| Age | Commit message (Collapse) | Author | Files | Lines |
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When video_register_device() returns failure, vfd will be freed at once and
dev->vfl_dec will be freed after label "err_dec_reg", but the two pointers point
to the same area, so it was doublly freed here. Since video_device_release()
will be called by video_unregister_device() indirectly, we should remove the
two other calls after labels err_enc_reg and err_dec_reg.
Change-Id: I5ee8f83eeb47443e2f772914127514eab996c347
Signed-off-by: Zhaowei Yuan <zhaowei.yuan@samsung.com>
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It is not necessary to change the boost state when LAB governor is entered,
since LAB will change it according to its own politics. Only enter state
is preserved.
When leaving the LAB, only when required, work is scheduled to restore boost
initial state.
Change-Id: I6323f3c0011fe54a33d70c9ad0f9da5360b4a735
Signed-off-by: Lukasz Majewski <l.majewski@samsung.com>
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It is necessary to serialize access to cpufreq_governor_dbs() function, since
it can be accessed from different, not protected by any mutex paths like
sysfs boost attribute or LAB governor internals.
Change-Id: Id7b62db6ca0b7c28f5e8c6286aec312d3d0c971e
Signed-off-by: Lukasz Majewski <l.majewski@samsung.com>
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We should remove the code checking dev->plat_dev since we
can ensure the pointer pdev can not be NULL.
Change-Id: Ibdc44403068ee4462e414d6e84757b8a4c2b512c
Signed-off-by: Zhaowei Yuan <zhaowei.yuan@samsung.com>
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When a CPU is hot removed we'll cancel all the delayed work items
via gov_cancel_work(). Normally this will just cancels a delayed
timer on each CPU that the policy is managing and the work won't
run, but if the work is already running the workqueue code will
wait for the work to finish before continuing to prevent the
work items from re-queuing themselves like they normally do. This
scheme will work most of the time, except for the case where the
work function determines that it should adjust the delay for all
other CPUs that the policy is managing. If this scenario occurs,
the canceling CPU will cancel its own work but queue up the other
CPUs works to run. For example:
CPU0 CPU1
---- ----
cpu_down()
...
__cpufreq_remove_dev()
cpufreq_governor_dbs()
case CPUFREQ_GOV_STOP:
gov_cancel_work(dbs_data, policy);
cpu0 work is canceled
timer is canceled
cpu1 work is canceled <work runs>
<waits for cpu1> od_dbs_timer()
gov_queue_work(*, *, true);
cpu0 work queued
cpu1 work queued
cpu2 work queued
...
cpu1 work is canceled
cpu2 work is canceled
...
At the end of the GOV_STOP case cpu0 still has a work queued to
run although the code is expecting all of the works to be
canceled. __cpufreq_remove_dev() will then proceed to
re-initialize all the other CPUs works except for the CPU that is
going down. The CPUFREQ_GOV_START case in cpufreq_governor_dbs()
will trample over the queued work and debugobjects will spit out
a warning:
WARNING: at lib/debugobjects.c:260 debug_print_object+0x94/0xbc()
ODEBUG: init active (active state 0) object type: timer_list hint: delayed_work_timer_fn+0x0/0x10
Modules linked in:
CPU: 0 PID: 1491 Comm: sh Tainted: G W 3.10.0 #19
[<c010c178>] (unwind_backtrace+0x0/0x11c) from [<c0109dec>] (show_stack+0x10/0x14)
[<c0109dec>] (show_stack+0x10/0x14) from [<c01904cc>] (warn_slowpath_common+0x4c/0x6c)
[<c01904cc>] (warn_slowpath_common+0x4c/0x6c) from [<c019056c>] (warn_slowpath_fmt+0x2c/0x3c)
[<c019056c>] (warn_slowpath_fmt+0x2c/0x3c) from [<c0388a7c>] (debug_print_object+0x94/0xbc)
[<c0388a7c>] (debug_print_object+0x94/0xbc) from [<c0388e34>] (__debug_object_init+0x2d0/0x340)
[<c0388e34>] (__debug_object_init+0x2d0/0x340) from [<c019e3b0>] (init_timer_key+0x14/0xb0)
[<c019e3b0>] (init_timer_key+0x14/0xb0) from [<c0635f78>] (cpufreq_governor_dbs+0x3e8/0x5f8)
[<c0635f78>] (cpufreq_governor_dbs+0x3e8/0x5f8) from [<c06325a0>] (__cpufreq_governor+0xdc/0x1a4)
[<c06325a0>] (__cpufreq_governor+0xdc/0x1a4) from [<c0633704>] (__cpufreq_remove_dev.isra.10+0x3b4/0x434)
[<c0633704>] (__cpufreq_remove_dev.isra.10+0x3b4/0x434) from [<c08989f4>] (cpufreq_cpu_callback+0x60/0x80)
[<c08989f4>] (cpufreq_cpu_callback+0x60/0x80) from [<c08a43c0>] (notifier_call_chain+0x38/0x68)
[<c08a43c0>] (notifier_call_chain+0x38/0x68) from [<c01938e0>] (__cpu_notify+0x28/0x40)
[<c01938e0>] (__cpu_notify+0x28/0x40) from [<c0892ad4>] (_cpu_down+0x7c/0x2c0)
[<c0892ad4>] (_cpu_down+0x7c/0x2c0) from [<c0892d3c>] (cpu_down+0x24/0x40)
[<c0892d3c>] (cpu_down+0x24/0x40) from [<c0893ea8>] (store_online+0x2c/0x74)
[<c0893ea8>] (store_online+0x2c/0x74) from [<c04519d8>] (dev_attr_store+0x18/0x24)
[<c04519d8>] (dev_attr_store+0x18/0x24) from [<c02a69d4>] (sysfs_write_file+0x100/0x148)
[<c02a69d4>] (sysfs_write_file+0x100/0x148) from [<c0255c18>] (vfs_write+0xcc/0x174)
[<c0255c18>] (vfs_write+0xcc/0x174) from [<c0255f70>] (SyS_write+0x38/0x64)
[<c0255f70>] (SyS_write+0x38/0x64) from [<c0106120>] (ret_fast_syscall+0x0/0x30)
Signed-off-by: Stephen Boyd <sboyd@codeaurora.org>
Acked-by: Viresh Kumar <viresh.kumar@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
Change-Id: I3c74dd72e468c150c6664c9ea99083c0a5866b06
[k.kozlowski: Backport to 3.10 to fix CPU0 stall after CPU1 hotplug]
Signed-off-by: Krzysztof Kozlowski <k.kozlowski@samsung.com>
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from: Seung-Woo Kim <sw0312.kim@samsung.com>
MFC needs 200MHz for sclk_mfc clock to work properly. The clock
rate setting was missed, so this patch adds it.
Change-Id: Ica696a5fda2babe81e885945fa5affd0b09ff5ba
Signed-off-by: Donghwa Lee <dh09.lee@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Seung-Woo Kim <sw0312.kim@samsung.com>
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After hotplugging CPU1 the first interrupt handler for CPU1 oneshot
timer was called on CPU0 because it fired up before setting IRQ
affinity.
During setup of the MCT timers the clock event device should be
registered after setting the affinity for interrupt. This will prevent
starting the timer to early.
Additionally, if clock event device has interrupt set up, the
clockevents_config_and_register() will also set the affinity for it.
Signed-off-by: Krzysztof Kozlowski <k.kozlowski@samsung.com>
Change-Id: I64fee65b57106ad562f0ecc1160748a9548debad
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Return value of exynos4_mct_tick_clear() was never checked so it can
be safely changed to void.
Signed-off-by: Krzysztof Kozlowski <k.kozlowski@samsung.com>
Change-Id: I14f872e244434002005c532adf8afc97ef77cea5
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Fix stall after hotplugging CPU1. The stall was a result of starting the
CPU1 local timer not in L1 timer but in L0 (which is used by CPU0).
Stall information:
[ 530.045259] INFO: rcu_preempt detected stalls on CPUs/tasks:
[ 530.045618] 1: (6 GPs behind) idle=6d0/0/0 softirq=369/369
[ 530.050987] (detected by 0, t=6589 jiffies, g=33, c=32, q=0)
[ 530.056721] Task dump for CPU 1:
[ 530.059928] swapper/1 R running 0 0 1 0x00001000
[ 530.066377] [<c0524e14>] (__schedule+0x414/0x9b4) from [<c00b6610>] (rcu_idle_enter+0x18/0x38)
[ 530.074955] [<c00b6610>] (rcu_idle_enter+0x18/0x38) from [<c0079a18>] (cpu_startup_entry+0x60/0x3bc)
[ 530.084069] [<c0079a18>] (cpu_startup_entry+0x60/0x3bc) from [<c0517d34>] (secondary_start_kernel+0x164/0x1a0)
[ 530.094029] [<c0517d34>] (secondary_start_kernel+0x164/0x1a0) from [<40517244>] (0x40517244)
The timers for CPU1 were missed:
[ 591.668436] cpu: 1
[ 591.670430] clock 0:
[ 591.672691] .base: c0ab7750
[ 591.676160] .index: 0
[ 591.679025] .resolution: 1 nsecs
[ 591.682404] .get_time: ktime_get
[ 591.685970] .offset: 0 nsecs
[ 591.689349] active timers:
[ 591.692045] #0: <dfb51f40>, hrtimer_wakeup, S:01
[ 591.696759] # expires at 454687834257-454687884257 nsecs [in -136770537232 to -136770487232 nsecs]
And the event_handler for next event was wrong:
[ 591.917120] Tick Device: mode: 1
[ 591.920676] Per CPU device: 0
[ 591.923621] Clock Event Device: mct_tick0
[ 591.927623] max_delta_ns: 178956969027
[ 591.931613] min_delta_ns: 1249
[ 591.934913] mult: 51539608
[ 591.938557] shift: 32
[ 591.941681] mode: 3
[ 591.944724] next_event: 595025000000 nsecs
[ 591.949227] set_next_event: exynos4_tick_set_next_event
[ 591.954522] set_mode: exynos4_tick_set_mode
[ 591.959296] event_handler: hrtimer_interrupt
[ 591.963730] retries: 0
[ 591.966761]
[ 591.968245] Tick Device: mode: 0
[ 591.971801] Per CPU device: 1
[ 591.974746] Clock Event Device: mct_tick1
[ 591.978750] max_delta_ns: 178956969027
[ 591.982739] min_delta_ns: 1249
[ 591.986037] mult: 51539608
[ 591.989681] shift: 32
[ 591.992806] mode: 3
[ 591.995848] next_event: 453685000000 nsecs
[ 592.000353] set_next_event: exynos4_tick_set_next_event
[ 592.005648] set_mode: exynos4_tick_set_mode
[ 592.010421] event_handler: tick_handle_periodic
[ 592.015115] retries: 0
[ 592.018145]
After turning off the CPU1, the MCT L1 local timer was disabled but the
interrupt was not cleared. Turning on the CPU1 enabled the IRQ
with setup_irq() but, before setting affinity to CPU1, the pending L1 timer
interrupt was processed by CPU0 in exynos4_mct_tick_isr().
The ISR then called event handler which set up the next timer event for
current CPU (CPU0). Therefore the MCT L1 timer wasn't actually started.
Fix the stall by:
1. Setting next timer event not on current CPU but on the CPU indicated
by cpumask in 'clock_event_device'.
2. Clearing the timer interrupt upon stopping the local timer.
The patch also moves around the call to exynos4_mct_tick_stop() but this
is done only for the code readability as it is not essential for the fix.
Signed-off-by: Krzysztof Kozlowski <k.kozlowski@samsung.com>
Change-Id: I3a1a23e2b970661b5f7c60fc633a7545aa80ed5e
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We can't take a big lock around __cpufreq_governor() as this causes
recursive locking for some cases. But calls to this routine must be
serialized for every policy. Otherwise we can see some unpredictable
events.
For example, consider following scenario:
__cpufreq_remove_dev()
__cpufreq_governor(policy, CPUFREQ_GOV_STOP);
policy->governor->governor(policy, CPUFREQ_GOV_STOP);
cpufreq_governor_dbs()
case CPUFREQ_GOV_STOP:
mutex_destroy(&cpu_cdbs->timer_mutex)
cpu_cdbs->cur_policy = NULL;
<PREEMPT>
store()
__cpufreq_set_policy()
__cpufreq_governor(policy, CPUFREQ_GOV_LIMITS);
policy->governor->governor(policy, CPUFREQ_GOV_LIMITS);
case CPUFREQ_GOV_LIMITS:
mutex_lock(&cpu_cdbs->timer_mutex); <-- Warning (destroyed mutex)
if (policy->max < cpu_cdbs->cur_policy->cur) <- cur_policy == NULL
And so store() will eventually result in a crash if cur_policy is
NULL at this point.
Introduce an additional variable which would guarantee serialization
here.
Change-Id: Ibae767cbd9c25c7598b39d1405fa3d98d2125101
Reported-by: Stephen Boyd <sboyd@codeaurora.org>
Signed-off-by: Viresh Kumar <viresh.kumar@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
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Commit 7c30ed ("cpufreq: make sure frequency transitions are serialized")
interacts poorly with systems that have a single core freqency for all
cores. On such systems we have a single policy for all cores with
several CPUs. When we do a frequency transition the governor calls the
pre and post change notifiers which causes cpufreq_notify_transition()
per CPU. Since the policy is the same for all of them all CPUs after
the first and the warnings added are generated by checking a per-policy
flag the warnings will be triggered for all cores after the first.
Fix this by allowing notifier to be called for n times. Where n is the number of
cpus in policy->cpus.
Change-Id: I5712dde7f992644f9c3ddc8313151f80bea0d877
Reported-and-tested-by: Mark Brown <broonie@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Viresh Kumar <viresh.kumar@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
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Whenever we are changing frequency of a cpu, we are calling PRECHANGE and
POSTCHANGE notifiers. They must be serialized. i.e. PRECHANGE or POSTCHANGE
shouldn't be called twice contiguously.
This can happen due to bugs in users of __cpufreq_driver_target() or actual
cpufreq drivers who are sending these notifiers.
This patch adds some protection against this. Now, we keep track of the last
transaction and see if something went wrong.
Change-Id: I0f5465bd515c431ae2d3711d065f70aacec7e978
Signed-off-by: Viresh Kumar <viresh.kumar@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
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struct cpufreq_policy is already passed as argument to some routines
like: __cpufreq_driver_getavg() and so we don't really need to do
cpufreq_cpu_get() before and cpufreq_cpu_put() in them to get a
policy structure.
Remove them.
Change-Id: I6a9ff8ed483a4f4faacc2ea047d93354dccdb0b6
Signed-off-by: Viresh Kumar <viresh.kumar@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
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Cpufreq governors' stop and start operations should be carried out
in sequence. Otherwise, there will be unexpected behavior, like in
the example below.
Suppose there are 4 CPUs and policy->cpu=CPU0, CPU1/2/3 are linked
to CPU0. The normal sequence is:
1) Current governor is userspace. An application tries to set the
governor to ondemand. It will call __cpufreq_set_policy() in
which it will stop the userspace governor and then start the
ondemand governor.
2) Current governor is userspace. The online of CPU3 runs on CPU0.
It will call cpufreq_add_policy_cpu() in which it will first
stop the userspace governor, and then start it again.
If the sequence of the above two cases interleaves, it becomes:
1) Application stops userspace governor
2) Hotplug stops userspace governor
which is a problem, because the governor shouldn't be stopped twice
in a row. What happens next is:
3) Application starts ondemand governor
4) Hotplug starts a governor
In step 4, the hotplug is supposed to start the userspace governor,
but now the governor has been changed by the application to ondemand,
so the ondemand governor is started once again, which is incorrect.
The solution is to prevent policy governors from being stopped
multiple times in a row. A governor should only be stopped once for
one policy. After it has been stopped, no more governor stop
operations should be executed.
Also add a mutex to serialize governor operations.
Change-Id: Ie380dc7c551f2721b81ceb8e4849efa09345ce4b
[rjw: Changelog. And you owe me a beverage of my choice.]
Signed-off-by: Xiaoguang Chen <chenxg@marvell.com>
Acked-by: Viresh Kumar <viresh.kumar@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
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When packet arrives, link device call iodev's helper function to recieve
packets. The way of recieving data of IPC_FMT and IPC_RFS type iodevs differs
from IPC_RAW and IPC_MULTI_RAW. This patch adds specified method of recieving
data for FMT, RFS typed.
This modification references TIZEN 2.2 kernel.
Change-Id: I01efa7678bbabfbd1011ceba42571fc221313c4d
Signed-off-by: Jonghwa Lee <jonghwa3.lee@samsung.com>
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Exynos drm driver cannot support DRIVER_HAVE_IRQ feature because it uses
driver specific one instead of routine of drm framework to
install/uninstall irq handler.
Change-Id: I5796d7113cbc4283cbb41591384aaa69011818d4
Signed-off-by: Joonyoung Shim <jy0922.shim@samsung.com>
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Finally, we separated zram->lock dependency from 32bit stat/ table
handling so there is no reason to use rw_semaphore between read and
write path so this patch removes the lock from read path totally and
changes rw_semaphore with mutex. So, we could do
old:
read-read: OK
read-write: NO
write-write: NO
Now:
read-read: OK
read-write: OK
write-write: NO
The below data proves mixed workload performs well 11 times and there is
also enhance on write-write path because current rw-semaphore doesn't
support SPIN_ON_OWNER. It's side effect but anyway good thing for us.
Write-related tests perform better (from 61% to 1058%) but read path has
good/bad(from -2.22% to 1.45%) but they are all marginal within stddev.
CPU 12
iozone -t -T -l 12 -u 12 -r 16K -s 60M -I +Z -V 0
==Initial write ==Initial write
records: 10 records: 10
avg: 516189.16 avg: 839907.96
std: 22486.53 (4.36%) std: 47902.17 (5.70%)
max: 546970.60 max: 909910.35
min: 481131.54 min: 751148.38
==Rewrite ==Rewrite
records: 10 records: 10
avg: 509527.98 avg: 1050156.37
std: 45799.94 (8.99%) std: 40695.44 (3.88%)
max: 611574.27 max: 1111929.26
min: 443679.95 min: 980409.62
==Read ==Read
records: 10 records: 10
avg: 4408624.17 avg: 4472546.76
std: 281152.61 (6.38%) std: 163662.78 (3.66%)
max: 4867888.66 max: 4727351.03
min: 4058347.69 min: 4126520.88
==Re-read ==Re-read
records: 10 records: 10
avg: 4462147.53 avg: 4363257.75
std: 283546.11 (6.35%) std: 247292.63 (5.67%)
max: 4912894.44 max: 4677241.75
min: 4131386.50 min: 4035235.84
==Reverse Read ==Reverse Read
records: 10 records: 10
avg: 4565865.97 avg: 4485818.08
std: 313395.63 (6.86%) std: 248470.10 (5.54%)
max: 5232749.16 max: 4789749.94
min: 4185809.62 min: 3963081.34
==Stride read ==Stride read
records: 10 records: 10
avg: 4515981.80 avg: 4418806.01
std: 211192.32 (4.68%) std: 212837.97 (4.82%)
max: 4889287.28 max: 4686967.22
min: 4210362.00 min: 4083041.84
==Random read ==Random read
records: 10 records: 10
avg: 4410525.23 avg: 4387093.18
std: 236693.22 (5.37%) std: 235285.23 (5.36%)
max: 4713698.47 max: 4669760.62
min: 4057163.62 min: 3952002.16
==Mixed workload ==Mixed workload
records: 10 records: 10
avg: 243234.25 avg: 2818677.27
std: 28505.07 (11.72%) std: 195569.70 (6.94%)
max: 288905.23 max: 3126478.11
min: 212473.16 min: 2484150.69
==Random write ==Random write
records: 10 records: 10
avg: 555887.07 avg: 1053057.79
std: 70841.98 (12.74%) std: 35195.36 (3.34%)
max: 683188.28 max: 1096125.73
min: 437299.57 min: 992481.93
==Pwrite ==Pwrite
records: 10 records: 10
avg: 501745.93 avg: 810363.09
std: 16373.54 (3.26%) std: 19245.01 (2.37%)
max: 518724.52 max: 833359.70
min: 464208.73 min: 765501.87
==Pread ==Pread
records: 10 records: 10
avg: 4539894.60 avg: 4457680.58
std: 197094.66 (4.34%) std: 188965.60 (4.24%)
max: 4877170.38 max: 4689905.53
min: 4226326.03 min: 4095739.72
Change-Id: I7d2299149ce6982d76caaaadb936b7385cbee515
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Tested-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Cc: Jerome Marchand <jmarchan@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Commit a0c516cbfc74 ("zram: don't grab mutex in zram_slot_free_noity")
introduced free request pending code to avoid scheduling by mutex under
spinlock and it was a mess which made code lenghty and increased
overhead.
Now, we don't need zram->lock any more to free slot so this patch
reverts it and then, tb_lock should protect it.
Change-Id: I3429e568bab78c197da3fc5cbd5afb9355bf7d21
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Tested-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Cc: Jerome Marchand <jmarchan@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Currently, the zram table is protected by zram->lock but it's rather
coarse-grained lock and it makes hard for scalibility.
Let's use own rwlock instead of depending on zram->lock. This patch
adds new locking so obviously, it would make slow but this patch is just
prepartion for removing coarse-grained rw_semaphore(ie, zram->lock)
which is hurdle about zram scalability.
Final patch in this patchset series will remove the lock from read-path
and change rw_semaphore with mutex in write path. With bonus, we could
drop pending slot free mess in next patch.
Change-Id: If5456f871bc6b0d6ee1f8218fde3f5a13d261c8b
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Tested-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Cc: Jerome Marchand <jmarchan@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Some of fields in zram->stats are protected by zram->lock which is
rather coarse-grained so let's use atomic operation without explict
locking.
This patch is ready for removing dependency of zram->lock in read path
which is very coarse-grained rw_semaphore. Of course, this patch adds
new atomic operation so it might make slow but my 12CPU test couldn't
spot any regression. All gain/lose is marginal within stddev.
iozone -t -T -l 12 -u 12 -r 16K -s 60M -I +Z -V 0
==Initial write ==Initial write
records: 50 records: 50
avg: 412875.17 avg: 415638.23
std: 38543.12 (9.34%) std: 36601.11 (8.81%)
max: 521262.03 max: 502976.72
min: 343263.13 min: 351389.12
==Rewrite ==Rewrite
records: 50 records: 50
avg: 416640.34 avg: 397914.33
std: 60798.92 (14.59%) std: 46150.42 (11.60%)
max: 543057.07 max: 522669.17
min: 304071.67 min: 316588.77
==Read ==Read
records: 50 records: 50
avg: 4147338.63 avg: 4070736.51
std: 179333.25 (4.32%) std: 223499.89 (5.49%)
max: 4459295.28 max: 4539514.44
min: 3753057.53 min: 3444686.31
==Re-read ==Re-read
records: 50 records: 50
avg: 4096706.71 avg: 4117218.57
std: 229735.04 (5.61%) std: 171676.25 (4.17%)
max: 4430012.09 max: 4459263.94
min: 2987217.80 min: 3666904.28
==Reverse Read ==Reverse Read
records: 50 records: 50
avg: 4062763.83 avg: 4078508.32
std: 186208.46 (4.58%) std: 172684.34 (4.23%)
max: 4401358.78 max: 4424757.22
min: 3381625.00 min: 3679359.94
==Stride read ==Stride read
records: 50 records: 50
avg: 4094933.49 avg: 4082170.22
std: 185710.52 (4.54%) std: 196346.68 (4.81%)
max: 4478241.25 max: 4460060.97
min: 3732593.23 min: 3584125.78
==Random read ==Random read
records: 50 records: 50
avg: 4031070.04 avg: 4074847.49
std: 192065.51 (4.76%) std: 206911.33 (5.08%)
max: 4356931.16 max: 4399442.56
min: 3481619.62 min: 3548372.44
==Mixed workload ==Mixed workload
records: 50 records: 50
avg: 149925.73 avg: 149675.54
std: 7701.26 (5.14%) std: 6902.09 (4.61%)
max: 191301.56 max: 175162.05
min: 133566.28 min: 137762.87
==Random write ==Random write
records: 50 records: 50
avg: 404050.11 avg: 393021.47
std: 58887.57 (14.57%) std: 42813.70 (10.89%)
max: 601798.09 max: 524533.43
min: 325176.99 min: 313255.34
==Pwrite ==Pwrite
records: 50 records: 50
avg: 411217.70 avg: 411237.96
std: 43114.99 (10.48%) std: 33136.29 (8.06%)
max: 530766.79 max: 471899.76
min: 320786.84 min: 317906.94
==Pread ==Pread
records: 50 records: 50
avg: 4154908.65 avg: 4087121.92
std: 151272.08 (3.64%) std: 219505.04 (5.37%)
max: 4459478.12 max: 4435857.38
min: 3730512.41 min: 3101101.67
Change-Id: Ib0d538597fbc4a2037b0464f8d62fb73fa0b0c24
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Tested-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Cc: Jerome Marchand <jmarchan@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Commit a0c516cbfc74 ("zram: don't grab mutex in zram_slot_free_noity")
introduced pending zram slot free in zram's write path in case of
missing slot free by memory allocation failure in zram_slot_free_notify
but it is not necessary because we have already freed the slot right
before overwriting.
Change-Id: I5048bce2ca8c377d9539f0397a04bddc5f5a5e92
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Cc: Jerome Marchand <jmarchan@redhat.com>
Tested-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
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Sergey reported we don't need to handle pending free request every I/O
so that this patch removes it in read path while we remain it in write
path.
Let's consider below example.
Swap subsystem ask to zram "A" block free by swap_slot_free_notify but
zram had been pended it without real freeing. Swap subsystem allocates
"A" block for new data but request pended for a long time just handled
and zram blindly free new data on the "A" block. :(
That's why we couldn't remove handle pending free request right before
zram-write.
Change-Id: Ib4409bfad7b1ae263e2708c74875c322da72c7b3
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Reported-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Tested-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Cc: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Cc: Jerome Marchand <jmarchan@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
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Dan and Sergey reported that there is a racy between reset and flushing
of pending work so that it could make oops by freeing zram->meta in
reset while zram_slot_free can access zram->meta if new request is
adding during the race window.
This patch moves flush after taking init_lock so it prevents new request
so that it closes the race.
Change-Id: Ibc09001d1ad4a4ef852d661384259b53f0f9c19b
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Reported-by: Dan Carpenter <dan.carpenter@oracle.com>
Cc: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Cc: Jerome Marchand <jmarchan@redhat.com>
Tested-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Add my copyright to the zram source code which I maintain.
Change-Id: I8816064aa958c9304c53fae0972e011060cc2bcc
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Remove the old private compcache project address so upcoming patches
should be sent to LKML because we Linux kernel community will take care.
Change-Id: Ia5bf208791c8fa6e96161fd9fb842d6829f14698
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Zram has lived in staging for a LONG LONG time and have been
fixed/improved by many contributors so code is clean and stable now. Of
course, there are lots of product using zram in real practice.
The major TV companys have used zram as swap since two years ago and
recently our production team released android smart phone with zram
which is used as swap, too and recently Android Kitkat start to use zram
for small memory smart phone. And there was a report Google released
their ChromeOS with zram, too and cyanogenmod have been used zram long
time ago. And I heard some disto have used zram block device for tmpfs.
In addition, I saw many report from many other peoples. For example,
Lubuntu start to use it.
The benefit of zram is very clear. With my experience, one of the
benefit was to remove jitter of video application with backgroud memory
pressure. It would be effect of efficient memory usage by compression
but more issue is whether swap is there or not in the system. Recent
mobile platforms have used JAVA so there are many anonymous pages. But
embedded system normally are reluctant to use eMMC or SDCard as swap
because there is wear-leveling and latency issues so if we do not use
swap, it means we can't reclaim anoymous pages and at last, we could
encounter OOM kill. :(
Although we have real storage as swap, it was a problem, too. Because
it sometime ends up making system very unresponsible caused by slow swap
storage performance.
Quote from Luigi on Google
"Since Chrome OS was mentioned: the main reason why we don't use swap
to a disk (rotating or SSD) is because it doesn't degrade gracefully
and leads to a bad interactive experience. Generally we prefer to
manage RAM at a higher level, by transparently killing and restarting
processes. But we noticed that zram is fast enough to be competitive
with the latter, and it lets us make more efficient use of the
available RAM. " and he announced.
http://www.spinics.net/lists/linux-mm/msg57717.html
Other uses case is to use zram for block device. Zram is block device
so anyone can format the block device and mount on it so some guys on
the internet start zram as /var/tmp.
http://forums.gentoo.org/viewtopic-t-838198-start-0.html
Let's promote zram and enhance/maintain it instead of removing.
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com>
Acked-by: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Acked-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: Bob Liu <bob.liu@oracle.com>
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Cc: Luigi Semenzato <semenzato@google.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Seth Jennings <sjenning@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Conflicts:
drivers/block/Makefile
Change-Id: I368f76a5368fffaacbf349cfd78f79cba5da0a0d
|
|
This patch moves zsmalloc under mm directory.
Before that, description will explain why we have needed custom
allocator.
Zsmalloc is a new slab-based memory allocator for storing compressed
pages. It is designed for low fragmentation and high allocation success
rate on large object, but <= PAGE_SIZE allocations.
zsmalloc differs from the kernel slab allocator in two primary ways to
achieve these design goals.
zsmalloc never requires high order page allocations to back slabs, or
"size classes" in zsmalloc terms. Instead it allows multiple
single-order pages to be stitched together into a "zspage" which backs
the slab. This allows for higher allocation success rate under memory
pressure.
Also, zsmalloc allows objects to span page boundaries within the zspage.
This allows for lower fragmentation than could be had with the kernel
slab allocator for objects between PAGE_SIZE/2 and PAGE_SIZE. With the
kernel slab allocator, if a page compresses to 60% of it original size,
the memory savings gained through compression is lost in fragmentation
because another object of the same size can't be stored in the leftover
space.
This ability to span pages results in zsmalloc allocations not being
directly addressable by the user. The user is given an
non-dereferencable handle in response to an allocation request. That
handle must be mapped, using zs_map_object(), which returns a pointer to
the mapped region that can be used. The mapping is necessary since the
object data may reside in two different noncontigious pages.
The zsmalloc fulfills the allocation needs for zram perfectly
[sjenning@linux.vnet.ibm.com: borrow Seth's quote]
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Reviewed-by: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com>
Cc: Bob Liu <bob.liu@oracle.com>
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Cc: Luigi Semenzato <semenzato@google.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Seth Jennings <sjenning@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Conflicts:
mm/Kconfig
Change-Id: I57dad090a3c48db4a67c88e6fa20a4bdbb82d984
|
|
This patch adds lots of comments and it will help others
to review and enhance.
Change-Id: I743596bf18e8acf1082c21437c2caef5f15aad71
Signed-off-by: Seth Jennings <sjenning@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
|
|
Zsmalloc has two methods 1) copy-based and 2) pte based to
access objects that span two pages.
You can see history why we supported two approach from [1].
But it was bad choice that adding hard coding to select arch
which want to use pte based method because there are lots of
SoC in an architecure and they can have different cache size,
CPU speed and so on so it would be better to expose it to user
as selectable Kconfig option like Andrew Morton suggested.
[1] https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/7/11/58
Change-Id: Ieedde9cfac0a7d9bbcb3d5d5b36318efd41132eb
Acked-by: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Reviewed-by: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
|
|
As suggested by Minchan Kim and Jerome Marchand "The code in reset_store
get the block device (bdget_disk()) but it does not put it (bdput()) when
it's done using it. The usage count is therefore incremented but never
decremented."
This patch also puts bdput() for all error cases.
Change-Id: I92198df5ff42242ef3627e5d3db4acece7940d61
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Jerome Marchand <jmarchan@redhat.com>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Rashika Kheria <rashika.kheria@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
|
|
This patch fixes the bug in reset_store caused by accessing NULL pointer.
The bdev gets its value from bdget_disk() which could fail when memory
pressure is severe and hence can return NULL because allocation of
inode in bdget could fail.
Hence, this patch introduces a check for bdev to prevent reference to a
NULL pointer in the later part of the code. It also removes unnecessary
check of bdev for fsync_bdev().
Change-Id: I47cdcc08076df7958a19406b8502627802c7bd07
Cc: stable <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Acked-by: Jerome Marchand <jmarchan@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Rashika Kheria <rashika.kheria@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
|
|
This patch fixes the following Smatch warning in zram_drv.c-
drivers/staging/zram/zram_drv.c:899
destroy_device() warn: variable dereferenced before check 'zram->disk' (see line 896)
Change-Id: If920cb9e1328289c561de89e074523071cd772b5
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Jerome Marchand <jmarchan@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Rashika Kheria <rashika.kheria@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
|
|
This patch adds a MMU dependency to configure the ZSMALLOC in
drivers/staging/zsmalloc/Kconfig. Without this patch, build
system can lead to build failure. This was observed during
randconfig testing, in which ZSMALLOC was enabled w/o MMU being
enabled. Following was the error:
LD vmlinux
drivers/built-in.o: In function `__zs_map_object':
drivers/staging/zsmalloc/zsmalloc-main.c:650: undefined reference to `map_vm_area'
make: *** [vmlinux] Error 1
Change-Id: Ia78fb6b91949e85f3b9fee18eaffa18205aaccb9
Signed-off-by: Manjunath Goudar <csmanjuvijay@gmail.com>
Cc: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Cc: Seth Jennings <sjenning@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Joerg Roedel <joro@8bytes.org>
Cc: devel@driverdev.osuosl.org
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
|
|
This reverts commit c70bda992c12e593e411c02a52e4bd6985407539.
It's incorrect, Kay writes:
Please just remove it. "devname" is meant to be used for
single-instance devices with a static dev_t, never for things
like zramX.
It will not do anything useful here, it does nothing really
without a statically assigned dev_t, and it should not be used
for devices of this kind anyway.
Change-Id: Ia1503b3cff95e5dd31c934f420025ea252f09129
Reported-by: Tom Gundersen <teg@jklm.no>
Reported-by: Kay Sievers <kay@vrfy.org>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
|
|
[1] introduced down_write in zram_slot_free_notify to prevent race
between zram_slot_free_notify and zram_bvec_[read|write]. The race
could happen if somebody who has right permission to open swap device
is reading swap device while it is used by swap in parallel.
However, zram_slot_free_notify is called with holding spin_lock of
swap layer so we shouldn't avoid holing mutex. Otherwise, lockdep
warns it.
This patch adds new list to handle free slot and workqueue
so zram_slot_free_notify just registers slot index to be freed and
registers the request to workqueue. If workqueue is expired,
it holds mutex_lock so there is no problem any more.
If any I/O is issued, zram handles pending slot-free request
caused by zram_slot_free_notify right before handling issued
request because workqueue wouldn't be expired yet so zram I/O
request handling function can miss it.
Lastly, when zram is reset, flush_work could handle all of pending
free request so we shouldn't have memory leak.
NOTE: If zram_slot_free_notify's kmalloc with GFP_ATOMIC would be
failed, the slot will be freed when next write I/O write the slot.
[1] [57ab0485, zram: use zram->lock to protect zram_free_page()
in swap free notify path]
* from v2
* refactoring
* from v1
* totally redesign
Change-Id: I7f478fa9b00215eb0a3e16433e607a2f73151f27
Cc: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Cc: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
|
|
[1] tried to fix invalid memory access on zram->disk but it didn't
fix properly because get_disk failed during module exit path.
Actually, we don't need to reset zram->disk's capacity to zero
in module exit path so that this patch introduces new argument
"reset_capacity" on zram_reset_divice and it only reset it when
reset_store is called.
[1] 6030ea9b, zram: avoid invalid memory access in zram_exit()
Change-Id: Ibc554559bbd533bd986c6001ffb9cfb22f8c9f49
Cc: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Cc: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
|
|
Fixed by removing trailing whitespace
Change-Id: Ia789db213c6917b2f9eeb795d573d9d2ae4c19cd
Signed-off-by: Kumar Gaurav <kumargauravgupta3@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
|
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Commit 9b3bb7abcdf2df0f1b2657e6cbc9d06bc2b3b36f (remove
zram_sysfs file (v2)) accidentally made zram_reset_device()
racy. Protect zram_reset_device() call with zram->lock.
Change-Id: Ia8cd8eb9eae37ccc142efc1c21980076f2aa007d
Signed-off-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Jerome Marchand <jmarchand@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
|
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In function zram_bvec_write(), previous data at the index is
already freed by function zram_free_page().
When failed to compress or zs_malloc, there is no way to restore old data.
Therefore, free previous data when it's about to update.
Also, no need to check whether table is not empty outside of
function zram_free_page(), because the function properly checks inside.
Change-Id: Ieeecfa00839cd4440781ece7f9bbed123e3651d5
Signed-off-by: Sunghan Suh <sunghan.suh@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
|
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Greg spotted that said driver is not subscribing to the automagic
mechanism of auto-loading if a user tries to open /dev/zram.
This fixes it.
Change-Id: I934d034752f1c677076f439b95da178b45384243
CC: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
|
|
Change-Id: I3fb9c7c58baeac6268961750ed859518c421b770
Signed-off-by: Sunghan Suh <sunghan.suh@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
|
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Pass valid_io_request() checks if request end coincides with disksize
(end equals bound), only fail if we attempt to read beyond the bound.
mkfs.ext2 produces numerous errors:
[ 2164.632747] quiet_error: 1 callbacks suppressed
[ 2164.633260] Buffer I/O error on device zram0, logical block 153599
[ 2164.633265] lost page write due to I/O error on zram0
Change-Id: Ife5ddef82610e1470d233ce4bdf042ed738064b6
Signed-off-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
|
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Move zram sysfs code to zram drv and remove zram_sysfs.c
file. This gives ability to make static a number of previously
exported zram functions, used from zram sysfs, e.g. internal zram
zram_meta_alloc/free(). We also can drop zram_drv wrapper
functions, used from zram sysfs:
e.g. zram_reset_device()/__zram_reset_device() pair.
v2: as suggested by Greg K-H, move MODULE description to the
bottom of the file.
Signed-off-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Conflicts:
drivers/staging/zram/zram_drv.c
Change-Id: Icb484d81dde622e474a097f7ad7a2b7dfa016cdb
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Use atomic64_xxx() to replace open-coded zram_stat64_xxx().
Some architectures have native support of atomic64 operations,
so we can get rid of the spin_lock() in zram_stat64_xxx().
On the other hand, for platforms use generic version of atomic64
implement, it may cause an extra save/restore of the interrupt
flag. So it's a tradeoff.
Change-Id: Ie2582688a71f89b457b006c9d2f3cda1d24c93ec
Signed-off-by: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
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Some architectures provides architecture-specific, optimized version of
clear_page()/copy_page(), which may have better performance than
memset()/memcpy(). So use clear_page()/copy_page() to optimize zram
performance if possible.
Change-Id: If33e01891f1bc3790144f85c02e0869a02d0faae
Signed-off-by: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
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Now there's no caller of zram_get_num_devices(), so kill it.
And change zram_devices to static because it's only used in zram_drv.c.
Change-Id: Iffd94b2456d86692703b3aff02b6e6d7a3ac5957
Signed-off-by: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
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Simplify and optimize dev_to_zram() without walking the zram_devices
array.
Change-Id: Ib1ee8afe8fc0596f57c4cc7b8e41a817b405c263
Signed-off-by: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
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The existing comments are using an odd style. Fixed them up to adhere
to the StyleGuide. No code changes.
Change-Id: I8e6d8cfa84fa87fb79f5ffc6973d7ab12287ba67
Signed-off-by: Sara Bird <sara.bird.iar@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
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Fixes the following checkpatch warning in zram_drv.c:
WARNING: quoted string split across lines
Change-Id: Icd77f2e0465dc821b3af5b27178029194e67ff70
Signed-off-by: Marlies Ruck <marlies.ruck@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
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Fixes the following checkpatch warning:
WARNING: quoted string split across lines
Change-Id: Ib5855942b855de05743b974cb842fa2127ff07da
Signed-off-by: Marlies Ruck <marlies.ruck@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
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