width</span>
<span class="identifier">font</span></code> and is syntax-highlighted.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Replaceable text that you will need to supply is in <em class="replaceable"><code>italics</code></em>.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Free functions are rendered in the code font followed by <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">()</span></code>, as in <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">free_function</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
If a name refers to a class template, it is specified like this: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">class_template</span><span class="special"><></span></code>;
that is, it is in code font and its name is followed by <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special"><></span></code>
to indicate that it is a class template.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
If a name refers to a function-like macro, it is specified like this:
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">MACRO</span><span class="special">()</span></code>;
that is, it is uppercase in code font and its name is followed by <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">()</span></code> to indicate that it is a function-like
macro. Object-like macros appear without the trailing <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">()</span></code>.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Names that refer to <span class="emphasis"><em>concepts</em></span> in the generic programming
sense are specified in CamelCase.
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
In addition, notes such as this one specify non-essential information that
provides additional background or rationale.
</p></td></tr>
</table></div>
<p>
Finally, you can mentally add the following to any code fragments in this document:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment">// Include all of Chrono files</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special"><</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">chrono</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">></span>
</pre>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="chrono.overview.motivation"></a><a class="link" href="chrono.html#chrono.overview.motivation" title="Motivation">Motivation</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<h5>
<a name="chrono.overview.motivation.h0"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="chrono.overview.motivation.time"></a></span><a class="link" href="chrono.html#chrono.overview.motivation.time">Time</a>
</h5>
<p>
We all deal with time every day of our lives. We've intuitively known it
since birth. Thus we are all very familiar with it and believe it to be a
simple matter. The modeling of time in computer programs should be similarly
simple. The unfortunate truth is that this perceived simplicity is only skin
deep. Fortunately, we do not need a terribly complicated solution to meet
the bulk of our needs. However, overly simplistic solutions can be dangerous
and inefficient, and won't adapt as the computer industry evolves.
</p>
<p>
<span class="bold"><strong>Boost.Chrono</strong></span> implements the new time facilities
in C++11, as proposed in <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2008/n2661.htm" target="_top"><span class="bold"><strong>N2661 - A Foundation to Sleep On</strong></span></a>. That document
provides background and motivation for key design decisions and is the source
of a good deal of information in this documentation.
</p>
<p>
In addition to the clocks provided by the standard proposal, <span class="bold"><strong>Boost.Chrono</strong></span>
provides specific process and thread clocks.
</p>
<h5>
<a name="chrono.overview.motivation.h1"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="chrono.overview.motivation.wall_clock_versus_system_and_user_time"></a></span><a class="link" href="chrono.html#chrono.overview.motivation.wall_clock_versus_system_and_user_time">Wall
clock versus system and user time</a>
</h5>
<p>
To make the timing facilities of Boost.Chrono more generally useful, the
library provides a number of clocks that are thin wrappers around the operating
system's process time API, thereby allowing the extraction of wall clock
time, user CPU time, and system CPU time of the process. Wall clock time
is the sum of CPU time and system CPU time. (On POSIX-like systems, this
relies on <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">times</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
On Windows, it relies on <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">GetProcessTimes</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.)
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="chrono.overview.description"></a><a class="link" href="chrono.html#chrono.overview.description" title="Description">Description</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
The <span class="bold"><strong>Boost.Chrono</strong></span> library provides:
</p>
<h5>
<a name="chrono.overview.description.h0"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="chrono.overview.description.standard"></a></span><a class="link" href="chrono.html#chrono.overview.description.standard">Standard</a>
</h5>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem">
A means to represent time durations: managed by the generic <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.cpp0x.duration_hpp.duration" title="Class Template duration<>"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">duration</span></code></a> class . Examples of
time durations include days, <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.cpp0x.duration_hpp.duration_typedefs" title="duration typedefs"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">minutes</span></code></a>, <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.cpp0x.duration_hpp.duration_typedefs" title="duration typedefs"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">seconds</span></code></a> and <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.cpp0x.duration_hpp.duration_typedefs" title="duration typedefs"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">nanoseconds</span></code></a>, which can be represented
with a fixed number of clock ticks per unit. All of these units of time
duration are united with a generic interface by the <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.cpp0x.duration_hpp.duration" title="Class Template duration<>"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">duration</span></code></a> facility.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
A type for representing points in time: <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.cpp0x.time_point_hpp.time_point" title="Class template time_point<>"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">time_point</span></code></a>. A <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.cpp0x.time_point_hpp.time_point" title="Class template time_point<>"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">time_point</span></code></a> represents an epoch
plus or minus a <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.cpp0x.duration_hpp.duration" title="Class Template duration<>"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">duration</span></code></a>. The library leaves
epochs unspecified. A <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.cpp0x.time_point_hpp.time_point" title="Class template time_point<>"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">time_point</span></code></a> is associated with
a <span class="emphasis"><em>clock</em></span>.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Several clocks, some of which may not be available on a particular platform:
<a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.cpp0x.system_clocks_hpp.system_clock" title="Class system_clock"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">system_clock</span></code></a>, <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.cpp0x.system_clocks_hpp.steady_clock" title="Class steady_clock"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">steady_clock</span></code></a> and <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.cpp0x.system_clocks_hpp.high_resolution_clock" title="Class high_resolution_clock"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">high_resolution_clock</span></code></a>. A clock
is a pairing of a <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.cpp0x.time_point_hpp.time_point" title="Class template time_point<>"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">time_point</span></code></a> and <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.cpp0x.duration_hpp.duration" title="Class Template duration<>"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">duration</span></code></a>, and a function which
returns a <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.cpp0x.time_point_hpp.time_point" title="Class template time_point<>"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">time_point</span></code></a> representing <span class="emphasis"><em>now</em></span>.
</li>
</ul></div>
<h5>
<a name="chrono.overview.description.h1"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="chrono.overview.description.other_clocks"></a></span><a class="link" href="chrono.html#chrono.overview.description.other_clocks">Other
clocks</a>
</h5>
<p>
To make the timing facilities more generally useful, <span class="bold"><strong>Boost.Chrono</strong></span>
provides a number of clocks that are thin wrappers around the operating system's
time APIs, thereby allowing the extraction of wall clock time, user CPU time,
system CPU time spent by the process,
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem">
<a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.other_clocks.process_cpu_clocks_hpp.process_real_cpu_clock" title="Class process_real_cpu_clock"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">process_real_cpu_clock</span></code></a>, captures
wall clock CPU time spent by the current process.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.other_clocks.process_cpu_clocks_hpp.process_user_cpu_clock" title="Class process_user_cpu_clock"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">process_user_cpu_clock</span></code></a>, captures
user-CPU time spent by the current process.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.other_clocks.process_cpu_clocks_hpp.process_system_cpu_clock" title="Class process_system_cpu_clock"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">process_system_cpu_clock</span></code></a>, captures
system-CPU time spent by the current process.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
A tuple-like class <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.other_clocks.process_cpu_clocks_hpp.process_cpu_clock" title="Class process_cpu_clock"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">process_cpu_clock</span></code></a>, that captures
real, user-CPU, and system-CPU process times together.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
A <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.other_clocks.thread_clock_hpp.thread_clock" title="Class thread_clock"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">thread_clock</span></code></a> thread steady clock
giving the time spent by the current thread (when supported by a platform).
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
Lastly, <span class="bold"><strong>Boost.Chrono</strong></span> includes <a href="http://www.boost.org/libs/typeof" target="_top">typeof</a>
registration for <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.cpp0x.duration_hpp.duration" title="Class Template duration<>"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">duration</span></code></a> and <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.cpp0x.time_point_hpp.time_point" title="Class template time_point<>"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">time_point</span></code></a> to permit using emulated
auto with C++03 compilers.
</p>
<h5>
<a name="chrono.overview.description.h2"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="chrono.overview.description.i_o"></a></span><a class="link" href="chrono.html#chrono.overview.description.i_o">I/O</a>
</h5>
<p>
It provides I/O for <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.cpp0x.duration_hpp.duration" title="Class Template duration<>"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">duration</span></code></a> and <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.cpp0x.time_point_hpp.time_point" title="Class template time_point<>"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">time_point</span></code></a>. This I/O makes use of
these types much more convenient. In following the "you only pay for
what you use" philosophy, this extra functionality is located in a header
separate from <boost/chrono/chrono.hpp>, namely <boost/chrono/chrono_io.hpp>.
</p>
<p>
It builds on <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special"><</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">ratio</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">ratio_io</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">></span></code>
to provide readable and flexible formatting and parsing for types in <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special"><</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">chrono</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">></span></code>.
This textural representation uses <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI_prefix#List_of_SI_prefixes" target="_top">SI
prefixes</a> whenever possible. This makes it easy for <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">milliseconds</span></code> to be represented by the text
"milliseconds", or a hypothetical meter class to print out "millimeter".
The <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.cpp0x.duration_hpp.duration" title="Class Template duration<>"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">duration</span></code></a> and the <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.cpp0x.time_point_hpp.time_point" title="Class template time_point<>"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">time_point</span></code></a> i/o can be customized
through the new facets: <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.io.duration_units_hpp.duration_units" title="Template Class duration_units"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">duration_units</span></code></a> and <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.io.time_point_units_hpp.time_point_units" title="Template Class time_point_units"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">time_point_units</span></code></a>. The user can specialize
these facets so that the chrono i/o could be localizable. However Boost.Chrono
doesn't provides a complete locale solution.
</p>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">system_clock</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">time_point</span></code> I/O is proposed in terms of
UTC timepoints, strongly guided by ISO 9899:1999, Programming languages -
C, ISO 9945:2003, Information Technology - Portable Operating System Interface
(POSIX) and ISO 8601:2004, Data elements and interchange formats - Information
interchange - Representation of dates and times.
</p>
<h5>
<a name="chrono.overview.description.h3"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="chrono.overview.description.rounding_utilities"></a></span><a class="link" href="chrono.html#chrono.overview.description.rounding_utilities">Rounding
utilities</a>
</h5>
<p>
A few simple rounding utility functions for working with durations.
</p>
<h5>
<a name="chrono.overview.description.h4"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="chrono.overview.description.caveat_emptor"></a></span><a class="link" href="chrono.html#chrono.overview.description.caveat_emptor">Caveat
Emptor</a>
</h5>
<p>
The underlying clocks provided by operating systems are subject to many seemingly
arbitrary policies and implementation irregularities. That's a polite way
of saying they tend to be flakey, and each operating system or even each
clock has its own cruel and unusual forms of flakiness. Don't bet the farm
on their accuracy, unless you have become deeply familiar with exactly what
the specific operating system is guaranteeing, which is often very little.
</p>
</div>
</div>
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<td align="left"><p><small>Last revised: August 19, 2017 at 16:59:34 GMT</small></p></td>
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